Geoms

Data Visualization

Graphical Primitives

with ggplot2

with ggplot2

ggplot2 is based on the

grammar
Cheat
Sheet of graphics, the
idea that you can build every graph from the same
Basics
few components: a data
set, a set of geomsvisual
marks that represent data points, and a coordinate
system. F M A
3

+
F MA

2
1
0

4
1

y, alpha, color, fill,

size
x, xend, y, yend, alpha,
color, curvature, Two Variablesh +x,geom_bin2d(binwidth
= c(5,shape,
0.5))
f + angle,
geom_blank()
One Variable
a + geom_area(stat
= "bin")
linetype,
size
xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill,
Continuous X, Continuous Y
Continuous Bivariate Distribution
x, y, alpha, Continuous
color, fill, linetype, size
b + geom_area(aes(y
= ..density..),
stat = "bin")
a <- ggplot(mpg,
aes(hwy))

4
0
3

geom_point()
he<-+ggplot(movies,
aes(year, rating))
h + geom_density2d()
hx,+x,
geom_bin2d(binwidth
= c(5,
0.5)) size, stroke
y, alpha,
shape,
y, alpha,
colour, color,
linetype, fill,
size
linetype, size, weight

f <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cty, hwy))

f + geom_jitter()
f x,
+ geom_blank()
y, alpha, color, fill, shape, size

b += "gaussian")
geom_path(lineend="butt",
a + geom_density(kernal
ax,+y,geom_area(stat
= "bin")
linejoin="round
, linemitre=1)
alpha, color, fill, linetype,
size, weight

xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill,

alpha, color, fill, linetype,

size
bx,+y,geom_density(aes(y
= ..county..))

size, weight
h +linetype,
geom_hex()
ehx,++y,geom_density2d()
geom_quantile()
alpha,
colour, fill size

f + geom_point()
x, y, alpha, color, group,
linetype, size
f x,
+ geom_jitter()
y, alpha, color, fill, shape, size

b + geom_area(aes(y = ..density..), stat = "bin")

a+ geom_dotplot()
ax,+y,geom_density(kernal
= "gaussian")
alpha, color, fill

x, y, alpha, colour, linetype, size

x, y, alpha, color, fill, shape, size

x,Continuous
y, alpha, color,
group, linetype, size, weight
Function
h + geom_hex() aes(date, unemploy))
g <- ggplot(economics,

b + geom_polygon(aes(group
= group))
f + geom_quantile()

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight

b + geom_density(aes(y = ..county..))

f x,
+ geom_point()
y, alpha, color, linetype, size, weight

x, y, alpha, color, fill, group,

linetype,
sizesize
x, y, alpha,
color, fill, shape,

x, y, alpha, color, linetype, size

x, y, alpha, color, fill
b + geom_freqpoly(aes(y = ..density..))

y, alpha, colour, fill size

ge+x,+
geom_area()
geom_rug(sides

f + geom_rug(sides = "bl")

a + geom_rect(aes(xmin
=color,
long,
ymin
f alpha,
+ geom_quantile()
linetype,
size = lat,
a + geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)

geom
x=F
y=A

coordinate
system

plot

= "bl")

h + geom_hex()

x, y, alpha, colour, fill, size

Continuous Function
i <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))
i + geom_area()
i + geom_line()

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size

AB

set of aesthetic mappings, and a default stat

and position adjustment.

linetype, size

RStudio is a trademark of RStudio, Inc. CC BY RStudio info@rstudio.com 844-448-1212 rstudio.com

aesthetic mappings

x, y, alpha, colour, group, linetype, size

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size

Function
x, Continuous
y, alpha, color,
linetype, size

One Variable

h + geom_density2d()

