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microondas.
PRESENTACIN
En comparacin con otros componentes, el Magnetrn es el dispositivo que se daa
con ms frecuencia en hornos de microondas. Para el tcnico y su cliente, el indicio de
un Magnetrn averiado puede resultar una noticia poco grata.
El reparador frecuente, tiene muy presente que todo presupuesto de servicio que se
aproxime a el 50% del precio total de un aparato, difcilmente ser admitido por quien
lo solicita.
Magnetrn,
es
vivo
ejemplo.
Para
abundar
acerca
del
tema,
pongamos
en
Por lo comn, un Sistema Inverter, trabaja con un Magnetrn 2M236. Aunque parezca
increble y salvo que se consiga de medio uso, el precio de dicha unidad es muy
aproximado al costo total de un horno de microondas nuevo. Si de buscar una solucin
Por lo anterior, resulta intil sustituir un Magnetrn 2M236 por uno ordinario. De
persistir en el intento, se ver que un Sistema Inverter de Panasonic, slo trabajar 3
4 segundos y luego detendr su marcha.
en
hornos
de
microondas
aprovisionados
del Sistema
de
Alto
Para colmo de males, hay que destacar que en la actualidad, ciertos magnetrones
ordinarios como por ejemplo el 2M-210- ostentan precios tan elevados que impiden al
reparador ofrecer a su cliente un precio de reparacin razonable.
Por las razones ya explicadas, a continuacin se exponen los casos en que es factible
recuperar un Magnetrn.
Antes ofrecer al cliente un trabajo tan particular como ste, es importante que tcnico
de servicio le exprese con claridad en qu consiste y adems, le indique las ventajas y
bien,
sustituyndolo
por
una
unidad
nueva.
filamentos o simplemente agotado por uso, no existe otro remedio que reemplazar la
unidad completa. Si el bulbo se encuentra en buenas condiciones, entonces s es
posible recuperar un Magnetrn. Las posibilidades de reparacin sern efectivas en la
medida en que el tcnico de servicio conserve entre sus pertenencias, todo magnetrn
reemplazado durante el servicio y sin que importe la avera encontrada en cada uno de
ellos. De tales unidades se echar mano para la obtencin de partes.
Una
falla
comn
en
El domoen Magnetrones,
En apariencia, el domo de
la antena en Magnetrones parece fuertemente asido a ella.
quitarlo, es suficiente hacer una pequea presin con los dedos y en movimientos
circulares orientados hacia el exterior de la propia antena. El domo que ser instalado
como reemplazo, se colocar de igual manera tomando cuidado en quitar de l toda
En la
SUSTITUCIN DE IMANES
Otro menoscabo asociado en Magnetrones, consiste en el deterioro de los imanes que
por la parte exterior, circundan el bulbo interno. Un calentamiento excesivo de la
unidad, propiciar la rotura de cualquiera de stas unidades. Un imn fracturado,
disminuye ponderadamente el campo magntico hacia el bulbo. El resultado, es una
depreciacin de la potencia de calentamiento.
Cambio
del
imn
superior.
Para cambiar el imn superior, slo es necesario quitar la cubierta metlica prxima a
la antena y que est asida a la caja del magnetrn mediante cuatro grapas unidas a
presin. Consultar las dos imgenes superiores del lado izquierdo.
Cambio
del
imn
inferior.
El cambio del imn inferior, implica realizar un desarme total de la unidad continuando
ahora con la remocin de la cubierta metlica inferior y as, tener a la vista el
compartimento interno del ctodo y filamento del tubo.
El trabajo
Enseguida,
se
retira
el
bulbo completo. De este modo, el acceso al imn inferior es posible aunque se debe
tomar precaucin con las aletas de disipacin del propio bulbo las cuales, en caso de
doblarse o moverse de su sitio, sern reacomodadas tal y como se encontraban al
inicio.
Antes
de
cambiar
Precauciones adicionales.
Conviene recordar tambin que este tipo de imn ejerce un campo magntico tan
intenso como para producir daos serios si se coloca muy cerca de aparatos
electrnicos: Un dispositivo mvil, alguna cmara digital o un televisor, por citar
algunos ejemplos.
Si se ha reemplazado cualquier imn, ahora hay que tomar en cuenta que el armado
apropiado del Magnetrn es una tarea que reviste la mayor importancia.
Aqulla
fueron
explicadas en
este
artculo.
horno de
En casos severos, la
2. Cortar por su extremo superior las dos bobinas del circuito LC que van conectadas a
las terminales del filamento en configuracin serie:
El
El fundamento por si
A propsito del tema, es importante destacar que de unos diez aos a la fecha y en
franca preferencia del cliente, el Taller del Rincn de Soluciones TV realiza la
recuperacin de Magnetrones aplicando las tcnicas aqu descritas y jams ha tenido
registro o noticia en cuanto a nuevos daos en ellos.
Ser por eso que en el campo de la prctica, la teora de J. Carlton Gallawa acerca
de la vida til de un Magnetrn, resulte hasta hoy, inapelable.
