5.methodology For NWR

Work Plan & Methodology
Name of work:
Carrying out final location survey, Geotech investigation, Preparation of

drawing & other preliminary activity in connection with new line between
Ajmer(Nasirabad)- Sawaimadhopur(Chauth ka Barwara) via Tonk.
1.0 Introduction:
North Western Railway has decided the need for construction of a new Broad Gauge railway line
that extends from west to east, connecting two nodal points of Nasirabad and Sawaimadhopur
through the district of Ajmer, Tonk and Sawai Madhopur in the state of Rajasthann.
Whenever the construction of a new railway line is under consideration, preliminary
investigations are done by the railway administration to determine how the proposed line will fit
in with the general scheme of future railway development. The preliminary investigations are
normally based on a careful study of the (a) Existing topo sheets and other maps of the area, (b)
Published figures of trade and population of the area to be served, (c) Statistical data of existing
railway lines in similar terrain in other areas
Once a decision has been taken during preliminary investigations about the general feasibility
and desirability of a railway line, surveys are undertaken before the construction of the new line
2.0 Project Understanding:

Surveying provides the foundation for all engineering work data collection and organization
that is essential to accomplishing accurate engineering design. If the data is not collected and
presented in a way that engineering decisions can be made efficiently, it is highly unlikely that
the clients expectations will be met satisfactorily. The pre-construction survey is followed by
Reconnaissance and the preliminary survey to formulate essential part of the planning process
and to the objectives to be achieved. The present work is the hierarchy of survey and
investigation of alignment, subsoil for structures and associated design drawing works for a new
line between Ajmer(Nasirabad)- Sawaimadhopur(Chauth ka Barwara) via Tonk traversing an
approximated 165 km distance.
The following types of surveys are normally conducted:
(a) Traffic survey
(b) Reconnaissance survey
(c) Preliminary survey
North Western Railway
BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.
Ajmer(Nasirabad)Sawaimadhopur(ChauthkaBarwara)viaTonk
NewB.G.Line
(d) Final location survey

While Traffic survey, reconnaissance survey and preliminary survey covers the study of traffic
projection, analysis of alternatives, characteristics of project area, standards of construction,
selection of routes, cost phasing and investment schedule and financial appraisal and thus
decision is taken for a particular railway line, Final location survey is conducted to prepare
working details and make accurate cost estimates.
3.0 Work Methodology

As the name implies, the present work mainly emphasis on Conducting Final Location Survey viz.
detail engineering construction survey for proposed new BG alignment and the detail
geotechnical investigation work for substructures of the important, major and minor bridges
including the working drawing of minor bridges and other utilities. The work also comprises of
other elements as given below , in order of their execution, including the above.
Preliminary study for alignment selection based on RECT survey report.

(USSOR/NS Item No. NS/B-1)
Engineering survey by fixing of control point using total station/ differential GPS and detail
topographical survey on selected alignment .
Site Selection for major & important bridges along with river hydrology survey, Site of
minor bridges including details of existing if any, RUB
(USSOR/NS Item No.NS/B-1 & NS/B-6 )
Design of optimal alignment including all the proposed stations, bridge, tunnels etc.
Exploratory drilling of Boreholes in all type of soil, soft & hard rock, insitu test , collection
samples.
(USSOR/NS Item No.- 191010/11/ 12/20//21/22/30/40/41 & 191042)
Conducting in situ full size Plate load test (PLT) at selected location.
(USSOR/NS Item No.- 191050 )
Conducting laboratory Tests on collected soil samples.

(USSOR/NS Item No. 191140)
Preparation and submission of Final Geotechnical Report

(USSOR/NS Item No. 191180)
Staking out of alignment on ground by fixing RCC pillar and CC mattum.

Check leveling for fixing TBM & along center line of proposed BG Line permanent GT mark
at stations
(USSOR/NS Item No. NS/B-3 & NS/B-4)
Preparation & Submission of Index Section & Plan
Details of Plan, L- section & cross-section drawing working out of quantities of earthwork
and blanketing.
Details survey for yards & preparation of yards plan. Yards plan.

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Preparation of GAD plan for major and minor bridges drawing .

Preparation of Land Plans measurement of land to be revenue record.

Preparation of land acquisition proposals.

Collection/measuring of dimensional details of building & cross-section of passenger

utilities i.e.
Submission of Project Report & detailed estimate.
The alignment in general will be as per RECT survey report. However alignment may be
detoured/changed at some locations as per site requirement.
Topographic survey is the most important survey as it establishes the exact layout of existing
ground condition and important adjacent features to access, other physical features and the
obstacles in the way of improvements. This survey also establishes reference points with the
help of which the design alignment & profile can be set on ground. The accuracy of the plans
and plan quantities depends upon the precision with which the survey is conducted. The
measurement of coordinates and elevations must be correct and the topographic information
must be complete. The final location survey shall also include fixation of reference pillars, detail
leveling and cross section along with longitudinal section, design of optimal alignment
considering the engineering parameters like degree of curve, ruling gradient, transition curve
and alignment at the location of River and grade separated structures.
Once the alignment is worked out by producing plan and profile, the location for soil
investigation at structure foundation shall be carried out. This can be done in phases on the
total stretch based on the completion of plan and profile.
The geotechnical investigation will be carried out for determining the engineering
characteristics of the sub-soil underlying the foundations of the proposed bridges, road over
bridges, viaducts or LC etc. and for embankment/ cutting so as to determine the suitability of
the soil or rock surrounding the foundation assessed based on mechanical and physical properties
like grain-size distribution, porosity of rock, ground water level, sinking and driving effort,
sensitivity, any existence of deleterious material in soil or ground water, etc along with soil
parameters and rock characteristics. Plate load test wherever required need to be conducted.
Then based on the bearing capacity from soil investigation and necessary hydraulic data as
collected the general arrangement drawings for Major/important bridges and detail working
drawing for minor bridges need to be prepared.

