CS9251MOBILECOMPUTINGUNIVERSITYQUESTIONSWITH

ANSWERS(ALLUNITS)M.E(CSE)
UNIT I
PART-A
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What are the two kinds of mobility?

User Mobility :- refers to a user who has access to the same or similar telecommunication
services at different places, i.e the user is mobile and the service will follow him or her.
Device Portability:- refers to the movement of communication devices e.g. Mobile phones.
What are the characteristics of communication devices?
Fixed and wired.
Mobile and wired.
Fixed and wireless.
Mobile and Wireless.
What are the categories of wireless device?
Sensor.
Embedded Controllers.
Pager.
Mobile Phones.
Personal Digital assistant.
Pocket computer.
Notebook/laptop.
Define Signal.
Signals are the physical representation of data. Signals are functions of time and
location. Users of a communication system can only exchange data through the transmission of
signals.
What are the problems of wireless signals?
Path loss of radio signals
Propagation effect on signals
Multipath propagation
What is meant by line-of-sight?
A straight line exists between a sender and a receiver it is called line-of-sight.
Differentiate periodic signal and aperiodic signal?
In a signal if a particular signal pattern repeats over a time period systematically it is a
periodic signal. In a signal if the same signal pattern does not repeat itself over a time period it is
known as Aperiodic signal.
Give an example for a periodic and aperiodic signals.
a. periodic signal - x (t + T) = x(t). where - < t < +
b. Aperiodic signal -x (t + T) x (t).
What is delay spread?
At the receiver, due to the different paths with different length the signals reach the
destination at different times. This is called delay spread.
State Advantage of cellular system.
Higher Capacity.
Less transmission power.
Local interface only.
Robustness.
Tabulate two differences between analog and digital signals.
Analog signal
1. It is a continuously varying signal
2. Media used for signal propagation is like
a. Space propagation

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b. Copper wire media.

Digital signal
1.It is a regular sequence of voltage pulses.
2.Media used for propagation is like
a. Copper wire medium
Define attenuation.
Attenuation is a reduction in signal strength mainly at higher frequency ranges, and at
receiving end this attenuated signal has reduced voltage levels.
Give the equation for signal to noise ratio.
Signal to noise ration (SNR) = 10 log10 Noisepower/ Signalpower It is expressed in
decibel units.
What is the normal operating range of frequency for cell phones and microwave
transmission?
The operating frequency range for cell phones is 825 MHz to 845 MHz (approx).
The frequency of microwave transmissions is 2 GHz to 40 GHz.
Define a cell. What are the shapes related to a cell?
The smallest geographical area covered by wireless communication is said to be a cell.
The shapes related to a cell are:
a. Circle
b. Square
c. Hexagon
Define wavelength.
The wavelength of a signal represents its distance or range it takes for one cycle. It is
denoted as . Wavelength = c/f.
What is a bandwidth?
Bandwidth is the range of frequencies and represented as BW = f2 f1, where f1 f2
are the first and last frequencies of the signal graph.
Differentiate between signal and data.
The term data represents message or information where the signal is the representation
of the data, and it is also termed as information bearing signal.
What is the principle used in multiplexers?
The principle used in multiplexer is many to one concept. Many inputs are combined as
one link or one output from a MUX unit where a DEMUX unit at the receiver reproduces the same
many units at the end entity. Multiplexing tells how many users can share the medium with
minimum of no interference.
What are the important multiplexing schemes in wireless channel?
Space Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing
What are the multiple access schemes?
a) FDMA
b) TDMA
c) CDMA
d) SDMA
Define guard band.
It is unused (dummy) frequency inserted with actual spectrum to reduce adjacent channel
interference to enhance accuracy.
What are the types of spread spectrum?
a) FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
b) DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.
What are the basic shift keying methods?
(i) Amplitude shift keying.
(ii) Frequency shift keying

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(iii) Phase shift keying.

State inverse square law.
Even if no matter exists between the sender and the receiver (i.e, if there is a vacuum),
the signal still experiences the free space loss. The received power Pr is proportional to 1/d2 with
d being the distance between sender and receiver.
Classify the radio waves based on the frequency used.
(i) Ground wave uses <2MHz
(ii) Sky wave uses 2-30 MHz
(iii) Line of sight uses > 30 MHz
State the different types of additional propagation effects of a signal.
(i) Blocking (or) shadowing
(ii) Reflection
(iii) Refraction
(iv) Scattering
(v) Diffraction
Why is digital modulation not enough for radio transmission?
Antenna height is based on the signals wavelength.
FDM cant be applied.
Medium characteristics like path-loss, penetration of obstacles, reflection, scattering and diffraction
depend on the wavelength of the signal.
What are the 3 fundamental propagation behaviors depending on their frequency?
Ground wave
Sky wave
Line of sight
What is multipath propagation?
As there is the atmosphere between the sender and the receiver the radio waves do not
follow line of sight. The propagation effects leads to channel impairment called multipath
propagation.
What is guard space? How are guard spaces realized between users in CDMA?
Guard space is the space between the interference regions. Guard spaces are needed to
avoid frequency band overlapping is also called channel interference. Guard spaces are realized
by using codes with the necessary distance in code space.
What is the 3 difference basic schemes analog modulation?
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
What is the use of phase lock loop (PLL)?
To receive the signal correctly, the receiver must synchronize in frequency and phase with
the transmitter.
What is hopping sequence?
Transmitter and receiver stay on one of these channels FDM and TDM. The pattern of
channel usage is called the hopping sequence.
What is dwell time?
The time spend on a channel with a certain frequency is called the dwell time.
What are the disadvantages of small cellular systems?
The disadvantages of cellular systems are
1. Infrastructure needed
2. Handover needed
3. Frequency planning
What are the advantages of cellular systems?
1. Higher capacity
2. Less Transmission power
3. Local interference
4. Robustness

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What is browsing channel allocation and fixed channel allocation?

Cells with more traffic are dynamically allotted more frequencies. This scheme is known
as browsing channel allocation, while the first fixed scheme is called channel allocation.
What is digital sense multiple access?
The scheme which is used for the packet data transmission service cellular digital
packet data in the AMPS mobile phone system is also known as digital sense multiple access
(DSMA).
What is network and switching subsystem?
The heart of the GSM is formed by the network and switching system (NSS). NSS
consists of the following switches and database:
o Mobile services switching center (MSC)
o Home location registers (HLR)
o Visitor location registers (VLR)
What is called burst and normal burst?
Data is transmitted in small portions called burs, normal burst are used for data
transmission inside a slot (user and signaling data).
Specify the steps perform during the search for a cell after power on?

