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DISCLAIMER
CICIND documents are presented to the best of the knowledge of its members as guides only.CICIND is not,
nor are any of its members, to be held responsible for any failure alleged or proved to be due to adherence to
recommendations, or acceptance of information, published by the association in a Model Code or other
publication or in any other way.
page 1
Foreword
The first edition of the CICIND Model Code for
Concrete Chimneys published in October 1984
presented the combined views of acknowledged
international experts in the specialist field of concrete
chimneys and represented a valiant attempt to
combine the best features of the various and
disparate national codes . At that time all concrete
chimney codes were based on elastic theory and the
CICIND Code reflected this to some extent.
Subsequently both DIN and ACI made progress in
introducing a more consistent limit state approach
making it desirable for CICIND to follow suit. This
Second Edition is the result.
Table of Contents
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Introduction............................................................2
General
Commentary
Philosophy
Scope ......................................................................3
Field of Application...............................................3
References ............................................................3
4
Notations and Definitions ...................................3
4.1
General
4.2
Notations and Subscripts
4.2.1
Notations
4.2.2
Subscripts
4.2.3
Examples
4.3
Units
4.4
The Sign Rule
5
Basis of Design.....................................................5
5.1
Methods
5.1.1
Limit States
5.1.2
Design Conditions and Values
5.1.3
Load Combinations
5.1.4
Action Effects and Resistances
5.2
Partial Safety Factors
5.2.1
General
5.2.2
Importance Classes
5.2.3
Material Properties
5.2.4
Actions
5.3
Modelling
5.3.1
General
5.3.2
Radial Wind Pressure
6
Material...................................................................6
6.1
Concrete
6.1.1
General
6.1.2
Material Law
6.2
Reinforcement
6.2.1
General
6.2.2
Geometry
6.2.3
Tensile Properties
6.2.4
Steel Grades
6.2.5
Ductility
6.2.6
Material Law
7
Actions ................................................................... 8
7.1
Permanent Load
7.2
Wind
7.2.1
General
7.2.2
Wind Speed
7.2.2.1
Basic Wind Speed
7.2.2.2
Representative Wind Speed
7.2.3
Inline Wind Load
7.2.3.1
Principles
7.2.3.2
Mean Hourly Wind Load
7.2.3.2.1
Main Formula
7.2.3.2.2
Air Density
7.2.3.2.3
Shape Factor
7.2.3.3
Static Equivalent of the Wind Load
due to Gusts
7.2.3.3.1
Main Formula
7.2.3.3.2
Gust Factor
7.2.4
Ovalling
7.2.5
Wind Loads on Ladders and other
Projections
7.2.6
Wind Loads during Construction
7.2.7
Vortex Shedding
7.3
Seismic Action
7.3.1
Design Basis Earthquake
7.3.1.1
Typical Design Response Spectrum
7.3.2
Elastic Response
7.3.2.1
Design Basis
7.3.2.2
Vertical Forces
7.3.3
Seismic Design Actions
7.3.3.1
Importance Factor
7.3.3.2
Structural Response Factor
7.3.4
Seismic Design and Detaling
7.3.4.1
Design Approach
7.3.4.2
General Capacity Design Principles
7.3.4.3
Specific Detailing Requirements for
Capacity Design
7.4
Temperature Effects
7.5
Explosions
7.5.1
External Explosions
7.5.2
Internal Explosions
8
8.1
page 2
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.2.1
8.2.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.4.1
8.2.4.2
8.2.4.3
8.2.4.4
8.2.5
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.3.1
8.4.3.2
Horizontal Cross-Sections
Definition of the Ultimate Limit State
Design
Equations
Algorithm
Thermal Effects
Moments of Second Order
Material Laws
Calculation of the Moments of Second
Order
Rotation of the Foundation
Approximation of the Moments of
Second Order
Dimensioning Diagrams
Vertical Cross-Sections
Wind
Temperature
Openings
General
Virtual Openings
Dimensioning
General
Tensile Forces above and below an
Opening
8.4.3.3
8.5
9
Bending
Moment
in
Vertical
Cross-Sections above and below an
Opening
Local Point Loads
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Details of Design................................................16
Vertical Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement
Reinforcement around Openings
Cover to the Reinforcement
Minimum Wall Thickness
11
Tolerances ..........................................................17
9.1
9.2
0 Introduction
0.1 General
The International Symposium on Chimney Design
held in Edinburgh in 1973 highlighted common
problem s in existing industrial concrete chimneys. It
also identified significant differences between the
requirements of the various national codes covering
chimney design. As a result, a committee was
founded with the aims of improving the knowledge of
chimney design and harmonising the various national
chimney standards. This committee took the name
Comit International des Chemines Industrielles"
(CICIND).
