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o; cfof]uaf6 cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sflzt x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf df n]v /rgf k|sflzt
u/fpg rfxg] n]vs dxfg'efjx?nfO{ tnsf] 7]ufgfdf n]v/rgf k7fpg xflb{s cfjfg ul/G5 .
;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljljw kIf, cfly{s ultljlw / of]hgfa4 ljsf;;u ;Da4 df}lns,
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k|sfzssf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . klqsfdf k|sfzgfy{ k|fKt n]v /rgfx? :jLsf/ ug]{ jf
gug]{ clwsf/ ;Dkfbg d08ndf /xg] 5 .

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O{d]n M info@psc.gov.np, j]e;fO6M www.psc.gov.np

;Dkfbg d08nsf] cg'/f]w

lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf (CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL) nf]s
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k7fPsf] k| l tlqmofnfO{ klqsfdf :yfg lbOg] 5} g .

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O{d]n M loksewa@mos.com.np, j]e;fO6M www.psc.gov.np

lghfdlt ;]jf klqsf

CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

Public Service Commission

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g]kfndf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf M ;d:of tyf ;'emfj
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / sd{rf/L k|;f;gdf o;sf] e"ldsf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pQ/bfloTj
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/fHosf] k'g;+/rgf / :yfgLo ;/sf/
g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lg/Gt/tf / pkof]u
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj
k|zf;gdf ;~rf/ M ;d;fdoLs d"2fx?
j}b]lzs ;xfotf M cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u
Administrative Re-structuring for Federal System of
Government: Transitional Managements
Employee Abuse in the Workplace
Human Resource Deevelopment Strategy for Civil Service
Transforming Constraints into opportunities: A
Practice of Evidencebased Public In Nepal
Performance Analysis of Manufacturing Industries in Nepal
Models of Public Administration
Problems of Women and Interim Constitution - 2063
The Need for a conceptual Shift of Human Resource
Management towards Human Response Management
to counter Turbulent Environment
Women Participation for Conserving Forest Resource in Nepal;
A Strategy of developing human capital in forest Governance
Patterns in Foreign Employment and Remittance Income In Nepal
Human Resource Development and its Importance
Mulling over Privatization from Nepalese Perspective

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k|sfzg Psk6s dfq ;Dej ePsf]] 5 . o;n] ubf{ klqsf jflif{s h:tf] b]lvg uP klg cfufdL lbgdf
o;nfO{ ljut jif{x?df h:t} c4{jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg ug{ xfd|f] k|oTg /lx/xg] ;d:t kf7sj[Gbdf ;ljgo
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k/LIff k|0ffnLdf u'0f:t/Lotf clea[l4 ug{ cfof]un] ;do;dodf kf7\oqmddf kl/dfh{g, k/LIf0f
k|ljlwdf ;'wf/ Pj+ k/LIff ;Grfng / Aoa:yfkgdf ;/ntf NofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} qmddf cf=j=@)^&^*
df /fhkq cg+lst ltLo -ck|fljlws_ tkm{sf] kf7\oqmd / k/LIff k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . pDd]bjf/sf]
pko'Sttfsf] k/LIf0fdf ;3fp k'ofpg cfof]un] o;} cf=j=df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL ,@)^^ df klxnf]
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;~rfng lgb]l{ zsf, @)^& klg hf/L ePsf] 5 . cfof]usf ;d;fdlos dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx?, gLltut lg0f{ox?
tyf cGo ;dfrf/d"ns ;Gb]zx? ;d]t ;d]6/] c4{jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg x'g] u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;dfrf/kq
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cGTf/lqmof,uf]i7L / ljleGg ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? o; cf=j=df klg lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf 5g\ .
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l;4fGt jdf]lhd /fHo ;~rfng ug{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL cg'?k /fHosf] ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ l;4fGtnfO{
:jLsf/]sf] 5 . gful/ssf rfxgf / efjgfaf6 k[ys eO{ ;+ljwfg aGg ;Sb}g . To;/L ag]sf] ;+ljwfgn] a}wflgstf
k|fKt u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'gklg ;Sb}g . clxn] g]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s
cj;/ k|fKt 5 . o;sf lglDt ljZj cg'ej / g]kfnsf] ljutsf] ;+jw} flgs Oltxf;sf] sdL sdhf]/L ;d]tnfO{ cWoog
u/L lbuf] ;+ljwfg agfpg' ;+ljwfg;efsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . k|:t't n]vdf ;+lawfgjfb, ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZostf,;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fdf ljleGg b]zsf] cEof; ;d]tsf ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld
j}wflgs Psflwsf/sf sf/0f (monopoly of the legitimate authority of the state) /fHon] cfkm\gf]
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afWotf 5 . cfh t];|f] ljZjsf d'n'sxn] Jofks ul/aL, ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] ;fdgf, a]/f]huf/L, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf,
dfjgclwsf/sf] Jofks pNn+g, ljlwsf] zf;gdf IfoLs/0f, b08xLgtf, e|i6frf/, cfGtl/s Gb, czflGth:tf ljleGg
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sdhf]/, gfh's, ;+6u|:t jf c;kmn /fi6 x'g'g} ljleGg ;d:ofsf] d"n h8 xf] . cfw'lgs ljZjsf ljleGg
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alnof] sd{rf/LtGqsf] cefjh:tf l:yltx ePdf To:tf] d'ns
' c;kmn x'g k'Ub5 . /fi6 c;kmn ePdf /fi6sf stf{xsf]
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cEof;sf] nfdf] Oltxf;, /fhg}lts kl/kSjtf, nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; h:tf l:ylt ePsf sltko d'n'sxdf
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/ sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t]>f] ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sxdf cemklg ;+j}wflgs nf]stflGqs /fHosf] lgdf{0f
x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . dfgj lxtsf lglDt ljsl;t ul/Psf /fhg}lts l;4fGtxnfO{ oyfy{df s;/L kfGtl/t ug]{ eGg]
k|Zg g} cfw'lgs /fHosf lglDt uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ljZjdf :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofosf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtxnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L dfgj ;'vsf lglDt /fHo Joj:yf ;+rfng ug]{ lrGtg / bz{gdf cfwfl/t /fHo
k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . clglZrttfleq lglZrttf vf]Hg' / nf]stGqk|lt cem a9L ljZjf; hufpg a9L
nf]stflGqs x'g' g} clxn]sf] d"Vo ljifo xf] . ;dfhzf:qL d]S; j]a/n] eg]sf] h:tf] /fHosf] j}wflgs Psflwsf/ agfO/fVg
Gbkl5 lbuf] zflGt lgdf{0f -peace building_, alnof] /fHo lgdf{0f (state building) / /fi6 lgdf{0f (nation
building ) TolQs} cfjZos x'G5 - sn, @))(M k[= !!( _ . Gbkl5 lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{ / alnof] /fHo lgdf{0f
u/L ljlwsf] zf;g axfnL ug{ u/fpg d"nt tLgj6f s'/fx a}wflgs zlQm, cfly{s >f]t / ;Ifd g]t[Tj -C ;
Coercion, Capital & Charisma_ x' g ' k b{ 5 - l6nL, !(()!((@M pb[ t sn, @))(M k[ = !#_ .

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zfl;tsf] ;xdltaf6 zfl;tk|lt pQ/bflo eO{ zf;g ug]{ k2lt g} ;+ljwfgjfb xf] . cfw'lgs /fHon] ;+ljwfgjfbsf] l;4fGt
jdf]lhd /fHo ;~rfng ug{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL cg'k /fHosf] ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] 5 .
gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt / zfl;tsf] clwsf/ ;Lldt gePsf] /fHoJoj:yf ;+ljwfgjfb jdf]lhd ;~rfng ePsf]
dflgGg . c;Lldt clwsf/ zf;snfO{ k| b fg u/] s f] ;+ l jwfgn] ;+ l jwfgjfbnfO{ :jLsf/ u/] s f] dflgGg .
;+ljwfg /fi6sf] cg'zf;g, /fHosf] dfu{lrq / /fHo ;+~rfngsf] ljlw xf] . ;+ljwfg ;/sf/sf] sfd st{Josf]
a8fkq, gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifs / gful/ssf] ;xdltsf] cg'aGw xf] . ;+ljwfg /fHo ;+~rfngsf ;DaGwdf gful/ssf
rfxgf / cfsf\Iffx JoQm ePsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ sfg'gL lnvt xf] . /fHosf df}lns cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
d"n sfg'g nfO{ ;+ljwfg elgG5 . /fhgLlts bfz{lgs x]a/df;n] ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] dfWod ;+ljwfg xf] eg]sf 5g\ .
;+aw} flgs nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ gful/sn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg]xbF' f ;+ljwfg adf]lhd u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLn]
dfGotf k|fKt ub{5 . ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] ;+/rgf / sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ub{5 . s'g} klg /fHodf gofF
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ eg]sf] jt{dfg / eljiosf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ /fhgLltdf gofF lgodsf]
th'{df xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/L lgsfo Pj+ /fHosf kbflwsf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt / ;Ldfg ub{5 . cfw'lgs ljZjn]
;+ljwfgjfbsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 . oxL l;4fGtcg'k ljleGg d'n'sxn] ;+ljwfg agfPsf eP klg cfh ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sxdf ;+ljwfg
nf]stflGqs dfGotf / ;+ljwfgjfbsf l;4fGt cg'k th'd
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;f]xL cg'ksf] /fhg}lts ;+:sf/ / nf]stflGqs ;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; klg cfjZos kb{5 . gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L
k|rng / sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 Tolts} cfjZos x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] cefjdf /fhgLlts nf]stGqsf]
;'b[9Ls/0f x'g ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfg agfpg] / To;nfO{ a}wflgstf lbg] k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf ljZjdf Pp6} ljlw / k4ltx b]lvGgg\ . ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f k|lqmofxdf d"ntM ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ng, ;+ljwfg ;ef, /fhgLlts ;Dd]ng, hgdt ;+u|x, /fHo k|d'vsf] 3f]if0ff,
Joj:yflksfaf6 cg'df]bgh:tf ljleGg tl/sfx k|rngdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljleGg ljlwxdWo]
;+ljwfg ;ef Pp6f nf]stflGqs ljlw xf] . ;+ljwfgk|lt gful/ssf] :jfldTj ePdf g} To:tf] ;+ljwfg l6sfp x'g;Sb5 .
@

;+ljwfg k|lt gful/ssf] :jfldTj sfod /xg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf gful/ss]f Jofks ;xeflutf / ;+ljwfgsf]
ljifoj:t' hgrfxgfadf]lhd x'gk' b{5 . gful/ss]f rfxgf / cfsf\IffnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]df g} To:tf] ;+ljwfgk|lt
gful/ssf] ckgTj / :jfldTj /xG5 .
cfh ljZjsf w]/} d'ns
' x ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf k|of]uzfnf alg/x]sf 5g\ . w]/} ;+ljwfgdWo] s]xL ;+ljwfgdfq l6sfp
x'g ;s]sf b]lvG5g\ . ljZjsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfg cd]l/sfsf] xf], hf] cd]l/sL kl/;+3sf] ljwfg !&*! nfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug{ af]nfOPsf] ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ng, !&*& n] kl/;+3sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{sf] ;f gofF ;+ljwfg g} lgdf{0f uof] . ToxL
;+ljwfg k6sk6s ;+zf]wg x'Fb} cfh;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] bf];|f] o'/f]ksf] klxnf] ;g\ !&(! df hf/L u/]sf]
kf]Nof08sf] ;+ljwfg xf], hf] w]/} lbg l6Sg} ;s]g . ljZjsf] t];|f] o'/f]ksf] bf];|f] ;g\ !&(! s} k|mfG;sf] ;+ljwfg xf] h;n]
lg/+s'ztfnfO{ hGd lbof] . kl/0ffdtM /fhtGqsf] cGTo / To;kl5 k6s k6s u/L k|mfG;n] !& j6f ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g uof] .
Pl;ofsf] klxnf] ;g\ !**( sf] hfkfgsf] ;+ljwfg hf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4;Dd /Xof] . c/a d'n'ssf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg 6\o'g]lzof
h;n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]sf] eP klg nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sbf cl:y/tf /
lg/+s'ztfsf] rk]6fdf /lx/xg' kof] . ljut #) jif{sf] cjlwleq ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sxdf sl/a b'O{ ;o ;+ljwfgx
lgdf{0f eP . w]/} d'n'sx ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|of]udf g} cEo:t b]lvG5g\ . e]g]h'Pnfn] @& eGbf a9L ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
uof] . xfO6Ldf @), OSj]8/ / af]lnleofdf !&, PNf;Naf8f]/ / sf]nlDaofdf !^, xf]G8'/;df !@, a|flhndf *, yfONof08df
!( ;+ljwfgx km]/abn eP . bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{] p2]Zon] sDaf]l8of, O/fs, ckmuflg:tfg, k"jL{ l6df]/ / nfOa]l/of
h:tf d'n'sxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ k'u]sf ePklg zflGt sfod x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfOPsf
sltko d'ns
' sf ;+ljwfgx klg bL3{hLjL x'g ;s]gg\ . /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, czflGt, snx / slr+unsf] eFd
" /Ldf d'ns
' x
kl//x]s} 5g\ . bLuf] zflGt sfod ug]{ /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf JoQm eP klg Jojxf/df zflGt ljyf]lnPs} 5, lx+;f al9/x]s}
5 . g]kfnn] klg olt 5f]6f] cjlwdf ^ j6f ;+ljwfg agfO{ ;ftf}+ agfpg] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sf]tkj{ b]lvg}
sfo{sfl/0fL zlQm xTofpg] bfpk]r / ;\3if{ rln/x]s} xf] . clxn] klg Tof] /f]u sfod} 5 . @)^@)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf]
kl/0ffd /fhgLlts Joj:yf km]l/Psf] 5, kfqx kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\, t/ klg /fhgLlts ;F:s[ltdf s'g[ } kl/jt{gsf] cg'el" t
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfo{sfl/0fL zlQm xTofpg] s'lT;t rfxgfn] :j:y /fhgLlts / ;+j}wflgs cEof; g]kfndf ljsf; x'g
;s]g . clxn] klg bn leq bnLo g]t[Tj eGbf JolQm rogsf] k|j[lQn] bnLo ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . o:tf]
l:ylt / k|j[lt /lx/x];Dd nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g . d'VotofM sfo{sfl/0fL zlQm k|of]u ug]{ lgsfo /
kbflwsf/Ln] a9L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ vf]Hg] sf/0f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgx l6Sg ;s]gg\ . ljutsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf / cEof;sf
sdL sdhf]/Lsf] cWoog / cg'ejdf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg agfpg] hgfb]z adf]lhd ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo gful/ssf]
cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L d'ns
' df bLuf] zflGt sfod ug]{ rfxgf /x]sfn] ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf] hLjg, :jtGqtf
/ ;'vsf] k|Tofe"ltsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{;Sg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfk|ltsf]
;Ddfg, /fli6o :jtGqtf, k|fb]lzs cv08tf, ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotf, sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff, cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf]
;+/If0f, cGt/k':tfTds Gofo, /fHozlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL, /fli6o
Pstf / ;fdflhs ;b\efj, cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;dfj]zL /fHoJoj:yf, /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgdf ;a}sf]
;dfg kx'r
F sf] ;'lglZrttf, zfl;tsf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfdf zf;g ;+~rfngsf] Joj:yf, :jR5 / lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL, ;/sf/L zlQmsf] ;Ldf+g / lgoGq0f , zlQmsf] lgIf]k0f, :yfgLo :jfoQtf / If]qLo ;Gt'ng h:tf cfwf/e"t
s'/fxnfO{ ;dflxt ug{;Sg'kb{5 .
g]kfndf clxn] /fhgLlts zlQmxaLrsf] j}rfl/s Gb, ljleGg ;d'bfo / ju{xsf] lxt / klxrfgut Gbx
b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;+qmd0fsfnsf] o; t/n cj:yfdf /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tfdf x|f;, /fHosf] zlQmdf IfoLs/0f, /fli6o :jfy{
/ /fli6o PstfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] k|of;, ;fdflhs ;b\efj ljyf]Ng] sfo{, ljlwsf] zf;g ldRg] sfd, nf]stflGqs d"No,
dfGotf / ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff k|lts"nsf sfd sf/afxL / lqmofsnfkx eO/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df /fhg}lts zlQmxsf]
hgcfGbf]ng / nf]stGqk|ltsf] lgi7f / k|ltj4tf, /fi6 k|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf, /fhgLlts g]tT[ jsf] ;'ema'em / ljj]sn] g} o:tf
#

r'gf}tL / ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cu|;/ x'g;Sg'kb{5 . of] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] P]ltxfl;s k/LIf0fsf]
38L klg xf] .
cGt/f{li6o sfg'gsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd /fi6sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / k|fb]lzs cv08tfsf] k|To]s /fi6n] ;Ddfg ub}{ Psn]
csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf / k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf x:tIf]k / cltqmd0f gug]{ k|ltj4tf JoQm eP klg s'g} g s'g} kdf
7"nf /fi6xaf6 ;fgf /fi6xdf k|efj, cltqmd0f / x:tIf]k /f]lsPsf] b]lvGg . /fhgLlts ;fd|fHojfb, lj:tf/jfb /
pklgj]zjfb ;dfKt x'Fb} uPsf] eP klg cfly{s ;fd|fHojfb / ;+rf/ ;fd|fHojfbsf] k|efjaf6 ;fgf d'n'sx d'Qm x'g
;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfGtl/s pkb|j / afXo x:tIf]kaf6 /fli6o ;fj{ef}d;Qf, k|fb]lzs cv08tf / /fli6o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f
/ ;Dj4{g ug{ /fli6o lxt / :jfy{sf] klxrfgf/f To;sf] ;+/If0f u/L /fi6 ;'/lIft x'g cfw'lgs /fHoxn] ;f]xL cg'ksf]
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf a9L lqmofzLn x'g'k/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo / uGtJo

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo / uGtJo :ki6 gePdf ;+ljwfg agfpFbf cg]sf}+ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx em]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 .
oxL tYonfO{ x[bo+\ud u/L blIf0f clk|msfn] #$ j6f ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx to u/L To;} l;4fGtsf] kl/lwleq /xL
;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f uof] . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k"j{ hjfx/nfn g]xn] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] uGtJosf kdf ljifoj:t'sf] k|:tfj (objectives resolution) ;+ljwfg;efdf k|:t't u/] . g]xsf] o; k|:tfjn]
ufGwLsf] ljrf/, d'n'ssf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, k|m]Gr, cd]l/sL / ;L qmflGtsf cfw'lgs dfGotf;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
/fi6sf] Pstf, d'n'ssf] ljsf; / gful/ssf] :jtGqtfsf cfwf/e"t kIfxdf s]Gb|Lt eO{ ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug]{ dfu{bz{g
k|:t't uof] . ;+ljwfgsf] ljifoj:t';DaGwL o; k|:tfjnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]kl5 To;}sf] kl/lwleq /x]/ ;+ljwfgsf]
lgdf{0f uof] .
cd]l/sL ;+ljwfg agfpFbf ljZjdf cGo s'g} ;+ljwfgx lyPgg\ . a]nfotsf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;, cGo d'n'ssf]
cg'ej / cfkm\g} d'ns
' sf] cfjZostfnfO{ af]w u/L cd]l/sL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf lyof] . o; k[i7e"lddf cd]l/sL
;+jw} flgs ;Dd]ngn] /fHozlQm k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgfut :jk / sfo{k0| ffnL tyf
;+3\ Lotfsf ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L k|:tfjx ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't ug{ ljleGg JolQmxsf] cWoog ;d"x aGof] h;n] elh{lgof
Knfg, Go"h;L{ Knfg, x]ldN6g Knfg / l8lsG;g Knfgx k|:tfjsf kdf k|:t't eP . oL ljleGg Knfg / k|:tfjxdWo]
h]D; d]l8;gn] k|:t't u/]sf] elh{lgof Knfgdf cGo Knfgsf s]xL Joj:yfx;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lglZrt ;xdltsf cfwf/df
;+ljwfgsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf tof/ eof] . ;f] d:of}bfpk/ 5nkmn u/L kl/dfh{g ug{ ueg{/ df]l/;sf] cWoIftfdf x]ldN6g,
d]l8;g, km\;ls / ljlnod hf]G;g;d]t /x]sf] ;ldlt u7g eof] . h'g ;ldltn] kl/dfh{g u/]sf] d:of}bfnfO{ g} ;+jw} flgs
;Dd]ngn] clGtd kdf kfl/t uof] . o;}u/L ef/tLo ;+ljwfg;efsf lglDt ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ug{ k"j{jtL{ ;+ljwfgsf]
cg'ej, g]xsf] ljifout k|:tfjdf cGt/lglxt l;4fGtx / klZrdf j]i6 ldlgi6/ df]8nsf] nf]stGqsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df
;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ul/of] . ef/tLo ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] /fli6o Pstf / PsLs/0f, nf]stGq / ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] hudf
a;]/ ef/tLo ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/] h;n] ;dfhjfb, wd{ lg/k]Iftf / nf]stGqnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/:tDe agfof] (cl:6g,
!(((_ . ef/tLo ;+ljwfg ;efdf #)) eGbf a9L ;b:o eP klg sfg'g cWoogsf] z}lIfs k[i7e"ld ePsf g]x, k6]n,
/fh]Gb|k;
| fb nufotsf !@ hgf dfq lyP . ;g\ !($^!($( sf] cjlwdf ef/tdf vfBfGgsf] cefj, wfld{s ljb|fx] , z/0ffyL{
;d:of, juL{o o'4, hftLo ;fDk|bflostf, eflifs 4Gb / ;fdflhs s/tfsf l:yltxsf sf/0f ljleGg Gbxsf] k[i7e"lddf
-u'xf, @))* M k[= !)%_ ljleGg dfu / bfaLxsf aLr ;+ljwfgsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;xdltdf 6'U\ ofpg g]x, k6]n, /fh]Gb|k;
| fb
/ ca'n snfd cfhfbsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /Xof] . To;}u/L ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf cWoIf la=cf/=cDa]8s/ pgnfO{ ;xof]u
ug]{ s]=Pd= d'G;L, s[i0f:jfdL P]o/, ;ef;b\ jflx/af6 ljifoj:t'sf] lj1sf kdf la=Pg=/fj lyP eg] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf
ug]{df P;=Pg= d'vhL{sf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo /Xof] . o;af6 of] l;Sg ;lsG5 ls ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;b:o ;+Vof hlt eP klg
;xdltsf cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ yf]/} JolQmxsf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] s'/fnfO{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;d]t dgg\ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf lglDt /fhgLlts zlQmxsfaLr pRr ;xdlt aGg'kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf
*@ k|ltzteGbf a9L ;ef;b\x sFfu|;
] kf6L{sf g} eP klg ;+ljwfg ;xdltsf] /fli6o b:tfj]h agfpg] clek|fon] l8;]Da/
(, !($^ df a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7ssf] cu|efudf sFfu|];sf g]tf g]x / k6]ndfq a;]gg\ . ljkIfL g]tf z/t
af]; ;d]tnfO{ klg cu|:yfgd} /flvof] -u'xf, @))*MMk[=!)$_ . ;xdlt agfpg] ;DaGwdf o:tf w]/} cg'ejx ljZj ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] qmddf b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfndflbuf] zflGt sfod u/L nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{ /fhgLlts bnxsf]
aLrdf ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt, ljleGg /fhgLlts lg0f{ox, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
;d]tn] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;gJoj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, :jtGq
Gofokflnsf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ ;f]xLcg'ksf]
Joj:yfx cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ;+ljwfg agfpg] ;fj{ef}d lgsfo xf] . t/ klg /fhgLlts
;xdtLsf] oL ljifoxnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf] k|:tfjsf] ljifoj:t'sf] kl/lwleq /xL
;+ l jwfg agfpg ;f] x Lcg' ksf] ljifoj:t' s f ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts zlQmxsf] a Lr ;xdlt aGg' h/L 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ug'{k"j{ d'ne"t /fhgLlts k|Zgxsf ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts bnxsfaLr lglZrt ;xdltsf
cfwf/x to x'g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf k|Zgxdf /fHosf] 9fFrf, ;/sf/sf] :jk, /fli6o lxtsf] ;+/If0f, alnof] /fli6o
Pstfsf cfwf/, ;fdflhs P]Soj4tfsf cfwf/, cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf h:tf ljlEfGg
ljifox /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|Zgx pk/ /fhgLlts ;xdlt gag];Dd ul0ftLo k4ltaf6 ;+ljwfg kfl/t ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g]
b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts bnxsf] ljj]sn] g} ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;Qm5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ x]Ssf /fVg} k5{ .
/fli6o rfxgf / cfsf\IffnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf k|ltljDa ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg ljljw ljrf/wf/f / ljljwtfaLr
;j{:jLs[t Pstfsf] cfwf/ xf] . o;}n] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ /fhgLlts zlQmxn] JolQmut jf bnLo :jfy{ / ;LdfeGbf
dfly p7L /fi6sf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / ;Dk"0f{ gful/ss]f cf:yf, ljZjf; / /fli6o
Pstfsf] cfwf/sf] kdf ;+ljwfgnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . Hofb} dxTjsf+IfL / ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ dfq
;dflxt u/]sf] ;+ljwfgn] alnof] /fi6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts ljrf/ lj1fg, lrGtg / bz{gdf cfwfl/t
/fi6sf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ sfg'gL lnvt xf] eGg] cy{df ;+ljwfgnfO{ a'em\g'kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo,
n}lsh:tf ljleGg ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg /fhgLlts ljrf/ lj1fgsf cfwf/df ug]{ bz{gdf ;+ljwfgnfO{ s]lGb|t ug{ ;s]df
Tof] bLuf] x'g;Sb5 eGg] tkm{klg Wofg hfg' kb{5 . /fli6o Pstf, zflGt, ;dfgtf, nf]stGq, :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo /
k|ultsf] /fli6o / :yfoL lnvtsf] kdf ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 . /fhgLlt d'n'ssf] lb3{sfnLg lxtdf s]lGb|t eO{
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;Dj]bgzLn x'g'k5{ .