Primary synchronization

Secondary synchronization

Identification of the scrambling code

Explain about transparent mode?
The transparent mode transfer simply forwards MAC data without any further
processing. The system then has on the FEC which is always used in the radio layer.
List out several services that might depend on the actual locations can be distinguished?

Follow on services

Location aware services

Privacy

Information services

Support services
Describe lower security, simpler to attack?
Not only can portable devices be stolen more easily, but the radio interface is also
prone to the dangers of eavesdropping. Wireless access must always include encryption,
authentication, and other security mechanisms that must be efficient and simple to use.
What are the benefits of reservation schemes?
Increased no other station is allowed to transit during this slot
Avoidance of congestion
Waiting time in clearly known
What limits the number of simultaneous users in a TDM/FDM system compared to a CDM
system?
TDM/FDM system has a hard upper limit of simultaneous users. The system assigns a
certain time-slot at a certain frequency to a user. If all time-slots at all frequencies are occupied
no more users can be accepted. Compare to this hard capacity a CDM system has so called
soft capacity. The system can accept an additional user. However the noise level may then
increase above a certain threshold where transmission is impossible.
What is meant by software defined radio?
A Software-defined radio (SRD) system is a radio communication system where
components that have typically been implemented in hardware are instead implemented using
software on a personal computer or other embedded computing devices.
What is the importance of digital signals?
The signal processing is better with digital signal formats (0s and 1s) where noise is
minimized. Hence analog to digital converters are used to convert input analog signal to its
equivalent digital signal and after processing the signal is again converted to original analog
signal with digital to analog signal at the end entity for proper reception of the signal.

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List out some applications can

Communications?

Vehicles

Emergencies

Business

Replacement of wired networks

Infotainment and more

Location dependent services

Mobile and wireless devices

benefit

from

wireless

networks

and

mobile

PART-B
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Discuss briefly the multiplexing techniques.

Explain about the signal propagation.
Discuss about the cellular system.
List the difference between SDMA /TDMA /FDMA/CDMA
What is spread spectrum with its types.
Explain about the TDMA.
Why CDMA is needed and explain it with an example?
Why do MAC scheme in wired network fail in wireless networks and how does the multiple
access with collision avoidance (MACA) scheme work?
Define modulation and explain the method for analog modulation
techniques in details.
Discuss briefly the code division multiplexing techniques
Discuss briefly the advanced phase shift keying.
a. Explain about cellular wireless network.
b. Explain about wireless transmission.
Consider three users and Barker code of six bits each for the users
transmitting the signals, introduce noise and near / far problem while
transmitting and reconstruct the data in the receiving side providing
the proper counter measures for the complications.
a. Table the frequency bands used for wireless applications with their
ranges, propagation models and applications.
b. Represent diagrammatically the protocol machines for multiple access
with collision avoidance.
Explain the following
(a) MAC
(b) SDMA
Explain the various applications of mobile computing.

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UNIT II
PART A
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Define GSM.
In early GSM was called as Groupe Speciale Mobile was founded on 1982, lateral it was
renamed as Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). The primary goal of GSM is to
provide a mobile phone system that allows user to roam throughout Europe and PSTN systems.
What are the reasons for delays in GSM for packet data traffic?
The data traffics in asymmetric at the wireless channels which means the down link
traffic volume is much higher than the one in the uplink. The aggregated data traffic within one
routing area is usually different with the one in the other RA, in which case will cause different
traffic load on SGSN and CGSN nodes. The CGSN with high traffic load will cause more packet

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delay.
List out the different categories of services offered by GSM.

Bearer Services.

Tele Services.

Supplementary Services.
What is the frequency range of uplink and downlink in GSM network?

The frequency range of uplink in GSM network is 890-960 MHz.

The frequency range of downlink in GSM network is 935-960 MHz.

What are the two basic groups of logical channels in GSM?

Traffic channels (TCH).

Control Channels (CCH).

What are the control channel groups in GSM?

Broadcast control channel (BCCH).

Common control channel (CCCH).

Dedicated control channel (DCCH).

List out the numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS.

Mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN).

International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).

Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI).

Mobile station roaming number (MSRN).

What is meant by SGSN?
SGSN is Serving GPRS Support Node. It supports the MS via the Gb interface. The SGSN
is connected to a BSC via frame relay.
What are the four possible handover scenarios in GSM?

Intra-cell handover.

Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover.

Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover.

Inter MSC handover.

What are the security services offered by GSM?

Access control and authentication.

Confidentiality.

Anonymity.
What is meant by GGSN?
GGSN is Gateway GPRS Support Node. It is the inter-working unit between the GPRS
network and external packet data networks. The GGSN is connected to external networks via the
Gi interface and transfers packets to the SGSN via an IP-based GPRS backbone network.
What is meant by BSSGP?
BSSGP is Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol. It is used to convey routing and
QoSrelated information between the BSS and SGSN.BSSGP does not perform error correction
and works on top of a frame relay network.
Define the protocol architecture of DECT.
The protocol architecture of DECT consists of three layers. They are:

Physical Layer.

Medium Access Layer.

Data Link Control Layer.

Network Layer.
The first three layers are common for both Control Plane (C-Plane) and User Plane
(UPlane). The network layer has been specified only for U-Plane, so that user data from layer
two is directly forwarded to the U-Plane.
Specify the standards offered by TETRA.

Voice+Data (V+D).

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Packet Data Optimized (PDO).

How many ITU standardized groups of 3G radio access technologies are there in IMT2000?

IMT-DS

IMT-TC

IMT-MC
IMT-SC

IMT-FT
What are the steps perform during the search for a cell after power on?
The steps perform during the search for a cell after power on is:

Primary Synchronization.

Secondary Synchronization.

Identification of the scrambling code.

What are the two basic classes of handover?
The two basic classes of handover are:

Hard Handover.
Soft Handover.
What are the two basic transport mechanisms used by DAB?
The two basic transport mechanisms used by DAB are:

Main Service Channel (MSC).

Fast Information Channel (FIC).

Define Elevation Angle.
The Elevation angle is the angle from the horizontal to the point on the center of the main
beam of the antenna when the antenna is pointed directly at the satellite.
What are the factors limited the number of sub channels provided within the satellite
channel?
There are three factors limited the number of sub channels provided within the satellite
channel. They are:
Thermal Noise.