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The detail of the work has been well described in the tender document, under Special
Conditions of Contract on NS Items of Schedule B of BOQ. However, as the work volume mainly
deals with the engineering survey and geotechnical investigation and other engineering decision
is based on the same, it is felt to give a detail description of methods of these two major
activities, namely Topographical survey ( Schedule B of BOQ) and the Geotechnical investigation
( Schedule A of BOQ).
4.0 Identification of Final alignment at site

To start with the given job as already been defined by the hierarchy of subtasks, as stated
above, its important to identify the alignment on which detail engineering survey which is
termed as final location survey - in railway engineering ( ref para 2.0 Project Understanding),
shall be carried out.
Identification of alignment shall be carried out based on the RECT (Reconnaissance Engineering
cum Traffic Survey) report which covers all the policy matters involved in proposing an
alignment starting from basic requirement and purposes, obligatory points, general topography
of the country and all economic consideration.
While the basic requirement considers the strategic reasons, political reasons, development of
back word area or to connect the trade centres etc, the reconnaissance survey considers the
general topography and the possible alignment alternatives of the new line. Traffic survey, in
conjunction with reconnaissance, determines most promising route for the railway in the area
including possible traffic the railway line will carry and standard of railway line to be followed.
It is understood that during the above survey, survey team considered two alternatives and
evaluated them based on permanent way, embankment, bridge etc to arrive at an estimated
cost and investment schedule. Therefore, the Railway administration decides the subject railway
line to be constructed.
The selected alignment passes through the important towns / villages of Ajmer, Adarsh Nagar,
Hatundi, Lachhipura, Rajoshi, Nasirabad, Luwharwada, Jaswant pura, Sarana, Goyala, Sarawad,
Surajpura, Kekari, Mevda Kalan, Naya gaon, Baghera, Dabur dumba,Toda Rai singh, Bansera,
Barwas, Dardahind, Tonk, Bamor, Khera, Banetha, Sedri , Chauth Ka Barwada, Devpura, Sawai
Madhopur.
Now to undertake the final location survey work to get more details of the new line being
contemplated, its important to identify and review the selected route based on RECT report at

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site, to minimize any hindrance during the final location survey to prepare the working detail of
construction.
Detail review of RECT report and corresponding alignment shall be conducted to understand the
obligatory points through which the alignment passes through.
Subsequent to review, a detail desk study shall be conducted based on collected topo sheet,
imagery maps and the state of the art Google earth map.
The proposed alignment of RECT report shall be transformed to geo-referenced co-ordinate on
the maps to understand whether there is any certain or necessary changes required to obtain the
best feasible alignment.
An alignment is a combination of straight line and curves between the stations. Because the
proposed corridor is a new BG line, the geometry shall be optimized to understand the point of
intersection of tangents of the proposed alignment. The points are then verified at regular
interval on ground by their global positioning system.
The process of ground verification may come up with detour / changes in alignment other than
one obtained from desk study. Therefore, all the alternative alignment shall be tracked down.
The same shall be updated on the map for further ground verification, which shall produce the
optimum project alignment.
The above process of finding the alignment shall involve community intersection with local
government bodies and other stakeholders.
The above exercise of identifying the alignment shall be recorded on the topo sheet maps and
submitted on a regular interval for the necessary approval of the client to proceed for the detail
engineering survey and other related work.
Keeping in view the length of the proposed line which is approximately 165km, the entire
project corridor has been divided into three sections.
Section I Nasirabad to Kekri (approx 58Km)
Section II Kekri to Tonk (approx 60Km)
Section III Tonk Chauth ka Barwara (approx 47Km)
The Section from Tonk to Chaauth Ka Barwara has been given emphasis, in consultation with
Department, to be completed at first priority followed by other two sections.

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5.0 Detail topographical survey work

Carrying out of final location surveys shall be one of the most important and crucial field
tasks under the project. The detailed field surveys shall be carried out using Theodoloite
or advanced Total Station. The data from the topographical surveys shall be available in
x,y,z format for use in high precision software to develop digital terrain model (DTM).
Survey Engineer shall be fully responsible for accuracy and sufficiency of the
topographical survey as per TOR.
While carrying out the field surveys, the actual scheme shall be taken in to consideration
so that the topographical surveys cover sufficient width beyond the centre line of the
proposed site.
5.1 Fixing of Bench Marks (BMs)

BMs shall be located according to the specification. BMs shall be properly painted with
yellow paint. Reduced Level (RL), TBM Reference Pillar Number etc. information shall be
marked on it with red paint. A proper list of BMs shall be prepared including x,y,z
coordinates of each BM.
TBM reference pillars shall be of size 15cm x 15cmx45 cm cast in RCC (M15) with a nail
fixed in the center of the top surface and embedded in concrete upto a depth of 30 cm
with CC M10 Grade (5 cm all around). The balance 15 cm above ground shall be painted
yellow.
An arrow indicating the location of BM shall be painted with the permanent yellow paint.
5.2 Setting up Instrument on Station

The Senior Survey Engineer shall inspect all instruments to verify that no damage has
occurred in transit. The instrument shall be then set up as follows:
Set up total station over station and measure height of instrument
Fill in top of Detail Survey Booking Sheet.
Filename eg 2912PC.FC5
Station number
Height of instrument
Date
Observer (Surveyor)
Page number (start each day on page 1)

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Start string number (add 1 to previous station or start at 01 for each new day)
The vertical Collimation shall be checked on the First station for each day in the
following manner:
In Face Left sight to a distant well-defined object and record the Vertical circle
reading on the booking sheet.
In face, Right resight the same object and again record the Vertical circle
Add the two readings and subtract 360o.
This difference is Twice the Vertical Collimation Error.
This error should be less than 20 to maintain the required vertical accuracy
Check that the prism constant is correct for the prisms being used for the
Traverse Detail Survey
Place a mark about 120 metres from the station and measure the distance with
the 30-metre tape.
Take a reading to the Prism at this point and ensure the horizontal distance is
within 5 mm of the taped distance.
5.3 Survey Control Points:

The possible alternatives which will form the basis of topographical survey and match
during which the survey will be conducted is stated below.
For Planimetric Control :
The detailed survey is based on a rectangular coordinate system in plan which permits
preparation of highway design and will be used for setting out.
Traverse points are set out and the co ordinates are assigned by GPS (Global Positioning
System) method.
For Height Control:
Topographical sheets show a large amount of Bench Marks of survey of India (based on
MSL) along the existing road. Closed circuit leveling will be conducted from the nearest
authentic Bench mark to the primary station in the site. In absence of any GTS
benchmark confirmation, the value of the datum Bench mark to which the leveling is
related was taken as the elevation value obtained by GPS system at the first GPS pillar
and the same is connected to the TBMs and other reference pillars along the corridor.
Taking Traverse Readings
In face left, set 0o0000 to Back sight station

