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applicable to the matter at hand, the Philippine Constitution, Article XIV Section
10 states:
Science and technology are essential to give priority to research
and Developments, inventions, innovations, and their utilization, and to
science and technology, education, training and services. It shall support
indigenous, appropriate self-reliant, scientific and technological
capabilities and their application to the countrys productive system and
nation life.
With the rapid growth of mathematics, today it has been divided into two
classification; one is pure and the other is applied Mathematics. Pure
mathematics deals
C1 +C 2
2=
e1
F
e2
reflects light from the source of our eyes. The earliest experiments of electric light
were made in the early 1800s by a British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy, who
created a fine platinum wire incandescent in air by passing a current through it.
He also created electric arcs. In 1878 and 1879 British inventor Joseph Swan
and American inventor Thomas Edison simultaneously developed the carbon
filament lamp. Improved vacuum pumps and the increased availability of
electricity made these lamps a success. The American pioneer in electrical
engineering, Charles Francis Brush, produced the first commercially successful
arc lamp in 1878.
Further, different mothers experienced great trouble because of the
incandescent bulbs they bought and used. These bulbs tend to give light from the
first time they bought it, in the couple of days these incandescent bulbs failed to
function. And the question is why this happening is?
This is the main question that bumped into the minds of the researchers
so they became too much interested in the topic they choose.
Light is used as a new channel within the body. It has several meanings
and each context has its own idea or concept of the light. When light is not
present, the whole world will look like a sad face, because there would be
darkness so the people could hardly do the work; when light is absent different
people will be affected. As we go in every encounter of life, the need for light
becomes one of the basic necessities. That is why there are different
replacements for the light of the sun, because when evening comes, darkness
prevails and incandescent bulb will give the light in every activity being done,
thus importance of lights to human being is undeniable.
Moreover, this problem is not one of the single most important policy
challenge because of the effect cannot directly notice, but later on it can be one
of the problems encountered in the Philippines.
Thus, researchers want to have the readers the knowledge on how to
avoid this problem just like bites of mosquito ignored at first attack, but later on
have difficulty in medication, in this study the researchers wanted to emphasize,
that prevention is better than cure. Therefore, the researchers wanted to
investigate the kind of incandescent bulb that possesses best quality of life length
or span.
Life span of incandescent bulb depends on the usage of the consumers.
Once the incandescent bulb unwisely used there is a tendency that their
assumed life span will not be reached. Once a consumers arrived to his/or her
choice of brand of incandescent bulb, he should be responsible in taking good
care of them. On the other hand, the researchers considered the factors that
affects the life span of incandescent bulb, incandescent bulb are considered as
one of the products that are vulnerable because there are different factors that
make the lifespan shorter. The more the factors that affect it, the more the service
of the selected incandescent bulb fails.
In addition to this study, Singpurwalla and Wilson said that In reliability
and biometry, it is common practice to choose a failure model by first assessing
the failure rate function subjectivity and then invoking the well-known
practical purpose, whereas, the second deals with the more basic question of
whether or not the hypothesized model is in fact a correct one.
The researchers emphasized the problem of choosing the correct model
which is the second usage of probability theory and this use reverse the
inferential procedure just describe. Moreover, a statistical inference is an
application which uses sample data that could draw inferences concerning the
nature of the underlying probabilistic mechanism.
Shanfeng Zhu, Yasushi Okuno, GozohTsujimoto and Hiroshi Mamitsuka,
in their study Application of the new Probabilistic Model for Mining implicit
Associate Cancer Genes from OMIM and Medicine, mentioned their particular
focus which is placed on cancer gene relation, since some types of cancer are
inherited. Their study aimed to find implicit associated cancer-genes from
biomedical databases including the literature database. Further, experiment
showed that MAM found new cancer-gene relation which are unknown in the
literature.