Inter modulation Noise.

Crosstalk.
Define Digital cellular networks.
Digital cellular networks are the segment of the market for mobile and wireless devices
which are growing most rapidly. They are the wireless extensions of traditional PSTN or ISDN
networks and allow for seamless roaming with the same mobile phone nation or even worldwide.
What is meant by worldwide market?
The worldwide market figures for cellular networks are as follows. The most popular digital
system is GSM, with approximately 70 percent market share. The remainder is split between
CDMA (12 percent) and TDMA (10 percent) systems, and other technologies.
Describe Mobile services.
GSM permits the integration of different voice and data services and the inter-working
with existing networks. Services make a network interesting for customers. GSM has defined
three different categories of services.
A mobile station MS is connected to the GSM public land mobile network (PLMN) via the
Um inter-network is connected to transit networks.
What is meant by Bearer Services?
GSM specifies different mechanisms for data transmission, the original GSM allowing for
data rates of up to 9600 bits/s for non-voice services. Bearer services permit transparent and
nontransparent, synchronous or asynchronous data transmission.
Define Transparent bearer services.
Transparent bearer services only use the functions of the physical layer to transmit data.
Data transmission has a constant delay and throughput id no transmission errors occur.

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What is meant by Non-Transparent bearer services?

Non-Transparent bearer services use protocols of layers two and three to implement
error correction and flow control. These services use the transparent bearer services, adding a
radio link protocol (RLP). This protocol comprises mechanisms of high-level data link control
(HDLC).
Define Tele services.
GSM mainly focuses on voice-oriented tele services. These comprise encrypted voice
transmission, message services, and basic data communication with terminals as known from
the PSTN or ISDN.
Define Supplementary services.
GSM providers can offer supplementary services. Similar to ISDN networks, these
services offer various enhancements for the standard telephone service, and may vary from
provider to provider. Typical services are user identification, call redirection or forwarding of
ongoing calls.
Explain the GSM Sub-Systems.
A GSM system consists of three subsystems, the radio sub system (RSS), the network
and switching subsystem (NSS) and the operation subsystem (OSS). Generally a GSM customer
only notices a very small fraction of the whole network the mobile stations (MS) and some
antenna masts of the base transceiver stations (BTS).
Define Radio subsystem.
The radio subsystem (RSS) comprises all radio specific entities, the mobile stations (MS)
and the base station subsystem (BSS). It has the connection between the RSS and NSS via the
A interface (solid lines) and the connection to the OSS via the O interface (Dashed lines).
What is meant by Base station subsystem (BSS)?
A GSM network comprises many BSSs, each controlled by a base station controller
(BSC). The bss performs all functions necessary to maintain radio connections to an MS,
coding/decoding of voice and rate adaptation to/from the wireless network part, besides a BSC,
the BSS contains several BTSs.
Define Base transceiver station (BTS).
A BTS comprises all radio equipment, antennas, signal processing, amplifiers necessary
for radio transmission. A BTS an form a radio cell or, using sectorized antennas, several cells and
is connected to MS via the Um interface and to the BSC via the Abis interface.
Define Base station controller (BSC).
The BSC basically manages the BTSs. It reserves radio frequencies, handles the
handover from one BTS to another within the BSS, and performs paging of the MS. The BSC
also multiplexes the radio channels onto the fixed network connections at the A interface.
What is meant by Mobile station (MS)?
The MS comprises all user equipment and software needed for communication with a
GSM network. An MS consists of user independent hard and software and of the subscriber
identity module (SIM), which stores all user specific data that is relevant to GSM. MS can be
identified via the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI), a user can personalize any MS
using his or her SIM.
List out the Network and switching subsystem.

Mobile services switching center (MSC)

Home location registers (HLR)

Visitor location registers (VLR)

List out the Operation subsystems in GSM.

Operation and maintenance center (OMC)

Authentication centre (AuC)

Equipment identity registers (EIR)

Define Radio Interface.
GSM implements SDMA implements SDMA using cells with BTS and assigns an MS to a
BTS. Furthermore, FDD is used to separate downlink and uplink. Media access combines TDMA
and FDMA.

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What are the services offered by Tele services.

Emergency number

Short message service (SMS)

Enhanced message service (EMS)

Multimedia message service (MMS)

Group fax
Define Protocols.
The main interest lies in the Um interface, as the other interfaces occur between entities
in a fixed network. Layer 1, the physical layer, handles all radio-specific functions. This includes
the creation of bursts according to the five different formats, multiplexing of bursts into a TDMA
frame, synchronization with the BTS, detection of idle channels, and measurement of the channel
quality on the downlink.
What are the numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS?
o Mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN)
o International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
o Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI)
o Mobile station roaming number (MSRN)
What are the two basic reasons for a handover?
The mobile station moves out of the range of a BTS or a certain antenna of a BTS
respectively. The received signal level decreases continuously until it falls below the minimal
requirements for communication. The error rate may grow due to interference, the distance to the
BTS may be too high. The wire infrastructure may decide that the traffic in cell is too high and
shift some MS to other cells with a lower load (if possible). Handover may be due to load
balancing.
Define HSCSD.
A straightforward improvement of GSMs data transmission capabilities is high speed
circuit switched data (HSCSD), which is available with some providers. In this system, higher
data rates are achieved by bundling several TCHs. An MS requests one or more TCHs from the
GSM network, i.e., it allocates several TDMA slots within a TDMA frame.
What is meant by GPRS?
The next step toward more flexible and powerful data transmission avoids the problems of
HSCSD by being fully packet-oriented. The general packet radio service (GPRS) provides packet
mode transfer for applications that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small
volumes according to the requirement specification.
Define DECT.
Fully digital cellular network is the digital enhanced cordless telecommunications
(DECT) system specified by ETSI. DECT is also a more powerful alternative to the digital system
CT2 which is
mainly used in the UK and has even been selected as one of the 3G candidates in the IMT-2000
family.
What is meant by System Architecture?
A global network connects the local communication structure to the outside world and
offers its services via the interface D1. Global networks could be integrated services digital
networks (ISDN), public switched telephone networks (PSTN), public land mobile networks
(PLMN)
or packet switched public data network (PSDDN).
Define Protocol Architecture.
The DECT protocol reference architecture follows the OSI reference model. The physical
layer, medium access control, and data link control for both the control plane (C-plane) and the
user
plane (U-plane).
What are the three physical channels used for the data transmission?
1) Dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH)
2) Dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH)