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If using a Prism pole, the chainman shall make sure that he uses an extra pole to brace
the prism pole whilst taking the readings. The extra pole should be held almost on line
with the Total station to allow the Surveyor to be able to see the bottom of the Prism
pole to set his bearing. Two sets of horizontal angles will be measured in face left and
face right.
All the horizontal angles of offset points are to be measured in face left only.
Survey shall be closed on to a known station on the main traverse everyday
so that
error, if any shall be verified and rectified on the same day. Next days survey shall
proceed only after the readings of the actual x, y, z of the Bench Mark/ Traverse Station
and recorded x, y, z values are checked and verified by the Senior Survey Engineer. If
variation is beyond the permissible limits the survey of that day shall be repeated.
Establishing Horizontal Control:-
Method of establishing a horizontal control are stated as followsThe primary traverse for an intermediate scale map is usually run with a theodolite and a
tape. The traverse system should be suitably selected. The traverse lines are generally
taken along the roads, ridges or valley lines. for the area of limited extent, the traverse
should be run near the perimeter the tract. To minimize the cumulative effect of errors,
it is desirable to arrange a closed traverse of length not exceeding 10 to 15 km & to
divide the tract into roughly equal areas. However, if it is not possible to have a closed
traverse, checks for distance should be applied using the methods discussed for an open
traverse. Checks for azimuth should be applied by astronomical observations. For
extensive area the convergency of meridian should be taken into account while applying
the azimuth check.
If a secondary traverse is required to be established inside the primary traverse, it is
desirable to run the secondary traverse simultaneously with the primary traverse.
However the secondary traverse is usually run separately to establish the instrument
stations from which the details are located. It is advisable to run the secondary traverse,
adjust it first and then locater the details.
The secondary traverse stations are selected with particular regard to the convenience in
locating details. The length of the traverse lines should not be excessive to avoid an
unduly large accumulation of errors.

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Secondary traverse are usually run with a theodolite and a tape. Sometimes especially
when accuracy requirements are not rigid, the plane table can be used occasionally a
compass is also used for running the traverse. The lengths of the sides are determined by
means of a tape sometimes; tachometric methods are also used for determining the
lengths.
A closed connecting traverse (fig.) Starts and ends at separate points, whose relative
positions have been determined by a survey of equal or higher order accuracy. An open
traverse
ends at a station whose relative position is not previously known, and
unlike a closed traverse, provides no check against mistakes and large errors. Open
traverses are often used for preliminary survey for a road or railroad.The order of
ACCURACY for any traverse is determined by the equipment and methods used in the
traverse measurements, by the accuracy attained, and by the accuracy of the starting
and terminating stations. Hence, the order of accuracy must be specified before
the measurements are started.
Establishing Vertical Control:-
The vertical control for topographic survey consists of establishing benchmark(B.M) at

suitable places all over the area. The bench marks serve as point of reference for the
leveling operations when locating details. The bench marks are also useful during
subsequent construction work.

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Direct differential leveling is commonly used for establishing the bench marks. The
methods of precise leveling are also sometimes used. However for small areas or in rough
country, trigonometric leveling is also used for establishing the bench marks.
A primary level route is first established. A secondary level route is then tied to the
primary route.the secondary level route normally follows the traverse lines,and the
traverse stations can be used as bench marks/ The maximum closing error which is
permitted for primary control is normally between 12 k to 24 k in millimeters,where k
is the length of the circuit in kilometers.
5.4 Taking Detail Survey Readings

The limit of detailed survey will be around 250 metre radius from Location point shown
or taked
for plinth. All natural and man made features such as road, drain, river,
houses, big trees, electrical/telephone/ H.T. lines, railway line, pipelines, tube well,
fencing etc are to be surveyed and shown on the map correctly. For contouring, Total
Station / Automatic Level / Dumpy Level is to be used. In plane surface,spot levels are to
be taken at an interval of 15 metre (in case any \ nullah, pond, low depression etc
coming within the area to be surveyed / spot levels are to be taken in such a way to
represent the above features correctly in the topographical map). All surveyed data are
to be calculated in connection with Survey Section's network and to be plotted in
16"=1mile & 1:600 scale. In case of forest area, maps are to be prepared in 1:500 scale.
For undulating area, contour lines must be shown correctly on the map at a contour
interval of 0.5m. Plotting works are to be done on sectional square paper and tracing
paper also
i.
Survey
Topographic survey shall be carried out with reference to traverse stations. The x, y,
z co-ordinates for each station surveyed shall be recorded with respect to the values
of traverse stations. All features shall be accurately picked up and properly coded as
explained below. A sketch for surveyed points with respect to traverse station shall
be proposed.
The sketch shall include:
Station positions (including Setup, Backsight, Foresight and Temporary Stations)
All features with string numbers.

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Any additional information as felt necessary and as directed by the Team Leader/
Project Manager/ Clients Representatives
A record of the string numbers on the right of the sketch shall be properly kept.
Any error found in the field shall be recorded on the booking sheet for correction.
The following shall be recorded:
ii.
Point number of error
The actual error
The corrected error
Coding
Coding for feature shall comprise of four characters. First two characters describing
the feature and last two characters mentioning the string number. The string number
i.e. last two characters shall be alphanumeric starting from 01 to 09, A1 A9, B0
B9.Z0 Z9, AA-AZ, BA-BZ,.., ZA-ZZ. Whenever there is a break in a string, its
number shall be changed.
Break shall be introduced in the left & right edges of shoulder due to culverts,
bridges etc.
While recording information for a particular string number, it should be loaded in the
sequence of joining them i.e. for BG01, BG02, recording of data shall be done either
clockwise / anticlockwise as shown in the sketch below:.
BG01
BG01
BG02
BG02
BG01
BG01
BG02
BG02
All the surveyed points having the string no. BG01 shall be joined together in the
sequence of recording to draw the first building and all points having code BG02 shall
be joined together to draw the second building i.e. numeric part will indicate the
points to be joined to form the detail and descriptive part indicates the feature. The
survey data shall be thoroughly checked before it is processed through Software.
All the features that are not to be joined (e.g. telephone poles, trees, electricity
poles, spot levels etc.), shall be having their codes in the form p i.e. the point