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size

g <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))

x, y,ymax
alpha, color,
size, weight
g + geom_line()
ax,+y,geom_freqpoly()
xmax=
long + delta_long,
= latlinetype,
+ delta_lat)
)
alpha, color, fill, linetype,
size, weight
f + geom_smooth(model = lm)
gx,+y,geom_area()
alpha, color, linetype, size
x,
y,
alpha,
color,
linetype,
size
xmax,
xmin,
ymax,
ymin,
alpha,
color,
fill,
linetype,
size
b + geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..))
f x,
+ geom_rug(sides
= "bl") size, weight
e x,+y,geom_smooth(method
= lm)
y, alpha, color, fill, linetype,
alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
b + geom_freqpoly(aes(y = ..density..))
0
0
alpha,
color,
linetype,
size
Discrete
1
0
1
0
3
4
3
4
g + x,
geom_step(direction
=
"hv")
2
2 variables
To display data
values,
map
in
the
data
set
a + geom_histogram(binwidth
=
5)
y, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size, weight
baes(fl))
+ geom_ribbon(
aes(ymin=unemploy
- 900,
data geom coordinate
plot
f + geom_text(aes(label = cty))
gx,+y,geom_line()
alpha, color, linetype, size
<- ggplot(mpg,
4
x, y,aalpha,
color, fill, linetype,
size, weight
F M
A x = F 4 ofsystem
to aesthetic
properties
the geom
like size, color,
f x,
+ )geom_smooth(model
= lm)
y, label, alpha, angle, color,
family, fontface,
y=A
x,
y,
alpha, color, linetype, size
ymax=unemploy
+
900)
3
3
+ geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..))
b +bgeom_bar()
hjust,
lineheight,
vjust size, weight
x, y, alpha,
color,size,
fill, linetype,
and x and y locations.2
e
+
geom_text(aes(label
= cty), nudge_x = 1,
Visualizing error
x,
ymax,
ymin,
alpha,
color,
fill,
group,
linetype,
size
2
x, alpha, color,
fill,
linetype,
size,
weight
Discrete
g + geom_step(direction
= "hv")
df <- data.frame(grp
= c("A", "B"), fit
= 4:5, se = 1:2)
1
1
f + geom_text(aes(label = cty))
nudge_y
=
1,
check_overlap
x,
y,
alpha,
color,
linetype,
size
a
<ggplot(mpg,
aes(fl))
e <- ggplot(df, aes(grp, fit, ymin = fit-se, ymax = fit+se)) = TRUE)
F MA
04
04
a + geom_segment(aes(yend=lat
+ delta_lat,
Discrete
X, Continuous
Y
x, y, label, alpha,
angle,
color, family,
fontface,
1
0
1
0
3
4
3
4
2
2
3
x, y, label, alpha, angle, color, family, fontface,
3
b
+
geom_bar()
g <ggplot(mpg,
Graphical Primitives
hjust,
lineheight,aes(class,
size, vjust hwy))
data geom coordinate
plot
xend = long + delta_long))
e + geom_crossbar(fatten
2)
Visualizing
error=size,
2
2
x, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight
system
x=F
hjust,
lineheight,
vjust
y=A
df <- data.frame(grp
= c("A",
"B"),
fit =fill,4:5,
se = 1:2)
x, y, ymax, ymin,
alpha,
color,
linetype,
1
g +color,
geom_bar(stat
= "identity")
x,
xend,
y,
yend,
alpha,
linetype,
size
color = F 1
size
c
<ggplot(map,
aes(long,
lat))
size = A
e
<ggplot(df,
aes(grp,
fit,
ymin
=
fit-se,
ymax
= fit+se))
0
0
x,Discrete
y, alpha, color,
fill, linetype, size,
weight
X,
Continuous
Y
1
0
1
0
3
4
3
4
2
2
e + geom_errorbar()
c
+
geom_polygon(aes(group
=
group))
g
<ggplot(mpg,
aes(class,
hwy))
Graphical
Primitives
data geom coordinate
plot
a + geom_spoke(aes(yend
= lat + delta_lat,
Discrete
Y
ex,+ymax,
geom_crossbar(fatten
= 2)
ymin, alpha,X,
color,Continuous
linetype,
size,
g + geom_boxplot()
x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
system
x=F
y=A
(also ymin,
geom_errorbarh())
x,<y, ymax,
alpha, color,
fill, linetype,
xend = long + delta_long))
glower,
+ geom_bar(stat
fwidth
ggplot(mpg,
aes(class,
hwy))
middle, upper,=x,"identity")
ymax, ymin, alpha,
color = F
c <- ggplot(map, aes(long, lat))
size = A
e +size
geom_linerange()
color,
fill, linetype,
shape,
size,
weight
x, y,color,
alpha,
color,
fill,
linetype,
size,
weight
x, y, angle, radius, alpha,
linetype,
size
ex,+ymin,
geom_errorbar()
ymax, alpha, color, linetype, size
c + geom_polygon(aes(group = group))
g + geom_dotplot(binaxis = "y",
g <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))
f +x, ymax,
geom_bar(stat
= "identity")
ymin, alpha, color, linetype,
size,
gstackdir
+ geom_boxplot()
Build a graph with ggplot() or qplot()
x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
= "center")
(also geom_errorbarh())
e +width
geom_pointrange()
x,lower,
y, alpha,
color,upper,
fill x, ymax, ymin, alpha,
g + geom_path(lineend="butt",
middle,
y, alpha,
color,
linetype, size, weight
ex,+x,
fill, linetype, shape,
size, weight
y,geom_linerange()
ymin,
ymax, alpha,
color,fill,
fill, linetype,