Following many years of study, the committee
published in 1982 a report entitled "Proposal for a
Model Code for the Design of Chimneys". This
admirable document contained the committee's
model codes for the design of concrete chimneys and
their lining systems. Unfortunately the code was not
acceptable to the Comit Euro-lnternational du Bton
(CEB) because it was not based on limit state
analysis . On the other hand the changes resulting
from a true limit state code were not at the time
acceptable to many chimney experts,
so a
compromise was sought. This was found in the socalled gliding material law which is at the heart of
the 1984 CICIND code.
The subsequent publication of two more consistent
limit-state codes, namely DIN 1056(1984) and ACI
307-88(1988) left CICIND in an isolated position
which was felt to be untenable. Further investigation
having shown the conservatism of the First Edition to
be somewhat exaggerated, the Second Edition is
much more in line with current thought. Nevertheless,
0.2 Commentary
The Model Code is accompanied by rather extensive
commentaries. The Commentaries have the following
objectives:
a)
b)
c)
d)
page 3
e)
f)
g)
0.3 Philosophy
One of the main objectives of any code for
construction is the creation of a model which
sufficiently resembles reality. The model should be
sufficiently "safe, simple, true", and since e.g.
"sufficiently simple" cannot be rationally judged on its
own, the predominant objective of this model is to find
an optimum compromise between the three
properties "safe, simple, true".
The concept "sufficiently safe" was interpreted in the
light of economic and social consequences of
damage. This normally leads to the adoption of a
nominal probability of approximately 10-4 of collapse
for the main structure in a 50 years period. If however
the economic or social consequences of collapse
would be catastrophic it is recommended that this
nominal probability be reduced to 10-5.
CICIND has departed from generally accepted
principles of reinforced concrete design only when
this was necessitated by the specific requirements of
chimneys.
1 Scope
This Model Code deals with the design of reinforced
concrete industrial chimneys above their foundations.
It does not deal with architectural aspects or those
aspects of reinforced concrete technology which are
not peculiar to chimneys, such as generally accepted
principles of detailing reinforcement or technology of
concrete mix design.
3 References
Because
of
the
rather
extensive
official"
Commentaries to the Model Code, references are not
provided in the Model Code itself. References to
literature which is useful for an improved
understanding of the justification, meaning and
consequences of the application of the Model Code
are given in the Commentaries.
2 Field of Application
The Model Code is valid for all chimneys of circular
cross-section in reinforced concrete, placed in situ.
The Model Code does not deal with prefabricated
chimneys, either of reinforced or prestressed
concrete.
Other aspects of chimney design, construction and
maintenance may be covered by other Model Codes
published by CICIND.
It has been assumed in the drafting of the Model Code
that the design of reinforced concrete chimneys and
their lining systems is entrusted to appropriately
qualified structural or civil engineers for whose
guidance it has been prepared. It has also been
assumed that the execution of the work is carried out
by experienced chimney builders under the direction
of appropriately qualified supervisors.
page 4
4.2.1 Notations
4.2.2 Subscripts
Materials
c
for concrete
s
for steel
Safety factors
States
k
u
s
Material properties
f
strength
E
modulus of elasticity
strain
stress
Loading
P
W
T
v
w
Loading
W
X
P
T
E
2
permanent load
wind
temperature
wind speed
wind force per unit height
C
D
Cross-sectional forces
M
bending moment
N
normal force
e
eccentricity
Dimensions
h
height
z
height above ground level
d
diameter
t
wall thickness
rotation
y
deflection
w
crack width
characteristic value
ultimate limit value
serviceability limit value
from wind in the direction of the wind
(inline)
from wind due to vortex-shedding
(crosswind)
from permanent load
from temperature
from earthquake
from deflection (moment of 2nd order, due
to the action of gravity on the deformed
shape)
from corbel
design value
Kind of Stress
c
compression
t
tension
Directions
v
vertical
h
horizontal
to
gross
Locations
t
at the chimney top
b
at the chimney base
4.2.3 Examples
Safety factors
cu partial factor of safety for concrete, ultimate
limit state
Material properties
fck characteristic strength of concrete
Cross-sectional forces
Mw bending moment from wind
Dimensions
v
ratio of vertical reinforcement
4.3 Units
Generally, the units of the Sl system are used.