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strings code shall always start with P. No feature shall have its survey code starting
with M, L or G.
Before proceeding to site, surveyor shall consult with Engineer and Expert, regarding
fixing of string code and do the needful as required for the Software.
Normally all heights observed are contourable. If for some unavoidable reasons any
height cannot be observed correctly then this is to be coded differently so that
design engineer can understand that these points are not to be considered for
contouring.
iii.
Guidelines for Typical Feature Surveys

a) Existing Road
In one string, points are to be taken in exact sequence, in one direction only for
the complete section of the project road. All survey teams shall follow same
direction.
b) Topography
Banks or Side Slopes (Code EB.. and ET..)
Banks shall be located opposite the chalk marks and any change of direction
or grade where they run parallel to the road.
When the Banks are not parallel to the road, readings every 20 metres or
change of direction or grade, whichever is earlier.
While following a bank that changes direction often, keep the top and bottom
readings next to each other to avoid the lines overlapping.
Canal (Code CA..)
Canal strings run along the top of the Canal bank
The location of the string shall be the same as for Top of Banks
The strings shall not cross the Bridge readings.
Natural Surface points (Code PNSL)
These points shall be located every 25 metres or to show high or low points
natural surface points should never be used to show changes of grade instead
of a string.

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Edge of Water / Pond (Code WP..)
Readings to be taken at edge of water outline as shown
Readings should be in proper sequence, beginning from start to end point.
Edge of Ditch / Borrow pit (Code D)
Readings to be taken to the edge of ditch and one reading to the bottom of
the ditch.
Outline of Rocks (Code RO..)
Readings to be taken at edge of rocks to show outline and on reading on the

top of the rock.
Electricity, Telephone and Underground utilities
Electricity / Transformer/ Telephone poles (Codes PELP, PTE, PTEP)
Locate these features on the roadside. Height of electric wires telephone

wires crossing project road shall be recorded taking minimum of three points
just above the carriageway.
Underground utilities like optical fiber cable (OFC), telephone cable,

electricity cable, water supply mains, oil and gas pipelines shall be picked up
besides location of distribution points visible over the ground.
iv.
Structures
Edge of Buildings (Code BG..)
o Locate corners of buildings closest to the road
o Prism Rod shall be placed on the natural ground not on the building.
Fenceline (Code FL..)
o
Locate Fence line every 25 metres or change in grade or direction.
Kilometer Stone (Code PK309) where 309 is the kilometer stone number.
o
Locate the top center of the Km stone (Not to be used for contouring)
Hectometer Stone (Code HM4), where 4 represents distance i.e 400 m hectometer stone
within that kilometer.
o
Locate the top Center of the Hectometer Stone (Not to be used for contouring)

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Religious structures (Code PRS)

o
o
E.g. Temple, Church, Mosque etc (shall be T/C/M respectively)

Locate the outline of the structure.
Graveyard (Code PGRM)

o
Take one point near the edge of the grave on the ground (pole shall be placed on the
ground not on the grave (which is nearest to road).
Temporary House or Hut (Code TH..)

o
o
Locate the same as for Building (BG) string.

TH Strings are contourable and Break lines
Edge of Wall (Code WA..)

o
Locate roadside edge of wall at ground level
Bore Well (Code PBWE)

o
Locate center of Bore Well pump
Concrete Well (Code WC..)

o
Locate a string of well by taking at least three points around the well so that a circle
can be created.
Irrigation Well (Code WI..)

o
Same as string around edge of well.
Level Crossing
v.
Temporary (temp) stations (code pstn)

Placing Stations
o
Temporary Stations shall be placed in between two Traverse Stations wherever

from one traverse station adjacent traverse station is not directly visible.
Before reading on the Temporary Station angle to the reference object shall be
checked. This angle shall be corrected before placing any new stations.
A final check reading shall be taken to the Back Sight station after reading to the
Temporary Station

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Using temporary Station

-
If only a few additional readings are to be taken from the Temporary Station,
the previous booking sheet shall be used; otherwise a new sheet shall be
used.
Readings shall be taken to fill additional details.
Survey shall be closed on to a known station on the main traverse everyday so that error,
if any shall be verified and rectified on the same day. Next days survey shall proceed only
after the readings of the actual x,y,z of the Bench Mark/ Traverse Station and recorded
x,y,z values are checked and verified by the Senior Survey Engineer. If variation is beyond
the permissible limits the survey of that day shall be repeated.
vi.
Equipment to be Used:
The entire Topographical survey was carried out with the help of latest survey equipment
Stated below:
Total Station with complete accessories
GPS
Micro-optic Theodilite
Prismatic compass
Automatic level
Metric Staff etc
Engineer's transit
Levels
Leveling rod
Range poles
Surveying tape
Vii ) Instruments and Accuracy

The Instruments that are used for Carrying out the Survey are Advenced Model of Sokkia
and Leica. The collimation error and other Permanent adjustments were checked before
inducting the Instruments to site for surveying. All precautions were also taken to guard
against any error to creep in during transit of those. All the instruments were checked
again at site to ensure that, those were perfectly in working order to achieve required
accuracy. The specifications of instruments are given in the following table.

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Indicative Total Station Specification:

SOKKIA SET610
Serial Nos.
201309
Angle measurements (Hz, V)
Method
encoder scanning
Display resolution
selectable
Standard deviation (ISO 17123-3)
)
Telescope
Magnification
Field of view
1km )
Min. target distance
Reticle illuminated
brightness level
Infrared Distance measurement (IR)
Measuring range with circular prism GPR1
Measuring with reflective foil ( 60 mm x 60 mm )
Standard deviation ( ISO 17123-4 ) (fine/rapid)
D) mm
Time for a measurement
sec
Communication
Internal data storage
blocks
Interface
Data formats
formats
Operation
Display
dots) w/backlight
Environmental conditions
Temperature rang (operation)
+122*F)
Dust and splash proof (IEC 60529)
Weight
Weight including battery and tribrach
29423 &
Absolute rotary
0.02mil,
6" ( 1.9mgon
26x
1 30' ( 26m at
1.0m
Built in 5
3'500m
1200m
+/- (2+2ppm x D) mm / +/- (5+5ppm x
less than 0.5
10'000 data
RS232C
ASCII/dxf/Freely definable
Graphics (LCD 192 x 80
-20* to +50*C(-4*F to
IP66
5.2 kg
LEICA dGPS900 Technical Specifications

