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Rubens Campregher
campregher@mecanica.ufu.br
U 0 h
(1)
Duas configuraes de malha foram utilizadas. Uma configurao inicial (caso 1) e outra
refinada (caso 2), conforme segue na Tabela 1. A malha no uniforme na direo Y com um
refinamento junto s paredes.
Tabela 1. Configuraes de malha.
Configurao
Caso 1
Caso 2
X
300
410
Nmero de volumes
Y
70
96
Z
20
32
+
=
+
t i +
t
x j
xi x j x j xi
( u i )
x i
=0
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
2SijSij
O volume dos sistemas de equaes gerado por malhas utilizadas na atualidade exige um grande
esforo computacional. Uma soluo utilizar tcnicas de paralelizao, distribuindo assim a carga
do problema entre diversos computadores. A filosofia de paralelizao utilizada no presente
trabalho consiste em dividir o domnio computacional em subdomnios, tantos quantos for o nmero
de computadores empregados na execuo do clculo, dividindo-se assim o processamento e a
memria utilizada (Baker & Smith, 1996). Cada subdomnio processado por uma CPU distinta,
havendo troca de informaes com os domnios adjacentes (Figura 2) a cada processo iterativo.
P2
P1
P3
Figura 2: Troca de informao entre os subdomnios.
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(u )
'2
1/ 2
U 0 , ( v '2 )
1/ 2
Instabilidades de Kelvin-Helmotz so induzidas pelo perfil inflexional gerado pela corrente livre
que escoa sobre o degrau, apresentando comportamento semelhante ao de uma camada de mistura.
Os primeiros rolos de vrtices nascem com um comportamento bidimensional, desprendendo-se e
sendo transportados. Rapidamente comeam a sofrer influncia de instabilidades inerentes ao
escoamento, fazendo com que essas estruturas coerentes transicionem e adquiram um carter
totalmente tridimensional, ver Figura 5.
A formao de estruturas coerentes no escoamento sobre um degrau foi amplamente estuda por
Silveira Neto et al. (1993), onde foram encontradas estruturas de topologia semelhante s
apresentadas aqui. Clulas contra-rotativas so observadas em um plano de corte Z x Y , Figura 4,
caracterizando a tridimensionalidade do escoamento.
X R ( x / h)
6.0 (+/- 0.15)
6.28
6.94
6.63
7.1
>8.0
4. CONCLUSES
Os autores Cleber Spode e Aristeu da Silveira Neto agradecem o apoio financeiro do CNPq e
Rubens Campregher a CAPES.
6. REFERNCIAS
Adams, E. W., Johnston, J. P., 1985, Experimental studies of high Reynolds number backwardfacing step flow, Proceedings of Fifth International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows,
Cornell University, 5.1-5.6.
Baker, L. Smith, B.J., 1996, Parallel Programing, Computing McGraw-Hill.
Durst, F., Tropea, C., 1981, Turbulent, backward-facing step flows in two-dimensional ducts and
channels, Proceedings fo Third International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, University
of California, Davis, 18.1-18.5.
Ferziger, J.H. and Peri, M., 1999, Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Springer.
Friedrich, R.,Arnal,M., 1990, Analysing turbulent backward-facing stepflow with the lowpass
filtered Navier-Stokes equations, J. of Wind Eng. Industrial Aerodynamics 35, 101-128.
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Huang, H. T., Fiedler, H. E., 1997, A DPIV study of a starting flow downstream of a backwardfacing step, Experiments in Fluids 23, 395-404.
Hung, L., Moin, P., Kim, J., 1997, Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a backwardfacing step, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 330, 349-374.
Jovic, S., Driver, D., 1994, Backwqrd-Facing Step Measurements at Low Reynolds Number,
Reh=5000, NASA Technical Memorandum 108807.
Kuehn, D. M., 1980, Some effects of adverse pressure gradient on the incompressible reattaching
flow over a rearward-facing step, AIAA Journal 18, 343-344.
Lesieur, M., 1990, Turbulence in Fluids, Second Revised Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Netherlands.
tgen, M. V. 1991., Expansion ratio effects on the separated shear layer and reattachment
downstream of a backward-facing step, Experiments in Fluids 10, 273-280.
Silveira Neto, A., Grand, D., Metais, O. Lesieur, M., 1993, A Numerical investigation fo the
coherent vortices in turbulence behind a backward-facing step, Journal of Fluid Mechanics
256,1-25.
Souza, L., Mendona, M., Medeiros, M., Kloker, M., 2002 Three Dimensional Code Validation for
Transition Phenomena, III Escola de Primavera de Transio e Turbulncia Florianpolis.
Rubens Campregher
campregher@mecanica.ufu.br
Abstract: The adiabatic three-dimensional turbulent flow over a backward-facing step has been
studied here by the Finite Volume Method using parallel processing techniques applied to the
incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The classical flow over the backward-facing step is a
benchmark for new fluid dynamics codes due to the fact that, despite its simple geometry, it presents
a complex generation of three-dimensional structures, influencing transition phenomenon and the
properties such as characteristic frequencies of vortex emission and re-attachment length. Based on
the step height (h) and free stream velocity (U0) the flow was simulated at Reynolds 5100 for an
expansion ratio of 1.20. According to the literature, backward-facing step flows having such
characteristics present a critical Reynolds number around 748. A Large Eddy Simulation technique
with the Classical Smagorinsky model was applied. The objective of this work is to validate the
computational code developed by performing this test case. Topological results of the flow are
presented, identifying Kelvin-Helmotz instabilities during the transition period. A second order
scheme in the space and time, with centered differences for the diffusive and advective terms and
the three-time level method for the time-dependent term was adopted. The results for re-attachment
length around 6h, for the velocity profiles, and for Reynolds stress tensor present good agreement
against Direct Numerical Simulations and against experimental data.
Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Turbulence and Parallel Processing.
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