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the high-voltage system (Fig. 7-1) is to generate microwave energy. The
heart of the microwave oven, it steps up AC line voltage tohigh voltage, changes the high
AC voltage to an even higher DC voltage, and then converts the DC power to RF energy.
The nucleus of the high-voltage system is the MAGNETRON TUBE.
7.2 MAGNETRON TUBE
The magnetron tube is a diode-type electron tube that is used to produce the required 2450
MHz of microwave energy. It is classed as a diode because it has no grid, as does an
ordinary electron tube. A magnetic field imposed on the space between the anode (plate)
and the cathode serves as the grid. Figure 7-2 is a sectional view of a typical magnetron
tube. While the outer configurations of different type magnetrons will vary by make and
model, the basic internal structures are the same. These are
the anode, the filament/cathode, the antenna and the magnets.
The ANODE (or plate) is a hollow cylinder of iron from which an even number of anode
vanes extend inward, as shown in Figure 7-3 and Figure 7-3A. The open trapezoidal shaped
areas between each of the vanes are resonant cavities, which serve as tuned circuits, and
determine the output frequency of the tube. The anode operates in such a way that alternate
segments must be connected, or strapped, so that each segment is opposite in polarity to the
segment on either side. In effect, the cavities are connected in parallel with regard to the
output. This will be become easier to understand as the description of operation is
considered.
The FILAME
NT (also
referred to as
the heater),
which also
serves as
the CATHOD
E of the tube,
is located in
the center of
the magnetron
and is
supported by
the large and rigid filament leads which are
carefully sealed into the tube and shielded.
The ANTENNA, a probe or loop connected to the anode and extending into one of the tuned
cavities, is coupled to the waveguide into which it transmits the RF energy.
The other parts of the magnetron assembly may vary in their relative positions, size and
shape, depending on the manufacturer. To keep the following explanation of operation as
simple as possible, only the terms that are not self-explanatory as to their purpose will be
elaborated on.
The MAGNETIC FIELD is provided by strong permanent magnets, which are mounted
around the magnetron so that the magnetic field is parallel with the axis of the cathode.
7.3 BASIC MAGNETRON OPERATION
The theory of magnetron operation is based on the motion of electrons under the combined
influence of electric and magnetic fields. For the tube to operate, electrons must flow from
the cathode to the anode. There are two basic laws that govern this motion: (continued next
page)
2. The force exerted on an electron in a magnetic field is at right angles to both the field
itself, and to the path of the electron.
The direction of the force is such that the electron proceeds to the anode in a curve rather
than a direct path.
of subtracting from the permanent magnetic field. The magnetic field on the right side is
therefore weakened, and the electrons trajectory bends in that direction, resulting in a
circular motion of travel to the anode.
The process begins with a low voltage being applied to the filament which causes it to heat
up (filament voltage is usually 3 to 4 VAC, depending on the make and model). Remember,
in a magnetron, the filament is also the cathode. The temperature rise causes increased
molecular activity within the cathode to the extent that it begins to "boil" off or emit
electrons. Electrons leaving the surface of a heated filament wire might be compared to
molecules that leave the surface of boiling water in the form of steam. The electrons,
however, do not evaporate. They float just off the surface of the cathode, waiting for some
momentum.
Electrons, being negative charges, are strongly repelled by like negative charges. So this
floating cloud of electrons would be repelled away from a negatively charged cathode. The
distance and velocity of their travel would increase with the intensity of the applied
negative charge.
anode. Needless to say, the electrons leave the vicinity of the cathode with vigor,
and accelerate straight toward the positive anodeBut not for long.
As the electrons hasten toward their objective, they encounter the powerful
magnetic field. The effect of the two permanent magnets, positioned so that their
magnetic field is applied parallel to the cathode, tends to deflect the speeding
electrons away from the anode as described earlier. Figure 7-4D (previous page)
shows the effect of the magnetic field on the path of the electron. Instead of
traveling straight to the anode, they curve to a path at almost right angles to their
previous direction, resulting in an expanding circular orbit around the cathode
that eventually reaches the anode.
This seesaw action can produce extremely high oscillations, the frequencies of which are
determined by the values of the capacitance and the inductance.
In each resonant cavity of a magnetron tube, the walls act as an inductor (or a coil), and the
parallel sides of the opening form the plates of a capacitor (refer back to Fig. 7-5). Since the
amount of inductance and capacitance is very small, the frequency of the alternating current
is (continued next page)
Chapter
Seven: The
High-Voltage System (continued)
7.3.6 Proper Phasing
Located near the filament terminals are the designations "F" and "FA" (Fig. 710). These insure that proper phasing is maintained when reconnecting the
filament and high-voltage leads. Proper phase relationships, or polarities, within
the high-voltage circuits are important. Failure to observe these relationships
when reconnecting wires can put high-voltage components out of phase with
each other. This can cause such symptoms as intermittent "popping," and even
the premature failure of the components.