Examples:
-
page 5
page 6
5 Basis of Design
5.1 Methods
(5.1)
action
Permanent
wind normal
wind hurricane
crosswind
temp. gas4)
temp. ambient 4)
Earthquake
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
fd = fk / m
(5.2)
page 7
fsu = fsk / su
(5.6)
(5.3)
(5.4)
is
compared
to
5.2.4 Actions
5.3 Modelling
5.3.1 General
The loading patterns and usual proportions of
concrete chimney shells allow beam theory to be
used in analysis. For overall horizontal forces and
gravity the shell is modelled as a cantilever fixed at
foundation level.
Local discontinuities such as
openings shall be considered in the evaluation of
sectional properties.
Effects of second order shall be taken into account.
The dynamic characteristics of the chimney may be
determined by an equivalent discrete system. The
number of masses considered shall be sufficient to
ensure stability of the results.
(5.5)
6 Material
6.1.1 General
6.1 Concrete
page 8
=0
0. 002 < 0
cu < 0 .002
(6.1)
6.2.5 Ductility
c
0.002
Class A :
Class S :
cu
stress
f cu
6.2 Reinforcement
6.2.1 General
The products to be used as reinforcement are steel
bars defined by geometrical, mechanical and
technological properties.
These properties are
generally specified by Product Standards and are
usually assured by compliance certification schemes.
6.2.2 Geometry
The geometrical properties are the size and surface
characteristics. The nominal cross-sectional area to
be considered in design is derived from the nominal
diameter of the bar. The difference between actual
and nominal area should not exceed the limiting
values specified in relevant standards. Ribbed highbond bars satisfying the projecting rib factors should
normally be used for main reinforcement.
for
for
<
for
fsk
su Es
fsk
su Es
= Es
=
f sk
su
page 9
7 Actions
7.1 Permanent Load
Both a maximum and a minimum permanent load
must be determined for the calculation of the limit
states of horizontal sections and foundations. The
maximum permanent load shall include the estimated
weight of all permanent structures and structural
elements, fittings, insulation, dust loads, clinging ash,
present and future coatings, etc.
7.2 Wind
7.2.1 General
The wind load on a chimney depends in the first
instance on the magnitude of the wind speeds in the
area where the chimney is to be erected and their
variation with respect to height. Apart from that, the
wind loads in the direction of the wind will be
influenced by some or all of the following:
(7.1)
where
a)
b)
c)
d)
vb
e)
k(z) = k s(z/10)
f)
ks
terrain factor.
g)
kt
h)
ki
exposure factor
page 10
C D = 0.6
C D = 0.1
7.2.3.1 Principles
The wind load w(z) per unit height at height z is
determined by the following expression:
log10 (h/d)
log10 (5)
+ 0.5
C D = 0.7
if
h/d < 5
if
5 h / d < 25
if
h / d 25
(7.5)
where
w (z ) = w m (z ) + w g (z )
(7.2)
where
w g (z ) =
(7.3)
3 (G 1) z
w m (z) z dz
h 0
h2
h
(7.6)
where
where
v(z)
CD
d(z)
a = 1.25 kg/ m 3
G = 1 + 2gi B +
h1
8000
(7.7)
where
peak factor:
0.577
g = 2loge T +
2loge T
(7.4)
with
ES
T =
3600 f1
B
1 +
SE
page 11
turbulence intensity
h 0.63
B = 1 +
265
B background turbulence:
0. 88
E=
f 0 .21
123 1 h
vb
330 f
1
1 +
h0 .42
vb
1.14
f
S size reduction factor S = 1 + 5. 78 1 h0 .98
vb
0 .83
0. 88
f1
vb
sample period
7.2.4 Ovalling
The uneven distribution of the wind pressure causes
bending moments in vertical cross-sections. These
moments are given in section 8.3.1.
page 12
i = 1.0
Class 2:
i = 1.4
R = 2.0
b)
be
c)
of
(b)
e)
7.5 Explosions
7.5.1 External Explosions
The ability of a chimney to withstand wind and/or
earthquake loads will in most cases ensure sufficient
resistance to explosions and other high velocity
pressure waves with their sources a distance of more
than 100 m from the chimney. The provision of
guidelines on measures to adopt if explosions can
occur in the direct vicinity of a chimney is outside the
scope of this Model Code.