;+ljwfg;efsf oIf k|Zgx

g]kfn clxn] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] h'6]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf lglDt of] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s
lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifo xf] . ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ sltko /fhgLlts k|Zgxdf bnLo dtleGgtf sfod} 5 . ;+\3Lotf
cGtu{t k|b]z lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x, k|b]zsf] ;+Vof, gfdfs/0f, /fhg}lts cu|flwsf/ / cfTdlg0f{osf ;DaGwdf bnxaLr
dt}So x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . o;}u/L zf;sLo :jk nufotsf sltko ljifoxdf bnLo ;xdltsf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f
aGg;s]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg ;efn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgf/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;dofjwL leq ;+ljwfg th'{df
ug{ b]xfosf /fhg}lts k|Zgxsf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts zlQmxaLr ;dodf g} ;xdlt x'gk' g]{ / gofF g]kfnsf] lglDt d'Vo
/fhgLlts sfo{;"rLsf kdf d'VotofM b]xfosf log} ljifox /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

/fi6sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf] alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f,

u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/x,

nf]stGq, ax'njfb / /fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf lglDt k|lt:kwL{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf,

;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/,

%

alnof] /fli6o Pstf sfod ug{] lsl;dsf] /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgf,

;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts, cNk;+Vos / l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf cfwf/,

ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ljsf;sf cfwf/x,

;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod u/L /fli6o lxt cg's"nsf] alnof] /fli6o Pstfsf] lgdf{0f, cflb .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f s'gk} lg d'ns

' sf] cfGtl/s ljifo ePklg dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf,
;'zf;gsf cjwf/0ff, nf]stGqsf l;4fGtx / cGt/fli6o sfg"gsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'sn
" x'g] lsl;daf6 ;+ljwfg
agfpg' kb{5 . ljleGg d'ns
' sf] cg'ej / cEof;sf] cWoog u/L cfkm\g} kl/j]zdf nfu" x'g ;Sg] l;4fGt / :jknfO{
;+ljwfgdf ;dflxt ug'{kb{5 .
Gf]k/fGt lbuf] zflGt / ljlwsf] zf;g
nf]stGq / zflGtsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf lglDt ljlwsf] zf;g cfjZos 5 . ljlwsf] zf;gk|ltsf] IfoLs/0fn]
b08xLgtf, clgoldttf, e|i6frf/ / s'zf;gsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . s'g} klg d'n'sdf Gbkl5 t'Gt} ljlwsf] zf;g
jxfnL ePsf] cg'el" t ug{ ;lsGg . o;sf nflu s'g} hfb"sf] ;"q (magic formula) klg x'bF g} . t/ klg Gbkl5 ljlwsf]
zf;g sfod ug{ gofF k4ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu dfgj clwsf/sf dfGotf / dfkb08adf]lhd cfw'lgs sfg'gsf] th'{df
u/L nfu" ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 - xlj{r,@))(M k[= !!#_ . nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ / ljlwsf] zf;g
nfu" ug{sf nflu cdTo{;]g eGb5g\
"The Progress of political development, particularly in the form of emergence and consolidation of democracy,
not only requires legal provisions for elections and the supervision of the independence and neutrality of the
process, but it is also dependent on judicial protection of dissent and the guaranteeing of open, pluralist
politics.The independence of the judiciary is obviously a very important prerequisite of generating confidence
in the multiparty democratic process and in encouraging people to participate in the democratic process in
an unrestrained, and most importantly fearless, way." - The World Bank Legal Review, Vol. 2, P.45

Gbkl5sf] d'n'sdf ljlwsf] zf;g nfu" ePsf] cg'e"ltsf nflu d'Votof b]xfosf] If]qdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;'wf/
x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;'/Iffsf] ljifo / ljlwsf] zf;g cGt/;DalGwt ljifo xf] . /fHosf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / dfgj ;'/Iffsf lglDt alnof]
;'/Iff Joj:yfsf nflu ;'/Iff If]qdf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, gful/s ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;+rfng /
Joj:yfkg, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4, Jofj;flostf / gful/s hLjg;+u ;'dw"/ ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf ,

Gbkl5 /fHosf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg gful/ssf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfdf zf;g ;+rfng, To;df klg
o'jf lk+9Lsf] sfg'gL zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; hufpg zf;g Joj:yfdf a9L ;xeflutf,

ljwflosfsf] nf]stGqLs/0f h;df ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttff/f ljwflosfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, /fHosf] ;|f]t /
zlQmdf ePsf] lje]bsf/L Joj:yfsf] cGTou/L ;dGoflos Joj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf cfjZos
;'wf/,

Gofo ;Dkfbg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg, lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt If]q ;d]tsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/,
Ifdtf clej[ l 4, sfo{ k | 0 ffnLdf ;' w f/, kLl8t kIfsf] Gofo k| f lKtsf] clwsf/sf] ;' l glZrttf,

k|zf;gnfO{ hgd"vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm r':t k|zf;g, cfly{s cg'zf;gh:tf c;n zf;gsf
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;'zf;g kfpg] gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt,

cfly{ s ljsf;f/f nf] s tGqsf] k| l tkmn cfdgful/sdf Gofof] l rtkdf ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf,

ljlwsf] zf;gsf] dfGotfcg'k sfd eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u,
cDa' 8 \ ; Dofg, ;+ r f/dfWod / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;lqmo, lgikIf / kx/] b f/L e" l dsf,cflb .

Gbkl5 d'n'sdf ljlwsf] zf;g sf] cg'e"lt ug{ /fHon] ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] cleJolQmn] cem :ki6 ub{5
^

"The 'rule of law' is a concept at the very heart of the Organization's mission. It refers to a principle of governance
in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to
laws that are publicly promulgated, equality enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent
with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the
principles of supermacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of
the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and
procedural and legal transparency."- United Nations, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice, para 6.

pk;+xf/
;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s cj;/ k|fKt 5 . o;sf lglDt ljZj cg'ej / g]kfnsf]
ljutsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;sf] sdL sdhf]/L ;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L lbuf] ;+ljwfg agfpg' ;+ljwfg;efsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
o;nfO{ ;/sf/ u7gsf] :jfy{df uf}0f agfpg' x'Gg . ;+ljwfg;ef uDeL/ agL ;do / kl/l:yltsf] rfxgf cg';f/ hgtfn]
k|bfg u/]sf] hgfb]zsf] ;doleq} ;+ljwfg agfpg' k5{ . gful/ssf rfxgf / efjgfaf6 k[ys eO{ ;+ljwfg aGg ;Sb}g .
To;/L ag]sf] ;+ljwfgn] a}wflgstf k|fKt u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'gklg ;Sb}g . cfh ljZjsf sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6x h;n] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ To:tf d'n'ssf] cj:yf x]bf{ cfo / ;fIf/tfsf] :t/df Hofb} sdL /
;fdflhs Gbsf] :t/ Hofb} pRr x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] nf]stGq, ljZjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, l5d]sL
d'ns
' ef/t / rLgsf] ;+jw} flgs cEof; ;d]tsf] cWoog / cg'ej ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . k/Dk/futkdf
] u/]sf] rLgn] ;g\ !(%$, !(&%,
/x]sf] ;+jw} flgs k|0ffnLsf] ;6\6f ;g\ !($( df gofF qmflGtsf/L ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfdf k|jz
!(&* / !(*@ df u/L k6sk6s ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g ub}{ v'nfkg, zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / cfw'lgstfsf l;4fGtnfO{ ;dflxt
ug{ k'u]sf] 5 - kyL / ld>, @))$MM k[ ##$!_ l5d]sL d'n's rLgsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;, ef/tsf] ;+j}wflgs cEof; tyf
cGo d'n'sxn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;+ljwfgjfb, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs nf]stGq, :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo h:tf ljljw
kIfsf] cWoog / cg'ejaf6 g]kfnn] ;Dd'Ggt /fi6 lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;+ljwfg agfpg' kb{5 .
cfhsf] ljZjdf ljleGg :jfy{ / eosf sf/0f clxn] ljj]s cfqmfGt eO/x]sf] 5 . ljj]ssf] d'Vo zq' eo / :jfy{
ePsfn] ljj]su'Dg ;Qm5 . pbfx/0fsf nlfu dxfef/tdf k'q df]xn] w[t/fi6n] ljj]s u'dfP, b'of]{wgsf] eosf sf/0f
eLidlktfdx, b|f0] ffrfo{, s[kfrfo{ h:tf Ps ;] Ps x:tLx?n] b|fk} bLsf] rL/x/0f x'bF f d'sbz{s eO{ /ldt] eP . o'lwli7/ h:tf
;TojfbL wdf{Tdfn] b|f}kbLnfO{ h'jfdf yfk] . /fdfo0fdf /fj0f h:tf] zlQmzfnLn] ;LtfnfO{ ckx/0f u/L ljgfz lgDTofP .
/fdh:tf] cGtof{dLn] ;'gsf] d[u gSsnL egL lrGg ;s]gg\ . o:t} o:t}u/L w]/}n] Oltxf;sf] qmddf ljj]s u'dfO{ ljgf;
lgDTofPsf] tYox? b]vfkb{5g\ . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] eo/xLt jftfj/0f / ljj]s;Ddt lsl;dn] sfd ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
ug{;s] dfq ;+jw} flgs nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; x'g;Qm5 - uf]/, @))& M k[i7 @#@$_ . cn uf]/ s} zAbdf
" The rule of reason is the true sovereign. Self government
is best on the ability of individual citizens to use reason in holding
their elected representatives, senators and presidents, accountable
for their actions. When reason itself cums under-assult, democracy
is put at risk" -Al Gore, P. 271
/fhgLltsf] lgsf; /fhg}lts bn / ;+ljwfg;efdf g} 5 . kl;{og pvfg ha cFWof/f] a9\5, ta tf/fx b]lvG5g\
-df]6G{] ;g / /]lng, @))^M k[= & _ eg]h:t} clxn]sf] cGof}ntfn] ;'vb\ laxfgL l;h{gf ub{5 eGg] ljZjf;df cfkm\gf] ljj]snfO{
cfqmfGt gagfO{ eo, cfj]u / lglxt :jfy{af6 d'Qm eO{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ rL/sfnko{Gt;Dd ;'v k|bfg ug{ g]kfnnfO{
:jtGq, ;d'Ggt / zflGtk"0f{ /fi6sf] kdf :yflkt u/fO/fVg ljj]ssf] l;4fGt (Rule of Reason) df cfwfl/t g]kfn /
g]kfnL gful/ssf] a[xt/ lxtsf nflu lgwf{l/t ;doleq} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f x'g]5 eGg] ck]Iff ljZj ;d'bfo / cfd g]kfnL gful/sn] u/]sf 5g\ . of] ljZjf;df /fhgLlts zlQx?n] t'iff/fkft
ug'{ x'Fb}g .
/fhgLltn] df}sfdf ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o lng g;Sbf ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . d'n's c;kmn
ePsf] egL k|df0fkq lbg] ljZjdf s'g} lgsfo 5}g . d'n's ;kmn jf c;kmn xf] eGg] s'/f /fHon] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf]
k|efjsfl/tfaf6 d"Nofg ul/g] ljifo xf] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf ;f]dflnof / jf]:gLofnfO{ c;kmn /fi6sf] kdf
lnO{of] . To:t} ;g\ @))) sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf ckmuflg:tfg / O/fsnfO{ c;kmn /fHos} ;"lrdf /flvof] . o:t} k|Zg
g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf klg ljZn]ifsxn] p7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfn clxn] c;kmn eO{;s]sf] eGg] gePklg sdhf]/
&

/fHosf] kdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ eg] :jLsfg{} k5{ . h'g d'n'sdf ljlwn] zf;g ub}{g, b08xLgtf a9\5, /fhgLlt ck/fwLsf]
v]nd}bfg aG5, hgtfdf ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt x'Fb}g , /fHoaf6 kfpg' kg]{ ;]jf sl7g / hl6n x'G5, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfn]
JofKt h/f uf8]sf] x'G5, /fHosf] cf}krfl/s lgsfox c;Ifd / lgsDaf x'G5g\ eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf d'ns
' c;kmn ePsf]
dflgG5 .
g]kfnsf lglDt clxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / zflGt k|lqmof d'Vo k|fyldstfsf ljifo x'g\ . ca klg tf]lsPsf] ldlt
leq ;+ljwfg ag]g eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] j}wflgstf u'D5, cGt/fli6o dfGotf vl:sG5, hgtfsf] ljZjf; /xGg, kl/jt{gsf
pknlJwx ;+u|lxt ug]{ sfo{ sl7g x'g k'U5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;DalGwt /fhg}lts zlQm / ltgsf g]t[Tjxn] x]Ssf /fVg}
k5{ . /fhgLlts bnx cNksfnLg ;Qfsf] :jfy{df cNdln/xg' eGbf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / zflGt k|lqmof h:tf bL3{sfnLg
lxtdf s]lGb|t /xg' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
Agns Hurwitz & Reyko Huang(Ed), Civil War and the Rule of Law, New Delhi: Viva Books,2009
AL Gore, The Assault on Reason, London: Bloomsbury, 2007 .
Ann L Griffiths (Ed), Handbook of Federal Countries, Montreal: McGill Queen's University press, 2005.
A.V. Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constituton; London: English Language Book
Society, 1968
C.F.Strong, Modern Political Constituions, London: The English Language Book Society, 1975.
Charles T. Call (Ed.), Building States to Build Peace, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., 2009
David P. Currie, The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, The University of Chicago Press,
1994
Ernest Barker, Principles of Social and Political Theory, London: Clarendon Press, 1953
Francis Fukuyama, State-Building, London: Profile Books, 2004.
GreG Mortenson & David Oliver Relin, Three Cups of Tea, London: Penguin Books, 2006 .
Gregor Mclennan, David Held and Stuart Hall, The Idea of the ModernState. Philadelphia: Open University
Press, 1993.
Granville Austin, Working a Democratic Constitution, Oxford University Press, 2007
Hilaire Barnett, Costitutional and Administrative Law, New Delhi: Lawman , Pvt. Ltd, 1996 .
HO-Won Jeong, Peace Building in Post Conflict Societies: Strategy & Process, Viva Books Ltd., 2006
John Perkins, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, London: Ebury Press, 2005.
John P. McCormick, Constitutional, Social and Supranational Democracy, Cambridge University Press,
2009
K.C Wheare, Modern Constituons, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Michael Burgess, Comparative Federalism:Theory and Practice, London: Routledge, 2006.
M.P Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Agra: Wadhwa & Company, 1999.
Peter Leyland and Terry Woods (Ed) , Administrative Law Facing the Future Old Constraints & New
Horizons, London: Black Stone Press Ltd, 1997 .
Rajni Kothari, Rethinking Democracy, London : Zed Books, 2007.
Ram Chandran Guha, India After Gandhi, Macmillan, 2007.
Sri Satya Sai Baba, Sanathana Sarathi, Vol.42, 1999.
Srinibas Pathi & Amreswar Mishra, Major Constitutions, Dominant Publishers, 2004.
Thomas Meyer and Nicole Breyer, The Future of Social Democracy, Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2007.

cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]b

*Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL

;f/f+z

ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf >f]t ;fwg / ;'ljwfsf] ;dfg ljt/0f dfq x'bF f ljljwtfsf] vf8n km/flsnf] aGg] ePsfn] sdhf]/
ju{nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ dfGotf ;sf/fTds lje]b xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf b[li6sf]0fn] klg o:tf] lje]bnfO{
sdhf]/ ju{sf] lxtsf nflu :jLsf/ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]] Pp6f pkfosf] ?kdf cf/If0fnfO{ lng' kg]{
x'G5 . cf/If0f hft, ju{, If]q / AolQm ljz]ifsf nflu NofOPsf] sfo{qmd ePsfn] /fHosf] ;]jf ;'ljwf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{
cl3 Nofpg] pkfox?sf] vf]lh ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ubf{ dfq sdhf]/ ju{ ;Ifd ju{sf] xf/fxfl/df cfpg ;Qm5 . ;sf/fTds
lje]bn] ;fgf ;fgf lj?jfx?nfO{ x'sf{pg dnhn ub{5, 7"nf lj?jfx?nfO{ ;fgf lj?jfx?sf] cfsf/df Nofpg cGwfw'Gw
s6gL ug]{ sfd ub}{g, o; cy{df /fli6o gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdn] sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ klxrfg u/L pgLx?nfO{ cl3
a9fpg k|fT] ;flxt ub{5 . k|:t't n]vdf cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf :j?k, If]q, cGt/f{li6o cEof; / g]kfndf o;sf]
k|of]u jf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z
/fHon] ;j}nfO{ ;dfg Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . /fHo ;+/rgfn] sdhf]/ ju{xnfO{ /fd|/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]df
dfq ;j} gful/sxaf6 ;dy{g k|fKt ub{5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ju{xsfjLr pknAw >f]t ;'ljwfsf] k|fKtL / pkef]udf
c;dfgtf / c;'Gtng /xg uof] eg] ljb|f]x cfdGq0f x'g] ub{5 . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo / ;f}xfb{tf sfod ug{ ;j}
gful/sxnfO{ ;dfg xs clwsf/ k|bfg u/L sdhf]/ ju{sf] pTyfg x'g] kl/l:yltsf] >[hgf ug{ ;kmn x'gk' b{5 . lje]bsf/L
gLlt cjnDag ePsf /fHoxn] gful/sxsf] ;dy{g o; cy{df k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}gg\ ls pgLxn] /fHon] Gofo k|bfg u/]sf]
c'ge"lt ug{ ;ls/fv]sf x'Fb}gg\, t;y{ ;dfhsf ;j} ju{ / tKsfsf gful/sxsf] enfO{sf lbzfdf /fHosf gLlt, of]hgf
tyf sfo{qmdx nlIft x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 . s'g} klg ;dfh ljljwtfo'Qm x'g] ePsfn] ;j} k|sf/sf ;dfgtfsf] cefj
x'g] ub{5, ;fdflhs agfj6, hft hflt, ln, wd{, ju{, cfly{s l:ylt, ;f+:s[lts kl/j]zn] ubf{ ;dfhdf c;dfgtfx
ljBdfg x'G5g\ . cfly{s kl/l:ylt /fd|f ePsf ju{n] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf /fd|f cj;/x pkof]u ub}{ hfG5,
/fHosf zf;sLo ;+/rgfdf g]tT[ j lng] ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5, sdhf]/ ju{ kl5 kb}{ hfG5, juL{o lje]bsf vf8nx
qmdz km/flsnf aGb} hfG5g\, nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] oxL b'/fj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5, ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt k|fo ;j}lt/ cjnDag ug{ nfluPsf] 5 h;df sdhf]/, ;LdfGts[t, lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ /fHo
Aoj:yfdf d" n k| j fxLs/0f ug] { pkfoxsf] vf] l h u/L gLlt tyf sfo{ q md to ug] { ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/efiff
;sf/fTds lje]b ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt eGbf klg sdhf]/ ju{sf] pTyfg u/L ;j}nfO{ ;dfg agfpg] nIoaf6 cl3
a9]sf] 5, ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf >f]t ;fwg / ;'ljwfsf] ;dfg ljt/0f dfq x'Fbf ljljwtfsf] vf8n km/flsnf] aGg] ePsfn]
sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] lje]bsf/L ;f]rsf] pkh xf] ;sf/fTds lje]b, dfgj clwsf/sf b[li6sf]0fn]
o:tf] lje]bnfO{ sdhf]/ ju{sf] lxtsf nflu :jLsf/ ul/ ;sf/fTds lje]b gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] ;do b]lv sfod
lje]bsf/L gLltn] kl5 kfl/Psf ju{xnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{qmd xf], s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b gu/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
to ug]{ ul/G5, o:tf sfo{qmdn] /f]huf/L, lzIff, :j:Yo ;j}df sdhf]/ ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ;/n / ;'lglZrt ub{5 . o;df
ljz]if u/L b'O{ gLltx k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\, ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf ;'ljwfxdf ;j}sf] ;dfg
kx'\Fr sfod ug]{ u/L sfg"gL Aoj:yf ug]{, bf];|f] xf] glthfdf ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ gLltx sfof{Gjog ug]{ h;af6 kl5
k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'nLot / ;'ljwfx k|fyldstfsf ;fy pknAw u/fpg] k|Tofe"lt ul/G5 .
"Positive Steps taken to increase the representation of Woman and Minorities in area of employment,
education and business from which they have been historically excluded" cy{ft o;n] dlxnf / cNk;+VosnfO{
/f]huf/L lzIff / Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ljz]if ;'lawf k|bfg ub{5 eGg] kl/efiff Standard encyclopedia of philosophy n]
lbPsf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg cfwf/df ePsf] ul/Psf] lje]bnfO{ x6fpg] ;Tk|of; ub{5 . "Way of analyzing how and why
*;lrj, nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

individuals and groups fail to have access to a benefit from the possibilities offered by societies and economics"

o;n] AolQmx / ;d"xx ;dfh / cy{tGqdf /x]sf ;+efjgfxsf] kx'Frdf k'Ug s;/L / lsg c;kmn x'G5g\, eO/fv]sf
5g\ To:sf] ljZn]if0f u/L pkrf/sf nflu k|oTg ub{5 . /fHosf] cj;/xaf6 jl~rt ;d"xsf] klxrfg ub{5 / ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf k|s[ofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx th'{df ug]{ ub{5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bn] ;dfg of]Uotf ePsf
@ JolQmsf jLr cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o lnFbf kl5 k/]sf] sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;b:onfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{
;sf/fTds lje]baf6 gsf/fTds c;/ ;dfhdf cfdGq0f gu/f]; h:tf ;f]r ljfgxn] /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;dfj];L
l;4fGt;+ u ;+ a lGwt 5, ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;DDffg ub} { ;sf/fTds b[ l i6sf] 0 f /fVg] ub{ 5 .

pTklQ / ljsf;qmd
hxfF zf]if0f, cGofo AofKt 5, dfgj clwsf/sf] pn+3g Jofks kdf x'g] ub{5, dflg; dflg;sf jLr c;dfg
Aojxf/ /fHon] g} ub{5, To:tf] ;dfhsf kLl8tx cGofosf] lj4df cfjfh p7fpg] ub{5g\, ;+3if{df pqg] ub{5g\, r]tgfsf]
:t/ j[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf lkl8txdf hfu/0f a9\b} hfG5, cfhsf] ;Eo, >f]t ;fwg / pGgt k|ljlw ;+kGg dfgj clwsf/sf]
kIfdf cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ /fi6 ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf g} o; sfo{qmdsf] z'jft ePsf] xf] . clk|msg d"nsf sfnf
xA;L hflt / uf]/f cd]l/sgxsf jLr /fHon] r/d lje]b ub}{ cfof], cd]l/sL cbfntn] ;j} cd]l/sL gful/sx ;dfg
x'g] t/ uf]/f ;/xsf] :t/df sfnfnfO{ /fVg gldNg] u/L xf:o:kb lg0f{o lnof] ;g\ !*(^ df, uf]/fx Dfflns / sfnf
xA;Lx bf;sf] kdf :yflkt x'g k'u,] sfnfx cfGbf]lnt eP o; gLltsf lj4, ljleGg ;dodf bf;Tj pGd'ng ;dfg
sfg"gsf] 3f]if0ff / /+usf] lje]bdf cfwfl/t dtflwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt u/L ;j}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg ul/of] / ;sf/fTds
lje]b zAb ;j{k|yd /fi6klt hf]gckms]g]8Ln] ^ dfr{, !(^! Df sfo{sfl/0fL lgb]{zgsf] kdf k|of]u u/]sf x'g\ h;n] ;j}
k|sf/sf lje]bxnfO{ ;d"n gi6 ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . !(^% df /fi6klt ln08g jLghf]G;gn] csf]{ sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]z
k|rngdf NofP h;n] hflt, wd{ / pTkltsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;j}nfO{ ;dfg kdf sfddf nufpg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . !(^* df ;sf/fTds lje]b gLltn] cd]l/sL dlxnfxnfO{ klg ;d]6g k'Uof], o; gLltnfO{ ljleGg b]zxn] cjnDag
ul//fv]sf 5g\, lxGb':yfgdf cf/If0f, j]nfotdf ;sf/fTds lje]b / Sofgf8fdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdx
;+rflnt 5g\ . ci6]lnofdf ;dfg cj;/ sfg"g nfu' u/L ln, u}/ c+u|]hL efifL, c;SIfd, ckf hftLo pTkltnfO{ cfwf/
dflg ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . clk|msfn] cflbjf;L sfnf clk|msg / uf]/] ef/tLoxsf jLr ul//fv]sf] c;dfgtfsf] Aojxf/df
;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 .
;sf/fTds lje]b ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ k|of; xf], cNk;+Vos / kl5 k/]sfxnfO{ /fHosf ;j}
lqmofsnfkxdf ;xefuL u/fO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd xf], ljutsf] nfdf] ;do b]lv zf]if0f, cGofodf lklN;P/
cdfgjLo Aojxf/sf] ;fdgf ul//fv]sfxnfO{ lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{ ug]{ Gofo"0f{ ;f]r xf] . olb s'g} b]zdf lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf]
k|Tofe"lt ljBdfg sfg"g / Aojxf/n] u/]sf] 5 eg] ToxfF ;sf/fTds lje]b k|To'Tkfbs ;fljt x'g k'Ub5, lsgsL o;n]
;j}nfO{ ;dfg Aojxf/ ug{ ;Qm}g . o; sfo{qmdn] sdhf]/ / cGofodf kl/ /fHosf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt /x]sfxnfO{
/fHo ;+/rgfdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;/n / ;xh kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ul/ lbG5, kl/0ffd :jk b]zjf;Lxsf jLr ;f}xfb{tfdf
j[l4 x'G5, ;Dk"0f{ b]zjf;LxnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 u/fpg] k|of; ub{5 .
;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fnfO{ Pp6} cy{df lnOg'xG' g, ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ;fgf] c+zsf] kdf cf/If0fnfO{ lng'
kg]{ x'G5, hflt ju{ ljz]ifnfO{ sf]6f k|bfg ug]{, sd u'0f:t/o'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ pgLxsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ gNofO cj;/ lbg]
ljifonfO ;sf/fTds lje]bn] c:jLsf/ ub{5, u'0ffTds j[l4 ul/ :j:y k|ltikwf{sf cfwf/df ;du| k|0ffnLsf] :t/ j[l4 u/fpg]
nIo /fVt5, t/ cf/If0f hft, ju{ / AolQm ljz]ifsf nflu NofOPsf] sfo{qmd ePsfn] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf nIoxnfO{
xfl;n ug{ lgZro g} Aojwfg k'ofpg] ub{5 . nfdf] ;do b]lv kl5 kfl/b} cfPsf sdhf]/ / hf]lvdo'Qm ju{ / ljz]ifflwsf/sf]
pkef]u ul/ cfPsf tyfsflyt ;+kGgxsf jLr ;dfg Aojxf/ ul/b} hfFbf c;dfgtf klg ;fy;fy} clej[l4 x'Fb} hfG5,
/fHosf] ;]jf ;'ljwf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ cl3 Nofpg] pkfoxsf] vf]lh ub}{ k|bfg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ubf{ dfq sdhf]/ ju{
;Ifd ju{sf] xf/fxfl/df cfpg ;Qm5, ;sf/fTds lje]bn] ;fgf ;fgf ljjfxnfO{ x'sf{pg dnhn ub{5, 7"nf ljjfxnfO{
;fgf ljjfxsf] cfsf/df Nofpg cGwf w'Gw s6gL ug]{ sfd ub}g{ , o; cy{df /fli6o gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdn] sdhf]/
ju{nfO{ klxrfg u/L pgLxnfO{ cl3 a9fpg k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .

ljleGg b]zsf cEof;x

a|flhndf sfnf / cflbjf;L a|flhlnogx, clt ul/j / czQm u/L # ju{s
{ f hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ljZj
!)

ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] cj;/ lbg] ul/Psf] 5, lghfdlt ;]jfdf l/Qm kbsf] @) ;Dd czQmxnfO{ sf]6f k|bfg ul/Psf]
5 . Sofg]8Log cflbjf;LxnfO{ ljZjljBfnodf k|j]zsf nflu Go"gtd of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/Psf]
5, / k|jz
] kfP kZrft 5fqj[l4 k|bfg ul/G5 . ljleGg pBf]u snsf/vfgfxdf /f]huf/L k|bfg ubf{ dlxnf czQm, cflbjf;L
/ cNk;+Vos hfltxnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5, lxGb":yfgdf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf nflu @& a;f]jf; If]q ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut ul/ of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . hfkfgdf sfg"gt ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g, k"0f{
k|ltikwf{df dfq ;j} cj;/x k|fKt x'g] ub{5, lk5l8Psf] ju{ a'/fs'ldgsf] nflu sNof0fsf/L sfo{qmd / /f]huf/L k|bfg
ug]{ bL3{sflng /0fgLlt gu/kflnsf :t/df sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . rLgdf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] pRr :t/sf kbxdf /f]huf/L /
ljZjljBfnoxdf k|jz
] lbg lglZrt ;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lkmgNof08df :jL; eflifxsf
nflu ljZjljBfnodf k|j]z kfpg s]xL sf]6f lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5, lkmlg; efifLxn] lje]bhGo gLltsf] lj/f]w ul//fv]sf
5g\, o;} ul/ olb n}Ls ;Gt'ng sfod gePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] dlxnfxsf nflu ljleGg If]qdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy cj;/
k|bfg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag eO/fv]sf] 5 . hd{gLdf ;j}sf nflu ;dfg sfg"g 5, tyflk ln, hft, hflt / ;fdflhs
k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/G5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHon] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sf]6f lgwf{/0f ug]{, cf/If0f k|bfg ug]{
/ ln hft, hflt, ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df k|fyldstf lbg] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gt lgif]w u/]sf] 5, t/ s]xL ckafbx b]lvG5g\
h:t}, !((* df u'8 k|mfO8] Pu|Ld]06 (Good Friday Agreement) ePsf] 5 h;fg';f/ pQ/L cfo/Nof08sf] k|x/L ;]jfdf
Sofyf]lns / k|f6] i] 6LogxnfO{ a/fa/L ;+Vofdf k|jz
] lbOg' kg]{ Aoj:yf 5, o;n] k|f6] i] 6Log k|lt ;+efljt k"jf{ux| nfO{ /f]Sg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5, o;} u/L n]af]/ kf6L{n] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/xdf ;Vof j[l4 ug]{ P]g, @))@ df kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .
o; k|sf/ kl5 k/]sf ju{xnfO{ /fHon] k|fyldstfsf ;fy cGo ;d'bfo / ju{;u+ ;dfg :t/ k|bfg u/fpg] ljifonfO{ l;4fGtt
:jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . b]z ljz]ifsf] ljlzi6 kl/l:yltsf sf/0f gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd km/s x'g] ub{5 .

;sf/fTds lje]bsf kmfObfx

-!_

ljZje/ ;dfgtfsf] k|fjwfg;lxt nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5, s'g} klg cfwf/df /fHosf] gLlt
lje]bsf/L x'g} ;Qm}g, x'g'x'Fb}g / /fHon] cfgf] pknAw hgzlQmnfO{ pko'Qm 9+un] cToflws pkof]u ub}{ cfly{s
k|j4{g / ;'/Iff Aoj:yf dha'b agfpg' h/L x'G5, lje]bsf/L gLltn] c;Gt'li6 / ;+3if{ cfdGq0f ub{5, /fHon]
;fdflhs Gofo k| b fg u/] s f] cg' e " l t ;j} d f x' F b f dfq /fli6 o Pstf ;Dej x' g ] ub{ 5 .

-@_

juL{o cfwf/df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDag ubf{ ;DalGwt ju{sf wgL kl/jf/ jf AolQmn] lje]bhGo Aojxf/sf]
;fdgf ug'k{ g]{ kl/l:ylt g} x'bF g} , hft ljz]ifnfO{ nlIft u/L NofOg] o:tf sfo{qmdn] hft / ju{sf] cfwf/df ;fdgf
ul//fv]sf] lje]bsf/L sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ NofpF5 / ;j}n] Gofo k|fKt ub{5g\, o:tf sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf lgDg / dWodju{nfO{
nlIft u/L sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] pRr ju{ dfq nfeflGjt eO{ sfo{qmd g} k|efjxLg aGb5 eGg] cfnf]rgfnfO{
c:jLsf/ ub{5 .

-#_

lje]bsf/L gLlt cjnDag ul//fv]sf /fHoxsf ljleGg lgsfoxdf sfo{/t >ldsx /fHok|lt ;f}xfb{ x'Fb}gg\ .
pgLxn] cfk"mdfly ePsf] cGofo lt/:sf/sf] sf/0f sfdk|lt nugzLn / pT;fxL x'bF g} g\ h;n] ubf{ nufgL cg'ksf]
k|ltkmn k|fKt gx'g] ePsfn] yk nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f x'Fb}g / nufgL lkmtf{ x'g yfNb5, kl/0ffd :jk cy{tGq
gsf/fTds kn] k|efljt x'g] ub{5, oL ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/L
cfly{s j[l4b/ k|j4{g ug'{ xf] .

-$_

/fHof/f k|bfg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfxsf] Gofof]lrt pknAwtfnfO{ d"t{k lbg /fHo ;+rfngsf ljljw
lqmofsnfkxdf b]zsf ;j} If]qdf /x]sf ;j} ju{ ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtf cTofjZos x'g] ub{5 / o;sf] k"lt{ cyjf
;xefuLtfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fO{ Jojxf/ g} cfkm}n] cfkm"dfly zf;g ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ub{5 .

-%_

;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts lg/k]Iftf cyjf ;j} wd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ dxTj lbO
k|a4{gtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg' kb{5, o;n] ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf j[l4 ub{5 .

-^_

;j} hgtfxsf] k|ultaf6 dfq} b]zsf] ljsf; ;+ej x'g] ePsfn] ln / hftsf] cfwf/df ul/g] lje]bsf/L gLltsf]
cGtu/L dfgj clwsf/ k|lt ;Ddfg efj AoQm ub{5, ;j}sf] ;xeflutf f/f ljsf; ;+ej x'g] ub{5 .

-&_

nfdf] ;dob]lv /fHosf] lje]bsf/L gLltsf sf/0f s'l07t ePsf kLl8tx pT;flxt aGb5g\, cGofo / zf]if0fsf]
Ifltk"lt{ x'g] ub{5 .
!!

-*_

;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtfaf6 ;j} gful/sxsf jLr ;befj / d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf ub{5, d"nk|jfxdf
;dflxt x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .

-(_

b]z leq pknAw hgzlQm / pgLxsf] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg ul/ /fi6 lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ug]{ ub{5 .

-!)_

lje]bsf/L gLltsf] cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tf ljleGg cGt/fli6o d~rxdf ;b:o /fi6xn] hfx]/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df o;sf]
sfof{Gjogaf6 b]zn] ljZj;lgotf cfh{g ub{5 .

-!!_

kl5 k/]sf sdhf]/ ju{xnfO{ pT;flxt agfpg] ub{5, /fi6sf sfo{qmd / ;/sf/ k|lt :jfldTj u|x0f x'g] ub{5,
o;n] ;/sf/nfO{ hgljZjf; cfh{g ul/ cl3 a9\g ;/n jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub{5 .

-!@_

ljBdfg cGwljZjf;, l9jfbLsf cf8df ePsf] lje]bnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/ / ;+:sf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g NofpF5 .

-!#_

/fHo ;j}sf] xf], b]zjf;Lx ;j} ;dfg x'G5g, l;ldt >f]t / ;fwgsf] pko'Qm k|of]u sdhf]/ ju{xsf] pTyfg /
k|ultsf lbzfdf s]Gb|Lt /xFbf dfq cGofodf k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfoxdf ;sf/fTds dgf]a}1flgs k|efj kfb{5 /
efjgfTds kl/jt{g ;+ej x'g] ub{5 .

a]kmfObfx
-!_

;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmdn] ju{, hflt / ln ljz]ifnfO{ nlIft ub{5, pQm ju{xdf klg ;' l zlIft / ;Ifd
JolQmx ;DkGg kl/jf/df x'g] ub{5g\ . dlxnfxnfO{ nlIft sfo{qmdn] wlgdfgL ;+e|fGt kl/jf/sf dlxnfxnfO{
cl3 a9\g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . clt ul/j ju{sf JolQmx o; sfo{qmdaf6 vf;} cj;/ k|fKt ub}g{ g\, t;y{ ;fdflhs
kfGt/0fsf nflu vf;} k|efjsf/L l;4 x'g ;Qm}g .

-@_

ju{ ljz]ifnfO{ nlIft u/L NofOPsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g] ju{df c;Gt'li6 JofKt x'Fb} hfG5, o:tf]
c;Gt'i6 ju{n] ;+qfz / cfk"mk|lt c;dfg Pj+ cGofok"0f{ Aojxf/ ePsf] cg'e'lt ug{ yfNb5, o;n] ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug]{ / gug]{ ju{sf jLr Gb >[hgf ub{5, ef/tdf ljut !) jif{b]lv dlxnfxnfO{ ;+;bdf ## l;6 cf/lIft
ug]{ k|:tfj clgl0f{t cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

-#_

;sf/fTds lje]bn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljifo ul/aLsf] :t/ klg xf,] of cfly{s cj:yf jfx]s cGo ;fdflhs, z}lIfs,
n}ls, hft hflt, ju{ cflb xf] . x/]s ju{ / ;d'bfodf wgL ul/j b'j} x'g] ub{5g\ pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} klg /fHodf
s'g} Ps hft jf ju{ t'ngfTds lx;fjn] ;'ljwf ef]uL x'g ;Qm5 t/ To; leq y'k|} AolQmxn] xftd'v hf]8g]
;d:of;+u ;+3if{ ul//fv]sf x'G5g\, /fHosf] bfloTj sdhf]/ ju{, hflt, ;d'bfo ljz]ifsf ;j} ljkGg JolQmxsf]
;d"xnfO{ klg cl3 a9fpg] x'g' kb{5 .

-$_

of] sfo{qmd cfkm}df ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] lje]bsf/L sfo{qmd xf], o:tf] sfo{qmd cfjlws x'g'
kb{5, cyjf lglZrt ;do kZrft ;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmd aGb ul/g' kb{5, o; cy{df k|fKt glthfdf k'Ug]
u/L kf/bzL{ sfo{qmd ;/sf/;Fu x'g' kb{5 k|foM o; k|sf/sf] cjlw ls6fg u/L sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf] kfOFb}g,
cl;ldt cjlwsf nflu lg/Gt/tf k|bfg u/LFbf k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;Qm5 .

-%_

;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt ju{n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ;d"xdf ;w} k|Zg lrGx nfUg] ub{5, cyjf sd
u' 0 f:t/sf] b] l vG5g\ o;n] ubf{ /fHon] k| b fg ug] { ;] j f ;' l jwfsf] u' 0 f:t/df c;/ kfb{ 5 .

-^_

lghL If]qdf of] sfo{qmd nfu' ubf{ ;d:ofx b]lvG5g\, pbf/Ls/0f / k|lt:kwf{sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfdf gsf/fTds
k|efj kfb{5 .

-&_

o;n] k'/fgf uNtLxnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ y'k|} gofF uNtLxnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ub{5, ;+u7gn] cfgf nIo k|fKt ug{
;Qm}g, y'k|} gsf/fTds k|efjxsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5, ;j{;Ddt, d]nldnfk / PsLs/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5 .

-*_

hftLo tgfj >[hgf ub{5, gful/sxdf s[qLd lx;fjn] o; sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/x leq cfk"mnfO{ cfj4 u/fpg]
k|ltikwf{ a9\b5 .

-(_

z}lIfs If]qdf of] sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ sd Ifdtf ePsf, dfgl;s kdf pRr lzIff cfh{g ug{ tof/ g/x]sf
!@

JolQmxnfO{ klg k|jz

] lbg'kg]{ kl/l:ylt >[hgf x'G5 o;n] ubf{ glthfdf gsf/fTds cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] cg'ej
;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sfsf s]xL ljZjljBfnox;Fu 5, ldlrug /fHosf dtbftfxn] of] sfo{qmd aGb ug{ ;/sf/nfO{
hgfb]z lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
-!)_

;/sf/L / lghLIf]q ;j}df of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|s[ofn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/fv]sf] 5, ljZje/sf cEof;nfO{
x]bf{ ;/sf/L If]qn] lglhIf]q;+u k|ltik{wL ubf{ dfq hgtfn] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Qm5g\, lghL If]qsf] u'0f:t/
;fj{hlgs If]qsf] eGbf /fd|f] x'g] ub{5, ;/sf/nfO{ lghLIf]q;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{ u'0f:t/ o'Qm hgzlQm cfjZos kb{5,
o; If]q klg k|efljt x'g] ;+efjgf b]lvFb}5, ;du|df o;af6 ;j} If]q lj:tf/} k|To'Tkfbs aGb} uPsf 5g\ .

;sf/fTds lje]bsf :jkx

nfdf] sfnv08df /fHosf gLlt, sfg"gL Aoj:yf, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:s[lt nufotdf lje]bsf/L cEof; k|rng /x]sfn]
;j} b[li6sf]0faf6 hgtfx :ki6 @ ju{df ljeQm x'g k'u] . sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] a9\bf] cEof;sf ;fy ;fy} sdhf]/ ju{nfO{
;jn ju{sf] ;dfg :t/df Nofpg ljleGg b]zxn] ljleGg k|sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd k|rngdf Nofpg] u/]sf 5g\,
cd"s b]zsf] kl/l:ylthGo sf/0fxn] ubf{ o:tf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxsf] cjnDag ug]{ k|s[ofdf k[ystf x'g] ub{5, oL
dWo] ljZjdf lgDg k|sf/sf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{qmdx k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
-!_

cf/If0f

-@_

k|fyldstf

-#_

Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd

-$_

d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf

-%_

n}ls ;dfgtf ;+alGw sfo{qmd

-^_

ljleGg k|sf/sf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot k|bfg

-&_

cj;/df 5'6 k|bfg

;sf/fTds lje]bsf If]qx

;/sf/n] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DalGw sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog s'g If]qdf ug]{ < o;af6 k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] pknAwLx
s] s] x'g < sfo{qmdnfO{ j[xt b[li6sf]0faf6 cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 cyjf /fHo ;+rfngsf k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf o;n] ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . t;y{ o;n] lgDg If]qxnfO{ ;d]6b5 .
-!_

/fhgLlt

-@_

gLlt lgdf{ 0 f / lg0f{ o lng] lgsfox

-#_

k|zf;lgs If]q

-$_

/f]huf/Lsf If]qx

-%_

lzIff, :jf:Yo

-^_

Aoj:yfkg

-&_

;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L / lghLIf]q

;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmdsf nflu k|fo ;j} b]zxn] :jLsf/ ub}{ cfPsf / ;f]xL cg'k k|rngdf NofOPsf
s]xL l;4fGtx 5g\, tL l;4fGtxdf cfwfl/t eP/ gLlt sfo{qmd of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
h:t}M
-!_

Tofusf] l;4fGtM s'g} klg AolQm hGdFbfg} ;j{u'0f ;DkGg x'Fb}g, p;n] k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0fn] JolQmTj lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u u/L/fv]sf] x'G5, ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot k|r"/ dfqfdf pkef]u u/L/fv]sf] ju{n] kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfosf nflu s]xL
lx:;fsf] of]ubfg ubf{ dfq sdhf]/ ju{ dfly cfpg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df dfq cl3 a9\bf x'g] vfg]
/ x' F b f vfg] s f jLrsf] b" / L sd ug{ ;lsGg, t;y{ x' g ] vfg] ju{ s f] Tofu h/L x' g cfpF 5 .

-@_

cleefjsTjsf] l;4fGt kl5 k/]sf sdhf]/ ju{xsf] cleefjsTj ;+e|fGt ju{xnfO{ ljZjf;df lnO{ ;/sf/n]
u|x0f ug'{ kb{5 .

-#_

;Gt'lnt ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtM s'g} If]q kl5 k/]sf] x'g ;Qm5, >f]t ;fwgsf] ;dfg ljt/0f dfq x'Fbf kl5 k/]sf
If]q / ju{dfly Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;lsGg, o:tf If]q / ju{sf] klxrfg kZrft ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df /fHon] kof{Kt
Wofg lbg' kb{5, ljsl;t Pj+ ;DkGg JolQmxsf nflu >f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf sld NofO{ sdhf]/ ju{ dfly a9L
nufgL ug'{ kb{5 .
!#

-$_

;fdflhsGofosf] l;4fGtM ;fdflhs Gofosf lbzfdf b]z cl3 a9\bf ;j} If]qxdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg'sf cltl/Qm
;fdflhs / dgf]a}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] pRr dgf]jn k|bfg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . >f]t ;fwg / ;x'lnot ljz]if ul/
l;dfGts[t / sdhf]/ ju{xdf k'ofpg] k|Tofe"lt / ;f] sf] Aojxf/df ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ lx;fjn] gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmd tyf /0fgLltx cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfnL ;Gbe{
g]kfndf nfdf] ;do b]lv hg;+Vofsf] cToGt yf]/} lx:;f dfq /fHo ;+rfng k|so[ fdf Ps 5q ks8 hdfO{ j;]sf]
5, o;n] ubf{ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, n}ls ;dfgtfsf d'2fxn] vf;} dxTj kfPgg\ . l;dfGts[t ju{ nf]kf]Gd'v x'Fb} uP, 5'jf
5't h:tf] ;fdflhs ljs[ltn] k|efj kfl//xof], hft, wd{, lnsf] b[li6af6 lje]bhGo Jojxf/n] lg/Gt/tf k|fKt ub}{ uof],
wlg / ul/jsf jLrsf] b'/L km/flsnf] aGb} uof] . o:tf ;fdflhs ljs[ltxnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ clek|fon] @)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf kZrft /fHosf] Wofg lj:tf/} cfslif{t x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df
dlxnf nufot sdhf]/ ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu sfg"gf/f ljz]if Aoj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 eGg] jfSof+z /flvPsf] lyof],
o; ;Dj}wflgs dg;fonfO{ d"t
{ k lbg] k|yd k|of; @)%^ ;fndf dfq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; jif{df zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
+ / g]kfnsf jLr lkIfLo ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof], h;df #) ldlnog cd]l/sL d'bf| ;x'lnot
:jLsf/ ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}s
C0fsf] kdf k|bfg ug]{ / o:sf] k|of]hg ck|ToIf kdf ;/sf/sf] ljlQo ;+s6 lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] clek|fon]
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof], o:n] j[xtkdf tLgj6f p2]Zox glthfd'vL, hgd'vL / n}ls ;+jb] gzLntfdf s]lGb|t /xL oL ;'wf/sf
sfo{qmdxnfO{ ;'rf u/fpg k|zf;gsf] cfGtl/s Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ cfd"n kdf ;'wf/ ul/ ;Ifd
agfpg], zf;sLo k4ltdf ;'wf/ NofO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{, lghfdlt sd{rf/LxnfO{ clek|]l/t u/fO{ k|ltikwf{df pqg
;Sg] agfpg] / oL ;j} sfo{qmdxnfO{ uGtJodf ;kmntf k"j{s k'ofpg ljleGg sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnoxsf]
sfo{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ d'Vo sfo{If]q lgwf/{0f u/]sf] lyof] . sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf hfFbf o;sf nflu vr{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6
k6s] lgsf;f lnO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ h'g cToGt hl6n x'g], bftfxsf] ;f]rfO{ lkIfLo ;Demf}tfdf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf
nflu ;Demf}tf /sd k|bfg ul/Psf]n] cy{ dGqfnon] lgsf;fdf cfgfsfgL ug{ gldNg] lyof], o:tf sl7gfOsf sf/0f o;
sfo{qmdn] vf;} k|ult ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg, o; kl/l:yltdf o; sfo{qmdsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu
dfu{ lrq tof/ kf/L ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] lyof] / ;f] dfu{ lrqdf lgDg ljifox ;dfj]z ePsf lyP .
-!_

lghfdlt nufot ;j} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ z' k|j]zsf kbdf % jif{sf nflu @) k|ltzt
cf/If0f ug]{ .

-@_

blnt / hghfltsf nflu !)!) k|ltzt cf/If0f ug]{ .

-#_

;j} dGqfnoxdf /f=k= k|yd / P] llto >]0fLsf !! kbx dlxnfsf nflu >[hgf ug]{ / oL kbxdf v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ .

-$_

dlxnf ljsf; clws[txnfO{ :yfoL ug{ k|s[of k|f/De ug]{ .

-%_

dlxnfxsf nflu pko'Qm kbx klxrfg u/L tL kbxdf dlxnfx Dffq k|j]z u/fpg cWoog ug]{ .

-^_

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ n}ls d}qL (Gender Friendly) agfpg] .

-&_

lghfdtL k' / :sf/ k| b fg ubf{ dlxnf, hghflt / blntnfO{ clgjfo{ kdf ;dfj] z u/fpg] .

-*_

lghfdlt ;] j fdf k| j ] z ug{ rfxg] dlxnfxsf nflu tof/L sIffsf] Aoj:yf If] q Lo :t/ ;Dd ug] { ] .

-(_
-!)_

5fqj[lQdf k|fyldstf lbg], lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{, ;'Ts]/L ljbf j[l4 ug]{, nlrnf] sfo{ ;do (Flexy
u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg gLlt :jLsf/ ul/ tbg'k sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

time)

/fhkqf+lst k|yd / ltLo >]0fLsf kbdf v'Nnf k|ltikwf{ ug]{ ;+:yfg / ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t dlxnf sd{rf/Lxsf
nflu pd]/ xb x6fpg] u/L sfg"gL Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .

bzf} of]hgfn] o;nfO{ yk hf]8 lbPsf] 5, bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngsf] P]ltxfl;s ;kmntf kZrft k'g{:yfkgf ePsf]
k|ltlglw ;efn] /fHosf ;+k"0f{ lgsfoxdf dlxnfxsf] ;xefuLtf ## k'ofpg] ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . o;}
u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df lgDg Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 .
!$

-!_

===== t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg dhb'/ jf clfy{s ;fdflhs jf ;+f:s[lts b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jfns, j[4 tyf cfkf jf dfgl;skn] czQm AolQmsf] ;+/If0f / ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu
sfg"gf/f ljz]if Aoj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g

-@_

dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckf tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Aoj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
xs x'g] 5 -;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DalGw xs_

-#_

clfy{s ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL, plTkl8t ju{, ul/j, ls;fg
/ dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL, l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g5
] -;fdflhs Gofosf]
xs_

-$_

dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Aoj:yf u/L /fli6o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt
/fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 -/fHosf gLltx_

-%_

/fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, jfnjflnsf, c;xfo, j[4, ckf, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgtLsf nflu
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Aoj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 -/fHosf gLltx_

-^_

lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB ;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Aoj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL, blnt nufotsf l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo, tyf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lgsf
ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 -/fHosf gLltx_

-&_

;+ljwfg ;efdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Aoj:yf,

-*_

/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf Ps hgf ;b:o lgo'QmL ug]{ Aoj:yf

-(_

/fhgLlts bnsf ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf, dlxnf blnt nufot pk]lIft / plTkl8t If]qsf ;b:o
;d]t /xg] ul/ ;dfj];L Aoj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] dlxnf tyf cGo l;dfGts[t hfltsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf
ljz]if Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-!_

lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj];L agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 x'g] kbk'lt{df ljz]if Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5, v'nf kbdf
lj1fkgsf nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f e};s]kl5 v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk'lt{ x'g] kbsf] $% kb 5'f 5'} k|lt:kwf{
u/fO{ kbk'lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
-s_

dlxnf ##

-v_

cflbjf;Lhghflt @&

-u_

dw];L

-3_

blnt (

-_

ckf %

-r_

lk5l8Psf] If]q $

@@

-@_

$% pNn]lvt kbxdf cf/lIft ju{sf pDd]bjf/xn] dfq k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] 5g\ .

-#_

cf/lIft kbsf k|ltikwL{xn] ck|fljlws tkm{sf k|f/lDes k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ /fVg' kb}{g .

-$_

;]jfdf k|j]z kfpg k'ifxsf nflu #% jif{ 5, t/ dlxnfxsf nflu % jif{ yk u/L $) jif{ agfOPsf] 5 .

-%_

ljsf; tkm{ cljlR5Gg kdf % jif{ b]lv sfo{/t dlxnfxnfO{ pd]/sf] xb nfUb}g .

-^_

dlxnfxnfO{ k/LIf0fsfn dfq 5 dlxgf 5, eg] k'ifsf nflu ! jif{ /x]sf] 5 .

-&_

j9'jfsf nflu ;+efAo pd]bjf/ x'g k'if pDd]bjf/sf] eGbf ! jif{ sd ug]{ Aoj:yf .

-*_

dlxnfsf nflu ^) lbg ;Dd tnjL k|;"lt ljbf / dfu u/]df yk ^ dlxgfsf] j]tnjL ljbf lbg] .

-(_

kL/, dsf{ / u'gf;f] Aoj:yfkg ;ldltdf Ps hgf dlxnf ;b:o ;dfj]z ug]{ .

-!)_ a}b]lzs 5fqj[lQdf dgf]gog ubf{ dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

!%

If]qut sfg"gdf ePsf] Aoj:yf

-!_

g]kfn k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfdf v'nf k"lt{ ubf{ @) dlxnfsf nflu ;'/lIft

-@_

k|fylds ljBfnodf Ps hgf dlxnf lzIfs clgjfo{

-#_

ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltdf dlxnf sDtLdf ! hgf /fVg' kg]{

-$_

slDtdf % 5fqj[lQ dlxnfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{

-%_

%) hgf eGbf jl9 dlxnf sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf] k|lti7fgsfof{noxdf lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] Aoj:yf x'g' kg]{

-^_

ue{jtL dlxnf y'g'jf ePdf % dlxgfsf] ue{ k'u]kl5 lghnfO{ hdfgLdf 5fl8g] / ;f] cjlw s}b cjlwdf g} u0fgf ul/g]

-&_

s}bL dlxnf k|;"lt ePdf ^) lbgsf nflu yk ;'Ts]/L zLIff lbg] Aoj:yf

-*_

dlxnf lx+;f lgoGq0fsf nflu cbfntL sfo{ljlw / nf}ls Gofosf nflu lj]z]if Aoj:yf

-(_

ljjfx tyf kl/jfl/s hLjgdf ljz]if Aoj:yf

-!)_

dlxnfn] hUuf vl/b ubf{ /fh:jdf 5'6

-!!_

cf=j= )^$)^% b]lv n}ls ;+j]bgzLn ah]6 cjwf/0ffsf] cjnDag

o;} u/L # jif]{ of]hgf -)^$)^&_ n] lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-!_

dGqfnoxn] ;+ r fng ug] { sfo{ q mdxdf nfeflGjt x' g ] hg;+ V ofsf] sflDtdf ## dlxnf x' g ' kg] {

-@_

/fHo ;+rfngdf ## dlxnf :yfg ;'/lIft ug{ jfws sfg"gx kl/dfh{g ug]{ . ;+:yfgxdf dlxnf sd{rf/L k|dv
'
/ ;+rfns ;ldltdf %) dlxnf ePsf] k|lti7fgnfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbg] .

