Brain tumor extraction from MRI images

using Matlab: A State Art

when applying the full potential of improving the results is
Universidad Pedaggica y Tecnolgica de Colombia, Facultad ingeniera, Escuela de ingeniera electrnica
Cristian David Mrquez Pidiache 201220958
Jhonatan Javier Pachn Guzmn 201110783
Abstract this paper summarizes briefly the methods and
convincing according to what is expected get the final result.
tools that would be required for the development of the project
At this stage just small changes that help you get a much
proposal for digital image processing. While the information here
better picture prepared for processing were applied. Mainly
was extracted from work already carried out and documented in
this is expected to greatly reduce the noise that may come to
articles, how to complement and adjust to necessities for good
have the image, or rob it detail add brightness to perceive or
implementation and development of algorithm as to remove the
obscure unwanted details. All this in order to make partial
areas affected by brain tumors from Picture was sought magnetic
image with further processing using the MATLAB tool will
resonance
be decisive in determining the quality of the final image
improvements.

I.

INTRODUCTION

he field of medicine by its nature requires that

develop and implement tools to facilitate data
processing and medical diagnostics. An important
field of action of image processing is precisely concerning
the analysis of magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. This is
a noninvasive technique that uses the phenomenon of
nuclear magnetic resonance for information on the structure
and composition of the body to be analyzed. This
information is processed by computer and transformed into
images of the inside of what has been analyzed. These
images obtained provide information about malformations
or pathologies present in the brain cavity. By the very nature
of them, make a thorough analysis naked eye involves
taking into account factors that cannot help give the best
interpretation of the results. That is why it is essential to
have tools to better interpret the data to give the most
appropriate treatment for pathologies found. The detection
of brain tumors is then one of the most common diseases
found in magnetic resonance imaging, images that are
delivered in the form of greyscale, which by digital image
processing can be improved to acquire more specific details
excluding areas interest of not making the corresponding
morphological analysis and image transformations. The
purpose of the project is then designed an algorithm that
facilitates the extraction of regions affected by brain tumors,
thus facilitating the analysis of images taken - subsequently
processed - and therefore to provide facilities to the doctor
body that gives the diagnosis to surgical patient.

II. PROPOSED METHODS AND PROCEDURE

For the realization of the algorithm for extracting such
effective areas affected by a tumor of a magnetic resonance
image, they will be taken into account as a guide and basis
the following methods for digital processing of IMR
A. Preprocessing
In order to make optimum processing of magnetic resonance
images it first set to make a preprocessing acquired images.
It is logical to think that to make a good treatment either an
image or any other data, must be in principle bring it so that
Cristian David Mrquez Pidiache Jhonatan Javier Pachn Guzmn

B. Early conversion to grayscale

.When a medical check is acquiring images of magnetic
resonance images obtained in many cases erroneously
defined as images "Black and White, mistaking also with
grayscale. Theoretically if we talk about images to black and
white only have two possible colors within this color space,
totally dark on a black and pure white. The problem comes
when display and printed images on paper, since this is
placed on a grid of black dots with a white (or vice versa)
background creating an effect similar to what would be an
image in grayscale others you have the disturbances suffered
by the color of the original image displayed on screen when
printed or non-existent will add colors or subtract is vital
information to the image. That is why we want to do the
appropriate treatment converted image to be a real
grayscale, this in order to work better and adopt changes
more efficiently as well as the application requires.
C. Pseudo Color Translation
This step will be used as well as the application
requires. Original MR Brain image is a gray-level
image insufficient to support fine features. To
obtain more useful features and enhance the
visual density, the proposed method applies
pseudo-color
transformation,
a
mapping
function that maps a gray-level pixel to a colorlevel pixel by a lookup table in a predefined
color map. An RGB color map contains R, G, and
B values for each item. Each gray value maps to
an RGB item. The proposed method has
adopted the standard RGB color map, which
gradually maps gray-level values 0 to 255 into
blue-to-green-to-red color.
D. Apply Filtering
In this step procedures simulations to the preprocessing
section they are made. Different types of filters are applied
to the image; these mostly high-pass filters and filter
medium. The former are basically very general traditional
image arrangements, mainly everything related to changes in

contrast and darkness. At a lower level, you can describe its

operation as a filter that helps increase the brightness of dark
pixels neighboring pixels, which roughly is known as
contrast. On the other hand the media filters are responsible
only for subtract unwanted noise from the images to be
processed.