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3) Dedicated physical channel (DPCH)

What is meant by UMTS?
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications service) is a third-generation(3G) broadband,
packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice and multimedia at data rates up to 2 megabits
per second. UMTS offers a set of services to mobile computer and phone users, no matter where
they are located in the world.
Why Intra-cell handover procedure is needed for cellular system?
Within a cell, narrow band interference could make transmission at a certain frequency
impossible. The BSC will decide to change the carrier frequency.
Give the major difference between DECT and GSM.
The cell diameter and cell capacity is the major difference between the two.
GSM: 70 km is the cell diameter can handle upto one lakh people in within 1 km2.
DECT: 300 m is the cell diameter service offered to be 10,000 people in within 1 km2.
List out the advantages of MEO.
Needs 12 satellites to cover the earth.
They move slowly relative to the earths rotation.
They have simple system design.
Based on the inclination, they can cover large population hence needs only few handovers.
What are the different managements under GSM protocol architecture?
Mobility management
Connection management
Radio resource management
Message transfer
List some applications of Satellite.
Whether Forecasting.
Military purposes
Radio and TV Broad casting
For navigation
Differentiate hard and soft handover.
Hard handover:
Existing connection must be broken before a new connection is established.
Intra cell handover.
There is a short break in transmission which can be noticed by the user.
Soft handover:
A new connection is established before the old one is released.
Used in UMTS.
State the different types of transport modes and the channels used to carry packets in
Digital
Audio Broadcasting.
Types of transport modes:
Stream mode
Packet mode
Types of channels:
Main service channel
Fax information channel

PART-B
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Explain the functional architecture of a GSM system.

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Discuss about Digital video broadcasting.

Discuss about Digital audio broadcasting.
Explain Satellite networks in detail.
Explain DECT.
Explain in details the functioning of GPRS.
Compare GEO, MEO and LEO
Sketch the data network in your campus. How many hosts are there and how large is the user
population? What is the speed of the access link to the Internet? How so you gain access to the
Internet? How much does home access to the Internet costs?
Consider a mobile user who is migrating from a place to another place provide him a seamless
service by satellite system, also sketch the architecture.
Discuss the importance of DECT Protocol Layers
How is routing carried out in GSM networks?
Explain in detail about the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
List the various handovers carried out in GSM and explain any one of them in detail.
How is Mobility Management done in GSM ?

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UNIT III
PART A
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What is WLAN?
WLANs is to replace office cabling, to enable ether less access to the internet and, to
introduce a higher flexibility for ad-hoc communication in e.g., group meetings.
List out the advantages of WLANs.
a. Flexibility
b. Planning
c. Design
d. Robustness
e. Cost
List out disadvantage of WLANs.
a. Quality of service
b. Proprietary solutions
c. Restrictions
d. Safety and security
List out WLANs to ensure their commercial success.
a. Global operation
b. Low power
c. License free operation
d. Robust transmission technology
e. Simplified spontaneous cooperation
f. Easy to use
g. Protection of investment
h. Safety and security
List out two different basic transmission technologies can be used to transmission
technologies can be used to set up WLANs.
a. Infra red
b. Radio transmission

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Define intra red.

Infra red technology uses diffuse light reflected at walls, furniture, etc. or directed
light if a line of sight (LOS) exists between sender and receiver. Senders can be simple light
emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes. Photodiodes act as receivers. Details about infra red
technology, such as modulation, channel impairments etc.
List the advantages of infra red.
a. Infra red technologies are its simple and extremely cheap senders and receivers
which are integrated into nearly all mobile devices available today.
b. PDAs laptops, notebooks, mobile phones etc. Have an infra red data association
(IrDA) interface. Version 1.0 of this industry standard implements data rates of up
to 115 kbit/s, while IrDA1.1 defines higher data rates of 1.152 and 4 Mbit/s.
c. No licenses are needed for infra red technology and shielding is very simple.
Electrical devices do not interfere with infra red transmission.
List the disadvantages of Infra red.
a. It has low bandwidth compared to other LAN technologies. Typically IrDA devices
are internally connected to a serial port limiting transfer rates to 115 kbit/s.
b. Even 4 Mbit/s is not a particularly high data rate. However, their main disadvantage
is that infra red is quite easily shielded. Infra red transmission cannot penetrate
walls or is quite shielded.
c. Infra red transmission cannot penetrate walls or other obstacles. Typically, for good
transmission quality and high data rates a LOS, i.e., direct connection, is needed.
List the advantages of radio transmission.
a. It includes the long-term experiences made with radio transmission for wide area
networks and mobile cellular phones.
b. Radio transmission can cover larger areas and can penetrate walls, furniture, plants,
etc.
c. Additional coverage is gained by reflection. Radio typically does not need a LOS if
the frequencies are not too high. Furthermore, current radio based products offer
much higher transmission takes than infra red.
List the disadvantages of radio transmission.
Shielding is not so simple, Radio transmissi0n can interfere with other senders or
electrical devices can destroy can destroy data transmitted via radio.
Radio transmission is only permitted in certain frequency bands, very limited ranges
of license free bands are available worldwide and those that are available are not
the same in all countries.
Define infrastructure.
Infrastructure networks not only provide access to other networks, but also include
forwarding functions, medium access control etc. In these infrastructure based wireless
networks, communication typically takes place only between the wireless nodes and the
access point, but not directly between the wireless nodes.
Describe ad-hoc networks.
Ad-hoc wireless networks, however, do not need any infrastructure to work. Each
node can communicate directly with other nodes, so no access point controlling medium
access is necessary.
Define IEEE 802.11.
This means that the standard specifies the physical and medium access layer
adapted to the special requirements or wireless LANs, but offers the same interface as the
others to higher layers o maintain interoperability.
Explain System Architecture.
Wireless networks can exhibit two different basic system architectures of
infrastructure or ad-hoc. It shows the components of an infrastructure and a wireless part
as specified for IEEE 802.11. Several nodes, called stations (STAi), are connected to access
points (AP). Stations are terminals with access mechanisms to the wireless medium and
radio contact to the AP.

15.

Define protocol architecture.

It is indicated by the standard number, IEEE 802.11 fits seamlessly into the other 802.x
standards for wired LANs. Applications should not notice any difference apart from the lower
bandwidth and perhaps higher access time from the wireless LAN.

16.

Explain medium access control layer.