-#_

k|fs[lts >f]t dfly dlxnf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{

oL ;j} Joj:yfaf6 n}ls ;+j]bgzLntfsf kIfdf /fHo bxf];Fu plePsf] / dlxnf ju{sf] ;xeflutf x/ If]qdf
;'lglZrt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

pknlAwx
;sf/fTds lje]baf6 g]kfndf s]xL pknlAw k|fKt ePsf 5g\, sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot lbP/,
;dfgtfsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtdf ;dembf/L u/]/ klg dfly p7fpg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy of] gLlt / sfo{qmd w]/} kl5
dfq b]zn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] . tyfkL lgDg pknlAwx pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .
-!_

/fi6;+l3o ljsf; sfo{qmd / g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf kbxsf nflu tof/L sIffx
dfu{ lrq s} of]hgf cg';f/ ;~rfng ul//fv]sf] 5, o;n] dlxnf ju{df pT;fx / xf};nfsf] clej[l4 ePsf] 5,
;fdfGo k|zf;g d+qfnon] blnt / hghftLxsf nflu o; cled'lvs/0f tfnLsf ;+rfng ul/ cfPsf] 5, o;af6
of] ju{sf k|ltikwf{xdf If]dtfsf] ljsf; ePsfn] ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ k|ltzt a9\b} uPsf] 5, ;d'Rrf lghfdlt
;]jfdf of] ju{ / ;d'xsf] k|ltlglwTj a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .

-@_

ljz]if u/L ;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmdaf6 dlxnfx nfeflGjt x'Fb} uPsf 5g\, pgLx dlxnfsf nflu, hghflt /
blnt ;d"xsf dlxnfxn] pQm ;d"xsf nflu cf/lIft :yfgsf ;fy} afFsL %% sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf klg ;xefuL
aGg] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ .

-#_

dfu{ lrq :jLsf/ u/] kZrft lghfdlt ;]jfdf bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5, of] ;+zf]wgn] blnt, hghflt, dlxnf, dw];L,
ckf tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ lghfdlt ;]jf leq k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5, cfpFbf lbgxdf oL ;d"x ;]jf
k|lt cfslif{t x'Fb} k|ltlglwTj ;+Vof a9b} hfg] b]lvG5 .

-$_

lghfdlt ;]jf afx]ssf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfxdf klg ;dfj]zL gLltnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psfn] klg of] ju{ yk pT;fxL
aGg] jftfj/0f >[hgf ePsf] 5 .
!^

-%_

/fhgLltdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/P kZrft ;+ljwfg ;efdf dlxnfxsf] ## / blnt, hghfltsf]
klg pNn]vgLo pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 .

-^_

;/sf/L k|fylds ljBfnox ;j}df ! hgf dlxnf lzlIfsf /fVg} kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yfn] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
gLltn] y'k|} dlxnfxnfO{ pT;flxt t'NofPsf] 5, cj;/ k|fKt ul//fv]sf 5g\ .

-&_

;dfj]zL sfo{qmdxaf6 of] ju{df r]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'bF } uPsf] l:ylt 5, kl/0ffd:jk cfly{s, ;fdflhs, :jf:Yo
cflbsf If]qdf klg nfeflGjt x'bF } uPsf 5g\, cfgf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfjfh a'nGb x'bF } cfPsf] kl/l:ylt
5.

t;y{ g]kfndf l9n} u/L :jLsf/ ul/Psf] o; sfo{qmdn] ;sf/fTds glthfx lbg yfn]sf 5g\, lj:tf/} pgLxsf
nflu d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f >[hgf x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

lgisif{
;sf/fTds lje]bsf /fd|f g/fd|f kIfx 5g\, AolQmsf] df}lns xsdf o;n] ;Demf}tf u/fpFb} cl3 a9\b5, ;dfgtfsf]
xs s'l07t x'g k'U5, of] oyfy{tf xf], ;fy ;fy} ;dfhdf /fHosf >f]t ;fwgdf bL3{sfn ;Dd kx'Fr k|fKt ul//fv]sf] ju{n]
ljz]if ;'ljwf k|fKt u/L ;dfhdf x'g] vfg] (Creamy Layer) sf] kdf :yflkt x'Fbf sdhf]/ agfOFb} u/]sf] ju{sf] xs lx:;f
dfly cltqmd0f ePsf] klg oyfy{tf xf] . o; sf/0f 5nkmn ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ cl3 a9\g'df s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 .
of] ljifo k|zf;g / Aoj:yfkg eGbf Hofbf /fhgLlts xf], /fhgLltn] b]zjf;LnfO{ ;dGofo / ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug{
g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug}{kb{5 . /fhgLltn] g} oL ;j} cj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf hgtf k|lt hjfkmb]lxtf axg ug'{ kb{5 .
j[xt kdf of] sfo{qmdnfO{ cg'udg ;d]t ul/ cl3 a9\g' kb{5 . s]xL d'n'sxdf o; k|sf/sf] lj:tf/} cl3 a9\b} hfg]
gLltn] ck]lIft ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] /fHon] pNn]Vo tj/n] x:tIf]k u/L hldgsf] k'gMljt/0f gLlt ;Dd k'Ug' kb{5
eGg] cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ sd dxTj lbg] ljifo k|fo ;j} ;dfhsf nflu k|To'Tkfbs l;4
x'g] kl/l:ylt 5 . hgtfdf cfPsf] hfu/0fsf sf/0f klg o;sf] dfu hf]8bf/ kdf ;j{q pl7/fv]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{qmd
nfu' ubf{ s'g} klg b]zn] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf] ljZn]if0f ;lxt sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . klxnf] xf], o; sfo{qmdaf6
nlIft ;d"x x/ b[li6sf]0fn] kl5 k/]sf JolQmxnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L th'{df ul/g' kb{5, sfo{qmdsf] k|ltkmn ;DkGg JolQmx
(Creamy layer) nfO{ eGbf ul/j JolQmxnfO{ ;d]6g
\ ' kb{5 . bf];f| ] xf] o; sfo{qmdn] u'0f:t/df ;Demf}tf ug'{ x'Gg, sfo{qmdn]
;d]l6Psf ju{ kl5 k/]sfxsf] Ifdtf t'ngfTds lx;fjn] sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 logLxsf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ul/g' kb{5 . gLlhIf]q
k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{df rn]sf] x'G5, lgDg u'0f:t/sf] hgzlQm :jLsf/ u/]/ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Qm}g, ;/sf/L If]qdf o:tf sdhf]/
Ifdtf ePsf AolQmxsf] k|jz
] n] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfO{ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 k|fKt ;]jf ;'ljwf g/fd|/L k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . ;dfgtfsf]
xs dfly k|ltaGw cyjf ;+emf}tf ul/g] ljifon] ;wF} lg/Gt/tf k|fKt ul//xFbf ;dfhdf ;dembf/L, ;f}xfb{tf vnjlnG5,
lju|x cfdGq0f x'g] l:ylt cfO{ kb{5 To;}n] t];|f] kIfsf] kdf lglZrt, p2]Z o / nIo ;lxtsf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{
;do ;Ldf tf]Sg' kb{5, pQm ;Ldf k'/f eP kZrft ;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmddf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' kb{5 . rf}yf] xf], pko'Qm
Ifltk'lt{sf] Joj:yf, nfdf] ;do b]lvsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ePsfxnfO{ k"0f{ kdf Ifltk'lt{ ug]{ ljifo ljjfbf:kb
x'g] u/]sf] 5, t/ cGofosf] :t/ x]/L Ifltk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf x'g' kb{5 . lxGb':tfgdf blntxnfO{ sltko :yfgdf ;DklQsf]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/fOPsf] 5, pgLx lbge/ dhb'/L u/L hLjg lgjf{x k':tfF} b]lv ul/ cfPsf 5g\, o:tf ;d'bfonfO{
/fHon] >f]t ;fwgdf cToflws kx'Fr sfod u/fO{ kl/k'/0f u/fO{ lbg' kb{5 . o;/L ljZn]if0f ul//xbf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
kIf ljkIfdf jsfnt ug'{ eGbf o;sf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5, k|Zg ;sf/fTds lje]b sfo{qmd nfu' ug]{ jf
gug]{ eGbf klg o;nfO{ ;'b9[ u/L l56f] uGtJodf k'Ug] ljsNkx rog ul/ cl3 a9\gk' g]{ l:ylt cfhsf] ljZjn] g} cfTd;ft
u/]sf] 5 .
;dfKt

!&

;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] ;}4flGts ?k/]vf

*o'j/fh kf08]

;f/f+z
j]/f]huf/L, j[4fj:yf, ladf/L ,Jofj;flos b'36{ gf, kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L, dft[Tj, czQmtf, jf d[To' h:tf 36gfsf] sf/0fn]
sfd ug{ jf cfocfh{g x'g] /f]huf/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] jf cfDbfgL x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;+/If0f cfjZos ePsf
dflg;x ;j}nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt cfjZos cfwf/e"t cfo ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{sf nflu
ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fj{hlgs pkfo ;fdflhs ;'/Iff xf] eg] ;dfhsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / zf/Ll/skn] sdhf]/ dflg;nfO{
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Ifd jgfpgsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0f elgG5 . ;fdflhs
;'/IffnfO{ cf}krfl/s If]qsf] /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf k|bfg ul/g] ;'/Iffsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]/ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ u/LaL,
sdhf]/ cj:yf / hf]lvdsf] cj:yfaf6 ul/g] ;+/If0fsf] kdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eGbf km/flsnf] cjwf/0ffsf] kdf
kl/eflift ug]{ k|rng ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't n]vdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;dflhs ;+/If0fsf] ;}4flGts k/]vf /
g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]ujf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=

k[i7e"ld M

;fdfGo af]lnrfnLdf ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f zAbsf] Pp6} cy{df k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL zAb ;'/Iffn] /fd|f] jrfp
jf ;d'lrt /Iff eGg] cy{ lbG5 eGg] s'/f g]kfnL j[xt\ zJbsf]zn] pNNf]v u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnL zJb ;+/If0fn] /fd|/L
ul/g] /Iff jf lxkmfht ug]{ s'/fnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] s'/f ;f] zJbsf]zn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;f] zAbsf]zn] ;'/Iff /
;+/If0f zAbn] ;dfg cy{ lbg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] zAbsf]zn] g]kfnL zAb ;'/IffnfO{ klg ;+/If0f zAbsf] cYf{sf]
kdf pNn]v u/]sf] s'/fn] oL b'O{ zAb kof{ojfrL zAbsf] kdf k|of]udf cfpg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . o;jf6 ;fdflhs
;+/If0f ( Social Protetion) / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff (Social Security) zAbnfO{ klg ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
cS;kmf]8{ cFuh
]| L zJbsfzn] klg l;So'l/6L (Security) n] klg s'g} JolQm, ejg jf d'ns
' nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] gf]S;fgL
jf cfqmd0fjf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ jf To:tf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{sf] lhDdf kfPsf] ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
eljiodf x'g ;Sg] s'g} g/fd|f] s'/faf6 ul/g] ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt ;d]t l;So'l/6L zAbsf] k|of]u x'G5 eGg]
s'/f ;f] zAbsf]ifn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . C0f ln+bf v]/L /flvg] lwtf] / z]o/ k|df0f kqnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt ;d]t l;So'/6L
zAbsf] k|of]u x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg ;f] zAbsf]ifn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . C0fsf] lglDt /fVg'kg]{ lwtf]n] C0f lbg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn]
C0f /sd lkmtf{ x'G5 jf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ / z]o/ k|df0fkqn] klg s'g} sDkgL ljz]ifsf] :jfldTjdf
lx:;]bf/L k|Tofe"lt lbg] x'gfn] oL cy{df ;d]t l;So'l/6L zJbn] nufgLstf{n] ug]{ nufgLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;d]6]sf]
5 eGg ;lsG5 .
l;So'l/6L zAbsf] cy{df ;+/If0fnfO{ hgfpg] k|f]6]lS6\ / k|f]6]S;g zAbsf] ;d]t k|of]u ePsf] s'/fn] dfq} klg
c+u|]hL zJb l;So'l/6L / k|]f6]S;g ;dfg cy{df k|of]u x'g ;S5g\ eGg] b]lvG5 .

Meanings of the world security

The activities involved in protecting a country, building or person against attack, danger, etc
The department of a large company or organization that deals with the protection of its building,
equipment and staff
Protection against something bad that might happen in the future
Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary

To;}u/L c+u|]hL zAb

n] klg s'g} lsl;dsf] vt/f jf gf]S;fgLaf6 ;'/lIft / ;+/lIft ePsf] cj:yf (The
nfO{ hgfpg] x'gfn] ;]6L zAbn] ;d]t l;So'l/6L / k|f6] S] ;g zAbn] lbg] cy{ lbg
;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;/L c+uh
]| L zAb ;f];n ;]6L (Social Safety), ;f];n l;So'l/6L (Social Security) / ;f];n k|f6] S] ;g (Social Protection)
nfO{ ;dfg cy{ d f k| o f] u ug{ ldNg] b] l vG5 / oL zAbsf] ;dfg cy{ d f k| o f] u ePsf] klg e] fpg
Safety

state of being safe and protected from danger or harm)

*k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

!*

;lsG5 . l;So'l/6L zAbn] ;'/Iff lbg] c / pkfonfO{ ;d]t hgfpg] / c+u|]hL zAb ;]6L g]6 (Safety net) zAbn] s'g}
g/fd|f] 36gf jf k|sf]kaf6 jrfpgsf] lglDt ul/Psf] k|jGw (The arrangement that helps to prevent disaster if something
goes wrong) nfO{ hgfpg] ePsf]n] ;f];n k|f]6]S;g (Social Protection) eGg] zAbn] kl/0ffdnfO{ hgfpg] / ;f];n ;]6L
g]6 (Social Safety net) zAb / ;f];n l;So'l/6L zAbn] ;+/If0f ug{sf lglDt ul/Psf] Joj:yf jf k|jGwnfO{ hgfpF5 eg]/
;"Id 9\un] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;f];n k|f]6]S;g (Social Protection) sf] cjwf/0ff / ;f];n l;So'l/6L (Social Security)
tyf ;f];n ;]6L g]6sf cjwf/0ffxsf] jLrdf leGgtf klg vf]Hg ;lsG5 .

@= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

(Social Security)

g]kfnL zAbsf]z / c+uh

]| L zAbsf]z b'an
} ] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff (Social Security) zAbsf cy{ ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL
j[xt\ zAbsf]zn] ;dfhdf x'g ;Sg] rf]/L, 8s}tL, n'6kf6, s'6lk6, c;'/Iff cflbaf6 jRg] jf jrfpg] ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf]
kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cS;kmf]8{ c+u|]hL zAbsf]zn] ;f];n l;So'l/6L zAbsf] k|of]u b'Oj6f cy{df x'g]
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;f] zAbsf]zn] u/Lj, j]/f]huf/ / lj/fdL cflb dflg;nfO{ ;/sf/n] lgoldtkdf pknAw u/fpg]
k};fnfO{ ;f];n l;So'l/6L zAbsf] Pp6f cy{sf] kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] dflg;xn] sfd ug]{ ;dodf lgoldtkn]
;/sf/nfO{ k+;
} f a'emfpg] / kl5 j[4fj:yf jf ljdf/Lsf] sf/0fn] sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePkl5 ;/sf/af6 k};
+ f kfpg] k|0ffnLnfO{
csf]{ cy{sf] kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ j[4 eQf / j]/f]huf/ eQf h:tf eQfsf] ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf / sd{rf/L
;+ r osf] i fsf] Joj:yf Joj:yfxnfO{ ;fdflhs ;' / Iff ;DaGwL sfo{ q mdsf] kdf lng' k g] { b] l vG5 .

Social Security
Money that government pays regularly to people who are poor, unemployed, sick etc.
A system in which people pay money regularly to the government when they are working and receive payments
from the government wnen they are unable to work, especially when they are sick or too old to work
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary

dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f @% sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfgf] / cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo / sNof0fsf] nflu vfBfGg, sk8f, cfjf; / cf}ifwf]krf/sf] ;'ljwf / cfjZos ;fdflhs ;]jfx nufot
kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ tyf j]/f]huf/L, lj/fdL, czSttf, ljwjf, j'9];sfn jf cfgf] sfj" jflx/sf kl/l:yltxdf
hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfosf cefjdf ;'/Iff kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ n]
cfdf / lzz'nfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/ / ;xfotf kfpg] clwsf/ 5 / ljjfx eO{ jf geO{ hGd]sf ;Dd"0f{ jfnjflnsfxn] ;dfg
;fdflhs ;+/If0f kfpg] 5g\ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his
family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to
security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood,
circumstances beyond his control. -Article 25(1), Universal Declaration of Human Rights Motherhood and
childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall
enjoy the same social protection. -Article 25(2), Universal Declaration of Human Rights

;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] u/]sf] pQm Joj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6
;+3n] j]/f]huf/L, lj/fdL, czQmtf, ljwjf, j'9;
] sfn jf cfgf] sfj" jflx/sf kl/l:yltxdf dflg;nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'/IffnfO{
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:tf] ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] dflg;n] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|fKt
u5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f ;d]t ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] /fV5 eGg] lgisif{ pkwf/f -@_ sf] cWoog u/]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . o;af6
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ pks/0f jf pkfosf] kdf / ;fdflhs ;/If0fnfO{
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] l;lh{t cj:yf jf kl/0ffdsf] kdf lnPsf] 5 eGg] ts{ ;d]t ug{ ldNg] b]lvG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf] wf/f @@ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;dfhsf] Ps ;b:osf] x}l;otn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g]
;d] t sf] Joj:yf u/] / ;fdflhs ;' / IffnfO{ cfwf/e" t dfgj clwsf/sf] kdf kl/eflift u/] s f] 5 .
!(

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through
national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each
State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the development of his
personality.
-Article 22, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gnfO{ lkmnf8]lNkmof 3f]if0ffn] ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf ;j}nfO{ Go"gtd cfDbfgL / kof{Kt :jf:Yo
;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf lglDt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/sf nflu k|of; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lkmnf8]lNkmof ;Dd]ngsf] o; lg0f{onfO{ ;g\ @))! df ePsf] cfO=Pn=cf]= sf] ;Dd]ngn] / ;g\ @))$ df ljZjJofkLs/0f
sf] ;fdflhs cfofd ;DjGwL ljZj cfof]un] klg cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ .
TO "further among the nations of the world programmes which will achieve....the extension of social security
measure to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care "
- ILO Constitution, Annex. (The Declarition of Philadelphia), 1944
This mandate "was formulated in 1944 and reaffirmed by the International Labour Conference in 2001 and
recommended also by the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization "
- ILO, Social Security Briefing, Paper 5, 2008, p.23

o;/L Go"gtd cfDbfgL cfh{g ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;nfO{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfo Pj+ kof{Kt :jf:Yo
x]/rfx ;]jf pknJw u/fpgsf lglDt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf cGt/fli6o
>d ;+u7gn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf] ;g\ @))@ df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -Go"gtd dfkb08x_
;Demf}tf !(%@ cyf{t\ ;Demf}tf g+ !)@ n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] lglDt ( j6f zfvfxsf] klxrfg u/]sf] b]lvG5
-!_

lrlsT;f ;]jf (Medical care) M dft[lzz' x]/rfx tyf :ofxf/ / /f]usf] pkrf/ / k|lt/Iffsf] lglDt
cfjZos lrlsT;f ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf .

-@_

ljdfg ;'ljwf
Joj:yf .

-#_

j]/f]huf/ eQf / ;'ljwf (Unemployment benefit) M pko'Qm /f]huf/L kfpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] cfosf]
gf]S;fgL jf :yugjfkt ;'ljwf;xof]u lbg] Joj:yf .

-$_

j[ 4 fj:yfsf] ;' l jwf

-%_

/f]huf/ b'3{6gf ;'ljwf (Employment Injury benefit) M /f]u nfu]sf] jf cbIftf (Incapacity) b]vf k/]sf]
cj:yf, cf}Bf]lus b'36{ gfdf k/L d[To' jf c;Qm ePsf] cj:yf (Invalidity or loss of a faculty) / k]zfut
sf/0fn] /f]u nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf .

-^_

kfl/jfl/sz}lIfs j[lt (Family benefit) M ljBfno 5f]8\g] pd]/ jf !% jif{ d'lgsf jfnjflnsfsf]
kfngkf]if0fsf] lglDt ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf .

-&_

dft[Tj ;'ljwf (Maternity benefit) M uef{j:yf / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf / cfosf]
;'lglZrttfsf] lglDt ;xof]u / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf .

-*_

czQm j[lQ (Invalidity benefit) M cfod"ns sfo{df ;+nUg x'g g;Sg] u/L czSt cj:yfdf k'u]sf]
JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf .

-(_

kfl/jfl/s j[lQ (Survivors' benefit) M sdfpg] dfG5]sf] d[To' ePsf] sf/0fn] c;xfo jg]sf ljwjf /
jfnjflnsfnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u lbg] Joj:yf .
@)

(Sickness benefit)

M lj/fdLsf] sf/0fn] sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;'ljwf jf ;xof]u lbg]

(Old - age benefit )

Mj[ 4 fj:yfdf ;' l jwf k| b fg ug] { Joj:yf .

;j}sf] lglDt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt jf ;'lglZrttfsf] lglDt slDtdf klg Pp6f Go"gtd ;]6sf] klxrfg
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DjGwL ljZjJofkL cleofgsf] cfwf/e"t cjojsf] kdf cfO=Pn=cf]=
:jo+n] g} lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
Seeking to extend at least a minimum set of social security guarantees to all is one of the core components
of the ILO's Global Campaign in Social Security and Coverage for All .
- ILO, Social Security Policy Briefing, Paper 5, P.23, 2008

;j}nfO{ Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf lglDt dflg;nfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{
;xof]u ;'ljwfsf] Go"gtd ;dli6 jf Kofs]h (A basic benefit package) nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;tx jf :t/
(Social security floor) sf] klxrfg ug]{ cfjZostfsf] ;d]t cg'ej ePsf] blvG5 . cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gn] cfwf/e"t
;xof]usf] ;dli6df lgDg cjojxnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 M
-!_

;j} gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZos :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;xof]u (Basic |essential healthcare benefit) pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf . o:tf] ;xof]u k|bfg ug{sf] lglDt cfjZos nufgL / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] lglDt /fHo lhDd]jf/ x'g] Joj:yf .

-@_

kf]if0f, lzIff / x]/rfx ;]jfdflysf] kx'r

F nfO{ ;'lglZrt jgfpg] p2]Zon] kfl/jfl/s jfnjflnsf ;xof]u;'ljwfsf]
dfWodjf6 ;a} afnaflnsfxnfO{ slDtdf klg u/LaLsf] /]vfsf] :t/sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf .

-#_

;lj|mo pd]/ ;d"xsf u/Lj / j]/f]huf/ dflg;xnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] u/L cfly{s ;xof]u/fxt ;DjGwL nlIft
sfo{j|md ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf .

-$_

j[4fj:yf / czQm cj:yfdf /x]sf ;j} dflg;nfO{ czQm j[lQ / j[4fj:yf j[lQsf] dfWodjf6 slDtdf klg ul/aLsf]
/]vfsf] :t/sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf .

The ILO Social Secuity Depertment has identified a minimum set of four essential basic social security
guarantees ( a basic benefit package) that could constitute a social security floor .

all residents have access to basic/essential healthcare benefits, where the State accepts the general
responsibility for ensuring the adequacy of the delivery system and financing of the scheme,

all children enjoy income security at least at the poverty level through family/child benefit aimed at
facilitating access to nutrition, education and care,

some targeted income support for the poor and unemployed in active age groups,

all residents in old age and disability enjoy income security at least at the poverty level through pensions
for old age and disability .
-ILO, Social Secuity Policy Briefing, Paper-6, 2008, and Paper-3, 2008, P. 3

;fj{hlgs kx'Fr jf lj:tf/, clwsf/df cfwfl/t kmfObfx, ul/aLsf] lj4 ;+/If0f, cfly{s ;'/Iff, of]ubfg / kmfObfsf]
:t/sf] oyfy{k/s ;dsIftf, artsf] Go"gtd k|ltkmnsf] ;'lglZrttf, n}ls lgikIftf, :j:y / ;jn nufgL, ljQLo
lhDd]jf/L / /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L tyf ;'zf;g ;d]]tsf bzj6f cfwf/e"t k4ltdf cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf] gofF ;fdflhs
;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
The new social secuity paradigm of the ILO is based on a universal and progressive approach, focusing on
social outcomes and based on the following ten basic principles : universal coverage, benefits based on
rights, protection against poverty, income secuity, actuarial equivalence of contributions and benefit levels,
guarantee of a minimum rate of return on saving, gender fairness, sound financing, fiscal responsibility and
state responsibility and good governance.
- ILO, Social Security Briefings, Paper 5, 2008. P.8

o;/L lj/fdL, j]/f]huf/L, j[4fj:yf, Jofj;flos b'3{6gf, kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L, dft[Tj, czQmtf, jf d[To' h:tf 36gfsf]
sf/0fn] sfd ug{ jf cfocfh{g x'g] /f]huf/ k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] jf cfDbfgL x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;+/If0f cfjZos
ePsf dflg;x ;j}nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf lglDt cfjZos cfwf/e"t cfo ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{sf
nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fj{hlgs pkfonfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .
@!