A line is a sequence of pixels in which two consecutive

pixels are connected is they say, they are neighbors in a 3
3 environment of any of them. Each pixel can be connected
to any of its 8 neighboring pixels, and therefore we will have
only 4 directions (sections linear) possible: horizontal,
vertical, 45 and -45. Consequently, any curve digital will
be given by a line consists only of linear sections of any of
these four types. Thus, for detecting lines we can use a 3 3
mask that will be moving by the pixels of the image. Pixels
that are part of a line will responses extreme. For example,
to detect a line or horizontal segment (straight line), each
pixel of segment has a shade of gray that differs from the
shade of gray of the upper neighboring pixels and lower.

E. Segmentation
Segmentation in the field of artificial vision is the process of
dividing a digital image into several parts (groups of pixels)
or objects. The goal of segmentation is to simplify and / or
change the representation of an image in a more significant
and easier to analyze. Segmentation is used both to locate
objects to find the limits of these within an image. More
precisely, the image segmentation is the process of assigning
a label to each pixel of the image so that the pixels that share
the same label will also have certain similar visual
characteristics.
The result of the segmentation of an image is a set of
segments collectively cover the entire image, or a set of
contour lines extracted from the image (edge detection).
Each of the pixels of a region are similar in some
characteristic such as color, intensity or texture. Adjacent
regions are significantly different with regard to thereof
features.

3.

A border or edge is the boundary between two regions with

different shades of gray significantly or have different
properties, as in the case of textures. If we detect the edges
we need to put emphasis on sudden changes in levels gray
pixel and suppress neighboring areas with constant gray
values. The operators derived will be useful to perform such
tasks. Segmentation techniques based on the edges are
suitable when regions they are sufficiently homogeneous so
that the transition between regions can be made in based on
shades of gray. If it is more appropriate to use segmentation
techniques based regions. A local edge (or local ridge axis)
is a pixel whose gray level differs significantly gray level of
some pixels of your environment. That is, no difference
local contrast. This is essentially due to two situations. a)
The pixel is part of the border between two different image
regions (each region has a certain homogeneity in their
levels of gray, with respect to some homogeneity criterion).
b) The pixel is part of a very fine bow on a background of
different gray level. To detect the edges begin detecting local
edges. The edges local are detected by measuring the rate of
change of the shades of gray of its surroundings. We are
going to Use, for this, the gradient operator (as operator first
order) or operator Laplacian (as operator of second order).

Various forms of division, some of which will be useful for

the application will then be described.
1.

Points Detection

An isolated point of an image has a shade of gray that differs

significantly from the shades of gray of its neighboring
pixels, that is, eight pixels of its environment 3 3. A mask
for detecting an isolated point is:

2 2 2
2 9 2
2 2 2

Applying this mask to the pixel (i, j) we obtain:

g (i , j )=f ( i2, j+ 2 )f ( i2 , j )f ( i+ 2, j+ 2 )f
We will say that the pixel (i, j) is an isolated point if | G (i, j)
| > T where T is the threshold value set by the decider. This
value depends on the application we are doing. However,
this mask can detect, as isolated points, pixels forming part
of an edge. Therefore, it is more convenient to use the
following nonlinear filter:

f ( r , s )f (i , j )
R (i , j )min
We will say that the pixel (i, j) is an isolated point if | R (i, j)
| > T.
2.