In the relation to the present study, the researchers focused on
Probabilistic Model which could estimate the lifespan of the selected
incandescent bulb thus, suggest the consumer what brand of incandescent bulb
has better quality, the researchers choose to study the application of Probabilistic
Model because the said model gives scientist and mathematicians much
information for explaining and controlling natural phenomena.
Moreover, solving mathematical problems is really confusing and difficult
to do even though formulas are given the steps are taken. The student fail to
follow the formulas because they lack focus on what to do therefore, they fail to
solve problems on their own because they dont know what to do. When student
are in the classroom, they say that they can do it, but when they try it by
themselves, they get stuck up. Different application of mathematics are needed
in every life, which is why student must practice applying mathematical concept
by heart
In addition, researchers wanted to encourage the student to pursue
exploring deep within the application of mathematics. Mathematics is not a
finished product; one should continue exploring deep within the subject because
you never know that what you have discovered might help the world in the future.
This study will not stop here because the researchers believe that the readers
continue studying the concept of this study and make and interesting one.
With this study, the researchers hoped to supplement and stimulate the
students curiosity about the lifespan of the incandescent bulb, as well as help
you estimate its life length by defining one aspect which is the failure rate. The
researchers provide the necessary examples for further understanding of the
readers, and for them to be easily affected to apply probabilistic model in their
very own lives
Theoretical Framework
In any learning process concerning students, certain theories and
philosophical basis are needed to attain knowledge needed for a certain goal. In
this regard, the study was based on Thorndikes Theory of Learning, it is also
In this study the researchers also applied Reliability Theory which deals
with the probabilistic model that governs the behavior systems of components
and allow one to formulate optimum maintenance policies, including replacement
and repair of components, and to measure operating characteristics of the
system, such as the proportion of downtown, the expected life, and probability of
survival beyond a specified age.
Conceptual Framework
Base for the Independent-Dependent Variable Theory, the researchers
formulated the conceptual model of the study Probabilistic Model on the
Lifespan of Incandescent Bulbs.
The theory explains two stages namely; the independent and the
dependent.
The independent box refers to the lifespan of the selected incandescent
bulbs which served as the basis and the reference of the researchers. These
lifespans helped clarify the definitions and basis for the study.
The dependent box refers to the application of the Probabilistic Model
derived from the formula of the estimated of the consumption of incandescent
bulbs.
The two boxes are connected with an arrow which means that the two
variables are related to each other in a way that the solution to the lifespan of
incandescent bulbs depends on the probabilistic model.
Objective of the Study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Probabilistic Model that will
estimate the Life Span of
Incandescent Bulbs.
Life Span
GE
Panasonic
Philips
Firefly
Incandescent
bulb(tiangge)
Figure 1.
A Conceptual Framework
Probabilistic Model on the Life Span
Of the Selected Incandescent Bulbs
incandescent bulbs which included G.E, Panasonic, Philips, Firefly and the light
bought from tiangge. The expected lifespans of these incandescent bulbs given
by the manufacturers are used as the data of the researchers in conducting the
study.
e
By using the researchers formula
( 2=
e1
)
F
NOTES
Downing, Douglas PhD Dictionary of Mathematics Terms, NP
Jose N Nolledo. The Constitution of the Philippines (Metro Manila National
Bookstore). 1987
Grolier Academic Encyclopedia. 1990 p.222
http://www.mathforum.org/ntcm.standard.2000
Introduction to Probability Theory and Application, RTPI Morong, Rizal
Light World Book Encyclopedia, 1999
W. Answers.com/topic/failure-rate
http:en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby
wwww.yahoo.com
http://www.la.press.com/application-of-a-new-probabilistic-model-formining-implicit-associate-a92
Jocelyn D Abella et.al, construct and Validation of Learning Materials in
Analtic Geometry, Unpublished Graduated Thesis, URS-Morong 2002 pg.10
http://www.yahoo.com
W. Answer.com/topic/incandescent bulbs
W. Answer.com/topic/statistical model