The MAC layer has to fulfill several tasks. First of all, it has to control medium
access, but it can also offer support for roaming, authentication, and power conservation.
The basic services provided by the MAC layer are the mandatory asynchronous data service
and an optional time bounded service.
Define Roaming.
Typically, wireless networks within buildings require more than just one access
point to cover all rooms. Each storey of a building needs its own access point(s) as quite
often walls are thinner than floors. If a user walks around with a wireless station, the
station has to move from one access point to another to provide uninterrupted service.
Moving between access points is called roaming.
Describe 802.11a.
Initially aimed at the US 5 GHz U-NII (Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure) bands IEEE 802.11a offers up to 54 MBits/s using OFDM. The first products
were available in 2001 and can now be used in Europe. The FCC (US) regulations offer three
different 100 MHz domains for the use of 802.11a, each with a different legal maximum
power output.
Describe 802.11b.
As standardization took some time, the capabilities of the physical layers also
evolved. Soon after the first commercial 802.11 products came on the market some
companies offered proprietary solutions with 11 Mbits/s. To avoid market segmentation, a
common standard, IEEE 802.11b soon followed and was added as supplement to the original
standard described a new PHY layer and is by far the most successful version of IEEE 802.11
available today.
Define HIPERLAN.
HIPERLAN1 was originally one out of four HIPERLANs envisaged, as ETSI decided to
have different types of networks for different purposes. The key feature of all four
networks is their integration of time sensitive data transfer services.
Explain WATM.
Wireless ATM does not only describe a transmission technology but tries to specify a
complete communication system. While many aspects of the IEEE WLANs originate from the
data communication community, many WATM aspects come from the telecommunication
industry.
Define BRAN.
The broadband radio access networks (BRAN), which have been standardized by the
European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI), could have been an RAL for WATM.
List out BRAN has specified four different network types.
a. HIPERLAN 1 b. HIPERLAN/2
c. HIPERACCESS d. HIPERLINK
Describe history Bluetooth.
The history of Bluetooth starts in the tenth century, when Harald Gormsen, King of
Denmark, erected a rune stone in Jelling, Denmark, in memory of his parents. The stone has
three sides with elaborate carvings. One side shows a picture of Chris, as Harald did not
only unite Norway and Denmark, but also brought Christianity to Scandinavia. Harald has
the common epithet of Blatand, meaning that he had a rather dark complexion.
Define IEEE 802.15.
In 1999 the IEEE established a working group for wireless personal area networks
(WPAN) with similar goals to Bluetooth. The working group was divided into several
subgroups focusing on different aspects of WPANs.

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35.

What are the advantages of WLANS?

Flexibility
Planning
Design
Robustness
Cost
Mention some of the disadvantages of WLANS.
Quality of service
Proprietary solutions.
Restrictions
Safety and Security
Mention the design goals of WLANS.
Global operation
Low power
License-free operation
Robust transmission technology
Simplified spontaneous cooperation
Easy to use
Protection of investment
Safety and security
Transparency for applications.
What is the difference between infrastructure and ad-hoc networks?
Infrastructure-based wireless networks:
Communication takes place only between the wireless nodes and the access
point, but not directly between the wireless nodes.
Ad-hoc wireless networks:
Communication takes place directly with other nodes, so no access point
controlling medium access is necessary.
Give the primary goal of IEEE802.11.
The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple and robust WLAN
which offers time-bounded and asynchronous services.
Mention the features of infrared transmission.
Simple
Extremely cheap
licenses are not needed
Electrical devices do not interfere
What are the disadvantages of infrared transmission?
Low bandwidth
Cannot penetrate walls or other obstacles.
Mention the features of radio transmission.
Cover large areas.
Can penetrate walls, furnitures.
Does not need a LOS.
Higher transmission rates.
What are the disadvantages of radio transmission?
Shielding is not so simple.
Can interfere with other senders.
Limited ranges of license-free bands.
Define frequency hopping spread spectrum.
FHSS allows for the coexistence of multiple networks in the same area by Separating
different networks using different hopping sequences.

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50.

Define random back off time.

If the medium is busy, nodes have to wait for the duration of DIFS, entering a
contention phase afterwards. Each node now chooses a random back off time within a
contention window and delays medium access for this random amount of time.
What is Traffic Indication Map?
The TIM contains a list of stations for which unicast data frames are buffered in the
access point.
What is Delivery Traffic Indication Map?
The access point maintains a DTIM interval for sending broadcast/multicast frames.
The DTIM interval is always a multiple of the TIM interval.
What is Ad-hoc TIM?
All stations announce a list of buffered frames during a period when they are awake.
destinations are announced using ATIMs.
What is meant by roaming?
If a user walks around with a wireless station, the station has to move from one
access point to another to provide uninterrupted service. Moving between access points is
called roaming.
Mention the features of HIPERLAN1.
Ability to forward data packets using several relays.
Extend communication beyond radio range.
What are the three phases of medium access in EY-NPMA?
Prioritization.
Contention
Transmission
Mention the elements of Bluetooth core protocols.
Radio
Base band
Link manager protocol
Logical link control and adaptation protocol
Service discovery protocol
What is the purpose of sniff state?
The sniff state has the highest power consumption. The device listens to the piconet
at a reduced rate.
What is the use of hold state?
The device does not release its AMA but stops ACL transmission. A slave may still
exchange SCO packets.
What is the purpose of park state?
In this state the device has the lowest duty cycle and the lowest power
consumption. The device releases its AMA and receives a parked member address. The
device is still a member of the piconet, but gives room for another device to become active.
State the modes possible when the slave is in connection state in Bluetooth.
Active
Sniff
Hold
Park
What are elements available under link security of Bluetooth technology?
(1) Authentication (2) Key management (3) Encryption
What is a LMP?
It is link manager specification that is responsible for radio link between the master
and slave in Bluetooth. This protocol also involves message exchanges in the form of
LMPPDUs.
List three security services under LMP.
a) Authentication

b) Change link key

c) Encryption

PART-B
1.
2.
3.