GPS technology :
frequency 12 L1 + 12 L2
ATX900 GPS Antenna :
wireless technology
Smart Track dual

Built-in ground plane with Smart check and Bluetooth
RX900 controller :1/4 vga Touch screen windows CE 5.0 256 MB internal Memory Bluetooth
wireless technology

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Smart Check :
Horizontal accuracy:10 mm+1ppm, kinematics. Vertical accuracy: 20 mm+1 ppm,
kinematic. Position update rate:1 Hz standard, option up to 2 Hz
Power Supply :
Li-on 1.9 Ah/7.2 v for GPS900 rover.Ni-MH 8.0 Ah/12 v for GPS900 reference setup. Power
RTK rover for about 5 hours.
Temperature ISO9022,MIL-STD-810F :
Operation: -30* C to +65*C Storage: 40*C to +80*C
Protection against water, dust and sand, IP67 (IEC60529), MIL-STD-810F
Waterproof to 1 m temporary submersion Dust tight
Weight:
rover: 3.49 kg
ATX900:0.96 kg RX900:0.71 kg Entire GPS900 RTK
Vii. Survey Software Used:

Leica software
Sokkia software
AutoCAD 2007
Viii. The Collection of Field Data

The topographic surveys have been carried out using sophisticated and precision
instruments like Total Station, Auto level and Global Positioning System. Elevations
(spot heights) were taken at 5 meter intervals across the entirety of the survey area.
In addition to this extra readings were taken across the earthworks and on any break
or change of slope in the road. This is done so that the earthwork details are
accurately recorded. The built structures were recorded in plan using feature coding.
The water structures were also recorded using digital photography. Boundaries were
recorded using Feature coding. Following points were checked regularly for surveying
purpose:
ix. Data Processing

The co-ordinates and height must be transformed into a local
Projection.
Transformation of this GPS Co Ordinate is carried by Leica Total Station, for better
Accuracy instead of plain chain & triangulation method The data that were collected
by Total Station survey were downloaded & where survey data and feature coding
were checked accurately by senior survey engineer. A contour model was then
interpolated by the software. The survey data are then exported into AutoCAD 2006
for final draughting and presentation. The survey maps have been prepared in scales,
using the engineering design software of Digital Terrain Modelling.

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Indicative Survey Code List

Code
Description
Layer
ALIGN
ALIGNMENT LAYER
ALIGNTXT ALIGNMENT TEXT
BD
BOTTOM OF THE DRAIN
BG
BUILDING
BR
BRIDGE
CA
CANAL
CC
CENTRE OF CARRIAGEWAY
CL
CARRIAGEWAY (LEFT EDGE)
CR
CARRIAGEWAY (RIGHT EDGE)
CU
CULVERT
CW
CAUSEWAY
D
DITCH
BE
EMBANKMENT BOTTOM
ET
EMBANKMENT TOP
FL
FENCE LINE
PH
HECTOMETRE POST
IC
INVERT LEVEL OF BOX CUL
IP
INVERT LEVEL OF PIPE
OFC
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
PH
KILOMETER POST
PABT
ABUTMENT
PBBM
BIRDGE SURVEY BM
PBMK
BENCHMARK
PBWL
BORE WELL
PCHK
CHECK READING TO STN
PDKL
DECK LEVEL
PELP
ELECTRICITY POWER POLE
PGRD
GRAVEYARD
PHFL
HIGH FLOOD LEVEL
PHTP
HIGH TENSION POLES
PIER
PIER
PIRM
INDIAN RAILWAY ROW MARK
PL
PLATFORM
PMHL
MAN HOLE
PNSL
NATURAL SURFACE
PRBM
R & B RIGHT OF WAY MARK
PRS
RELIVIOUS STRUCTURES
PSPT
SIGH POST
PSTL
SOFFIT LEVEL
PSTN
TRAVERSE STATION
PTEP
TELEPHONE POLE
PTF
TRANSFORMER
PTR
ABOVE 03 DIA
PTSN
TEMP STN - NAIL
PWTL
WATER LEVEL
ALIGN
ALIGNTXT
BD
BL
BR
CA
CR
ER
ER
CU
CW
D
BB
TB
FL
HP
IC
IP
OFC
KP
AB
BBM
BM
WB
CH
DL
EP
GR
HF
HT
PR
IR
PL
MH
NS
RB
RS
SP
SL
ST
TP
TF
TR
TS
WL
Symbol Colour
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
HP
NONE
NONE
NONE
KP
NONE
BTM
BM
WB
NONE
NONE
EP
GR
NONE
NONE
NONE
IR
NONE
SCIR2
NONE
RB
NONE
NONE
NONE
ST
TP
TF
TREE
TS
NONE
11
14
9
15
11
9
13
12
12
11
9
6
6
6
15
12
9
9
9
12
15
14
14
3
15
15
15
15
1
15
15
15
15
11
6
15
15
15
15
14
15
15
2
14
1
Line
Type
0
0
1
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
1
1
21
3
10
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Point /
Line
P
P
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
P
L
L
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