linejoin="round, linemitre=1)
g +color,
geom_violin(scale
= "area")
ggplot(data = mpg, aes(x = cty, y = hwy))
shape,
x, ymin,size
ymax, alpha, color, linetype, size
x, y, alpha, color, linetype, size
gx,+y,geom_dotplot(binaxis
=size,
"y", weight
alpha,
color,
fill,
linetype,
g <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))
4
4
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=unemploy - 900,
F M
A you finish
stackdir = "center")
Maps
Begins a plot
that
by adding
layers to. No gg+ymax=unemploy
f +geom_pointrange()
geom_boxplot()
Continuous
x, y, alpha, color, fill
+ 900))
+ geom_path(lineend="butt",
3
3
data e<-+data.frame(murder
= USArrests$Murder,
defaults, but provides more
control2 than qplot().
x,linejoin="round
ymax, ymin, alpha,
color, fill, linetype, size
ymin,
ymax, alpha,
color, fill,
linetype,ymax, ymin, alpha,
, linemitre=1)
statex,=x,y,tolower(rownames(USArrests)))
gaes(hwy))
+ geom_violin(scale
= "area")
2
y,
lower,
middle,
upper,
Discrete X, Discrete
Y
c
<ggplot(mpg,
map
<map_data("state")
shape,
size
x, y, alpha, color, linetype, size
1
y, alpha, color, fill, linetype,
weight
1
h <-x,ggplot(diamonds,
aes(cut, size,
color))
color,
fill,
group,
linetype,
shape, size, weight
e <- ggplot(data,
aes(fill
= murder))
dataF M A
g + geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=unemploy - 900,
04
04
add
layers, d<Maps = state), map = map) +
e + geom_map(aes(map_id
c
+
geom_area(stat
=
"bin")
1
0
1
0
3
4
3
4
2
2
ggplot(seals,
aes(x
=
long,
y
=
lat))
h
+
geom_jitter()
ymax=unemploy
+
900)
)
3
dataf<-+data.frame(murder
= USArrests$Murder, = "y",
geom_dotplot(binaxis
elements with + x, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
data geom 3 coordinate
plot
expand_limits(
x = map$long, y = map$lat)
state
= tolower(rownames(USArrests)))
x, y,Discrete
alpha, color,
shape, size
ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy,
cty))
2
x=F
X,fill,
Discrete
Y
system + 2
size
d + geom_segment(aes( x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype,
alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
mapmap_id,
<-stackdir
map_data("state")
y=A
= "center")
1
h <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(cut, color))
geom_point(aes(color
= cyl)) 1 +
layer = geom + xend = long + delta_long,
e <- ggplot(data, aes(fill = murder))
= lat + delta_lat)) a + geom_area(aes(y = ..density..), stat = "bin")
stat + d<-yend
geom_smooth(method 0 ="lm")
+ 0 0 1 2 default
x,
y,
alpha,
color,= state),
fill, map
group
e
+
geom_map(
aes(map_id
= map) +
Three
Variables
1
0
3
4
3
4
2
ggplot(seals, aes(x = long, y = lat))
h + geom_jitter()
data geom + coordinate
plotlayer specific x, xend, y, yend, alpha, color, linetype, size
coord_cartesian()
expand_limits(
x = map$long, y = map$lat)
x, y, alpha, color,
fill, shape, size+ delta_lat^2))
i
+
geom_raster(aes(fill
=
z),
hjust=0.5,
seals$z <- with(seals,
sqrt(delta_long^2
f
+
geom_violin(scale
=
"area")
x=F
system
geom_segment(aes(
mappings dd++geom_rect(aes(xmin
c =+long,
geom_density(kernel
= "gaussian")
map_id, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
ymin = lat,
y=A
scale_color_gradient()
+
i <- ggplot(seals, aes(long, lat))
vjust=0.5, interpolate=FALSE)
xend =long
long++delta_long,
delta_long,
xmax=
x, y, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size,
theme_bw()
yend == lat
lat ++ delta_lat))
delta_lat)) x, y, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size, weight
additional ymax
Three Variables x, y, alpha, fill
i + geom_contour(aes(z = z))
weight
elements
i
+
geom_tile(aes(fill = z))
x,
xend,
y,
yend,
alpha,
color,
linetype,
size
xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill,
i +x, geom_raster(aes(fill
= z),size
hjust=0.5,
seals$z <-x,with(seals,
+ delta_lat^2))
y, z, alpha, sqrt(delta_long^2
colour, linetype, size,
weight
y, alpha, color, fill, linetype,
size
dlinetype,
+ geom_rect(aes(xmin
= long,
ymin = lat,
c
+
geom_dotplot()
i <- ggplot(seals, aes(long, lat))
vjust=0.5, interpolate=FALSE)
Add a new layer to a plot with a geom_*()
xmax= long + delta_long,
x, y, alpha, fill
= lat + delta_lat)) x, y, alpha, color, fill
RStudio is a function.
trademark of RStudio,
Inc. provides
CC BY RStudio info@rstudio.com
rstudio.com
Learn more at docs.ggplot2.org
ggplot2
Updated: 3/15Y
Discrete
X, 0.9.3.1
Discrete
or stat_*()
Each
a geom, a 844-448-1212ymax
i + geom_contour(aes(z = z))
i + geom_tile(aes(fill = z))
xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill,