Explain in detail the system architecture of IEEE 802.11 (16)

With a focus on security, what are the problems of WLAN?
What are the advantages and problems of forwarding mechanism in Bluetooth networks
regarding power saving and network stability?
Explain the MAC layer in IEEE802.11 (16)
Discuss in detail about IEEE802.11a. (16)
Explain Channel control sub layer in HIPERLAN (16)
What is meant by Bluetooth? Describe architecture of BLUE TOOTH. (16)
Explain the service offered by IEEE802.11 standard. (16)
Explain how power management is done in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure based and ad hoc
networks. (16)
Discuss how to increase the quality of service in an ad hoc network. (16)
Detail the time-bounded service on top of the standard DCF mechanism where ad hoc networks
cannot use the function.
The channel access control sublayer of HIPERLAN offers a connectionless
data transfer service to the higher MAC layer. Justify the above statement with
related references.
Discuss the functionalities and support provided by L2CAP.

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13.

UNIT IV
PART A
1.

2.

3.

Define mobile IP.

Mobile IP includes detailed descriptions of classical internet protocols is given in stevens
(1994). Many new approaches related to internet protocols, applications, and architectures can
be found in Kurose.
List out the several entities and terms needed to understand mobile IP.
Mobile node (MN)
Correspondent node (CN)
Home network
Foreign network
Foreign agent (FA)
Care of address (COA)
a) Foreign agent COA
b) Co-located COA
Home agent (HA)
Describe IP packet delivery.
A correspondent node CN wants to send an IP packet to the MN. One of the

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requirements of mobile IP was to support hiding the mobility of the MN. CN does not need to
know anything about the MNs current location and sends the packet as usual to the IP address
of MN.
What is meant by agent discovery?
One initial problem of an MN after moving is how to find a foreign agent. How does the
MN discover that it has moved? For this purpose mobile IP describes two methods:
Agent advertisement
Agent solicitation
Define four addition message needed in optimization.
The optimized mobile IP protocol needs four additional messages.
a. Binding request
b. b. Binding update
c. Binding acknowledgement
d. d. Binding warning
Define IPV6.
Comparing to IP version 4, IP version 6 makes life much easier. Several mechanisms that
had to be specified separately for mobility support come free in IPv6. One issue is security with
regard to authentication, which is now a required feature for all IPv6 nodes. Every IPv6 node
can send binding updates to another node so the MN can send its current COA directly to the CN
and HA.
List out micro mobility problems presents a comparison of the three approaches.
a. Cellular IP
b. Hawali
c. Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6)
Explain DHCP.
The dynamic host configuration protocol is mainly used to simplify the installation and
Maintenance of networked computers. If a new computer is connected to a network, DHCO can
provide it with all the necessary information for full system integration into the network, e.g.,
addresses of a DNS server and the default router, the subnet mask, the domain name and IP
Address.
What is meant by mobile ad-hoc network?
There may be several situations where users of a network cannot rely on an
Infrastructure. The ad-hoc setting up of a connection with an infrastructure is not the main issue
Here. These networks should be mobile and use wireless communications.
Define routing.
Routing is needed to find a path between source and destination and to forward the
Packets appropriately. In wireless networks using an infrastructure, cells have been defined.
Within a cell, the base station can reach all mobile nodes without routing via a broadcast.
List out some fundamental differences between wired networks and Ad-hoc Wireless
Networks related to routing.
a. Asymmetric links
b. Redundant links
c. Interference and
d. Dynamic topology
Define DSDV.
Destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) routing is an enhancement to distance
vector routing for ad-hoc networks. Distance vector routing is used as routing information
protocol (RIP) in wired networks. It performs extremely poorly with certain network changes
due to the count to infinity problem.
What are the requirements of mobile IP?
Compatibility
Transparency
Scalability and efficiency
Security

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Mention the different entities in a mobile IP.

Mobile Node
Correspondent Node
Home Network
Foreign Network
Foreign Agent
Home Agent
Care-Of address
Foreign agent CO A
Co-located COA
What do you mean by mobility binding?
The Mobile Node sends its registration request to the Home Agent. The HA now sets up a
mobility binding containing the mobile nodes home IP address and the current COA.
Define a tunnel.
A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry and a tunnel
endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel and leave the tunnel
unchanged.
What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data
putting it into the data part of a new packet.
What is decapsulation?
The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is called
decapsulation.
Define an outer header.
The HA takes the original packet with the MN as destination, puts it into the data part of
a new packet and sets the new IP header in such a way that the packet is routed to the COA.The
new header is called the outer header.
Define an inner header.
There is an inner header which can be identical to the original header as this case for IPinIP encapsulation, or the inner header can be computed during encapsulation.
What is meant by generic routing encapsulation?
Generic routing encapsulation allows the encapsulation of packets of one protocol suite
into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suite.
What is the use of network address translation?
The network address translation is used by many companies to hide internal
resources and to use only some globally available addresses.
Define triangular routing.
The inefficient behavior of a non-optimized mobile IP is called triangular routing. The
triangle is made up of three segments, CN to HA, HA to COA\MN, and MN back to CN.
What is meant by a binding cache?
One way to optimize the route is to inform the CN of the current location by caching it in
a binding cache which is a part of the local routing table for the CN
Define binding request.
Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send a binding request
to the HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed dissemination of its current location. If the
HA is allowed to reveal the location it sends back a binding update.
What is known as Binding update?
This message sent by the HA to CNs reveals the current location of the MN.The message
contains the fixed IP address of the MN and the COA.The binding update can request an
acknowledgement.
Explain binding acknowledgement.
If requested, a node returns this acknowledgement receiving a binding update message.
Define binding warning.

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If a node decapsulates a packet for a MN, but it is not the current FA for this MN, this
node sends a binding warning. The warning contains MNs home address and a target node
address.
Explain cellular IP.
Cellular IP provides local handovers without renewed registration by installing a single
cellular IP gateway for each domain, which acts to the outside world as a foreign agent.
What are the advantages of cellular IP?
Manageability
Efficiency
Transparency and Security
What is known as mobility anchor point?
HMIPv6 provides micro-mobility support by installing a mobility anchor point, which is
responsible for a certain domain and acts as a local HA within this domain for visiting MNs.
Explain destination sequence distance vector routing.
Destination sequence distance vector routing is an enhancement to distance vector routing
for ad-hoc networks and is used as routing information protocol in wired networks.
What are the two things added to the distance vector algorithm?
Sequence Numbers
Damping
How the dynamic source routing does divide the task of routing into two separate
problems?
Route discovery
Route Maintenance
State the requirements of mobile IP.
i. Compatibility
ii. Transparency
iii. Scalability and efficiency
iv Security
What is COA? How is it assigned?
Care-or address (COA): The COA defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view.
There are two different possibilities for the location of the COA:
Foreign agent COA
Co-located COA
How does a MN identify that it has moved?
Mobile IP describes two methods: agent advertisement and agent solicitation, which are in
fact router discovery methods plus extensions.
What are the contents of mobility binding?
Mobility binding containing the mobile nodes home IP address and the current COA.
Additionally, the mobility binding contains the lifetime of the registration which is negotiated
during the registration process.
List the types of encapsulation.
IP-in-IP encapsulation
Minimal encapsulation
Generic routing encapsulation
What are the messages used for mobile IP optimization?
Binding request
Biding update
Binding acknowledgement
Binding warning
State the reasons for reverse tunneling.
Firewalls
Multi-cast

