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which E represents units of energy, m represents units of mass, and c2 is the speed of
light squared, or multiplied by itself. Since the speed of light is a very large number and
is multiplied by itself, this equation points out how a small amount of matter can release
a
huge
amount
of
energy,
as
in
a nuclear
reaction.
Particles
Symbol
e
Relative
Mass
1/1840
Relative
charge
-1
Electron
Proton
+1
Neutron
-0
Identity
-particles
Helium nuclei
Charge
++
-1
-radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation of high
frequency ~ 3x1019Hz
none
~1/1840
none
yes
yes
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
5cm3 of air or a
sheet of paper
1
A few mm of
aluminum
100
several cm of lead
10000
(strong)
straight
100
(moderate)
bent
1
(Weak)
straight
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
It is stopped by
Penetrating power
(relative)
Ionizing power
(relative)
Path Through matter
Actual Mass
9.10938215(45)
10-31 kg
1.672621637(83)
1027 kg
1.67492729(28)
1027. kg
Is it deflected by a magnetic
field?
Is it deflected by an electric
field?
-particles
Fast moving
electrons
10000
Physics of the
Atom
The method employed to detect radiation depends on the type of emitter
and the intended purpose of detection. The most well-known method of
detecting radiation is with an ionization chamber. A high energy particle
can dislodge electrons from the atoms it strikes, producing pairs of ions.
Particles are allowed to pass between parallel plates, one with a positive
charge and one with a negative charge. As ionization takes place the ions
each move to the plate with the opposite charge, producing a current. The
current is read on a meter. The Geiger-Mueller counter is based on the
ionization detection principle.
Year
Name of
Structure
1897
Plum Pudding
Model
1911
Planetary
Model
1913
The Bohr
Atom
1932
Creator
Description
J.J
Electrons are embedded in a diffuse sphere of positive
Thomson
charges.
This model did not account for the case with which
electrons could be knocked off from atoms
Rutherford Model resembles that of a solar system where the nucleus
plays the role of the sun and the electrons play the role of
the orbiting planets.
Neils Bohr The electrons in an atom occupy permissible shells each
of which can hold a maximum number of electrons
The outer occupied shell is known as the valance shell.
Chadwick Found that neutrons could not account for the mass of the
nucleus and thus was later discovered.
Neutron was found to be natural in
charge with mass close to that of proton