18
NewB.G.Line
Code
RL
RO
RW
SL
SR
SS
TD
TH
WA
WC
WI
WP
WP
WT
Description
Layer
RAILWAY LINE
OUTLINE OF ROCKS
RETAINING WALL
LEFT EDGE OF SHOULDER
RIGHT EDGE OF SHOULDER
SEALED SHOULDER
TOP OF THE DRAIN
TEMPORARY HOUSE / HUT
WALL
WELL CONCRETE LINED
WELL - IRRIGATION UNLINED
POND
WATER PIPE
WATER TANK
RL
RO
RW
ES
ES
SS
TD
TH
WA
WC
WI
PD
WP
WT
Code
BC
Description
Layer
BUILDING
BL
CENTRE OF
CC
CR
CARRIAGEWAY
CARRIAGEWAY
CL
LC
(LEFT EDGE)
CARRIAGEWAY
CR
RC
(RIGHT EDGE)
DL
DECK LEVEL
DL
FL
FENCE LINE
FL
FP
FOOTH PATH
FP
IL
INVERT LEVEL
IL
PH
KILOMETER POST
KP
PBMK
BENCHMARK
BM
PDKL
DECK LEVEL
PDL
GW
GUARD WALL
GW
BSTW
BREAST WALL
BSTW
BW
BOUNDARY WALL
BW
LEFT EDGE OF
SL
LE
SHOULDER
RIGHT EDGE OF
SR
RE
SHOULDER
TEMPORARY
TS
TS
STRUCTURE
PNT_TEMPORARY
PTS
PTS
STRUCTURE
D
DRAIN
D
WT
WATER TANK
WT
V
VALVE
V
TA
TAP
TA
WATER PIPE
WPL_125
WPL_125
125MM
WATER PIPE
WPL_160
WPL_160
160MM
Symbol Colour
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
4
6
15
15
15
4
9
15
15
3
3
3
9
9
Line
Type
24
0
0
23
23
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
0
Point /
Line
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
Symbol
NONE
Color
RED
Line type
Point/line
CONTINUOUS
L
NONE
RED
CONTINUOUS
NONE
YELLOW
CONTINUOUS
NONE
YELLOW
CONTINUOUS
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
KP
BM
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
119
101
231
150
121
221
95
21
33
31
CONTINUOUS
FENCE LINE
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
L
L
L
P
P
P
P
L
L
L
NONE
MAGENTA
CONTINUOUS
NONE
MAGENTA
CONTINUOUS
NONE
CONTINUOUS
NONE
115
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
172
203
57
113
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
-
L
L
P
P
NONE
130
CONTINUOUS
NONE
131
CONTINUOUS

19
NewB.G.Line
WATER PIPE
200MM
WATER PIPE
WPL_280
280MM
WATER PIPE
WPL_350
350MM
WATER PIPE
WPL_550
550MM
REF. PT
Reference
SR
SIDE ROAD
HP
HUME PIPE
PP
PETROL PUMP
TBM
TBM
TXT
TEXT
PLY
PLAY GROUND
GRND
PARKING PARKING PLACE
RAILING RAILING
WPL_200
WPL_200
NONE
141
CONTINUOUS
WPL_280
NONE
151
CONTINUOUS
WPL_350
NONE
161
CONTINUOUS
WPL_550
NONE
183
CONTINUOUS
REF_NCE
SR
HP
PETR_UMP
TBM
TXT
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
92
31
251
42
221
WHITE
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
P
L
L
L
L
-
PNT_UND
NONE
102
CONTINUOUS
PARKING
RAILING
NONE
NONE
165
219
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
L
L
6.0 Detail of surveying & preparation of Drawing:

As a general rule the work necessary under Preliminary or a final location survey will be :
o Staking out of the centre line;
o Levelling along with the centre line, with transverse levels where necessary and cross
sections of important rivers;
o Detailed survey including Survey of a Strip of country 100 meters on each side of the
centre line;
o Survey of rivers requiring a provision of a water way
o Survey of Station sites.
Alignment
In fixing the alignment of railway line, the following points require attention.
o
Position of Curves.-It is preferable to have cuttings and tunnels on straight track but they
may be provided on curves if the cost of having them on the straight is excessive.
Degree of Curvature.-The sharpest degree of curve to be adopted should normally suit

the projected speed corresponding to the category of line proposed. Sharper curves with
speed restrictions may, however, be proposed where the cost of keeping down the
curvature within the normal limit would be excessive.
Transition Curves.- The shape of transition shall be a cubic parabola with a linear. The
length of transitions should correspond to the speed projected of the projected line
BG the length should be worked out on the basis of 185 mm cant. The cant gradient shall
be so chosen that the rate of change of cant/cant deficiency at the maximum
permissible speed does not exceed 55 mm/sec. under any circumstances for BG lines. For

20
NewB.G.Line
the purpose of designing the future layout of the curves, a cant gradient of in 1.200 shall
be aimed at for BG lines.
o The desirable minimum length of straight between reverse curve should be 50 m for BG.
o Gradients - Sags in cuttings should be avoided to the maximum possible extent. If possible
sharp changes of gradient should be avoided on curves.
o Vertical Curves - Vertical curves shall be laid out only on those points of change of grade
where the algebric difference between the grade is equal to or more than 4 MM/Metre.
Figure: Indicative Survey Drawing
Survey for the Provision of Additional Lines. In carrying out the survey for the provision of
additional lines (alongside the existing track) the following points require attention

21
NewB.G.Line
The projected line should be laid parallel to the existing line as far as possible on the right
hand side or on the left hand side, depending on
(i) Location of telephone and telegraph wires.

(ii) Location of existing station buildings and other goods facilities;
(iii) Construction of new bridges with least interference to traffic on the existing line as far as
possible;
(iv) In sections where there are pronounced directional movements of empty and loaded traffic,
the possibilities of running heavier train loads with multi-engine operations and its effect on the
existing bridge structures should be taken into account.
While determining the alignment for the additional lines, the following points have to be
considered :
(i) Existing bridges should be extended wherever possible with tracks to the same track centres
over the bridge portion as on approaches thereby avoiding reverse curves.
(ii) Adequate vertical clearance for bridges should be provided in terms of the recommendation
of Khosla Committee and that contained in "IRS Code of Practice for the Design of Sub- structure
of Bridges" should be followed, irrespective of whether specified free- board is available or not

22
NewB.G.Line
Figure: Indicative Plan and Profile
The degree of curvature to be adopted on the new line should suit the projected speed
corresponding to the category of line. At locations where the new alignment is being located
on the outside of existing curves which are sharper than the limiting degree of curvature
compatible with the projected speed of the line, the new line has to be located further away
to avoid infringements, which will involve additional cost unless the existing curves are also
realigned before the construction of new line.
For Major Bridges, cross section should be taken of the river bed at suitable points and the
position marked on the survey plan. The level of the highest known flood or ordinary flood
and of ordinary low water should be noted on each
cross section. The average slope of the river bed is to be determined from a point about 1
Kms above the railway crossing to a point 1 Kms below the same. In case there are sharp
changes in the bed slopes the local bed slope will have to be determined over a shorter
length.