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TTL
State any 4 features of IPv6.
a. No special mechanisms as add-ons are needed for securing mobile IP registration.
b. Every IPv6 node masters address auto configuration the mechanisms for acquiring a COA
are already built in.
c. Neighbor discovery as a mechanism mandatory for every node is also included in the
specification; special foreign agents are no longer needed to advertise services.
d. Combining the features of auto configuration and neighbor discovery means that every
mobile node is able to crate or obtain a topologically correct address for the current point of
attachment.
e. Every IPv6 node can send binding updates to another node, so the MN can send its current
COA directly to the CN and HA.
State the advantages of cellular IP.
Manageability: Cellular IP is mostly self-configuring, and integration of the CIPGW into a firewall
would facilitate administration of mobility-related functionality.
State the disadvantages of cellular IP.
Efficiency : Additional network load is induced by forwarding packets on multiple paths.
Transparency: Changes to MNs are required.
Security : Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes. Additionally,
all systems in the network can easily obtain a copy of all packets destined fro an MN by sending
packets with the MNs source address to the CIPGW.
State the advantages of Hawaii.
Security : Challenge-response extensions are mandatory. In contrast to Cellular IP, routing
changes are always initiated by the foreign domains infrastructure.
Transparency : HAWAII is mostly transparent to mobile nodes.
State the disadvantages of Hawaii.
Security : There are no provisions regarding the setup of IPSec tunnels.
Implementation : No private address support is possible because of co-located COAs.
State the advantages of HMIPv6.
Security : MNs can have (limited) location privacy because LCOAs can be hidden.
Efficiency : Direct routing between CNs sharing the same link is possible.
State the disadvantages of HMIPv6.
Transparency : Additional infrastructure component (MAP).
Security : Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes. This requires
strong authentication and protection against denial of service attacks. Additional security
functions might be necessary in MAPs.
State the uses of mobile ad hoc networks.
Instant infrastructure
Disaster relief
Remote areas
Effectiveness

PART B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What are the requirements of a mobile IP?

Describe Dynamic host configuration protocol.
Discuss the routing algorithm in ad-hoc network.
What are the entities in mobile IP?
Discuss how optimization in achieved in mobile IP.
Explain tunneling and encapsulation in mobile IP.
Explain how dynamic source routing protocols handles routing with an example.

8.
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Discuss and detail the differences in topology reorganization in DSDV and DSR routing protocols.
What are the general problems of mobile IP regarding security and support of quality of service?
Name the inefficiencies of mobile IP regarding data forwarding from a correspondent node to a
mobile node. What are optimizations and what additional problems do they cause?
What are the types of registration in mobile IP? Explain.
Explain the different routing techniques available for mobile ad hoc network
with an example.
Explain the agent discovery process in mobile IP.
Explain the different approaches available for IPv6 to support mobility.
Compare the features of wired network with ad hoc network related
to routing.

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UNIT V
PART A
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

What is slow start?

TCPs reaction to a missing acknowledgement is necessary to get rid of congestion
quickly. The behavior TCP shows after the detection of congestion is called slow start.
What is the use of congestion threshold?
The exponential growth of the congestion window in the slow start mechanism is
dangerous as it doubles the congestion window at each step. So a congestion threshold is set at
which the exponential growth stops.
What led to the development of Indirect TCP?
TCP performs poorly together with wireless links
TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed.
This led to the development of I-TCP which segments a TCP connection into a fixed part
and a wireless part.
What is the goal of M-TCP?
The goal of M-TCP is to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or
disconnection but not congestion cause current problems. It wants
To provide overall throughput
To lower the delay
To maintain end-to-end semantics of TCP
To provide a more efficient handover.
What do you mean by persistent mode?
Persistent mode is the state of the sender will not change no matter how long the
receiver is disconnected. This means that the sender will not try to retransmit the data.
What are the characteristics of 2.5G/3.5G wireless networks?
Data rates
Latency
Jitter
Packet loss
What are the configuration parameters to adapt TCP to Wireless environments?
Large Windows
Limited Transmit
Large MTU
Selective Acknowledgement
Explicit Congestion Notification
Timestamp
No header compression
State the requirements of WAP.
Interoperable
Scalable

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Efficient
Reliable
Secure
Name the layers of WAP.
Transport layer
Security layer
Transaction layer
Session layer
Application layer
Name some ICMP messages.
Destination unreachable
Parameter problem
Message too big
Reassembly failure
Echo request/reply
What is WTP? What are its classes?
WTP stands for Wireless Transaction Protocol. It has been designed to run on very thin
clients such as mobile phones. It has three classes.
Class 0: provides unreliable message transfer without any result message.
Class 1: provides reliable message transfer without exactly one reliable result
message.
Class 2: provides reliable message transfer with exactly one reliable result message.
What is WSP?
The Wireless Session Protocol has been designed to operate on top of the datagram
service WDP or the transaction service WTP. It provides a shared state between a client and a
server to optimize content transfer.
Name some features of WSP adapted to web browsing.
HTTP/1.1 functionality
Exchange of session headers
Push and pull data transfer
Asynchronous request
What is WML?
The Wireless Markup Language is based on the standard HTML known from the www and
on HDML. WML is specified as an XML document type.
What are the features of WML?
Text and Images
User interaction
Navigation
Context Management
What are the advantages of WML Script over WML?
WML Script offers several capabilities not supported by WML:
Validity check of user input
Access to device facilities
Local user interaction
Extension to the device software
Name the libraries specified by WML Script.
Lang
Float
String
URL