Social security may be defined as the adoption of public measures to ensure basic income security to all in
need of protection, in order to relieve want and prevent destitution by restoring up to a certain level income
which is lost or reduced by reason of inability to work or to obtain remunerative work due to the occurrence
of various contingencies, sickness, unemployment, old age, employment injury, family responsibilities,
maternity, invalidity or death of the bread winner.
-ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper-2, P.3.
Wikipedia -ljlsk]l8of_ n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn] d'Vokn]] u/LjL, j[4fj:yf, czQmtf, j]/f]huf/L / ;fdflhskn]
kl/eflift o:t} cGo cj:yfdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ ;fdflhs ljdf sfo{qmdnfO{ hgfpg] eP klg o; zAbn] cfosf]
lg/Gt/tf (income maintenance) sf] nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] lglDt lhDd]jf/ lgsfo jf k|zf;gn]
pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfx (Services) / vfg]s/' f, sk8f, cfjf;, lzIff, k};f / :jf:Yo x]/rfx ;]jf h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
;DaGwL ;'/Iff cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff (Basic security) nfO{ ;d]t hgfpg ;S5 eGg]] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq / cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf b:tfj]hxsf] ;fy;fy} :jtGq
OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of ljlsk]l8of ;d]tn] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ s/Ljs/Lj Ps} lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 tfklg ;fdflhs
;'/Iff zAbnfO{ cf}krfl/s If]qsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iffsf] kdf kl/eflift ug'{k5{ eGg] wf/0ff klg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
cfO=Pn=cf]= s} l;rf]g / :sf]Nh (M. Cichon, W. Scholz, Meerendonk, etc.) ;d]taf6 n]lvPsf] Pp6f k|sfzgn] o; s'/fnfO{
pNn]v ub}{ eg]sf] 5 In the literature and public debate on social issues, the term "Social Security" which widely used
for decades, is often understood as the set of transfers that originate from formal sector employment . "Social protection"
is considered to be a wider concept.
- ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper -3, P.1.

csf{lt/ cfO=Pn=cf]= sf k|sfzgxdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs ;+/If0f b'jn

} fO{ ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ug]{ sfd
;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ / u/LjLsf] lgjf/0f ug{sf lglDt ;~rfng ul/g] gubsf] x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL
sfo{qmd, lrlsT;f tyf :jf:Yo / cGo ;fdflhs ;]jfxsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] sfo{qmdx / sfdbf/ / pgLxsf kl/jf/sf]
cfDbfgL, :jf:Yo / dfgjf]lrt hLjg:t/sf] ;+/If0fsf] lglDt ;~rflnt To;} k|sf/sf cGo sfo{qmdx ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
k|0ffnL jf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f ;d]t cfO=Pn=cf]= n] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L cfO=Pn=cf]= n] km/flsnf] cy{df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ lnP/ o;nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] cy{df lj:tf/ Pj+
kl/eflift ug]{ sfd ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
On an operational level, social protection or social security systems may therefore be understood as incorporating:

those cash transfers in a society that seek to provide income security and by extension to prevent or
alternate poverty,

those measures which guarantee access to medical care, health and social service, and

other measures of a similar nature designed to protect the income, health and well being of workers
and their families.
-ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper-7, P. 9.

o;/L ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ km/flsnf] cy{df kl/eflift ubf{ o;n] ;dfhsf ;b:oxnfO{ cfgf] ;'/Iff / lrlsT;f ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo ePsf ;+:yf, pkfo, clwsf/ / bfloTjxsf] ;dli6nfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] s'/f cfO=Pn=cf]= s} ;Dd]ngdf
k|:t't ePsf] Pp6f sfo{kqdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
This paper is based on a broad understanding rather than a precise definition of social security as :
the set of institutions, measures, rights and obligations whose primary goal is to provide according to specified
rules, income security and medical care to individual members of society.
-ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper-7, P. 9.

o;af6 ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ km/flsnf] cy{df kl/eflift ug]{ xf] eg] /fi6 / ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xx / cf}krfl/s
tyf cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq b'j} o;sf] bfo/fdf cfpF5g\ . csf]{lt/ o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ k/Dk/fut / ;fF3'/f] cy{df kl/eflift
ubf{ o;n] cf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ sd{rf/L / pgLxsf kl/jf/sf] ;'/IffnfO{ dfq ;d]6\g] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf]
;dodf cGt/f{li6o >d ;+u7g / cGo cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx tyf cWo]tf / ljZn]ifsxn] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ km/flsnf]
cy{df kl/eflift ug]{ k|j[lQ j9]sf] b]lvG5 .
@@

#= ;fdflhs ;+/If0f

(Social Protection)

;dfhsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / zf/Ll/skn] sdhf]/ dflg;nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Ifd
jgfpgsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;+/If0fnfO{ g} ;fdflhs ;+/If0f elgG5 .
ljlsk]l8ofn] jx'cfoflds cefj 36fpgsf lglDt JolQm / kl/jf/nfO{ /fHo, jhf/, gful/s ;dfh / 3/kl/jf/sf]
tkm{af6 PSnfPSn} jf ;+o'Qmkn] k|bfg ul/g] kmfObf jf ;'ljwfsf] ;dli6nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . of] jx'cfoflds cefjn] j[4 Pj+ ckftf ePsf JolQm h:tf cxn] em} sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf /
j]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;xnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .
Social protection refers to a set of benefits available (or not available) from the state, market, civil society
and households, or through a combination of these agencies, to the individual households to reduce multidimensional deprivation. This multi-dimensional deprivation could be affecting less active poor persons (e.g.
the elderly, disabled) and active poor persons (e.g. unemployed). This broad framework makes this concept
more acceptable in developing countries than the concept of social security. (Wikipedia)

To;}u/L cdf{08f] jfl/G6f];\, 8]lj8 Xo"d / sf]/]g o"/]n] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ jt{dfg jf efjL hLjgofkgdf jfwf k'ofpg
;Sg] ljkb\ jf k|sf]k, hf]lvd / tgfjxsf] lg/fs/0f, Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f ug{sf] lglDt JolQm 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfonfO{
;xof]u k'ofpg ;/sf/, gLlhIf]q, :j]lR5s ;+u7g / ;fdflhs ;~hfnjf6 ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{j|mdsf] ;dli6s} kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ .
Social Protection involves interventions from public, private, voluntary organizations and social networks,
to support individuals, households and communities prevent, manage and overcome the hazards, risks and
stress threatening their present and future wellbeing.
-Armando Barrientos, David Hume & Koren Moore, Chronic Poverty Research Center, UK

pgLxn] 3/kl/jf/sf] pkef]u / nufgL of]hgfdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ j]/f]huf/L, lj/fdL / drought h:tf
36gfxnfO{ ljkb\ (hazards) sf] kdf lnPsf 5g\ eg] ljkb b]vf kg]{ ;+efjgf (Probability that hazard will materialize)
nfO{ hf]lvd (Risk) / Go"g kfl/>lds b/=jf j9L 306f;Dd sfd ug'{kg]{ l:ylt h:tf hLjgdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ :yfoL continuous) / ylkb} hfg] -cumulative) k|sl[ tsf bjfjxnfO{=tgfj (Stresses) sf] kdf lnPsf 5g\ . :6]km]g ls8 (Stephen
Kidd) n] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ Jofks / ;f3'/f] cy{df b'O{ leGg lsl;dn] kl/eflift ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]
5g\ .
u/LjL, sdhf]/ cj:yf (vulnerability) / jlxis/0f (exclusion) sf ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfg ug{ / hLjgdf cfOkg]{
k|dv
' vt/f jf hf]lvdxsf] ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] ;dli6nfO{ pgn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]
km/flsnf] cy{sf] kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
;f+3'/f] cy{df ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] kof{ojfrL zAbsf] kdf k|of]udf x'G5 / u/LjL, j]/f]huf/L,
lj/fdL, ckftf, j[4fj:yf / sdfpg] JolQmsf] d[To'sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf dflg;xnfO{ cfo ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ ;fdflhs
:yfgfGt/0fsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfp5 eGg] s'/f pgn] pNNf]v u/]sf 5g\ .
Broad

Defining Social Protection

The set of public actions which directly address poverty, vulnerability and exclusions as well as
provide means to cope with major risks during the life cycle.
Narrow
Social protection is often employed more narrowly as an alternative term to social security essentially
the system of social transfers that provide income security to people in case of poverty, unemployment,
sickness, disability, old age and loss of the breadwinner.
-Stephen Kidd, 2009,
National Social Protection Framework

@#

To;}u/L dfOs]n :ofd;gn] u/LaL, sdhf]/ cj:yf (vulnerebility) / jlx:s/0f -exclusion) sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ / hLjgdf
cfOkg{ ;Sg] k|d'v hf]lvdxsf] ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos ;fwg;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;fj{hlgs sfo{xsf] ;dli6nfO{
;fdflhs ;+/If0f eg]sf 5g\ .
Social protection can be defined as the set of public actions which address poverty, vulnerability
and exclusion as well as provide means to cope with life's major risks throughout the lifecycle.

ljZjj}s
+ n] >d jhf/dflysf] x:tIf]k / sfg'g4f/f Jojl:yt j]/f]huf/ jf j[4fj:yf ladfb]lv nlIft cfocfly{s ;xof]u;Ddsf
dfgj k"FhLsf] ;'wf/ jf ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfox jf sfo{j|mdxsf] ;dli6nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Social protection is a collection of measures to improve or protect human capital, ranging from labour market
interventions, publicly mandated unemployment or old age insurance to targeted income support. Social
protection interventions assist individuals, households and communities to better manage the income risks
that live people vulnerable.
-World Bank Quoted from Designs & Implementing Social Transfer Programs, 2006.

o;/L ljZjj}+sn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ dfgj k"FhL / ;fdflhs hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/sf/4f/f ;+rflnt
sfo{jm| dsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;fdlhs ;+/If0fnfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ ljZjj}s
+ n] ;fdflhs hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
k4lt (Social risk management approach) cjnDjg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ ljdf/, j[4fj:yf, j]/f]huf/L jf kl/jfl/s jf ;fd'bflos Pstf
;d]tsf r'gf}tL h:tf cGo sl7gfOxsf] sf/0fn] cfDbfgLdf x'g] x|f; jf s6f}tLjf6 dflg;nfO{ arfpgsf lglDt ckgfpg]
;j} pkfosf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] s'/f cGt/fli6o jfn sf]if -o"lg;]km_ sf] Pp6f k|sfzgn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
The International Labour Organization (ILO) views social protection in a broad sense as covering
all safeguards or guarantees against reduction or loss of income in case of illness, old age, unemployment
or other hardship, and including family and ethnic solidarity. This includes protection instruments based on
collective or individual savings, private insurance, social insurance, mutual benefit societies, formal sector
social security etc.
Source : UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia-A Review, P. 5

o;/L cfO=Pn=cf]= n] ;fd"lxs jf JolQmut artx, lghL jLdf, ;fdflhs jLdf, kf/:kl/s kmfObf ;+:yfx /
cf}krfl/s If]qsf] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf pks/0fxsf] kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . cfO=Pn=cf]=sf] b[li6sf]0f
;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kfGt/0fsf/L l;4fGt jf k4lt cg's'n /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kfGt/0fsf/L k4ltn] cTolws u/Lj JolQm
/ kl/jf/nfO{ ug]{ ;fdflhs ;xof]u (Social Assistance), ljz]if /]vb]v gu/]df cfwf/e"t ;]jfaf6 jlGrt x'g] ;d"xnfO{
k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs ;]jfx, (Social service), /f]huf/L ;DjGwL ptf/r9fjn] ubf{ pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdjf6 dflg;nfO{
jrfpg] ;fdflhs aLdf / e]befj / b'kof]u h:tf ;fdflhs hf]lvdaf6 dflg;nfO{ arfpg] ;fdflhs ;dtf (social
equity) sfo{qmd ;d]tsf ;a} k|sf/sf cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s kxnxsf]] ;dli6nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kdf kl/eflift
u/]sf] s'/f dfOsn :ofd;g / pgsf ;fyLxn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
A transformative approach defines social protection broadly as "the set of all initiatives, both formal
and informal, that provide : social assistance to extremely poor individuals and households, social services
to groups who need special care or would otherwise be denied access to basic services, social insurance to
protect people against the risks and consequences of livelihood shocks, and social equity to protect people
against social risks such as discrimination or abuse.
- Devce reux and Subates Wheeler, Quoted by Samson, Niekerk and Mac Quene, 2006.

cGt/fli6o jfnsf]ifn] klg kfGt/0fsf/L k4ltsf] cjnDjg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o"lg;]kmn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{
;fdflhs jLdf ;DjGwL sfo{j|md / ;fdflhs ;xof]u ;DjGwL sfo{j|mdsf] ;dli6sf kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@$

Source : UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia,-A Review, P.5

o"lg;]kmn] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdflhs cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] nIo k"/f ug{sf lgldQ ;/sf/ /
ljsf;sf cGo stf{x?n] ug]{ lqmofsnfkx?sf] km/flsnf] >[\vnfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]5 .
Social protection could be defined as the broad range of interventions through which government
and other development actors seek to contribute to the goal of socio-economic security.
UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia, P.7

;Ddflgt hLjgsf nflu ef}lts ;'v, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, cfjfh / ;xeflutf tyf ;zlQms/0fsf] vfFrf]
x'G5 / ;fdflhs cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] dfWodaf6 dflg;n] To:tf] ;Ddflgt hLjg k|fKt ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ ;'vdo hLjg (Wellbeing) eGg'k5{ eGg] o"lg;]kmsf] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Well-being is about achieving dignified life which requires material well-being, social inclusion, voice and
participation and empowerment a notion best captured as socio-economic security.
-UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia, P.6.

PlzofnL ljsf; a}+sn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf >d jhf/sf] bIftfsf] k|j{4g / k|sf]k / cfDbfgLdf x'g] gf]S;fgLaf6 cfk"mnfO{
hf]ufpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/]/ dflg; hf]lvddf kg]{ ;+efjgfsf] Go"lgs/0f u/]/ ul/jL / sdhf]/ cj:yf (Vulnerability)
sf] Go"lgs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf gLlt / sfo{qmdx? /x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] ljrf/ /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . a}+sn] ;fdflhs
;+/If0fsf % k|d'v If]qnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 >d jhf/ ;DaGwL gLlt / sfo{qmdx?, ;fdflhs aLdf, ;fdflhs
;xof]u / sNof0fsf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{qmd, n3' Pj+ If]qd'vL sfo{qmdx? / jfn ;+/If0f .
It (Asian Development Bank(ABD), defines five main areas of social protection: labour market
policies and programmes, social insurance, social assistance and welfare service programmes, micro and
area based schemes and child protection.
Source :
UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia- A Review.

sltko cWo]tf / ljZn]ifsxn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ (Instrumentalist) / ;lqmotfjfbL (activist)

egL b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f bIftfjfbL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . bIftfjfbL (Instrumentalist) x?n] ljsf;
;DaGwL nIox? -h:t} M ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIox?_ k"/f ePkl5 u/LjL, c;dfgtf / sdhf]/ cj:yfsf] k|efj klg x/fP/
hfG5 eGg] ts{ u5{g\ . o; b[li6sf]0fn] ;dfhdf lghL If]qsf] jLdf k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf ;jn geP;Ddsf nflu jLdf / cGo
jhf/sf ck"0f{tf jf sdLx? x6fpgsf lglDt hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f (Social protection is about putting
@%

in place risk management mechanism that will compensate for incomplete or missing insurance (and other
markets), until a time that private insurance can play a more prominent role in that society) ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;fdflhs

;+/If0fsf] ?kdf x]5{ . ;lqmotfjfbLx?n] u/LjL, c;dfgtf / hf]lvdsf] cj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog /
;+/rgfTds c;dfgtfsf] nIf0fsf] ?kdf x]5{g\ / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf x]5{g\ . (Activist

arguments view the persistence of extreme poverty, inequality and vulnerability, as symptoms of social injustice
and structural inequality and see social protection as a right of citizenship) . o; b[li6sf]0fn] nlIft sNof0fsf/L

sfo{qmdnfO{ dfgjtfjfb / Go"gtd ;fdflhs :t/sf] sNof0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] cfbz{sf] k|flKtsf] lbzflt/ pGd'v pkfosf]
?kdf x]5{ (Targeted welfare is a necessary step between humanitarianism and the ideal of a guaranteed social
minimum where entitlement extends beyond cash or food transfers and is based on citizenship, not philanthropy
: Wikipedia) ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;fdflhs hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f (Social Risk Management
Approach) / ?kfGt/0fsf/L b[li6sf]0f (Transformational Approach ) egL b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug]{ ljZn]ifsx?n] bIftfjfbL

sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;fdflhs hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fsf] ?kdf x]/]sf] kfOG5 . ;lqmotfjfbL
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ?kfGt/0fsf/L b[li6sf]0fsf] ;+1f lbPsf] kfOG5 .
(Instrumentalist)

o;/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ s;/L x]gk{' 5{ eGg] ljifodf b'O{ k[ys b[li6sf]0fx? /x]sf eP klg ul/jL, sdhf]/ cj:yf
/ hf]lvd 36fpg] / cfDbfgL tyf /f]huf/Lsf] ptf/r9fj jf gf]S;fgLaf6 dflg;sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu pgLx?sf] Ifdtf
j9fpg] p2]Zo /fv]/ ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt / lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng ul/G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;fdfGo ;xdt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . To;}n] /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] utjif{ o; k+lQmsf/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL /fli6o
lgb]{zs ;ldlt (National Steering Committee on Social Protection) n] cfof]u ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f
;DaGwL /fli6o sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vf (National Framework for Social Protection) ljifos k|ltj]bgn] klg ;fdflhs
;+/If0fnfO{ u/LjL, sdhf]/ cj:yf / hf]lvdx? 36fpg / /f]huf/L / cfDbfgLsf] gf]S;fgL / ptf/r9fjsf] k|lts"n c;/af6
cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufpg dflg;sf] Ifdtf j9fpgsf lglDt th'{df ul/g] gLlt / lqmofsnfksf] ;dli6sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
5.
Social protection is defined as the set of policies and actions designed to reduce poverty, vulnerability,
and risks as well as to enhance people's capacity to protect themselves against shocks or loss of income and
employment.
-National Steering Committee on Social Protection (Headed by Yuba Raj Pandey, Member Secretary, National
Planning Commission, Nepal, 2067)

;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ $ a6f /0fgLlt /x]sf] s'/f cfO=Pn=cf]= n] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\

(ILO, Social

Security a New Consensus, 2001, P.6)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

;fdflhs jLdf sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ (Extending Social Insurance Schemes)

n3' jLdf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg (Encouraging microinsurance)
/fHosf] cfDbfgLaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;fj{ef}lds ;'ljwf / ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yf (Introducing universal benefits or services

finance from general state revenues)

/fHos} tkm{af6 ;fwgsf] k/LIf0fsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf jf ;]jfx -;fdflhs ;xof]u_ sf] Joj:yf jf lj:tf/
(Establishing or extending means tested benefits or services (Social assistance) also financed from general
state revenues)

plNnlvt pkfoxdWo] s'g s'g pkfosf] s]s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f /fli6o kl/l:ylt / /fi6n] cjnDag
ug]{ /0fgLltdf e/ k5{ . oL s'gs'g /0fgLltxsf] cjnDag ubf{ s]s:tf] kl/0ffd k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|f;
] u+ ljZn]if0f
u/]/ ;fdflhs ;+/If0f sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug'{k5{ .
k|:t't ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] lglDt ;fj{hlgs / gLlh If]q;+u ;DalGwt lgDg ljleGg pks/0fxsf] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]s'/f lj1xn] cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5 .
@^

Public actions
Private actions
Social transfers
Social insurance
Minimum standards
Access to social services
Other public actions
Remittances
Private insurance
Voluntary standards
Access to private services
Other private actions
Source: Michael Samson, A Roadmap for a Social Protection Framework for Nepal.
cfO=Pn=cf]= n] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;dli6 (Basic social protection package) sf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]/ To:tf]
Kofs]hsf] lglDt cfjZos nufgL ug{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx ;Ifd 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pSt
ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df cfO=Pn=cf]= n] u/Lj /fi6xn] klg ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ gLltut k|fyldstf lbg rfxg] xf] eg]
cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{sf] lglDt cfjZos nufgL h'6fpg ;S5g\ eGg] lg:sif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . cfO=Pn=cf]=
n] s'g} d'n'sn] ul/jLsf] sf/0fn] lglZrt :t/sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}g eGg] lg:sif{ s;}n] lgsfN5 eg] Tof] e|d
dfq xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . wgL /fi6af6 s]xL ;do;Dd c:yfoL ksf] ;xof]u lnP/ lgw{gtd d'n'sn] klg
cfwf/e"t Kofs]hsf] lglDt cfjZos nufgL ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] cfO=Pn=cf]= sf] lgisif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]
cfwf/e" t Kofs] h nfO{ g} ;fdflhs ;tx jf :t/ (Social floor) sf] kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
Recent research, including studies, conducted by the ILO Social Security Department of selected
countries in both Africa and Asia suggests, increasingly strongly that the assertion that any country is "too
poor" to provide at least some level of basic protection through social security is itself a myth.
-ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper-6.

kof{Kt vfgf, cfjf;, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, lzIff, c;n :jf:Yo / ;+f:s[lts hLjgdf ;xeflutf / cleJolQm
tyf 1fg / ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfgsf] :jtGqtf lglDt cfjZos cfDbfgLsf] pknAwtfnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] kdf lnOG5 .
clxn] % hgfdf $ hgf dflg;n] o:tf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{sf lglDt cfjZos ;fdflhs ;+/If0f kfPsf 5}gg\ eGg]
lgisif{ ;g\ @)!) df ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO/x]sf oL dflg;xnfO{
cfjZos ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / ;Ddflgt hLjg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txsf] cjwf/0ffn]
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
Sufficient income for adequate food, housing, water and sanitation, education, good health, as well
as taking part in cultural life, expressing oneself freely and sharing knowledge and ideas these are all human
rights, rights that should be enjoyed by everyone, all of the time
At present four out of five people worldwide do not benefit from a level of social protection that
allows them to realize their human rights. Ensuring a basic level of social protection and descent life for these
people, many of whom are struggling just to survive, is a necessity and an obligation under the Human Rights
Instruments. Such is the objective of the UN, Social Protection Floor Initiative (SPF-1).
- UN, Social Protection Floor Initiative, June 2010.

o;/L] dflg;n] vfgf, cfjf;, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, lzIff, c;n :jf:Yo, ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xeflutf, 1fg /
ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg Pj+ cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf h:tf dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] jgfpgsf] lglDt k|bfg ul/g]
Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] :t/nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] ;tx jf ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] cfwf/e"t :t/ jf tx (Social
protection floor) elgG5 .
;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txdf lgDg s'/fx ;dflji6 x'G5g\ M
(i)
;j}sf] lglDt Go"gtd cfDbfgL / hLljsfsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ / cfjZos j:t' / ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L dfu l;h{gf
/ kxF'rnfO{ ;xh jgfpgsf] lglDt gub / j:t'sf] kdf cfjZos ;fdflhs clwsf/ / x:tfGt/0fsf] cfwf/e"t ;dli6 .
:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO, lzIff, vfgf, cfjf; / ;j}sf] lglDt pknAw hLjg / ;Dkltsf] art ;DaGwL ;"rgfxsf]
cfjZos txsf] cfk"lt{ .
@&

The social protection floor includes

*
A basic set of essential social rights and transfers in cash and kind to provide a minimum income
and livelihood security for all and to facilitate effective demand for and access to essential goods
and services.
*
The supply of an essential level of goods and social services such as health, water and sanitation,
education, food, housing, life and asset saving information that are accessible for all.
- UN, Social protection floor initiative, 2010

cfO=Pn=cf] n] cl3 ;f/]sf] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f Kofs]hsf] cjwf/0ffn] oxL ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txnfO{
kl/eflift ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . j[4fj:yf / czQmtf j[lQ (Universal basic old age and disability pensions), cfwf/e"t
jfn ;'ljwfx (Basic child benefit), cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;'ljwfdf ;j}sf] k+x'r (Universal access to essential healthcare )
/ ;fdflhs ;xof]u . !)) lbg] /f]huf/ of]hgf (Social assistance / 100 day employment scheme) nfO{ cfO=Pn=cf]= n]
cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f Kofs]hsf] $ cjoj (Variant) sf kdf klxrfg u/]sf] (ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings,
Paper 3, 5 and 6) b]lvG5 . oxL ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txnfO{ cfO=Pn=cf]=sf k|sfzgxn] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;tx
( Basic social security floor) sf] ;+1f ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 -pxL k]h @_ . o;/L ljZjJofkL ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;tx (Global
social economic floor ) sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL v08sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txdf ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"xdf
/x]sf kof{Kt cfDbfgL ug{ (Who are unable to earn sufficient income) g;Sg] dflg;xnfO{ sDtLdf u/LjLsf] /]vfsf] :t/sf]
cfo ;'/Iff k|of]u ug]{ (at least at the poverty line level to people of active age) Joj:yf, j[4fj:yf / czSt j[lQsf] Joj:yf,
;j} gful/sxnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf (Access to all people to basic/essential healthcare) / jfnjflnsfsf]
kf]if0f, lzIff / /]vb]vdf jfnjflnsfxsf] kxF'r sfod ug{ / pgLxnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfDbfgLsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{sf lglDt
kfl/jfl/s ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ;d]tsf $ cjojx /x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f cffO=Pn=cf]= sf k|sfzgxdf pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . (ILO, Social Security Policy Brefings, Paper-6) . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ;fdflhs gLlt k4lt (Social Policy Approach)
/ ;'/Iff hfn k4lt (Safety Net Approach) ;d]tsf @ j6f k4lt ePsf] s'/f klg ljfgxn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ (Stephen
Kidd) .
-$_ g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;fdflhs ;+/If0f sfo{qmdx
g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f sfo{qmx sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf sfo{qmdxsf] ljj/0f
b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
!_

gub ;xfotf

j[4 eQf

hf]lvddf /x]sf hflt;d'bfo ;xfotf

afn ;+/If0f cg'bfg

;'Ts]/L ;xfotf sfo{qmd

blnt ;xfotf

s0ff{nL If]qsf jfl;Gbfsf] nflu ;xfotf

h]i7 gful/s :jf:Yo pkrf/ sfo{qmd

k|fs[lts k|sf]k /fxt

G8kLl8t kl/jf/ Pj+ jfnaflnsf ;xfotf

zxLb kl/jf/ lgjf{x eQf

s/"'6 / C0f ldgfxf

@_

Psn dlxnf eQf

ckf eQf

j:t' ;xfotf
b'u{df lhNnfdf vfBfGg ljt/0f9'jfgL

lbjf vfhf tyf vfg]s'/f, t]n cflbsf] ljj/0f

cfof]l8go'Qm g"gsf] ljt/0f

#_

;]jfx
5fqf Pj+ blnt / l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf s0ff{nL If]qsf jfnjflnsfnfO{ 5fqa[lQ lbg] sfo{qmd
lgz'Ns k|fylds pkrf/ ;]jf

lgMz'Ns k|;'tL ;]jf

@*

 hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d'bfo, &% jif{ gf3]sf / !% jif{ d'lgsf dflg;nfO{ lgMz'Ns 8folnl;; / SofG;/sf] pkrf/
Go"g nfut cfjf; ;xfotf
$_