23
NewB.G.Line
Whenever reliable information of high flood levels can be obtained one should be Observed
and the past data of HFL or Design discharge or if required the area of catchment or average
rainfall etc should be made available to us. Generally area velocity method will be followed
for calculation.
7.0 Sub soil Investigation

In general, the geotechnical work shall address to the following technical requirements:
The geotechnical investigations shall be carried out in accordance with IRC: 78-2000.
Location and depth of borings, sampling, in-situ and laboratory tests shall be as specified
here as directed by Client
The required results of the investigation and evaluation as well as the related extent of
documentation shall be as specified here as per LOI issued by Client.
The present investigation shall provide details on the subsoil conditions at specific
locations so as to establish physical and engineering properties at site.
Efforts will be made to collect all disturb and undisturbed sample as possible from each strata
encountered in each borehole and at suitable interval in the same strata based on our
experience and instruction by Site Engineer. Generally disturbed soil samples will be collected at
every 1.5 m depth or interval and at change of each stratum.
The Geotechnical investigations is to be carried out by making exploratory bore holes as
specified and boreholes as mentioned in the Scope of works for the various locations.
7.1 Tasks
The geotechnical investigations shall include the following activities:
Exploration of surface material and subsoil conditions of the site and provision of general
Data relating to the project site.
Field identification of soil and rock types, if present, with depth, records of their
occurrence and location of their structural discontinuities.
Field Standard Penetration Tests to determine the natural bearing resistance of the subsoil
for the purpose of design.
Collecting disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for visual examination and for carrying
out laboratory tests on selected samples to determine the natural, physical and relevant
engineering properties of the soil.
Chemical analyses

24
NewB.G.Line
Evaluation of ground water levels in the borings

Documentation and evaluation of all results in a soil investigation report using SI units after
review.
Full information on the stratification of all soils, classification, stiffness and bearing capacity of
all soils as determined at site will be provided. Due care shall be exercised to ensure that the
field work is of the highest quality that truly reflects the nature of soil at site. The program shall
be supervised by Engineer/Supervisor having experience in soil engineering, who shall be
available at site during the investigations.
7.2 Boring
Boring shall be carried out using 150 mm dia. as per the provisions of IS : 1892 - 1978. The boring
tool shall consist of auger or shell. Temporary casing shall also be used to prevent caving of the
boreholes. In case small boulders/ strata of rock is encountered the same shall be cut by the
chisel attached to the boring rods. Disturbed soil samples with all the constituent parts shall be
recovered at requisite intervals or where ever there is a change of strata. These samples shall
be tested in the field laboratory to prepare the bore hole log. Tripod rig is erected, and a sheave
is hung from it. Boring water is pumped by motorized pump through galvanised iron pipe which
are connected to the pump via a flexible hose.
7.3 Ground Water
Ground water table in each borehole shall be recorded as per IS: 6935 after 24 hours of
completion of the boreholes.
7.4 Back-filling of Bore Holes
On completion of boreholes, back filling shall be carried out with Excavated material.
7.5 Field Tests
All details are to be recorded as specified in the relevant standards. All field tests are to be
carried out using properly calibrated equipment. The recording of borehole data
shall be as per
the bore log sheet given in figure

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
The test shall be conducted at specified intervals or at a depth where the sub-soil strata
changes, whichever occurs earlier.
The test shall be carried out by driving a standard split spoon sampler by means of a driving
head and a 63.5 Kg weight with 75 cm free fall. Testing shall be done strictly as per IS:

25
NewB.G.Line
2131 Method of Standard Penetration Test for Soils. The samples obtained from the
split spoon shall be labeled and preserved for identification tests in the laboratory
The standard penetration test shall be discontinued when SPT N values are greater than
100 for 30cm penetrations or the sampler meets refusal from the strata.
All samples (disturbed and undisturbed) collected from the boreholes shall be labeled. In
case of undisturbed samples, label shall be attached to the top of the samples.
7.6 Sampling
A clean, open bore hole, if necessary cased, with the required diameter shall be drilled to the
desired sample depth with a minimum of disturbed material at the bottom of the hole. Prior to
the sampling operation, the drilled hole shall be cleaned. All loose and disturbed aterial shall
be removed. All samples shall be sealed and properly labeled.
Disturbed samples shall be taken from all bore holes for cohesive and non cohesive soils at every
change of material and at intervals of 1.5 m. Disturbed samples shall also be collected from the
split spoon sampler after conducting SPT. The samples shall be preserved in transparent polythene
bags. Upon removal of the sampler from the bore hole, the disturbed sample obtained shall be
measured and visually examined, packed, marked and stored in thick plastic bags and
identified and described in bore log. A representative section of the recovered sample shall be
preserved.
Undisturbed samples shall be taken every 1.5 m interval or at intervals as directed by Site
Engineer.
Probing has to be carried out before SPT. If it is obvious that undisturbed samples
could not be recovered (e.g. due to non cohesive material) only standard penetration test
according to clause 6.1 shall be carried out.
Samples for recovering undisturbed samples from cohesive soils shall confirm to IS: 2132. The area
ratio of the cutting edge as well as recovery ratio shall be measured. The undisturbed soil samples
are collected in samplers appropriate for the encountered material, usually thin walled tubes of
min. 100 mm (4 in.) diameter and driving the sampler using a 63.5 kg hammer in accordance
with IS: 2132-.
Immediately after removal from the hole, the obtained sample shall be visually
examined, identified and described according to the trimmings from the top and bottom ends of
the tube. Then the tube sample shall be sealed with wax at both ends and preserved as
"Undisturbed Sample" and stored and preserved until two months after final report if not used.
Undisturbed samples shall also be extracted from the test pits at the bottom of the pit and at
every change of stratum.

26
NewB.G.Line
7.7 Laboratory Testing of Samples

Laboratory tests will be performed on representative, selected soil/rock samples to find out the
engineering properties of the subsoil strata to be encountered. The program should be under
the direction of experienced geotechnical engineers/ In-charge. The laboratory tests are to
be carried out in compliance with the latest edition of Indian Standards.
Average test values of soil properties need to be identified as well as the range of variability. In
general the following tests are to be carried out:
Grain size distribution by sieving (particle size analysis)
Hydrometer analysis
Atterberg limits
Specific gravity of Soil and Rock
Unit weight of Rock
Bulk and dry density
Consolidation test (Oedometer test)
Moisture content
Direct shear test
Triaxial test
Chemical analysis of ground water for concrete design (pH-value; sulphate as SO4 and
chloride content)
Soil Identification And Classification

All site classification and description of soils/rocks shall be systematically checked against the
results of laboratory tests, for each sample for which such tests have been carried out, and
supplemented to the field description where necessary to accord with the test results
obtained. Soil/rock classification shall be according to Indian Standards.
Codes for Tests
The following tests shall be conducted in the laboratory.
(a) Disturbed Samples.
I. Visual and Engineering classifications (as per IS: 1498).
II. Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer Analysis (as per IS: 2720 Part-IV).
III. Liquid and Plastic Limits (as per IS: 2720 Part V).
IV. Specific Gravity (as per IS: 2720 Part III).