data

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight

a <- ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy))

a + geom_freqpoly()
a+ geom_dotplot()

0
3

a + geom_curve(aes(yend = lat + delta_lat,

Continuous X, Continuous Y
Continuous
Bivariate Distribution= 2, width = 2)
erepresent
+ggplot(movies,
geom_jitter(height
Geomsxend
- Use=a geom
data
points,
use the
geoms
aesthetic properties to
variables
longto+represent
delta_long,
curvature
=hwy))
z))
h <aes(year, rating))
f <- ggplot(mpg,
aes(cty,

h + geom_bin2d(binwidth = c(0.25, 500))

Continuous

4
3

Continuous Bivariate Distribution

h <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(carat, price))

A C e + geom_label(aes(label = cty), nudge_x = 1,

nudge_y = 1, check_overlap = TRUE)
B
Geoms(Useful
- Use a geom
to represent data
points, use the geoms aesthetic properties
to represent variables
for expanding
limits)
x, y, label, alpha, angle, color, family, fontface,
One Variable
Two Variables hjust, lineheight, size, vjust

with ggplot2

Cheat Sheet
Data Visualization
Basics

Continuous X, Continuous Y
e <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cty, hwy))

a + geom_blank()

Data Visualization

Basics

Two Variables

a <- ggplot(seals, aes(x = long, y = lat))

b <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))

Cheat Sheet

- Use a geom to represent data points, use the geoms aesthetic properties to represent variables. Each function returns a layer.

