AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses
transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It
automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our
eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the
light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight
comes, visible to our eyes.
By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually
operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on
earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF
time setting.
This project clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cutoff region. The working of relay is also known.
LDR:
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor
circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000
ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from
flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently the LED does not light.

WORKING PROCEDURE:
LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case the voltage drop across the
LDR is more than 0.7V.
This voltage is more sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region.
In saturation region, IC (Collector current) is very high. Because of this IC, The relay
gets energized, and switches on the lamp.
LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage drop across the
LDR is less than 0.7V.
This voltage is not sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region. Hence, the
transistor will be in cut-off region.
In cut-off region, IC (Collector current) is zero. Because of this IC, The relay will not be
energized, and the lamp will be in ON state only.

ii) LDR detector:

The LDR sensing circuit is configured as a voltage divider circuit. At normal
condition, the source light falling on the LDR increases its resistance, so the

voltage decreases which is given to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp

which is nothing but the reference voltage and the inverting terminal is
connected to a variable resistor (10k) through a Vcc. Here the op-amp is
configured as comparator, comparator is nothing but compares the two
voltages i.e. non-inverting to the inverting terminal. If the non-inverting (-)
terminal is greater than the inverting (+) terminal, the output of the
comparator goes to the Vsat=0. Similarly, if the inverting terminal is
greater than the non-inverting terminal, the output of the comparator goes to
the +Vsat=1.
In this section, at normal condition the light source is falling on the LDR
sensing ckt and that LDR sensing ckt is configured as voltage divider
network, at the voltage divider network the resistance of the LDR decreases
and the output increases, that output is feed to the inverting terminal of the
comparator say the output voltage is 5v goes to the inverting terminal which
is nothing but reference voltage for the comparator and the non-inverting
terminal is connected to a variable resistor which is one of the terminal is
connected to a Vcc and another terminal is connected to ground and the
tapping terminal is feed to the non-inverting terminal of the comparator
which is a set voltage for the comparator is set at say 7v.

In this condition the inverting (+) terminal is smaller than the non-inverting
terminal, so the output of the comparator goes to LOW (-Vsat). If some body
tries to interrupt the light source, the LDR resistance increases in which the
voltage decreases, which is given to the non-inverting terminal of the
comparator. In this case the output of the comparator is goes to HIGH
(+Vsat). That output is given to the monoshot as input through an inverter
and to the led indicator for indication purpose
V C C

L D R

3 3 0 e

L ED

1 5 k
3
2

6 8 k

B C 5 4 7

1 0 k

1 0 k

1 0 k

V C C

L M 3 9 3