page 13
reinforcement ratio
(8.1.c)
where
(8.0)
8.2.2 Design
8.2.2.1 Equations
The ultimate sectional forces are given by
Nu =
( c + s ) t r d
(8.1.a)
Mu =
( c + s ) t r x d
(8.1.b)
8.2.2.2 Algorithm
where
Nu
Mu
page 14
(8.4)
(8.5)
1 = 0. 266
(8.6)
2 =
0. 5 fct
E s v cu
f sk
Es su
(8.7)
Ec
cu
(8.2)
Ec = 9500(fck + 8)
0. 33
(fck in MPa)
(8.3)
for
where
= 106
f
( but not exceeding sk
su
0 < < 1
1 < < 2
= Es( + )
2 < < su
f
= sk
su
W MW
1. 5 E t rf
(8.8)
page 15
W MW
(8.8)
p x p 2 Kp
where
Mw
Et
rf
xp
Kp
bp
dp
pile diameter
sp
bp =
1 + 6 p
sp
MWh = 0.09k t
w m (z)
d(z )
CD
(8.10)
where
85 0. 14h
h2 N
z
z
1 + 2.4 1
100
(E c cu ) I
h h
2.4
(8.9)
k t = 2.2
wm(z)
d(z)
CD
shape factor
where
Mw
height of chimney
M2(z)
Ec
cu
= dm t / 8
3
8.3.2 Temperature
The maximum bending moment from the temperature
difference is calculated by:
MT = w fct
(8.11)
t 2c E s
w = 1 / 6 +
h t 2
t Ecm
dm
(8.12)
where
t
cover to reinforcement
Es
Ecm
ratio of one
reinforcement
fct
is
layer
of
circumferential
page 16
(8.13)
Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to satisfy
both the following equations
Muh > MT
(8.14a)
f ct = 0. 45 (0 . 85 0 .2 t )(f ck + 8 )0. 66
2 .6 + 24 t
1 . 0 + 40 t
(8.14b)
su
cu
(8.15)
where
8.4 Openings
8.4.1 General
The stresses around openings may be calculated
with a finite element method or approximated by the
method given in 8.4.2.
wall thickness
8.4.3.3
Bending
Moment
in
Vertical
Cross-Sections above and below an Opening
c)
8.4.3 Dimensioning
8.4.3.1 General
The ovalling moment due to wind acting over the
height of the opening may require additional horizontal
reinforcement above and below the opening.
tf
f
m = 0. 002b3 ck + v sk
d cu
su
(8.16)
page 17
Table 9.1
Environmental
conditions
Characteristic crack
width
aggressive
0.2 mm
normal
0.3 mm
ds
mk =
0.6M
(8.17)
rt
where
mk
M
where
bar diameter in mm.
fck
wk
2 = 0 .2fct
ds
0.4 10 ( fck + 8) 0. 66 w k
6
1. 12
(9.2)
shell thickness
1. 6 r t
(8.18)
s=
ds2
4000t
(9.3)
page 18
h 2 T T
2d
(9.4)
where
T difference between the mean temperatures on
the sunny and shady sides of the chimney, the
mean temperatures varying linearly across the
diameter.
T coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
concrete = 10-5 K-1
d
10 Details of Design
10.1 Vertical Reinforcement
The minimum ratio v of the vertical reinforcement to
the gross cross-sectional area should be not less
than 0.003 for fsk less than 300 MN/m 2 or 0.0025 for fsk
greater than 300 MN/m 2. Over a height of 0.2
diameters or 2.5 m, whichever is greater, below the
top of the shell, this minimum reinforcement should
be increased by 50%.
The reinforcement should be distributed in layers
towards the inner and the outer face with not less than
half the reinforcement in the layer (or layers) towards
the outer face. The diameter of vertical reinforcement
should not be less than 12 mm and the spacing
should not exceed 300 mm.
Laps should be
staggered so that not more than half the bars are
spliced at any cross-section.
11 Tolerances
Tolerances in the concrete work are defined in a
statistical way and expressed in terms of
a)
b)
Table 11.1
Wall
Thickness
(m)
S(m)
t < 0.3 m
0.005
0.01
t > 0.3 m
0.002 + 0.01 t
0.004 + 0.02 t
0.05 + 0.01 d
0.05 + 0.01 d
h < 50 m
0.05
0.05
h > 50 m
0.001 h
0.001 h
Shell
Diameter(m)
Deviation
from
Vertical
Axis (m)
page 19