data

geom

qplot(x = cty, y = hwy, color = cyl, data = mpg, geom = "point")

Creates a complete plot with given data, geom, and
mappings. Supplies many useful defaults.

last_plot()
Returns the last plot

ggsave("plot.png", width = 5, height = 5)

Saves last plot as 5 x 5 file named "plot.png" in
working directory. Matches file type to file extension.

c + geom_freqpoly()

x, y, z, alpha, colour, linetype, size, weight

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size

a + geom_freqpoly(aes(y = ..density..))

g <-x, ggplot(diamonds,
y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size aes(cut, color))

g + geom_count()

Learn more at docs.ggplot2.org ggplot2 0.9.3.1 Updated: 3/15

x, y, alpha, color, fill, shape, size, stroke

c + geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight

a + geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..))

Discrete
d <- ggplot(mpg, aes(fl))
d + geom_bar()
x, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight

RStudio is a trademark of RStudio, Inc. CC BY RStudio info@rstudio.com 844-448-1212 rstudio.com

i + geom_step(direction = "hv")

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size

Visualizing error

df <- data.frame(grp = c("A", "B"), fit = 4:5, se = 1:2)

j <- ggplot(df, aes(grp, fit, ymin = fit-se, ymax = fit+se))

j + geom_crossbar(fatten = 2)

x, y, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill, group,

linetype, size

j + geom_errorbar()

x, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, group, linetype,

size, width (also geom_errorbarh())

j + geom_linerange()

x, ymin, ymax, alpha, color, group, linetype, size

j + geom_pointrange()

x, y, ymin, ymax, alpha, color, fill, group,

linetype, shape, size

Maps

data <- data.frame(murder = USArrests$Murder,

state = tolower(rownames(USArrests)))
map <- map_data("state")
k <- ggplot(data, aes(fill = murder))

k + geom_map(aes(map_id = state), map = map) +

expand_limits(x = map$long, y = map$lat)
map_id, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size

Three Variables
seals$z <- with(seals, sqrt(delta_long^2 + delta_lat^2))
l <- ggplot(seals, aes(long, lat))

l + geom_contour(aes(z = z))
x, y, z, alpha, colour, group, linetype, size,
weight

l + geom_raster(aes(fill = z), hjust=0.5,

vjust=0.5, interpolate=FALSE)
x, y, alpha, fill

l + geom_tile(aes(fill = z))

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, width

Learn more at docs.ggplot2.org ggplot2 2.0.0 Updated: 12/15

Stats - An alternative way to build a layer

Scales

Some plots visualize a transformation of the original data set.

Use a stat to choose a common transformation to visualize,
e.g. a + geom_bar(stat = "count")

Scales control how a plot maps data values to the visual

values of an aesthetic. To change the mapping, add a
custom scale.

2
1

stat

geom

2
1

scale_

data

n <- b + geom_bar(aes(fill = fl))

n

coordinate
x=x
system
y = ..count..

plot

Each stat creates additional variables to map aesthetics

to. These variables use a common ..name.. syntax.
stat and geom functions both combine a stat with a
geom to make a layer, i.e. stat_count(geom="bar")
does the same as geom_bar(stat="count")
stat function

layer mappings

i + stat_density2d(aes(fill = ..level..),
geom = "polygon", n = 100) variable
geom for layer

parameters for stat

created by
transformation

c + stat_bin(binwidth = 1, origin = 10)

