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Overview
Background
Small Scale Embedded Generation
SA development since 2007
Municipalities received many requests for solar PV
installations
Approached Eskom for unified requirements via
NRS
First edition published Dec 2010
Based on IEC61727
Background
Then happened load-shedding
Co-generation
Tariff
Requirements Eskom response via internal
standard
Distribution standard for the interconnection of
embedded generation
Minimum technical and statutory requirements for
the connection of embedded generators to
medium-voltage and high-voltage utility
distribution networks
MV and HV
NRS 097
Grid interconnection of embedded
generation
Part 1: Distribution standard for the
interconnection of embedded generation
To be based on Eskom standard
Still undeveloped
>100kVA
SA Grid Code for Renewable Power
Plants (RPP Grid Code)
NRS 097-2
Grid interconnection of embedded generation
Part 2: Small-scale embedded generation
The specification sets out the technical requirements for the
utility interface, the embedded generator and/or system and
the utility distribution network with respect to embedded
generation. The specification applies to embedded generators
and or embedded generator systems smaller than or equal to
1000 kVA connected to low-voltage networks.
Section 1: Utility interface
Section 2: Embedded generator requirements. (To be
developed in the future.)
Section 3: Utility framework.
Section 4: Procedures for implementation and application. (To
be developed in the future.)
NRS 097-2
Grid interconnection of embedded generation
Part 2: Small-scale embedded generation
Section 1: Utility interface
Technical requirements for a generator to
connect to the utility network
Not an inverter specification
Device Independent
NRS 097-2
Connected to LV (<1kV)
Edition 1 <100kVA
Edition 2 <1000kVA
Aligns with RPP Grid Code as far as
possible
Influenced by international
developments
Communication requirements
Need local control
Number of installations cannot be individually
controlled
40 s
2s
120 % V
0,16 s
90%
Y
80%
Z1
70%
X1
60%
S
X2
40%
Z2
T
0%
150
600
3000 ms
20s
110%
Area A
90%
Y
80%
Z1
70%
Area B
X1
60%
Area C
X2
40%
Z2
T
0%
150
600
3000 ms
20s
SANS/IEC 50065-1
CISPR 11 Class B
5th percentile of MV
NRS 097-2
Section 3: Simplified utility connection criteria for lowvoltage connected generators
For use by utilities
Customers can establish what would be easy to connect,
e.g. smaller than 25% of ADMD/Breaker size
Maximum size as a function of cable parameters and
distance from transformer
NRS 097-2
VDE 4105 stipulates 3% max voltage
rise due to all SSEG connected
Implicit in planning flowchart
105
Voltage (%)
Low load
1% rise
limit
104.5
100
Peak load
15% drop
limit
95
90
90
Distance (km)
114.5
112.5
112.5
Voltage (%)
110
107.5
106.5
105
105
103.5
105
102.5
102
100
97.5
96.5
95
Distance (km)
peak load
low load
NRS 097-2
Part 2: Embedded generator requirements
Type Testing
VDE 4105
EN 50438
IEC 61727, 61000-series, other
ER G83/1-1 and G59/2
IEEE 1547 / UL 1741
NRS 097-2
Section 4: Procedures for
implementation and application
To be developed
SA Grid Code
RPP Grid Code
Category A
A1: 0 -13.8kVA (4.6kVA/phase)
A2: 13.8-100kVA
A3: 100kVA 1MVA (including smaller units
connected to a dedicated MV/LV
transformer)
Category B
1MVA 20MVA
Category C
Larger than 20MVA
Licensing
Feedback received yesterday
Safety Concerns
Installation deficiencies
Anti-islanding
2016-04-02
LV Maintenance Process
28
How to earth a
generator
Offset of consumption
Gives good return on investment
Power Quality
RPP GC
Default values for Generators < 5MVA
Subtleties
Renewable Power Producers
Point of Connection
Embedded Generators
Generator terminals
Point of Connection
Safety aspects
Conclusions
South Africa has learnt a lot
Alignment with international best
practices as far as possible
BUT: South African Networks and
Conditions are completely different to
typical European or American networks
Thank you
gerhard@route63training.com
+27-83-407-9651