;fdflhs jLdf
sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if

sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] pkbfg

lgj[lQe/0f of]hgfsfo{qmd

gful/s nufgL sf]if

sfdbf/sd{rf/L hLjg jLdf Pj+ b'3{6gf jLdf

ef}lts ;DklQ jLdf

;jf/L ;fwgsf] jLdf

%_

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f

(Public Workes)

u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{df lbOg] /f]huf/

s0ff{nL /f]huf/ of]hgf

o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd

^_

/f]huf/ tyf ;Lk ljsf;

u/Lj tyf ckfxnfO{ lbOg] ;Lk ljsf; tflnd

jfnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f

Joj;fo ;+rfngsf lglDt lbg] ;x'lnot Jofhb/sf] C0f cGo cfly{s ;xof]u sfo{qmd
&_

*_

hLljsf ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx

dn tyf jLp 9'jfgL cg'bfg

;fd'bflos kz'kfng ;xof]u sfo{qmd

sd}of tyf xlnof k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd

Leasehold forestry programme

x]/rfx ;DaGwL ;]jfx

a[4, jfnjflnsf, ckftf ePsf JolQm tyf dlxnfxnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs x]/rfx ;]jf

plNnlvt ljleGg sfo{qmdxnfO{ ;'rfkn] ;fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{qmd / ;fdflhs jLdf sfo{qmdxdf
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+/If0ffTds sfo{qmd elgG5 eg] ;fdflhs jLdf sfo{qmdxnfO{
lgjf/0ffTds sfo{qmd elgG5 . oL sfo{qmdxnfO{ ;fdflhs jLdf tyf lgj[lQe/0f sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg / x]/rfx
;DaGwL sfo{qmdx, jhf/df x:tIf]k ug]{ sfo{qmddf gub tyf j:t' ;x'lnot sfo{qmd egL $ efudf ljefhg ug{ klg
;lsG5 .
cGt/f{li6o >d ;+u7gn] u/]sf] Pp6f cWoogn] g]kfndf cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;'ljwfsf] Kofs]h -ljBfnodf
xflh/ x'g] jfnjflnsfxnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf, j]/f]huf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs ;x'lnot, ljBdfg :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
:t/j[l4 / cjsf; k|fKt ug]{ pd]/ 36fpg] sfo{ ;d]tsf] Kofs]h_ sf] lglDt s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg (GDP) sf] aflif{s $=!
k|ltztn] nufgL ug]{ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] ;fdflhs vr{sf] s]xL lx:;fnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
Kofs]hlt/ ;fg]{ / j:t' / ;]jfdf nufOPsf] s/nfO{ @=^ k|ltztn] a9fpg], cfos/sf] ;+sngsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ !) k|ltztn]
a9fpg] / :jf:Yo jLdf of]ubfg k|0ffnL z' ug]{ xf] eg] ;fwgsf] cltl/Qm cfjZostfsf] ;d]t k"lt{ ug{ ;lsGg eGg]
cfO=P;=cf]= sf] lgisif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfO=Pn=cf]=n] ljZjdf g]kfn eGbf u/Lj d'ns
' yf]/d
} fq /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ w]/h
} ;f]
d'ns
' sf] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] km/flsnf] Kofs]hdf nufgL ug{sf lglDt cfjZos ;fwg h'6fpg ;Sg] lgisif{ ;d]t
lgsfn]sf] 5 .
Few countries in the world are poorer than Nepal and studies provide convincing evidence that the
resources necessary to finance a basic sound security benefit package can be realized in most if not all national
circumstances. All situations have some resources to nedistribute to thse most in need and no society or hardly
any is too poor to start.
ILO, Serial Jeurity Policy Profys, Paper 6, P.6

@(

-%_ pk;+xf/
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;fj{eff}lds 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f @% n] ;j} dflg;xnfO{ vfgf, sk8f, cfjf;, :jf:Yo x]/rfx /
;fdflhs ;]jf;lxtsf] ;ljwfo'Qm hLjg :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k|flKtsf] lglDt kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/, j]/f]huf/L, j[4fj:yf,
czQmtf clwsf/ / cfgf] sfj'jflx/sf] kl/l:yltaf6 ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . oL clwsf/sf] pkef]u
ug{sf] lglDt kof{Kt cfDbfgL ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;xnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf / cfDbfgL k|bfg u/]/ ug'k{ g]{
;+/If0fnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] ;j}sf] nflu ;fdflhs ;+/If0f
cfjZos 7fg]sf] / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ dflg;sf] clwsf/sf] kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} cfbz{nfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{sf lglDt ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;tx jf :t/ (Basic Social Protection Floor) sf] cfwf/df
cl3 ;f/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] ;txn] dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] :t/ jf cfosf]
x:tfGt/0f Pj+ ;] j fsf] k| T ofe" l tf/f k| b fg ul/g] ;+ / If0fsf] Go" g td :t/nfO{ kl/eflift u/] s f] b] l vG5 .
cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf sltko k|sfzgx / sltko cGo k|sfzgx ;d]tdf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs
;'/IffnfO{ ;dfgfyL{ cjwf/0ffsf] kdf lnOPsf] eP klg sltko ljZn]ifsxn] oL b'O{ cjwf/0ffsf] jLrdf cGt/ /x]sf]
s'/f ;d]t cf}NofPsf 5g\ . cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7gsf k|sfzgdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;tx (Social Security Floor) / ;fdflhs
;+/If0f ;tx (Social Protection Floor) nfO{ klg ;dfgfyL{ cjwf/0ffsf] kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{
cf}krfl/s If]qsf] /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf k|bfg ul/g] ;'/Iffsf] kdf kl/eflift u/]/ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ u/LjL, sdhf]/ cj:yf
/ hf]lvdsf] cj:yfaf6 ul/g] ;+/If0fsf] kdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eGbf km/flsnf] cjwf/0ffsf] kdf kl/eflift ug]{ k|rng
;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t /fi6xdf cf}krfl/s If]qn] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ;d]6\g] ePsf]n] ljsl;t d'n'sdf
pknAw u/fOg] cfosf] ;'/IffnfO{ hgfpgsf lglDt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff zAbsf] k|of]u ug{ / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns
' sf jfl;GbfnfO{
ul/jL, c1fgtf / hf]lvdsf] cj:yfaf6 ul/g] ;+/If0fnfO{ hgfpgsf lglDt ;fdflhs ;+/If0f zAbsf] k|of]u ug{ pko'St
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
t/ k/Dk/fut kdf ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;fFu'/f] cy{df kl/eflift ug]{ k|rng /xFb} cfPsf] eP klg xfn o;
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] cy{df k|of]u ug]{ k|rngsf] ;d]t ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg ;j{ef}lds ;fdflhs Go"gtd :t/sf] (Universal Social Minimum) sf] hLjg k|bfg ug{sf] lglDt cfjZos
;+/Ifssf] kdf x]g{] kfGt/0fsf/L (Transformative) jf ;lqmotfjbL (Activist) b[li6sf]0f / ;fdflhs hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf]
kdf x]g]{ bIftfjfbL b[li6sf]0f ;d]tsf b'O{j6f km/s b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq /
;+oQ
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+ tyf cGt/fli6o >d ;+u7g ;d]tsf lgsfoxn] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] kdf x]/s
] f] kfOG5
/ ;f] cg'k ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] If]q km/flsnf] x'bF } cfPsf] kfO{G5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn] ;fwg / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fnfO{ ;fWosf]
kdf lng'k5{ eGg] tkm{ klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/ntfsf] lglDt oL b'j} cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfg cy{df k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg]
ts{nfO{ klg cg'ko'Qm eGg ldNb}g .
g]kfnn] sltko ;fdflhs ;+/If0f sfo{qmdxsf] sfo{ljefhg u/]sf] b]lvG5 tfklg ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;txsf] :t/sf] cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;'ljwfsf] ;dli6 Kofs]h :t/sf] ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]
gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf lglDt g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] vr{sf] 9fFrfdf k'g/fjnf]sg / ;'wf/ u/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf
ug]{ vr{df a[l4 ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1.

National Framework for Social Protection (2067-2077), National Steering Committee on Social Protection Framework, 2067
(headed by Yuba Raj Pandey), National planning Commission.

2.

UN, Social Protection Floor Initiative, 2010.

3.

ILO, Social Security, A New Consensus, 2001.

4.

UNICEF, Social Protection in South Asia, 2009.

5.

ILO, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7.

6.

;fdflhs ;'/Iff of]hgf ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^&, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff of]hgf cWoog sfo{ ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno

7.

Stephen Kidd, Politics and Social Protection Paper Presented in National Social Protection Training, Dhulikhel, August 2010.

8.

Michael Samson, Introduction of Social Protection Training Organized in Dhulikhel , 2010

9.

The United Nations, The Core International Human Rights Treaties.

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lje"if0f;DaGwL ljifo, g]kfnL ;]gf / Gofokflnsf;DaGwL ljifodf cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpb}g . t/ ;flRrs} cy{df e|i6frf/
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ug]{ clwsf/ lbg' h/L 5 . of] g} ;a}eGbf dggLo s'/f 5 . olb of] ;+:yfnfO{ a9L pRr:t/Lo agfpg' k/] jf zlQmzfnL
agfpg' k/]df klg agfP/ eP klg ;a} If]qsf] e|i6frf/ x]g{ ;Sg] agfpg' pko'Qm x'g]5 . To;}u/L ;frf] cy{df e|i6frf/
lgoGq0f ug]{ g} xf] eg] /fhg}lts k|lta4tf / k|lta4tfcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fhg}lts OR5fzlQmsf] vfrf] kb{5 . ;fy}
Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] cg'df]lbt e|i6frf/ lj4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgxnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy kfngf ug{
;+:yfut / sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L b]zdf JofKt e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug'{ clxn]sf] ;/sf/sf] klxnf] st{Jo x'g]5 . dxf;lGwdf
g]kfnn] !) l8;]Da/ @))# df x:tfIf/ u/]sf]df * jif{kl5 dfq clxn] cfP/ Joj:yflksf;+;baf6 cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
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b'kof]u;DaGwL ljifodf vf]hlag, 5fglag / cg';Gwfg u/L ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]/ s;"/jfnfnfO{ xb};Ddsf]
sf/afxL u/fpg] ;+jw} flgs csf] k|dv
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;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu !@ df Joj:yf ePsf] dxfn]vfk/LIfs em08} ;f9] rf/ jif{b]lv l/Qm 5 . To:t} lgjf{rg cfof]udf
k|d'v cfo'Qm;lxt tLg cfo'Qm / nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf cWoIf ;lxt ;b:o l/Qm ePsf] klg lgs} nfdf] ;do eO;Sof] .
o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] @)^& ;fn ebf} #! ut] k|wfgdGqL / ;+j+ w} flgs kl/ifb\sf] gfddf sfg"gL
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u'dfO{ JolQmut :jfy{ / nfedf 8'a]/ sfd ub{5 . To;nfO{ g} e|i6frf/ elgG5 . e|i6frf/ k|zf;lgs, Goflos, /fhgLlts,
gLltut, s"6gLlts, z}lIfs, cf}Bf]lus, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts cflb k|sf/sf] k /
cfj/0f wf/0f u/L ;dfh / k"/} b]znfO{ c:tJo:t kfl/lbG5 . o:tf] dxf/f]u g]kfndf JofKt / Jofkskdf /x]sf] 5 . pRr
g}ltstf, ;bfrf/, ;'zf;g, pQ/bfloTj af]w, kf/blz{tf, lgM:jfy{tf, nf]edf]xsf] kl/Tofu, e|i6frf/ lj4df ;fdflhs
P]Soa4tf, ljlwsf] zf;g / nf]stflGqs zf;gk|0ffnL e|i6rf/ lgd"{n ug]{ cleofgsf k"jf{wf/ x'g\ . e|i6 lqmofsnfkn]
;j{ky| d ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 . b]zsf] ;d'Ggltdf afwf / Jojwfg k'ofpb5 . b]zdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts
/ s"6g}lts ;+s6 lgDTofpb5 . o;n] nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ klg r'gf}tL lbG5 . ;/sf/ / /fi6;j] sdf :j]R5frfl/tf
a9fO{ cfkmgf] sfd, st{Jo / pQ/bfloTjk|lt k"0f{ u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg a9fp5 . e|i6frf/n] /fli6o :jfy{nfO{ nTofO{ JolQmut
:jfy{, gftfjfb / s[kfjfbnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
To;}n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fh:tf] hl6n sfo{ ;/sf/L k|of;af6 dfq ;Dej 5}g . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] cleofg
;kmn ug{ s'g} vf; lgsfo, JolQm, ;+:yf / s8f sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] dfq k|foM ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] k"/} ;fdflhs r]tgf,
JolQm, ;dfh, e|i6frf/ lg/f]ws / lgoGq0f;u ;DaGwL lgsfox Pj+ l;f] Gofokflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L / lgikIf k|of;sf]
h/L kb{5 . clxn] ljZjsf] gh/df xfd|f] ;'Gb/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] wgL d'n'snfO{ ;d[4 g]kfn agfpg] xf] eg] ;a}
/fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/, /fHosf ;+oGq / To;df sfo{/t hgzlQm, JolQm, ;dfh, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / l;f] b]zn] ;bfrf/
kfngf ug]{ . ;'zf;gsf] nflu sl6a4 / k|lta4 /xg] . ;fj{hlgs hLjg kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL 9n] lgjf{x ug]{ . e|i6,
cg}lts / rl/qxLg s'g} klg sfd gug]{ / gu/fpg] sfddf ;a} sl6a4 / k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 . olb sxL+st} e|i6frf/ eP
u/]sf] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L lbg] . ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;DklQsf] b'kof]u ub}{ gug]{ cflb sfo{ ug]{
u/fpg] /fli6o cleofgsf] ;'cft ;j{k|yd dflyNnf] txaf6 u/]df ljZjdf g} e|i6frf/ sd x'g] d'n'sxsf] ;"rLdf
g]kfnnfO{ pEofpg ;lsG5 . cGoyf @)$^ ;fnb]lv clxn];Dd eGb} cfPsf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf / ;/sf/df ;fd]n
dGqLxsf] efif0f h:t} x'g]5 .
g]kfndf e|i6frf/n] gufhs
] f] If]q kfpg g} ;lsbg} . lsgeg] o;n] sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf cyf{t\
l;f] /fHo ;+oGq / lghL If]q ;d]tnfO{ ;n{Ss nk]6L ;s]sf] 5 . tfklg xfd|f] b]zdf nfvf}+ ;+Vofdf /x]sf e|i6rf/hGo
s;"/df Psb'O{ ;+Vofdf dfq ph'/L k/]sf]df To;pk/ 5fglag u/L clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] s;"/ 7xofO{
##

ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ To;dWo] s]an @%#) k|ltzt d'2f dfq ;kmn ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
To;df klg ;a}eGbf uDeL/ cj:yf t clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k/]sf ph'/Lxdf ;Totf / tYotf x'bfx'b}
klg ToxL lgsfonfO{ klg e|i6rf/sf] nk]6fn] a]l/lbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfwLeGbf a9L s;"/sf d'2fx clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]us} tfd]nL clwsf/df yGSofpg ;kmn e'Qmef]uLx 5ftL lk6]/ wfs nfpb} lx8s
] f]af6 k|i6 x'G5 . e|i6rf/
kL km0ffn] ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sf s]xL s;"/jfnfxsf] d'2fdf klg ljz]if cbfntn] ljleGg jxfgfdf d'2f vf/]h u/]sf
k|z:t pbfx/0f kfOPsf] 5 . ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f rn]s} s;"/jfnfxsf] ;DaGwdf klg lgDg sf/0fxn] s;"/ g7x/L
;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\, h:t}

d'2fsf] dfubfaL ubf{ s;"/jfnfx PseGbf a9L ePdf k|To]s JolQmlkR5] sf/0f / k|df0f pNn]v u/L k|ltjfbLlkR5]
lauf]sf] dfubfjL / ;hfo tf]sL dfubfaL ug'{kg]{df clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] uf]Zjf/f kdf lauf]
/sd dfubfaL ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s;"/jfnfn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} Pshgf k|ltjfbL x'bf klg lauf] olsg
u/L lauf]sf] dfubfaL gu/]sf]n] klg ;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\ .

s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg / 5fglag ug]{ sfd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] dfq ug'k{ g]d
{ f cfkmgf] clwsf/ / If]qflwsf/ gf3]/
cg';Gwfg u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d'2fdf ;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\ .

e|i6rf/h:tf] h3Go ck/fwdf s;"/jfnf hLljt /x];Dd ck/fwLnfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf pEofpg'kg]{df xbDofbsf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ d'2f vf/]h ePsf 5g\ .

e|i6rf/sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg d'Vo ck/fwLdfly d'2f grnfO{ To;df ;+nUg ;xof]uLnfO{ dfq d'2f rnfO{ q'l6k"0f{
dfubfaLsf] sf/0faf6 ck/fwLn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\ .

e|i6rf/sf] d'2fdf jf/bft sfod} gu/L s;"/ 7x/fO{ ;hfosf] dfubfaL u/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;kmfO{ kfPsf 5g\ .

e|i6rf/ u/]sf] cj:yfsf] k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/sf] ;hfo dfubfaL ug'{kg]{df ljutsf] sfg"gL cj:yfsf] 36gfdf
jt{dfg cj:yfsf sfg"gcg';f/sf] dfubfaL u/]sf]n] clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] d'2f xf/]sf] 5 .

e|i6rf/h:tf] d'2fdf 3'; lbg'kg]{ cj:yf s;/L l;h{gf eof] < To;df kLl8t kIfnfO{ s] s;/L afWo u/fOof] < cflb
af/]df :ki6 / ljZjf;of]Uo sf/0f / ts{ :yfkgf gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df s;'/ agfO{ cleof]u nufO{ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]
sf/0faf6 cfof]un] d'2f xf/]sf] 5 .

oL ljleGg sf/0fxsf] cltl/Qm cGo w]/} sf/0fn] ubf{ e|i6frf/Lxn] ;kmfO{ kfO{ ltgLx ;f9] 8's|]h;/L g}
;dfhdf 8'sg| ] u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] e|i6frf/;DaGwL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfgdf ul/g] sdhf]/Lkg / d'2fsf] nflu d'2f dfq bfo/
ug]{ sfo{z}nLn] ubf{ 7"nf] ;+Vofsf e|i6frf/L sf/f]af/df s]jn gu0o ;+Vofsf e|i6frf/L sf/f]af/df dfq ph'/L kg]{ u/]sf]
/ To;df clVtof/sf] gh/ kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;df klg dflysf dWo] s'g} klg sf/0faf6 ck/fwLn] ;kmfO{ kfpg] df}sf
lbOPsf]n] e|i6frf/ lbg b'O{u'0ff /ft rf/u'0ff df}nfPsf] 5 .
e|i6frf/sf] g t / g t k g} x'G5 . of] t ;dfhsf 6f7faf7f, k9]nV] of, x'gv
] fg], k|ltli7t / k|eT' jjfnf ju{n]
ug]{ :j]tlu|jL ck/fw xf] . To;}n] e|i6frf/;DaGwL s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg, 5fglag, k|df0f ;ng / jf/bft :yflkt ug{ Hofb}
;fjwfgL / j}1flgs pkfox ckgfpg'kb{5 . To;df klg xfd|f] sfg"gdf 3'; lbg] / lng] b'j} ;hfosf] efuL x'gk' g]{ ePsf]n]
3'; lbg] kIfn] k|df0f h'6fO{ lbg lgs} c;lhnf] dfG5g\ . To;sf/0f g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] babaf Tolt a]nf;Dd sfod
/xG5 ha;Dd 3'; lbg]nfO{ ;hfo gx'g] u/L sfg"gdf kl/jt{g x'b}g / /fhg}lts bnxn] cfkmgf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] oyfy{
/ kf/bzL{ kdf lx;fa /fVg'kg]{ afWotf sfg"gn] ub}{g . ;fy} rGbf lbg] pBf]u Jofkf/Lxn] klg kf/bzL{ kdf rGbf
lbPsf] lx;fa b]vfpg'kg]{ sfg'gL afWotf ul/b}g . To;}u/L clVtof/ b'kof]u / e|i6frf/;DaGwL sfo{sf] lg/f]wfTds /
pkrf/fTds pkfosf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf /fHo ;+oGqleq} x'g] e|i6frf/ /f]lsGg . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu :yflkt lgsfo /
;+:yfxdf sfnf]wg af8]df a]h" gx'g] gaf8]df a]h" cf}+Nofpg] kl/kf6L eP;Dd / e|i6frf/Lpk/ ;fdflhs jlxisf/
Pj+ To; lj4 ;a} g]kfnL Psh'6 eO{ ph'/ lbg] cj:yf l;h{gf geP;Dd g]tf sfo{stf{, pRr cf]xf]bfjfnf, /fi6;]js,
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmx, Jofkf/L, pBf]uklt / lghL If]q ;a}n] cfcfkmgf] zlQm / x}l;otcg';f/ e|i6frf/ u/L
g} /xG5g\ .
To;}n] e|i6frf/ pGd'ng ug]{ cleofgsf] yfngL ug]{ xf] eg] ;j{k|yd g]t[Tj txaf6 o;sf] 5fglag ;' ug'{kb{5 .
lsgeg] d"ndf g} kfgL wldnf] / b"u{lGwt 5 eg] emg\ hlt tn uof] plt b"u{lGwt kmf]xf]/ kfgL ldl;b} hfG5 . To;}n]
#$

dlGqkl/ifb\, Gofofno, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] of]hgf / cfof]hgfx, dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no, clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u, /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, dGqfnosf ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v, lhNnf k|d'v / pBf]uklt Pj+ Jofkf/Lx ;a}sf] ;DklQ
5fglag ug'{kb{5 . jif]{gL s]an sfg"gL zt{ k"/f ug{ k]z ul/Psf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] oyfy{tf / ;Totfsf] af/]df klg
lgoldtkdf 5fglag / cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ . cGoyf clxn];Dd jflif{skdf ;DklQ ljj/0f sfg"gL k|fjwfg k"/f ug{sf]
nflu dfq k]z ul/G5 . To;df ;Totf / oyfy{ 5 ls 5}g < eg]/ hfr, cg';Gwfg / 5fglag ug]{ k4lt ljsf; gePsf]n]
;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpg]n] klg slt xb;Dd ;To ljj/0f eg]{ u/]sf 5g\ Tof] eGg ufxf] 5 . To;kl5 qmdzM gfkL, dfnkf]t,
eG;f/, cfGtl/s /fh:j / k|x/L k|zf;gsf hgzlQmsf] ;DklQ 5fglag u/]df g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] hfnf] Rofltg]5 . o;sf]
nflu @)!&@)$% ;fn, @)$^@)%% ;fn / @)%^ b]lv @)^& ;fn r}q d;fGt;Ddsf] sfnjlw tf]sL sfo{ tflnsf
agfO{ %jif]{ 5fglag /0fgLlt :jLs[t u/L clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmn] k"0f{ agfO{
k|wfgdGqL :jo+ o; cleofgdf nfuL k/]df g]kfnaf6 e|i6frf/ pGd"ng eO{ ljZj ;fd' xfdL g]kfnL / g]kfnsf] lz/ ;u/dfyf
h:t} pRr /fVg ;lsg]5 . t/ o;sf] nflu k|wfgdGqL :jo+ / ;/sf/ Pj+ /fhg}lts bnx k|lta4 / sl6a4 x'g' h/L
5.
u'Ggf/ ldbf{nsf] Pl;og 8fdf df pNn]v ePsf] 5 ls zf;g ;Qfdf cfpg] gof hdftn] Ifl0fs kdf b]vfpg
/ hgtf e'mSofpg k'/fgf ;Qfwf/LnfO{ e|i6 3f]if0ff u/L ;hfo u/]sf] b]vfpg vf]h]sf] h:tf] ub{5g\ . t/ s]xL ;dokl5
pgLx :jo+ e|i6frf/df o;/L lnKt x'G5g\ ls sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsGg . pgsf] egfO @)$^ kl5 g]kfndf klg ;To ;flat
eof] . lsgeg] @)!& ;fnb]lv @)$% ;fn;Dd lg/+sz
' zf;gsf] cf8df cs't ;DklQ sdfpg]xdfly sf/afxL u5f}{ egL
v'nfd~raf6 s'n{g] sf+u|];L / jfdkGyL bnsf g]tfxn] pgLxnfO{ sf/afxL gu/]sf]n] clxn] pgLxsf] ;DklQ k'Vof}{nL
agfO{ lbP . t/ @)$^ ;fnb]lv @)^& ;fn;Dd hlt klg /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx;/sf/df cfl;g eP tLdWo] clwsf+z
g]tf, sfo{stf{ / ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf kbflwsf/Lxn] k~rn] @% jif{df sdfPsf] cs't ;DklQnfO{ dfy ub}{ s]xL
dlxgfdf g} To;sf] ;ou'0ff ;DklQ y'kfg{ ;kmn ePsf] pbfx/0f ;a}n] b]vs
] } 5g\ . kl/0ffd:jk :jR5 5lj ePsf gu0o
bn / s]xL g]tf sfo{stf{ ds}df 3'g lkl;Ph:t} ePsf 5g\ .
e|i6frf/sf] hfnf] lkmhfpg ;j{k|yd pRr cf]xf]bfdf cfl;g @)$% ;fneGbf klxn] afgL k/]sf sd{rf/LtGqn]
k|hftGqdf xf]ldPsf bnsf dGqLxnfO{ l;sfP . To;kl5 dGqLxn] v'nf kdf ;+ljwfg;Ddt cfPsf bn rnfpg /
r'gfj lhTg e|i6frf/sf] ;xf/f lnP . kf6L{sf g]tfx dGqL agfPsf] b]z / hgtfsf] lgM:jfy{ ;]jfeGbf sfnf] wg hDdf
u/L kf6L{ wfGg d2t k'ofpg xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft ul/lbP . kmn:jk h;n] kf6L{sf] ;jf]{Rr kbflwsf/LxnfO{ a9L /sd
a'emfp5 pxL g} r'gfjsf] kSsf pDd]bjf/ / lht]kl5 p;n] /f]h]sf] dGqL kfpg] a9fa9L Ph]G6 7xl/g] k/Dk/fsf] ;'cft
eof] . o;af6 sfnf]wgdf cQ/ dfg]{xsf] xf]8afhL g} rNg yfNof] . ;/sf/ lgdf{0f / ;/sf/ lu/fpg] v]n ltj| a9\of] .
e|i6frf/sf] lnK;fn] ubf{ ;+;b lj36g / dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] v]n /lrg yfNof] . ;f+;bxsf] vl/b laqmL, ljb]zL ;o/ /
kh]/f] ;'ljwf cflb sf08 u/fOof] .
g]kfndf @))& ;fn;Dd kfl/jfl/s ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ k|0ffnL ;~rfng lyof] . To;kl5 @)$% ;fn;Dd JolQmjfbL
e|i6frf/ z}nL df}nfof] . @)$^ ;fnb]lv clxn];Ddsf] e|i6frf/ z}nL / k4ltnfO{ s]nfpbf ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs tyf
nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf b'O{ lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/ k|0ffnL ckgfPsf 5g\ . h;cg';f/ sltko /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf
sfo{stf{x JolQmut kdf e|i6frf/ ug]{ / JolQmut kdf bnsf sf]xL s;}nfO{ vr{ lbg] ub{5g\ . sltko bnsf g]tf
sfo{stf{x ;+:yfut kdf cyf{t\ bnut kdf e|i6frf/df lnKt ePsf 5g\ . To;/L sdfPsf] / rGbf Pj+ n]jLsf] kdf
hDdf ePsf] sfnf] wgsf] s]xL k|ltzt cfkmGt / ljZjfl;nf] JolQmsf] gfddf nufgL jf y'kfg]{ ub{5g\ . afsL k|ltzt
cfkmgf] /fhg}lts bnsf] gfddf sxf s;/L y'kfg]{ gLlt 5 To;}cg';f/ hDdf ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fhg}lts e|i6frf/ afx]s cGo
e|i6frf/ g]kfndf k|foM JolQmut kdf x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf ;flRrs} cy{df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;j{k|yd /fhg}lts e|i6frf/ /f]Sg'kb{5 . To;df klg
;+ : yfut /fhg} l ts e| i 6frf/ /f] S g ;lsof] eg] :jtM c ;a} k| s f/sf] e| i 6frf/ /f] S g ;lsG5 .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng ;kmn ePkl5 @)%) ;fn otf g]kfndf u7aGwg ;/sf/ aGg] afWotf l;h{gf eof] .
h'g;'s} bndf klg ;Qf lnK;fsf] df]xn] ubf{ u7aGwg ;/sf/ agfpg h'g;'s} bn / hf];s
' } ;f+;b;u u7aGwgsf] ;Demf}tf
u/L h:tf];s
' } zt{ / s'sd{ ;x]/ klg u7aGwg ug]{ ul/of] . u7aGwgsf] cfbz{ / l;4fGtnfO{ aGws /fvL ;f+;bsf] vl/b
laqmL / e|i6frf/;u ;Demf}tf ul/of] . clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] klg e|i6frf/Lsf] ;DklQ 5fglag ug{] sfd
lgle{stfk"j{s ug{ ;s]g . To;df klg /fhgLlt1xaf6 ePsf] e|i6frf/df cfof]u ;k{sf] cufl8 cfxf/ k/]h:tf] aGof] .
#%

csf]{tk{m /fh:jsf sd{rf/L / cs't ;DklQjfnfxsf] 3/3/ rfxg]{ / ldl8ofsf]Sofd/f xNnfpg] sfd clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lj=;+= @)^) tfsf w]/} uof] . t/ To;sf] pknlAw vf;} ePg .
clxn] g]kfn e|i6frf/sf] ;"rsfsf k"0ff{ !) df @=@ c k|fKt u/L !&* b]zsf] ;"rsfdWo] !$^ cf} ;"rsfdf
k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] b'u{tL agfpgdf xfd|f] zf;s / /fhg]tfxn] cfk"m Psk6s kbdf k'Ubf h] h:tf] ;'ljwf /fHon] lbPsf] 5 .
To;nfO{ cfkmgf] >LdtLsf] bfOhf] ;/x dfGg] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o u/L ;'/IffsdL{, s/f]8f}s
+ f] ;jf/L;fwg, ;jf/Lrfns,
;jf/Lsf] nflu OGwg / ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] ;'ljwf lnO{ u/La hgtfsf] /ut kl;gfsf] /fli6o 9's'6L l/Tofpg] lg0f{o /
s'sd{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;g\ @)!! df g]kfnsf] e|i6frf/sf] :t/ !$^ cfa
} f6 ce}m dfly n}hfg] k|of; eO/x]sf]

5 h:tf] b]lvG5 . To;n] o:tf lg0f{ox ;RofP/ pRr g]tfxn] pbfx/0fLo ag]/ b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . cGoyf
/fli6o 9's'6Laf6 e"tk"j{ kbflwsf/Lxn] ;]jf ;'ljwf lnO{ /fVg' /fHo cft+s / :j]t e|i6frf/ xf] eGg] s'/fdf 7"nf
bn ce}m ;r]t x'b}gg\ eg] g]kfnaf6 e|i6frf/ x6fp5' eGg' k~rtGq syfsf] hf]uLsf] ;ft'sf] y}nf]sf] syf h:tf]
xf] .