1D distributions
x, y | ..count.., ..ncount.., ..density.., ..ndensity..
c + stat_count(width = 1)
x, y, | ..count.., ..prop..
c + stat_density(adjust = 1, kernel = "gaussian")
x, y, | ..count.., ..density.., ..scaled..
e + stat_bin_2d(bins = 30, drop = TRUE)
2D distributions
x, y, fill | ..count.., ..density..
e + stat_bin_hex(bins = 30)
x, y, fill | ..count.., ..density..
e + stat_density_2d(contour = TRUE, n = 100)
x, y, color, size | ..level..
e + stat_ellipse(level = 0.95, segments = 51, type = "t")
l + stat_contour(aes(z = z))
3 Variables
x, y, z, order | ..level..
l + stat_summary_hex(aes(z = z), bins = 30, fun = mean)
x, y, z, fill | ..value..
l + stat_summary_2d(aes(z = z), bins = 30, fun = mean)
x, y, z, fill | ..value..
f + stat_boxplot(coef = 1.5)
Comparisons
x, y | ..lower.., ..middle.., ..upper.., ..width.. , ..ymin.., ..ymax..
f + stat_ydensity(adjust = 1, kernel = "gaussian", scale = "area")
x, y | ..density.., ..scaled.., ..count.., ..n.., ..violinwidth.., ..width..
e + stat_ecdf(n = 40)
Functions
x, y | ..x.., ..y..
e + stat_quantile(quantiles = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75), formula = y ~ log(x),
method = "rq")
x, y | ..quantile..
e + stat_smooth(method = "auto", formula = y ~ x, se = TRUE, n = 80,
fullrange = FALSE, level = 0.95)
x, y | ..se.., ..x.., ..y.., ..ymin.., ..ymax..

ggplot() + stat_function(aes(x = -3:3),

General Purpose
fun = dnorm, n = 101, args = list(sd=0.5))
x | ..x.., ..y..
e + stat_identity(na.rm = TRUE)
ggplot() + stat_qq(aes(sample=1:100), distribution = qt,
dparams = list(df=5))
sample, x, y | ..sample.., ..theoretical..
e + stat_sum()
x, y, size | ..n.., ..prop..
e + stat_summary(fun.data = "mean_cl_boot")
h + stat_summary_bin(fun.y = "mean", geom = "bar")
e + stat_unique()

aesthetic prepackaged
to adjust scale to use

title to use in
legend/axis

labels to use in
legend/axis

xlim, ylim
Flipped Cartesian coordinates

breaks to use in
legend/axis

r + coord_polar(theta = "x", direction=1 )

theta, start, direction
Polar coordinates

Use with any aesthetic:

alpha, color, fill, linetype, shape, size

r + coord_trans(ytrans = "sqrt")
xtrans, ytrans, limx, limy
Transformed cartesian coordinates. Set
xtrans and ytrans to the name
of a window function.

scale_*_continuous() - map cont values to visual values

scale_*_discrete() - map discrete values to visual values
scale_*_identity() - use data values as visual values
scale_*_manual(values = c()) - map discrete values to
manually chosen visual values

+ coord_map(projection = "ortho",
orientation=c(41, -74, 0))

60

Use with x or y aesthetics (x shown here)

scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%d"),
date_breaks = "2 weeks") - treat x values as dates.
See ?strptime for label formats.
scale_x_datetime() - treat x values as date times. Use
same arguments as scale_x_date().
scale_x_log10() - Plot x on log10 scale
scale_x_reverse() - Reverse direction of x axis
scale_x_sqrt() - Plot x on square root scale

Position Adjustments
Position adjustments determine how to arrange
geoms that would otherwise occupy the same space.

s <- ggplot(mpg, aes(fl, fill = drv))

s + geom_bar(position = "dodge")
Arrange elements side by side

Color and fill scales

s + geom_bar(position = "fill")

Continuous
o <- c + geom_dotplot(
aes(fill = ..x..))

n + scale_fill_brewer(
palette = "Blues")
For palette choices:
library(RColorBrewer)
display.brewer.all()

o + scale_fill_gradient(
low = "red",
high = "yellow")
o + scale_fill_gradient2(
low = "red", high = "blue",
mid = "white", midpoint = 25)

n + scale_fill_grey(
start = 0.2, end = 0.8,
na.value = "red")

Stack elements on top of one another,

normalize height

e + geom_point(position = "jitter")
A
B

s + geom_bar(position = position_dodge(width = 1))

Manual Shape values

12

18

24

p + scale_shape(
solid = FALSE)

13

19

25

14

20

15

21

10

11

16
17

22
23

0
+
* |
o %
O #

Themes
r + theme_bw()