27
NewB.G.Line
(b) Undisturbed Samples.

I.
Water Content - as per IS - 2720 Part II
II. Unconfined compression test - as per IS-2720 Part X

III. Triaxial Shear Test
IV. Direct Shear Test (in case of sand) - as per IS-2720 Part XIII.
Consolidated untrained test with pore water pressure - as per IS: 2720 Part XII for
determining the true C and value.
Consolidation test - as per IS: 2720 Part XV, to determine e-log p and Mv values.
The results are to be submitted in SI-units in complete and in proper sequence. A visual
description of the sample shall be included in all laboratory test sheets. The report on the test
results shall include dimensions of the sample, graphical plot of the deviator stress versus strain
with corresponding modulus of deformation and the plot of Mohr circles with determination of
apparent cohesion and angle of friction for each specimen. Particle size distribution is to be
plotted
7.8 Details of Records
Complete, accurate and up-to-date records shall be kept throughout the progress of the work
During the progress of each boring and drilling, a continuous and accurate daily log of the
materials encountered shall be recorded, the procedure for advancing the exploration, the
sampling procedure, in-situ test results, ground water level, and of any other pertinent data
which could indicate a variation in subsurface conditions. Client shall be furnished with a copy
of the log and record for the completed boring or probe continuously.
The information set down on the field log may contain the following:
dates started and completed
name of sub-consultant and his engineer/ foreman
location, ground elevation and identifying number of bore hole, reference to survey
data etc.
a complete record by depth and number of each sample taken or attempted
a record of sample type attempted and amount of samples recovered
a record of penetration resistance obtained by the standard penetration test
a record of rock quality designation (RQD) and core recovery (CR) where applicable
a record of the ground water table

28
NewB.G.Line
a classification and visual identification of the materials encountered and the limits
of each soil or rock stratum, representative for the site

The results of standard penetration tests SPT
A sample Borelog for soil is illustrated in figure in next page.
7.9 Plate Load Tests
Plate load tests shall be carried out in accordance with IS:1888. The size and shape of the
bearing plate, the size of the test pit, placing of test plate and preloading shall conform
to IS:1888. However, minimum size of plate shall be 600 mm.
Load shall be applied on the test plate incrementally by reaction loading taking care to
avoid impact, fluctuation, tilting of plate or eccentricity so as to reach the soil as uniformly
distributed static load.
The loading shall be increased generally in increments of 5 t/m2 pressure intensity until the
total settlement of plate reaches
25 mm or soil under the plate fails, whichever occur
earlier. In case, above conditions are not reached, minimum intensity of load to be applied
on plate should be 70 t/m2. Net settlements of plate after complete withdrawal of load
must be recorded and reported. Settlement observation and load increments shall be as per
IS:1888. Settlements of test plate shall be recorded by at least two (2) dial gauges of minimum
accuracy of 0.02 mm fixed at diametrically opposite ends of plate as per IS:1888. Load-timesettlement records shall be maintained throughout the test. Curves for load-settlement
in arithmetic and time-settlement in logarithmic scales shall be plotted.
A sample borelog is given in the next page.
7.0 Work Plan

The entire study has been formulated by different activities as presented in the work schedule .
The work comprises of finalization of alignment, detail topographical survey along the
alignment, River section and hydrology studies, final plan profile, bridge setting, geotechnical
investigation work, earth work estimation, staking out of final alignment, Index plan and
section, General arrangement drawing of major bridges and detail drawing of minor bridges,
Yard plan, preparation of land plan and land acquisition proposal for an approximate length of
proposed broad gauge line of 165 km.
The work comprises of approval from Railway authority at different stage of work and
interaction of various department such as PWD, State administration, Revenue, irrigation etc.

29
NewB.G.Line
Therefore, the reasonable time frame has been considered for the work that may largely depend
on the time taken for the approval/input
Duration of each item of work has been assessed based on the stipulated time frame
of 14 months and presented in the work programme.

30
31
NewB.G.Line
Figure: Indicative Bore Log

32

5.methodology For NWR

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Work Plan & Methodology

Carrying out final location survey, Geotech investigation, Preparation of

2.0 Project Understanding:

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

(d) Final location survey

3.0 Work Methodology

Preliminary study for alignment selection based on RECT survey report.

Conducting laboratory Tests on collected soil samples.

Preparation and submission of Final Geotechnical Report

Staking out of alignment on ground by fixing RCC pillar and CC mattum.

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

Preparation of GAD plan for major and minor bridges drawing .

Preparation of Land Plans measurement of land to be revenue record.

Preparation of land acquisition proposals.

Collection/measuring of dimensional details of building & cross-section of passenger

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

4.0 Identification of Final alignment at site

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

5.0 Detail topographical survey work

5.1 Fixing of Bench Marks (BMs)

5.2 Setting up Instrument on Station

Set up total station over station and measure height of instrument

Fill in top of Detail Survey Booking Sheet.

Page number (start each day on page 1)

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

Add the two readings and subtract 360o.

This difference is Twice the Vertical Collimation Error.

5.3 Survey Control Points:

For Planimetric Control :

Taking Traverse Readings

In face left, set 0o0000 to Back sight station

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.

ends at a station whose relative position is not previously known, and

Establishing Vertical Control:-

The vertical control for topographic survey consists of establishing benchmark(B.M) at

North Western Railway

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5.4 Taking Detail Survey Readings

Station positions (including Setup, Backsight, Foresight and Temporary Stations)

All features with string numbers.

North Western Railway

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Point number of error

The actual error

The corrected error

North Western Railway

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Guidelines for Typical Feature Surveys

Canal (Code CA..)

Canal strings run along the top of the Canal bank

The strings shall not cross the Bridge readings.

Natural Surface points (Code PNSL)

North Western Railway

BPC Consultant India (P) Ltd.