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WML Browser
Dialogs
What are the classes of libraries?
Common network services
Network specific services
Public services
Name the operations performed by PAP.
Push access Protocol performs the following operations:
Push submission
Result notification
Push cancellation
Status query
Client capabilities query
What are the components of WAP2.0?
The protocol framework of WAP2.0 consists of four components:
Bearer networks
Transport services
Transfer services
Session services
State any 4 improvements to the classical TCP.
1. Indirect TCP 2. Mobile TCP
3. Snooping TCP 4. Fast retransmit / Fast recovery.
State any 2 advantages of I-TCP.
I-TCP does not require any changes in the TCP protocol as used by the hosts in the fixed
network or other hosts in a wireless network that do not use this optimization.
Due to the strict partitioning into two connections, transmission errors on the wireless link,
i.e., lost packets cannot propagate into the fixed network.
State any 2 disadvantages of I-TCP.
The loss of the end-to-end semantics of TCP might cause problems if the foreign agent
partitioning the TCP connection crashes.
In practical use, increased handover latency may be much more problematic.
State any 2 advantages of S-TCP.
The end-to-end TCP semantic is preserved. No matter at what time the foreign agent
crashes (if this is the location of the buffering and snooping mechanisms), neither the
correspondent host nor the mobile host have an inconsistent view of the TCP connection as
is possible with I-TCP.
The correspondent host does not need to be changed; most of the enhancements are in the
foreign agent.
State any 2 disadvantages of S-TCP.
Snooping TCP does not isolate the behaviour of the wireless link as well as I-TCP.
Using negative acknowledgements between the foreign agent and the mobile host assumes
additional mechanisms on the mobile host. This approach is no longer transparent for arbitrary
mobile hosts.
State any 2 advantages of M-TCP.
It maintains the TCP end-to-end semantics. The SH does not send any ACK itself but forwards
the ACKs form the MH.
If the MH is disconnected, it avoids useless retransmissions, slow starts or breaking
connections
by simply shrinking the senders window to 0.
State any 2 disadvantages of M-TCP.
As the SH does not act as proxy as in I-TCP, packet loss on the wireless link due to bit errors is
propagated to the sender.
M-TCP assumes low bit error rates, which is not always a valid assumption.

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State any 2 advantages of Transmission / time out freezing.

The advantage of this approach is its simplicity. Only minor changes in the mobile hosts
software already result in a performance increase. No foreign agent or correspondent host has
to be changed.
The main disadvantage of this scheme is the insufficient isolation of packet losses.
State any 2 advantages of Transmission / time out freezing.
o The advantage of this approach is that it offers a way to resume TCP connections even
after longer interruptions of the connection.
o It is independent of any other TCP mechanism, such as acknowledgements or sequence
numbers, so it can be used together with encrypted data.
State any 2 disadvantages of Transmission / time out freezing.
Not only does the software on the mobile host have to be changed, to be more effective the
correspondent host cannot remain unchanged.
All mechanisms rely of the capability of the MAC layer to detect future interruptions.
Freezing the state of TCP does not help in case of some encryption schemes that use
timedependent
random numbers. These schemes need resynchronization after interruption.
State any 2 advantages of selective retransmission.
The advantage of this approach is obvious: a sender retransmits only the lost packets. This
lowers bandwidth requirements and is extremely helpful in slow wireless links.
The gain in efficiency is not restricted to wireless links and mobile environments. Using
selective retransmission is also beneficial in all other networks.
State any 2 disadvantages of selective retransmission.
More buffer is necessary to re-sequence data and to wait for gaps to be filled.
But while memory sizes and CPU performance permanently increase, the bandwidth
of the air interface remains almost the same.
Therefore, the higher complexity is no real disadvantage any longer as it was in the
early days of TCP.
State any 2 advantages of Transaction oriented TCP.
The obvious advantage for certain applications is the reduction in the overhead which
standard TCP has for connection setup and connection release.
State any 2 disadvantages of Transaction oriented TCP.
This solution no longer hides mobility. Furthermore, T/TCP exhibits several security problems.
Who have formed the WAP forum?
Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet.
State the features of WAP Forum solutions.
All solutions must be:
interoperable
scalable
efficient
reliable
secure
State the layers in WAP architecture.
1. Transport layer
2. Security layer
3. Transaction layer
4. Session layer
5. Application layer
State any 4 WAP working groups.
1. WAP architecture working group
2. WAP wireless protocol working group
3. WAP wireless security working group
4. WAP wireless application working group

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What are the service primitives available in T-SAP?

1. T_D Unit data.req(DA, DP, SA, SP, UD)
2. T_D Unit data.ind(SA, SP, UD)
3. T_DError.ind(EC)
DA destination address SA Source Address
DP destination port SP Source Port
UD user data EC Error code.
What are the different security levels offered by WTLS?
1. Privacy 2. data integrity 3. authentication
What are the different services offered by WTP?
1. Class 0 unreliable message transfer without any result message.
2. Class 1 reliable message transfer without any result message.
3. Class 2 reliable message transfer with exactly one result message.
How is reliability achieved in WTP?
1. duplicate removed
2. retransmission
3. acknowledgements
4. unique transaction identifier.
What are the types of PDU exchanged between WTP entities?
1. invoke PDU.
2. ack PDU
3. result PDU.
What are the functions of WSP?
1. session management
2. Capability negotiation
3. content encoding
State the features of WSP/B.
1. HTTP1.1 functionality
2. exchange of session headers
3. Push & Pull data transfer
4. Asynchronous requests.
List any 4 basic features of WML.
1. Text and images representation.
2. User interaction
3. Navigation
4. Context management.
List any 4 capabilities of WML script.
1. Validity check of user input
2. Access to device facilities
3. Local user interaction
4. Extension to the device software
What are the standard libraries available for WML script?
1. Lang.
2. Float
3. String
4. URL
5. WML Browser
6. Dialogs
What are the libraries available for WTA?
1. Common network services
2. Network specific services
3. Public services.
State the component present in protocol framework in WAP 2.0
Bearer network

 Transport service
Transfer service
Session service.

PART B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Explain in detail about traditional TCP in details. (16)

Explain classical TCP improvements and snooping TCP
Explain the function of the components of the WAP architecture.
Explain the concept of wireless markup language.
Explain wireless application protocols with the its version WAP 2.0 in detail.
Describe the operation of the window flow control mechanism
What are the major difference between WAP 2.0 and WAP 1.x? What
influenced the WAP 2.0 development?
Explain the features of S-TCP.
Explain the function of WDP. (16)
Explain the services offered by WSP.
Explain the services offered by WTA with an example.
Explain the following:
a. Indirect TCP.
b. Snooping TCP.
c. Performance enhancing proxies.