To;sf/0f ;j{ky| d g]kfndf /fhg}lts e|i6frf/ /f]Sg' cfjZos 5 . /fhg}lts e|i6frf/ /f]lsPkl5 cGo
e|i6frf/ :jtM pGd'ng x'b} hfG5 . To;}n] /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfxdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ OR5fzlQm
/ c7f]6sf] vfrf] 5 . ;fy} g]tf sfo{stf{xsf] cfGtl/s hLjg :jR5 / kf/bzL{ gagfP;Dd /fhg}lts e|i6frf/
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Dej 5}g . e|i6frf/ u/]/ ;DklQ hf]8\g] g]tf sfo{stf{, /fi6;]js, ;fj{hlgs kbwf/s, pBf]uL,
Jofkf/L ;a}nfO{ ;fdflhs jlxisf/sf] yfngL u/f}+ . e|i6frf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs jlxisf/ / lt/isf/ ug]{ u/f}+ . e|i6frf/
h3Go ck/fw dfq geO{ of] /fi63ftL s'sd{ ePsf]n] e|i6frf/LnfO{ ufp, 6f]n / a:tLa:tLaf6 /fi63ftL cfof]
jf uof] eGg] hgcfjfh p7fpg nfuf} . cGoyf sf]/f gf/f / efif0faf6 g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g .
o;n] t emg\ e|i6frf/ df}nfpb} hfG5 . clxn];Ddsf] /fhgLlts v]n / b]zdf JofKt e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ s]nfpbf
oxL xf] xfdL g]kfnLsf] lgotL, u/La, pTkLl8t / zf]lift hgtfsf] pGd'lQmsf] ;'gf}nf dfu{df t'iff/fkft . ctM oqtq
;j{q e|i6frf/ /x];Dd ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'zf;gsf] lubf]{ cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{ xfdL ;a}
g]kfnLsf] k/d\ st{Jo xf] . ca klg o;tk{m ;zQm cleofg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsPg eg] g]kfn c;kmn /fi6 aGg]
k|foM lglZrt 5 . t/ g]kfndf JofKt /fhg}lts e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ @)^& ;fn r}q @ ut]sf] ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] k"j{dGqL lj4sf] e|i6frf/;DaGwL lg0f{o sf]z]9'f ;flat x'g]5 eGg] ;a} g]kfnLdf cfzf knfPsf] 5 .
k|wfgGofofwLz / jl/i7td ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf Gofoflw;af6 ePsf] k}m;nfdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL cleof]u / s;"/sf
;DaGwdf /fHonfO{ :ki6 lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ca ljz]if cbfnt / clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]uaf6 lgDg s'/fxdf lljwf x'g' gkg]{ ePsf] 5M

e|i6frf/;DaGwL d'2fdf xbDofb nfUb}g .

s;'/jfnf hLljt /x];Dd ck/fwsf] 5fglag / cg';Gwfg x'g] .

cy{ dGqfnosf] :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff gLltcg';f/ s/ 3f]if0ff u/L s/ lt/]s} cfwf/df cj}w wg,
;DklQ / cfh{g j}w gx'g] .

cfkmGtsf] gfddf /x]sf rn crn ;DklQsf] klg ;|f]t v'nfpg'kg]{ .

as; kf; u/L lnPsf] 3/hUufnfO{ bfg dfGg g;lsg] .

3/hUufsf] d"Nofg ubf{ ahf/ d'No geO{ dfnkf]tdf kf; ubf{sf] y}nLsf cfwf/df x'g] /

cj}w ;DklQsf] :jfldTj u|x0f u/]sf cfkmGtnfO{ dltof/ gdfGg] cflb .

;dfKt

#^

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pTyfg k|of;, /xg;xg, ;d:of ;dfwfg / ;+efjgfx?
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k|of]hgfg';f/ of] lnvt tof/ kf/L lbbf ;f]xL k|of]hgnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ qmdzM -!_ cflbjf;L hghflt
-@_ dw]zL -#_ blnt -$_ ckf+u -$_ dlxnfxsf] jt{dfg cj:yf -%_ pTyfg k|of; -^_ /xg;xg-&_ ;d:of ;dfwfg
/ -*_ ;Defjgfx Hf:tf ljifoxdf qmdj4 k|sfz kfg]{ o; n]vsf] d'Vo Wo]o /x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ z'df pQm
kfr} ;d'bfoaf/] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbO{g] 5 eg] tTkZrft ltgsf] k|ult Pj+ ljsf; x]t' g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd eP u/]sf
gLltut k|of; dfly ;+lIfKt k|sfz kfl/g] 5 .
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cflbjf;Lhghflt

s'g} klg b]zsf] klxnf] jfl;GbfnfO{ cflbjf;L elgG5 . o;/L g} hghflt eGgfn] rf/ j0f{sf] lxGb' j0ff{>d Joj;fo
leq gkg]{ hftLo ;d'bfo eGg] j'emfO{ 5 . otfaf6 cflbjf;L eGgfn] g]kfnsf] k|flrg dfgj ;d"x eGg] j'lemG5 eg] hghflt
eGgfn] dg':d[ltf/f kl/eflift j0f{ Joj:yf leq gkg]{ dfgjLo ;d'x eGg] j'lemG5 . o;sf] tfTko{ eof] . g]kfnsf] ;+Gbe{df
cflbjf;L / hghflt k[ys klxrfg x'g\ . b'Mvsf] s'/f g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3 dfq xf]O{g g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg
o;nfO{ ;dfg cy{df :jLsf/ u/L tbg'k gLlt, P]g, lgod, sfg"g / ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]t ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
s'g kIf cs}{ xf] eg] g]kfnLx dWo] sf] cflbjf;L x'g\ / sf] hghflt x'g\ eGg] ljjfb eg] cem} klg 6'+luO{;s]sf] 5}g /
;do ;dodf o; af/]s]f ljjfb p7Lrln /xg] u5{ . tyflk xfn;Ddsf] dfGotf s] xf] eg] g]kfnsf s'n !)! hfthflt
dWo] %(rflx cflbjf;L hghflt x'g\ eg] afsL $@ rflx hflt x'g\ . tb\g'k g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/
to ePsf !)! hfthflt dWo] tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/n] @)%$ cfiff9 @# ut] cg';"lrt u/]sf ^! Hfghfltx oL
x'g\, ls;fg, s'dfn, s';jfl8of, s';'08f, ugufO{, u', lrDtg, r]kf, 5GTofn, 5]/f}tg, lh/]n, emfu8, l7dtg, 8f]Nkf],
tfj], tfhk'l/of, tfdf+u, tf]Ks]uf]nf, ysfnL, yfdL, yf, y'bd
' , bg'jf/, b/fO{, b'/f, wfg's, lwdfn, g]jf/, kx/L, k|m, jgsl/of,
j/fdf], afx|ufpn], af]6], Jof;L, e'h]n, ef]6], du/, dgf], dfemL, dfkmf{nL, d'ufnL, d]r], /fO{, /fp6], /fhj+zL, /fhL nfs]{,
lnDj' , nf] K rf, Nxf] k f, Nxf] d L, z] k f{ , ;tf/, l;of/, ;' g ' j f/, ;' / ] n :ofut xfo" xf] n ' / xofNdf] .
pQm ^! dWo] klg ;doqmddf ;fdfGo yk36 x'g] u/] tfklg d"nkdf Tof] ;+Vof sfod g} /xb} cfPsf] 5 .
h;cg';f/ ;j{k|yd @)%^ ;fndf tTsflng s[i0fk|;fb e/fO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf] ;/sf/df pBf]udGqL /x]sf
cf]dsf/k|;fb >]i7 / cfk"lt{ dGqL /x]sf k|sfzdfgl;+x ;d]tsf] kfnfdf g]jf/nfO{ hghflt ;d"xaf6 5'6\ofpg] k|of; eP
tfklg dNn s] ;'Gb/ nufotsf g]jf/ cleoGtfxsf] pu| lj/f]wsf sf/0f pQm k|of;nfO{ t'Gt pN6ofPkl5 g]jf/ klg
oyfjt pQm;"rLdf sfod /xof] . tTkZrft zfxL ;/sf/ -@)^!_ sf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL s[i0fnfn ysfnLn] l7dtg
:of+utg lrd"tgnfO{ ufe]/ tLg ufpn] ysfnL eGg] ;fd"lxs hflt sfod ug{ u/]sf] k|of; klg ;kmnLe"t x'g ;s]g .
o:t} k|of; b]pjf ;/sf/ -@)%*_ sf >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqL kfNt]g u'af6 klg eof] . pgn] klg hghflt
;"rLaf6 dgf] x6fO{ u' dfq sfod /fVg vf]h] . o;/L g} kl5Nnf] k6s @)^^ df tTsflng ;/sf/n] lq=lj=sf k|fWofks
8f= cf]d u'sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t cflbjf;L hghfltsf] kl/dfh{g pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn n] yk @% hlt hghfltnfO{
cflbjf;Ldf ;"rLs[t ug{ ;'emfpbf cj ltgsf] ;+Vof em08} *% k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5 .
h] xf];, xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df ltgLx Gf} hghflt x'g\ , hf] lxGb' j0f{ Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgf leq gkg]{ ;dfgtfdf
cfwfl/t k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+/rgf ePsf g]kfnsf d"njf;Lx x'g\ . x'gt cflbjf;L / hghflt eGg' Pp6} s'/f xf]Og,
t/ g]kfnsf cflbjf;L ;+u7gxn] rflx lognfO{ kof{ojfrL kdf lnPsf] 5 . tb\g'k tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/4f/f
ul7t hghflt pTyfg k|lti7f sfo{bnn] klg To;}df 7Kkf nfpb} eg]sf] 5 hghflt eGgfn] cfk\mgf] dft[efiff / k/Dk/fut
l/ltl/jfh ePsf] t/ rf/ j0f{sf] lxGb' j0ff{>d Joj:yfleq gkg]{ ;d"xnfO{ a'lemG5 . of] rsf]{ ljjfb g} o:tf] sf/0f xf]
*k|fWofks, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

#&

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;d"x!%, / pGgt ;d"x@ u/L ljleGg % ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] l:ylt 5 . t/ oltd} ;+tl' i6 x'gk' g]{ l:ylt rflx cjZo
klg 5}g . lsgeg] cem} klg b]zn] /fHosf] k"g{;+/rgf ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / ;+ljwfg klg e/v/} dfq aGb} 5 . h;n]
ubf{ oL hghfltxsf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf sxL+ klg ;Ddfghgs t 6f9f ;dfg'kflts ;Ddsf] k|ltlglwTj klg x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . tyflk ;+ljwfg ;efdf ltgsf] x}l;ot cg';f/sf] k|ltlglwTj / /fHon] o; ;d:ofsf] u+le/tfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf]
kIfnfO{ rflx cjZod]j ;/xfgf ug}{k5{ .

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dw];L

x'gt dWo b]z -ef/t_ sf jfl;GbfnfO{ dw]zL elgg] xb' f g]kfndf s'g} dw]zL ;d'bfo 5}g klg elgG5 / h;nfO{
dw]zL elgPsf] 5, ltgLx Jff:tjdf dw]zL geO{ t/fO{jf;L x'g\ eGg] ljjfb klg o; ;Gbe{df Tolts} rNb} gcfPsf]
xf]Og . tyflk xfn;Dddf ;+ljwfg klg g]kfndf k[ys dw]zL ;d'bfosf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;lsPsf] tYo g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ul/Psf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] efu $ wf/f ## 3-!_ df pNn]lvt dw]zL zAbn] g} k'li6 ul/;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . h; cg';f/ xfn g]kfndf slDtdf dw]zL d'nsf *! hFthflt klxrfg eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . hf] lxGb'
j0f{Joj:yfsf] $ tx dfq xf]O{g k[ys d';ndfg ;d'bfo ;Ddsf kdf kl/eflift Pj+ lrlGxt eO{;s]s]f cj:yf 5 . x'gt
yfDffq xf]O{g d';ndfg ;d'bfon] klg cfkm"x dw]zL xf]O{g, k[ys yf Jff d';ndfg ;d'bfosf kdf dfGotf kfpg]
kIfdf /x]sf] bfjf af/Djf/ gcfPsf] klg xf]Og{ t/ xfn;Ddsf] cj:yfdf ckjfb jfx]s g]kfnsf] t/fO{df j;f]jf; ug]{ kxf8L
d"n afx]ssf ;j} hfthfltnfO{ ;fdfGotof dlw;] g} elgPsf] 5 . ckjfb s] eg] :jo+ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# wf/f #%
sf] -!$_ df dw]zL;+u} d'l:nd eGg] zAbaf6 ;+ljwfgn] d';ndfgnfO{ dw]zL eGbf k[ys ;d'bfosf kdf dfGotf lbg
vf]h]sf] k|i6} b]lvG5 .

!=#

blnt

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a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf sfdL, bd}, ;fsL{, vTj], tt\df, kTy/sf b]lv kf]8,] Rofd] / 8f]dsf] bhf{ lbO{Psf clwsf+z plTkl8t
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5.
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;d]t k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} dWosfn / cfw'lgs sfn x'b} jt{dfg PSsfO{;f}+ ztflAb;Dd klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf of]
;d'bfo d"ntM pxL cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf kdf plTkl8t 5 . h;nfO{ clxn] klg ;Eo dfgj kdf xf]Og{ , blntsf kdf
hfte]b / 5'te]bsf] lzsf/ jgfO{b} u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] kl5Nnf kl/jt{g -@)$&_ x;u} ;/f]sf/ kIf / cGo /fhg}lts
zlQmxn] klg /fHon] ;dfhsf] sn+ssf] kdf /x]sf] o; k/Dk/f lj4 s7f]/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug]{ dfu jl9/x]sf]
;Gbe{df qmdzM o; l:yltdf kl/jt{gsf] ;+efjgf klg b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . vf; u/L dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] hgo'4sf ;Gbe{df
blnt k|ZgnfO{ ;zQm kdf p7fPkl5 cfd kdf g} g]kfnLxn] blnt k|ltsf] ;+j]bglzntf j9fPsf 5g\ . kmn:jk
/fHo txaf6 g} o; k|ZgnfO{ uDeL/tfk"js
{ lnO{g] k|jl[ Qsf ;fgf ltgf ;+st] x Kfm]nf kg{ yfn]sf] k|df0fsf kdf tTsflng
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] @)%$ ;fndf ljsf; P]g, @)!# cGtu{t :yfgLo dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pk]lIft plTkl8t / blnt ju{
pTyfg ;ldlt / @)%* r}q ^ ut] ul7t /fli6o blnt cfof]u sf] u7gnfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] b]xfo cg';f/sf
g] k fnL hfthfltnfO{ blnt pTkLl8t tyf pk] l Ift ju{ cGtu{ t cg' ; ' l rt ug] { lg0f{ o uof] .
nf]xf/, ;fsL{, s';'n], rdf/, tTDff, d';x/, ;'gf/ jfbL, s"r], wf]jL, 8f]d, ;Gyfn, sfdL, ufOg], Rofd], kf;jfg,
jft/, ;tf/ -;tf/ / ;yfn Pp6} xf] / hghfltdf klg ;"rLs[t -5_ bdfO{, s;fO{, kf]8], b';fw, vTj] / xnvf/] ;d]t
hDdf @$ ;d'bfo o;} qmddf tTsflng ;/sf/n] @)%* r}q ^ sf] dGqL kl/ifb :t/Lo lg0f{oaf6} blnt ju{sf] pTyfg /
ljsf; u/L b]zdf blnt ju{sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fpg] p2]Zo g} Ps /fli6o blnt cfof]u klg u7g ug]{ lg0f{o uof] .
h;n] blnt ;d'bfosf] cflwsfl/s kl/efiff ub}{ kxf8]tkm{ uGwj{, kl/of/,jfbL, ljZjsdf{, ;fsL{ u/L hDdf % / dw]zL
d"ntkm{ vTj], 8f]d, b';fw / d';x/ ;d]t u/L hDdf @@ hft hfltx blnt ju{df ;"rLs[t uof] . pQm cfof]un] blnt
#*

;d'bfosf] kl/efiff o;k|sf/ lglb{i6 uof]M

lxGb' j0ff{>d hflt Joj:yf tyf lj=;+= !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gaf6 kfgL grNg] / 5f]O{l56f] xfNg' kg]{ hft hflt
egL hflto e]befj Pj+ ;dfhdf c5't dflgPsf / ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs tyf wfld{skdf /fli6o
d" n k| j fxaf6 k5fl8 kfl/Psf hfthfltsf ;d' b fonfO{ blnt ju{ egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

!=$

ckf

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o; k|sf/sf] cj:yfsf JolQmnfO{ lxhf]sf em} nf6f], n7]k|f], cGwf], s'hf] jf n8f] gegL lzi6 efiffdf ckftf ePsf]
JolQm eGg] k|rngn] dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] lxhf]sf em} s;}n] To:tf] zf/Ll/s tGb':tL gePsf] JolQmnfO{ x]Kg]
/ ckdflgt x'g] u/L xf]Rofpg] k|j[ltdf qmdzM ;'wf/ cfpb} u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ cem} klg ;/sf/n] o; ju{nfO{ 7f];
9+un] lrlGxt ug]{ / blnt, hghflt jf dlxnf ju{sf] em} plTk8g ju{ ls6fg u/L ljz]if ju{df /fv]/ ltgsf] ;dli6ut
pTyfg ug]{ tkm{ 7f]; ;f]rfO{, of]hgf / sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{] ul/Ps]f kfO{b}g . ptf plTk8Lt jf c;xfotfsf b[li6sf]0fn]
of] ;d'bfo blnt kl5 g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;j}eGbf plTkl8t ju{df kl/g} /x]sf] l:ylt :jtM l;4 5 . blnt jf cGo lk5l8Psf]
ju{s} h:tf] ;dfhdf lognfO{ x]Kg], xf]Rofpg] / ;j{qckdfg ub}{ cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ub}{ cfPsf] tYo klg plQs} k|dfl0ft
5 . ;+Vofsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg logsf] ;+Vof em08} @% nfv al9 x'g' lgZro g} c s'g} hflt jf ju{ ;d"bfosf] t'ngfdf
sd ;fgf] ;+Vof x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] o; b]zdf ;j}eGbf 7"nf] elgPsf] If]qL afx'gsf]] hg;+Vof #@ k|ltzt hlt 5 eg]
;Dk"0f{ hghfltx @@=% / dw]zLx #!=% k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf 5g\ . o;/L g} kxf8] / dw]zL d"n u/L blntxsf] hg;+Vof
!@ k|ltzt gf3\b}g eg] d';ndfgxsf] ;+Vof klg % k|ltzt eGbf tn} 5 . o:tf] c:yfdf blntsf] hg;+Vof @% nfv
eg]sf] lgZro g} Tof] (!) k|ltztsf] jl/kl/ xf] . hf] g]kfnsf w]/} hflt hghftL dfq xf]Og blnts} eGbf klg pNn]v
hg;+Vof xf] . csf]t{ km{, of] ju{ klg dlxnfxs} h:tf] s'g} vf; hflt ju{sf] geO{ ;du| g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;femf c+u x'gk' lg
o;sf] j}lzi6otfsf] yk ljz]iftfo'Qm kIf aGg k'Ub5 . lsgeg] s] dw]zL clg s] kxf8L To;}u/L, s] hghflt clg s]
blnt / s] dlxnf clg s] lxGb', d';ndfg s'g} hfltju{ wd{ / ln+u o:tf] gxf]nf hxf+ s'g} g s'g} JolQm ckf+u gePsf]
xf]cf]; .

!=%=

dlxnf

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clwsf/ slxNo} klg lbPg / p;sf] JolQmut ef]u ljnf; Pj+ dgf]/~hgsf] dfq ;fwg agfof] . kmn:jk sfnfGt/df
cfP/ ltgLx ;dfhdf dlxnf, s]6fs]6L / c;Qm k|ju{sf] afns, a[4 / c;xfo >]0fLdf ;"lra4 x'g cfO{k'u] . ;dfhn]
ltgnfO{ af]S;L, ljwjf, skmNnf / a]Zof ;Dd agfP/ b]lv 5fpk8L Pj+ kbf{ leq ;Dd /fv]/ k|tfl8t / ckdflgt uof],
ub}{ klg /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ltgLx 3/]n' lx+;ff/f k|tfl8t 5g\ eg] ;dfhdf ltgsf] bf];f| ] :yfg 5 . /ft ;fem dfq ltgsf
nflu c;'/Iff k"0f{ xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ lbgg} c;'/Iffsf] sfnf] 5fof leq d8fl/Psf] 5 . Toltn] gk'u]/ ltgLx Dflxnf j]rljvg,
anfTsf/, 5]8k]r / ljleGg lsl;dsf] of}g zf]if0faf6 klg lkl8t /x+b} cfPsf 5g\ . To;df klg sltko k/Dk/fjfbL
k'/ftgkGyL ;dfhdf t ltgLx ljleGg lsl;dsf] kbf{ky| f / s8f ;fdflhs cg'zf;gn] klg af+lwPsf 5g\ . lxhf] ;tLsf
kdf lhp+b} cUgL s'08df kf]lnPsf ltgLx cfh /vf}6L, ax'ljjfx / of}gahf/df a]lrO/x]sf] x'g' ;flRrg} dfgj ;dfhsf]
8/nfUbf] / nHhf:kb sn+s g} xf] . xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfh klg dlxnf lj4sf] o:tf] lx+;faf6 lsl~rt klg ckjfb /xg
;s]sf] 5}g . kmn:jk clxn] klg /fHosf] ljleGg PsfO{bl] v ;fdflhs hLjgsf] s'g} klg lx:;fdf gt\ ltgsf] ;dfg'kflts
;fd]nLsf] cj:yf 5 g ltgn] s'g} ;Ddfghgs ;fdflhs k|lti7f g} kfPsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] efu $ n] /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]z
{ s l;4fGt tyf gLltx cGtu{t d'ns
' sf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;j} c+uxdf dlxnf
nufotsf] ;Dk"0f{ lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt cg';f/ ltgnfO{ ## k|ltztsf]
cf/If0f lbO{g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg of] ;d]t xflQsf] b]vfpg] bft dfq ePsf] 5 . Jojxf/tM o; b]zsf
dlxnfx clxn] klg plQs} pk] l Ift, plTkl8t Pj+ ckdflgt /x b } u/] s f] cj:yf g} ljBdfg 5 .
Kfmn:jk g ;/sf/ g cbfnt g k|x/L g ;]gf slx+ klg dlxnfxsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf s'g} ;sf/fTds
;+st] 5}gg\ . s/jn / nfhufnsf] sf/0f hf/L ;+ljwfg ;efdf eg] cjZod]j ltgsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf cg';f/sf] ## k|ltzt
#(

;xeflutf /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ ^)! sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts tkm{ u/L s'n !(! dlxnfx
;ef;bsf kdf /fi6sf] ;+ljwfg / P]g sfg"g agfpg] txdf lgjf{lrt eO{ k'Ug ;Ifd x'g' eg]sf] lgZro g} c;fwf/0f pknAwL
g} xf] . hxfaf6 g]kfnL dlxnfx cjZod]j cfkm\gf] pHofnf] / ;sf/fTds eljiosf] jf6f] to ug{ ;Ifd x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .
o;k|sf/ g]kfnsf] k5fl8 kfl/Psf] elgPsf] pko'Qm ;d'bfoxsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro kl5 cj ltgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf/]
klg yf]/} rrf{ ;fGble{s g} x'g]5 .
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jt{dfg cj:yf

@=!