Lines Detection

Edge Detection

F. Morphological Operations
The word morphology signifies the study of form
or structure. In image processing we use
mathematical morphology as a means to
identify
and
extract
meaningful
image
( i2 , jdescriptors
) +9 f ( i , j )f based
( i+2 , j )f
j2 ) f of
( i , j2
on ( i2,
properties
form)for( i+2,
shape within the image. Key areas of application
are segmentation together with automated
counting
and
inspection.
Morphology
encompasses a powerful and important body of
methods which can be precisely treated
mathematically
within the framework of set theory. While this
set-theoretic
framework
does
offer
the
advantages associated with mathematical
rigour, it is not readily accessible to the less
mathematically trained reader and the central
ideas and uses of morphology can be much
more easily grasped through a practical and
intuitive discussion. We will take such a
pragmatic
approach
in
this
chapter.
Morphological operations can be applied to
images of all types, but the primary use for

Cristian David Mrquez Pidiache Jhonatan Javier Pachn Guzmn

morphology (or, at least, the context in which

most people will first use it) is for processing
binary images and the key morphological
operators are the relatively simple ones called
dilation and erosion. It is in fact possible to
show
that
many
more
sophisticated
morphological procedures can be reduced to a
sequence of dilations and erosions. We will,
however, begin our discussion of morphological
processing on binary images with some
preliminary but important definitions.
Morphological operations have to do with
processing shapes. In this sense they are
continuity-based techniques, but in some
applications they also operate on edges, making
them useful in edge-based approaches as well.
In fact, morphological operations have many
image processing applications in addition to
segmentation, and they are well represented
and supported in the MATLAB Image Processing
Toolbox. The two most common morphological
operations are dilation and erosion. In dilation
the rich get richer and in erosion the poor get
poorer. Specifically, in dilation, the center or
active pixel is set to the maximum of its
neighbors, and in erosion it is set to the
minimum of its neighbors. Since these
operations are often performed on binary
images, dilation tends to expand edges,
borders, or regions, while erosion tends to
decrease or even eliminate small regions.
Obviously, the size and shape of the
neighborhood used will have a very strong
influence on the effect produced by either
operation. The two processes can be done in
tandem, over the same area. Since both erosion
and dilation are nonlinear operations, they are
not invertible transformations; that is, one
followed by the other will not generally result in
the original image. If erosion is followed by
dilation, the operation is termed opening. If the
image is binary, this combined operation will
tend
to
remove
small
objects
without changing the shape and size of larger
objects. Basically, the initial erosion tends to
reduce all objects, but some of the smaller
objects
will
disappear
altogether.
The
subsequent dilation will restore those objects
that were not eliminated by erosion. If the order
is reversed and dilation is performed first
followed by erosion, the combined process is
called closing. Closing connects objects that are
close to each other, tends to fill up small holes,
and smooths an objects outline by filling small
gaps. As with the more fundamental operations
of dilation and erosion, the size of objects
removed by opening or filled by closing
depends on the size and shape of the
neighborhood that is selected. An example of
the opening operation is shown in Figure 1
including the erosion and dilation steps. Since
we wish to eliminate black artifacts in the
background, we first invert the image as shown
in Figure 1. As can be seen in the final, opened
Cristian David Mrquez Pidiache Jhonatan Javier Pachn Guzmn

image, there is a reduction in the number of

artifacts seen in the background, but there is
also now a gap created in one of the cell walls

Figure 1 Removal some artefacts from a image

III. CONCLUSION
The digital image processing has contributed greatly to the
advancement of medicine due to the extensive information
provided to the experts at the output of a process of
digitalization of captured images regardless of which part of
the human anatomy are these images.
The images acquired brain scans after an arduous process of
scanning and image processing can yield essential
information on brain abnormalities as areas affected by
spills which affect bodily functions or even cause death, or
in other cases information size of brain tumors, the area
occupied by such tumors in the brain, etc.
In medicine images are used to give medical diagnoses,
devise treatment plans, or monitor changes from
pathologies. These specialized applications require different
treatments on the image to get the required results and
ensure reliability in interpreting during proceedings
conducted
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