150

100

50

fl

r + theme_gray()

150

100

50

Grey background
(default theme)

fl

Size scales

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p + scale_size_area(
max_scale = 6)

Maps to area of circle (not radius)

t + facet_grid(year ~ .)

facet into rows based on year

t + facet_grid(year ~ fl)

facet into both rows and columns

150

r + theme_dark()

100

50

0
c

fl

dark for contrast

100

50

0
c

fl

150

100

50

0
c

fl

t + facet_wrap(~ fl)

wrap facets into a rectangular layout

Set scales to let axis limits vary across facets

t + facet_grid(drv ~ fl, scales = "free")

x and y axis limits adjust to individual facets

"free_x" - x axis limits adjust
"free_y" - y axis limits adjust

Set labeller to adjust facet labels

t + facet_grid(. ~ fl, labeller = label_both)
fl: d

fl: e

fl: p

fl: r

t + facet_grid(fl ~ ., labeller = label_bquote(alpha ^ .(fl)))

c
e
p
r
d
t + facet_grid(. ~ fl, labeller = label_parsed)
c

Labels

t + ggtitle("New Plot Title")

Add a main title above the plot

t + xlab("New X label")
Change the label on the X axis

t + ylab("New Y label")

Use scale functions

to update legend
labels

Change the label on the Y axis

t + labs(title =" New title", x = "New x", y = "New y")

All of the above

Legends
n + theme(legend.position = "bottom")

Place legend at "bottom", "top", "left", or "right"

n + guides(fill = "none")

Set legend type for each aesthetic: colorbar, legend,

or none (no legend)

n + scale_fill_discrete(name = "Title",
labels = c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E"))

Set legend title and labels with a scale function.

Zooming
r + theme_classic()
r + theme_light()
r + theme_linedraw()
r + theme_minimal()

150

White background
with grid lines

p + scale_radius(
range=c(1,6))
p + scale_size()

Nudge labels away from points

Each position adjustment can be recast as a function

with manual width and height arguments

Manual shape values

e + geom_label(position = "nudge")

Stack elements on top of one another

p <- e + geom_point(aes(
shape = fl, size = cyl))

p + scale_shape_manual(
values = c(3:7))
Shape values shown in
chart on right

Add random noise to X and Y position of each

element to avoid overplotting

s + geom_bar(position = "stack")

o + scale_fill_gradientn(
colours = terrain.colors(6))
Also: rainbow(), heat.colors(),
topo.colors(), cm.colors(),
RColorBrewer::brewer.pal()

Shape scales

facet into columns based on fl

fl: c

projection, orientation, xlim, ylim

Map projections from the mapproj package long
(mercator (default), azequalarea, lagrange, etc.)

X and Y location scales

n <- d + geom_bar(
aes(fill = fl))

t + facet_grid(. ~ fl)

r + coord_flip()

General Purpose scales

Discrete

t <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cty, hwy)) + geom_point()

ratio, xlim, ylim

Cartesian coordinates with fixed aspect
ratio between x and y units

n + scale_fill_manual(
values = c("skyblue", "royalblue", "blue", "navy"),
limits = c("d", "e", "p", "r"), breaks =c("d", "e", "p", "r"),
name = "fuel", labels = c("D", "E", "P", "R"))
range of values to
include in mapping

Facets divide a plot into subplots based on the values

of one or more discrete variables.

r + coord_fixed(ratio = 1/2)

scale specific
arguments

lat

count

count

xlim, ylim
The default cartesian coordinate system

count

..count..

r + coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 5))

count

r <- d + geom_bar()

count

fl cty cyl

Faceting

Coordinate Systems

Minimal themes

r + theme_void()
Empty theme

Without clipping (preferred)

t + coord_cartesian(
xlim = c(0, 100), ylim = c(10, 20))
With clipping (removes unseen data points)
t + xlim(0, 100) + ylim(10, 20)
t + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 100)) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 100))
Learn more at docs.ggplot2.org ggplot2 2.0.0 Updated: 12/15