Dflxnf

Gf]kfn hg;+Vof k|ltj]bg, @)^! Dff hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnof/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]xfo cg';f/sf] tYof+sn]
g]kfnL dlxnfsf jt{dfg cj:yfdfly yk s]xL eGg gkg]{ u/L :ki6 kfb{5g\M

@=@

;fIf/tf $@=$( k|ltzt

cf};t cfo' ^@=@

lghfdtL ;]jf -/fhkqfls+t_ %=! k|ltzt

Gofoflwz@=)* k|ltzt

sfg"g Joj;foL $=(& k|ltzt

;+rf/ If]qdf ;xeflutf!@ k|ltzt

lzIfs@^ k|ltzt

k|fylds txdf egf{ &$=* k|ltzt

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] 1fg((=% k|ltzt

cf} ; t s[ o fsnfkdf ;+ n Ugtf%%=# k| l tzt

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;xeflutf!)=*%

:yfgLo lgsfodf ;xeflutf@) k| l tzt

s[lif If]qdf ;s[o^&=& k|ltzt

lzz' d[To'b/ k|ltxhf/ ^$=$ k|ltzt

sf]/f d[To'b/ k|ltxhf/ (=^@ k|ltzt

dft[ d[To' b/ k|ltnfv $=!% k|ltzt

sf]/f hGdb/ k|lt xhf/##=% k|ltzt

Psn dlxnf #=&

pTyfg k|of;

x'gt ljZJofkL k d} dlxnf ju{ x/]s lx;fjn] blnt / pk]lIft /xb} w]/k} l5 dfq n}l+ us lje]b lj4sf] ;+3if{df
v/f] plq+b} yf]/} ;kmntf kfpg nfu]sf] k[i7e"ld b]vf k5{ . dtflwsf/sf] dfq s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg lj|6g] h:tf] k|hftflGqs
d'ns
' n] ;d]t O{= !(*@ af6 dfq k'if;/xsf] dtflwsf/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . hf] cd]l/sfdf O{= !(!(, k|mfG;df !($%, O6fnLdf
!($* / :jL6\h/n}08df O{= !(&! Dff dfq ;+ej eof] . o; dfg]df g]kfnL dlxnfxn] k'if;u} O{+ !(%( af6} of] clwsf/
kfpg' sd uf}/jsf] s'/f xf]O{g . t/ cGo b[li6sf]0fn] eg] g]kfnL dlxnfx cem} klg plQs} bldt Pj+ plTk8Lt cj:yfdf
/lx/xg' sd lrGtfsf] ljifo xf]O{g .
tyflk xfd|f dlxnfs]f l:ylt psf:g] / clwsf/ ;DkGg t'Nofpg] lbzfdf ;/sf/xn] s]lx g s]lx ;+:yfut k|of;
eg] cjZod]j u/]s} b]vf k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 5}7f} -@)#&@)$@_, ;ftf}} -@)$@@)$&_, cf7f} -@)$(@)%$_, gjf}
-@)%$@)%$@)%(_ / bzf} -@)%(@)^$_ k~rjlif{o of]hgfxn] dlxnf xs clwsf/ ;xeflutf Pj+ ;zlQms/0fsf
nflu cl3 ;f/]sf gLltut tYoxnfO{ b[li6kft ug{ ;lsG5 . hxf d"ntM dlxnfnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f, n}lus ;dfgtf /
;zlQms/0fsf ;fy} cfly{s j[l4 / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ dlxnf lj4sf ;Dk"0f{ e]befjx pGd"ng ub}{
;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Dds]f nIo to u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L g} @)#( ;fnaf6 g} dlxnf ;xeflutf / ;zlQms/0fsf]
lbzfdf Pskl5 csf]{ ;+:yfut k|of; cl3 j9fpg] qmddf@)#( ;fndf z' ePsf] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd @)%$ df dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf kdf :yfkgf x'g k'us
] f] b]lvG5 .
o;/L @)%&.)%* b]lv dlxnf ljsf; ljefu / ;Dk"0f{ dGqfnoxdf n}lus ;Dks{ PsfO{ u7g u/L r]lnj]6L
j]rljvg lj4 k|efjsf/L b[li6sf]0f cjnDjg u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;afx]s dlxnf lj4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
ug]{ ;DjGwL /fli6o, cGt/fli6o sfo{of]hgf, ;xeflutf / ljleGg gLltut k|of;x klg cjnDjg ul/Psf] b]vfk5{ . h;
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cGtu{t cGt/fli6o :t/df dlxnf lj4sf ;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd"ng ;DjGwL dxf;GwLx g]kfnn] cg'df]bg uof] eg] 5fpk8L
k|yfnfO{ s'/Llt 3f]if0ff -@)^!_, /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u u7g ;DaGwL P]g, -@)^#_ / o;sf] u7g -)^$_, n}lus ;dfgtf
sfod ug{ s]lx g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ jg]sf] P]g, -@)^#_, h:tf sfg"gL / gLltut k|of;x klg ePsf g} b]lvG5g\ .
;u;u} n}lus ljifodf jsfnt, If]qut lgsfoxsf] ;+of]hg Pj+ jh]6 ;ldlt dfkm{t klg dlxnf ;+jb] gzLntf ljifoxdf
k|fyldstf lbOg] gLltut txsf] ;f]rfO{n] klg dfGotf kfpb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 / ;Dj4 ;+:yfxn] klg -dlxnf dGqfno /
dlxnf ljefu h:tf_ ljleGg lsl;dsf dlxnfxnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] pTk|]l/t / d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ tkm{ klg Tolts}
Wofg k'u]sf] b]vfk5{ . rfx] Tof] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] tof/L sIff ;~rfng / n}lus ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf x]f;\ jf Psn
dlxnf ;DjGwL ultljwL / $^*#! Dflxnf ;d"x u7g dfkm{t, ;j}sf] Pp6} Wo]o eg]sf] dlxnfsf] pTyfg / d"nk|jfxLs/0f
g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}n] s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] zg} zg} g} lsg gxf]; @)#) sf] bzsb]lv s'g} g s'g} 9+un] g]kfnL dlxnfxsf]
pTyfg x]t' /fHo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / dlxnf cleofgsf/Lx ;dlk{t /x]af6 of] ljGb';Dd cfO{/xbf xfd|f g]kfnL dlxnfxsf]
;xeflutf, d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ltgsf lj4 x'g] lx+;fn] s'g} g s'g} kdf pT;flxt / ;+nUgtf j9]/ uPsf] l:ylt 5 .

#=

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cj:yf Pj+ /xg;xg

#=!

cj:yf Pj+ /xg;xg

dflyNnf] k|;+udf g]kfnL cflbjf;L hghflt af/]df oy]i7 rrf{ ePsf] 5 . hf] lgTokl/is[t x'g] qmddf cj %(
af6 *% sf] ;+Vofdf k'Ug] qmddf 5g eg] eljiodf of] ;"rLklg nlDjb} hfg] klg kSs} h:tf] 5 . h;nfO{ xfn cflbjf;L
hghflt dxf;+3 :jo+n] -ldlt @)^).!!.!*_ nf]kf]Gd'v, clt l;dfGts[t, l;dfGts[t, ;'ljwfljlxg / pGgt ;d"x ;d]t %
;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfsf dfWodaf6 cf/If0f ;d]tsf] ljlwf/f hghfltxnfO{ /fHosf]
d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] qmda4 k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ oyfy{ s] xf] eg] P]ltxfl;ssfn b]lv g} lo hghfltx efiff, wd{,
;+:s[lt dfq xf]Og zf;gdf ;xeflutfsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg Hofb} pk]lIft /x+b} cfPsf] l:ylt 5 . )$& sf] kl/jt{g vf;
u/L dfcf]jfbLsf] hgo'4n] lbPsf] wSsf kl5 logsf] cfjfh / lj/f]wnfO{ /fHon] pk]Iff ug{;Sg] l:ylt ljBdfg gePtfklg
cem} klg zf;s ju{sf] dfgl;stfdf kl/jt{g b]lvb}g . tnsf] ;"rLn] pQm cj:yfnfO{ csf6\o 9+un] k|:t't u/]sf] 5M

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof / ;]jfaLrsf] cg'kft

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hghfltsf ;d"x

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g]kfn hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]I{ f0f -)^))^!_ cg';f/ afx'g If]qLsf] cf};t k|ltJolQm cfo = !*$)) hghfltsf] =!#,#))
dfq ePaf6 klg k'li6 x'G5 . ;fIf/tf klg qmdzM &@=## / $*=* k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] eg] ;/sf/,
cbfnt, ;]gf, lghfdlt / k|x/Lsf] dflyNnf] c+udf cem}klg hghfltxsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
kmn:jk ljZjljBfno, ljlQo ;+:yf / kf6L{xsf] gLlt lg0f{o ug]{ :yfgdf oL hghfltxsf] pkl:ylt Hofb} Go"g /lx/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . sfo{/t ## ;lrjx dWo] @^ eGbf al9 afx'g dfq /x]sf] Pp6} tYof+sn] g]kfndf cGo hfltxsf] k|zf;lgs
x}l;ot :jtM l;4 g} 5 . To;df klg g]jf/ / rf}w/LnfO{ x6fpg] xf] eg] t o; txdf hghfltaf6 Ps hgf klg k|ltlglwTj
gx'g' g]kfn h:tf] ax'hflt, ax'efifL d'n'ssf nflu nHhf:kb s'/f g} xf] eGg lxrlsrfpg kg]{ l:ylt 5}g . efua08fsf]
/fhgLltn] ubf{ b]zsf] hftLo ;Gt'ng ldnfpg ;lsPsf] l:ylt 5}g .
' f] vfP/ u'hf/f ug{ ljjz
/xg;xgsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg hghfltx b'/b/fh / s'gf sGb/fdf bLgxLg Pj+ vf];v
x'g' kl//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;} klg *) k|ltzt eGbf al9 g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgdf e/ ug'{kg]{ / *^ k|ltzt a9L g]kfnL
u|fld0f Onfsfdf a;f]af; ug{ afWo /x]sf] cj:yfdf t'ngfTds k5f}6,] clzIff, /f]uJofw Pj+ cefju|:t hLjg afRg ljjz
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;flRrs} hh{/, cefju|:t, c;'/lIft Pj+ ;+s6fkGg 5 . hf] vf] ;'vf] vfg] dfq xf]Og s'6f] sf]bfnf] / eL/ kx/fdf cf]8f/
:ofpn] em'k8Ldf j:t' efp, 3f; bfp/f, v]tL vf]l/of / ;'u'/ kf7f kfn]/ hLjg u'hf/f ug{ ljjz 5g\ . kmn:jk s'n
@% k|ltztsf] lg/k]If u/Lljsf] /]vfd'gL dWo] em08} !# Ps ltxfO{ efu hghflt ;d"xaf6 g} kg'{ lgZro g} xfd|f] b]zsf]
c;Gt'lnt cfly{s k|0ffnLs} wf]tsjfx]s cGo x'g] 5}g .

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dw]zL
jt{dfg cj:yf

;'vb kIf s] eg] @)$& sf] kl/jt{gkl5 hghfltxsf] pTyfgtkm{ nuftf/ k|ult g} eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;f]
x'g'sf] kl5 hghflto ;+u7g / cleoGtfxs} lg0ff{os xft /x]sf] t ;To xf] t/ kl/0ffd klg hghflt ;d'xs} lxtdf
k'Ub} uPaf6 b]zsf] ;fdflhs ;befjdf klg ;sf/FTds k|efj kg'{ cfd b]zjf;L / ;/sf/sf] nflu klg j]v'zLsf] s'/f
xf]O{g . o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;+:yfut k|of;sf] >[vnf x]g]{ xf] eg] Tof] d"ntM @)%$ ;fn b]lv uGtL of]Uo k|of;sf]
af6f]df cu|;/ ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . hxf ;j{k|yd pQm aif{ c;f/ @# ut] tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s'n ^! ;d'bfonfO{
hghfltsf] kdf cg';'lrt ul/Psf] af/] cl3g} pNn]v ul/of] . hf] xfn %( df sfod 5 eg] *% k'Ug] t/v/df 5 . oxL
qmddf g} hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg sfo{bn @)%# u7g u/L To;}sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ /fli6o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt u7g
ul/Psf] s'/f klg 1ftAo 5 . csf]{tkm{, gjf+} k~rjlif{o of]hgf -@)%$)%(_ n] klg cflbjf;L tyf hghflt sfo{qmd
cGtu{t pgLxsf] ljsf;sf lglDt ltgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs c;Gt'ngnfO{ lgd'{n ug]{, ltgsf]
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfxsf] vf]hL / ;+/If0f u/L d'ns
' ssf] ;du| ;f+:s[lts :t/nfO{ psf:g], ltgsf] ;zlQms/0f, Ifdtf clea[l4,
1fg / l;ksf] k|j4{g / Jofj;flos cfw'lglss/0f ub}{ ;fwgsf] kx'r
j9fP/ cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ /fi6 lgdf{0fdf ;xeflu
u/fpg] gLlt lnof] .
o;/L g} ;/sf/n] @)%* ;fndf cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6o k|lti7fg P]g g} th'{df Pj+ kfl/t u/L
cflbjf;Lsf] xslxt Pj+ d"nk|jflxs/0ff/f cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ klg ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] 5xf/Ldf Nofpg] k|lqmof ;lqmo
kfl/of] . hf] cfh ko{Gt klg hf/L g} /xL of]hgf cfof]u, ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;ef k|To]s d+r / df]rf{df lo hghfltxsf
k|ZgnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf;fy ;Djf]wg ug]{ k|jl[ tg} /fli6o k|jl[ Q xb' } u/]sf] tYonfO{ ;j}n] dx;'; u/]s} 5 . h'g cg'et' L
dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL / ckf+u ePsf JolQmxdf klg plQs} ;To ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] k6s 8f= cf]d u'sf] cWoIftfdf
u7g u/L hghfltx lrlGxt ul/g'nfO{ klg ;/sf/sf], o:t} ;bfzotf / pTyfg k|of;s} kdf lnOg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;u;u}
g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3n] klg hghflt ;zlQms/0f kl/of]hgf cGtu{t cToGt ;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L
hghfltxsf] hLljsf]kfh{g / Ifdtf clea[l4df s]lx ;xof]u k'ofpg k|of; uof] . tfklg of]hgf cfof]usf] tLg aliF{o
cGtl/d of]hgfsfnsf] -)^$)^%)^^)^&_ lgisif{ s] /x\of] eg] pQm ;Dk"0f{ pTyfg k|of;xn] nlIot ju{sf] ljsf;df
tflTjs ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;s]gg\ .
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dw]z / oxf+ a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLxnfO{ dw]zL eGg yflnPsf] 5 . x'g t Oltxf; b]lvg} o; If]qnfO{ dw]z / oxfsf
afl;GbfxnfO{ dw]zL g} eGg] ul/Psf] xf] t/ o; If]qnfO{ t/fO{ / kxf8] pRrf/0fdf lognfO{ dw]z] klg TolQs} elgPsf]
xf] . :yflgo pRrf/0fdf rf+lx logLx :jo+nfO{ dw]zL eGg yfn] . To;}n] dw]z cfGbf]ng -)^#_ kl5 rflx ljlwjt\ )^%
kmfu'g @% ut] rfn' g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg )^# df klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f pkwf/f -3 !_ yk u/L d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf
;j} c+udf dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/, ls;fg, ckf+u, lk5l8Psf ju{ / IF]q ;j}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] eGg] afSof+z yk u/]kl5 d'n'sn] dw]zL eGg] zAbnfO{ ;+j}wflgs bhf{ g} k|bfg uof] .
Eff}uf]lns b[li6af6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf] !& k|ltzt hldg dw]zn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 . &% dWo] !( lhNnf
dw]z / $ lhNnf leqL dw]zdf kb{5g\ . / s'n dWo] $( k|ltzt g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof oxL dw]zdf a;f]af; u5{ . pb\ejsf
lx;fjn] oxf a;f]af; ug]{ ## k|ltzt g]kfnL kxf8] d'nsf x'g eg,] afsL ^& k|ltzt dw]zL d'nsf x'g . b'Mvsf] s'/f olt
7"nf] / pJhglzn e"efudf a;f]af; ug]{ b]zsf] olt 7"nf] hg;+Vof cf]u6\g] of] dw]zL ;d"bfo g]kfnsf] /fHo;~rfngdf Hofb}
sd k+xr
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" sf
zf;s ju{sf] cfGtl/s cf}klgj]lzs zf;gsf] plTk8gdf k/]sf] cg'e"t ub}{ o;af6 pGd'lQm rfxfG5g\ . a:t'tM )^# df3 @
b]lv df3 @$ ;Dd hDdf @@ lbg rn]sf] dw]z cfGbf]ng g} o:tf] lyof] . h;n] klxnf]kN6 b]zdf t/fO{jf;L dflysf] plTk8g
/ ltgsf] ;dfg x}l;otsf] cf}lrTonfO{ /fHon] cfTdf;ft uof] . cGoyf clxn] klg dw]zLxsf] cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, :jf:Yo, ;xeflutf jf k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf lgs} g} sdhf]/ /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ tnsf tYofxn] :ki6 kf5{g M
$@

$=!-!_

cfly{s cj:yf t/fO{jf;Lsf] cf};t k|ltJolQm cfo &#@@ / j]/f]huf/sf] ;+Vof ^=% k|ltzt b]lvG5 . cGgsf]
e08f/ ePtfklg oxf+sf $$=*^ k|ltzt hgtf sd;n vfBfGg pkef]u u5{g . To;}n] oxf+sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf
dflg;xn] /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]z hfg'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf 5 . h;dWo] ^=& k|ltzt ;d"Gb|kf/ elg (#=#
k|ltzt dflg; ef/t hfg] u/]sf] tYof+s k|fKt 5 .
-@_
;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt oxf+sf] ;fIf/tf -leqL dw]z ;d]t_ b/ #*=$ k|ltzt 5 . h'g kxf8df a:g]sf] ^%=#^ k|ltztsf]
t'ngfdf lgZro g} lgs} yf]/} xf] . To;df klg kxf8df a:g] blntsf] ;fIf/tf $&=( k|ltzt 5 eg] dw]zL blntsf]
@#=$ k|ltzt dfq 5 . o;/L g} oxf+sf hghfltsf] ;fIf/tf %*=& k|ltzt 5 eg] kxf8df a:g]sf] ^#=@ k|ltzt
5 . of] cf+ s 8f olt ;' l jwf ;DkGg 7fp s f dflg;sf] x} l ;otaf6 x] b f{ lgs} g } l67k" 0 f{ nfU5 .
#=
;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf o;af6 x]bf{ t dw]zLsf] kx'r
/ k|ltlglwTj emg\ l67nfUbf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L
;]gf / k|x/Ldf logsf] kx'r Hofb} guGo b]lvG5 . lghfdtL / ljlQo Pj+ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf klg logsf] kx'+r
lg0ff{os x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;'vbkIf s] eg] cj rflx lj:tf/} logLx cfkm\gf] kx'r
nfO{ ;'b9[ agfp+b} uO/x]sf
5g\ . tbg'k )^$ sf] ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rgsf] k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts tkm{af6 dw]zL ;ef;b\x *% sf] ;+Vofdf
;+ljwfg;ef k'Ug ;Ifd eP eg] )^^ c;f/ # ut] k'gu{ l7t dfwj g]kfn k|wfgdGqLTjsf] $$ ;b:oLo dGqLd08ndf
logsf] ;+Vof @! -ljleGg dw]zL bn_ ;Dd k'Ug uof] . TolQn] gk'uL b]zsf] /fi6klt / pk/fi6klt klg dw]zL g}
sfo{/t /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, ;j} kf6L{xn] cfcfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] g]tT[ jdf klg ;j} hflt efifL / wdL{sf dflg;xnfO{
;dfg' k flts l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dfj] z L u/fp+ g ] t km{ klg TolQs} ;r] t gf ckgfOPsf] 5 .
o;/L g} /fhb't, Gofoflwz ljleGg cfof]u nufotsf cGo /fhgLlts lgo'QmLxdf klg oxL ;dfj]zLtfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDjg ug]{ tkm{ /fHon] ;r]tgf ckgfp+b} u/]sf] l:yltaf6 dw]zL dfq xf]Og ;j} ln+u hfthflt
/ efiffwd{sf JolQmxn] qmdzM /fHodf cfcfkm\gf] ;xeflutf a9fp+b} nfg] l:ylt anzfnL x'b} cfpg' xfd|f]
h:tf] ax'efifL / ax'hftLo d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu z'e;'rsg} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
@)%^ sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ b[i6fGt lng ;lsG5 hxf ^% k|ltzt kxf8df a:gn]] s'n ;b:osf]
*)=% k|ltzt :yfg lnPsf]df #!=$ k|ltzt dw]zLaf6 !(=! k|ltztn] dfq k|ltlglwTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
:yfgdf xfn #) k|ltzt al9 dw]zLsf] k|ltlglw kfpg' lgZrog} ef]lnsf] z'e ;'rs g} dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
$=@
pTyfgsf k|of;x
oxf pTyfgsf k|of; eGgfn] cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf / dw]zLsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] pTyfgsf
nflu ;/sf/ / cGo ;+ 3 ;+ : yfaf6 s] s:tf k| o f;x ePsf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{ a' e m\ g cfjZos 5 .
!=
cflbjf;L hghflt,
O{= !&^*^( df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df08f} ljho lu/L jt{dfg g]kfnsf] hu xfn] otf o; b]zsf] hghflt
;d'bfon] cfkm"x clehfTo zf;sju{af6 ;b}j pk]lIft /x]sf] / x/k|sf/sf] plTk8gsf] lzsf/ /x]sf] efjgf af]Sb} cfPsf]
kfO{G5 . vf;u/L /f0ff / k+rfotsfnsf] Pp6f efiff Pp6} e]if Pp6} wd{ gLltn] ubf{ lxGb', v; / sf7df08f} pkTosf aflx/sf
hflt, efifL / If]qx pQm s]Gb|Ls[t, zf;g Joj:yfaf6 al9 pk]lIft, ;LdfGts[t / plTk8Lt /xb} cfP eGg] ltgsf] u'gf;f]
/x\of] / ltgn] g]kfn b]z cfkm\gf] ePtfklg /fHo cfkm\gf] gePsf] u'gf;f] af]s] . Toltdfq xf]Og )$& sf] kl/jt{g kl5
ltgLx pNn]Vo kdf cfkm\gf] hft efiff, wd{ / If]qsf] ljsf; Pj+ /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf hghfltsf] ;dfg'kflts
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dfj]zL u/fOg'k5{ eGg] dfu lta| ag]/ uof] . kl5af6 -@)%@_ dfcf]jfbLn] klg cfkm\gf] hgo'4sf
OGwgsf kdf hfthflt leq /x]sf] c;Gt'li6nfO{ dfWod agfPkl5 cfh b]zdf of] ljifo pk]If} ug{ g;lsg] /fli6o Ph]08f
ag]sf] 5 eg] logsf] pTyfgsf nflu sltko gLltut Pj+ Jojxfl/s pknlAwx Klg xfl;n x'b} uPsf 5g\ . h; cg';f/
o:tf lk5l8Psf ;d"xxnfO{ /fHon] cflbjf;L hghfltsf kdf ;'lrs[t u/L ljleGg dfWodaf6 ltgsf] efiff, ;+:s[lt
/ /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ klg cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . kmn:jk cfh o;ju{sf]
c;Gt'li6 lgs} ;fDo ePsf] 5 / lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg alg;s]kl5 o; lbzfdf pNn]Vo k'g{;+/rgf x'g ;Sg]
ljZjf; klg lnO{Ps]f 5 .
pQm d];f]df ;j{k|yd @)%# df tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/n] hghfltxs]f klxrfg / ljsf; ug]{
p2]Zon] hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg sfo{bn @)%# u7g u/L To;}sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ /fli6o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt u7g
ul/of] . To;kl5 @)%$ cfiff9 @# ut] ;/sf/n] ljleGg ^! ;d'bfonfO{ hghfltsf] kdf ;"rLs[t uof] . csf]{tkm{, gjf}
k~rjlif{o of]hgf -@)%$@)%(_ df cflbjf;L hghflt sfo{qmd cGtu{t ltgsf] ;du| pTyfg tyf ;zlQms/0f x]t' ljleGg
sfo{qmdx lglb{i6 ul/P . h; cg';f/ ltgsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;fd'bflos ;zlQms/0fsf nflu of]hgfj4 k|of;
ug]{ lgltx cl3 ;fl/Psf]df csf]{ bzf} of]hgf -@)%()^$_ / tLg jlif{o of]hgf -@)^$^%)^^^&_ xdf klg
$#

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] xs clwsf/ tyf ;zlQms/0fsf nflu 7f]; cjwf/0ff / gLltx cl3 ;fl/P . h; cg';f/ bzf}
of]hgfdf o:tf] pNn]v ul/of] M

cflbjf;L hghfltxsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Dj4{g ub}{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] nflu pgLxsf]
cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;jf{l0f ljsf; / pTyfg ug]{ lb3{sflng cjwf/0ff /flvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ bzf}

of]hgfdf tLgsf] pTyfgsf nflu p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, gLlt / sfo{gLlt Pj+ ljleGg sfo{qmdx to ul/P . dxTjk"0f{ kIf s]
eg] tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] ;/sf/f/f ;+/lIft hghflt ;zlQms/0f kl/of]hgf n] clt l;dfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v
cflbjf;L hghfltxsf] lhljsf]kfh{g / Ifdtf clej[l4df s]lx ;xof]u k'ofPsf] eP tfklg ltgs]f ljsf;df tflTjs
kn] ;sf/fTds k|efj gkf/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ v'Nndv'Nnf cfTd;ft uof] / To;n] hghfltsf] pTyfgtkm{ 7f];, /0fgLlt,
sfo{gLlt, p2]Zo / nIo ;lxtsf sfo{qmdx k'gM th'{df ug{ s'g} sGh':ofO{ b]vfPg . 1ftAo 5, tTsflng ;/sf/n]
u7g u/]sf] cflbjf;L, hghflt, pTyfg /fli6o k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] Joj:yf kl5 @)%# ;fndf ljlwjt cf/De ePsf]
hghflt ;zlQms/0f tkm{sf] ofqf emg ;'b[9 eP kl5 pQm cj:yf;Dd cfpb} u/]sf] xf] . h;sf] d"n k|ltj4tf eg]s}
lk5l8Psf hghfltxsf] ljleGg gLlt, sfo{qmd / ;+j}wflgs tj/af6 g} ;zlQms/0f Pj+ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{'{ xf] .

@=

dw]zL

Dfw]zL klg Tolts} pk]lIft / plTkl8t ;d'bfo /xb} cfPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ slyt d"n k|jfxsf kxf8L ;d'bfon]
k|foM pk]Iff g} ub}{ cfof] . b'Mvsf] s'/f )$& sf] kl/jt{g / )^# sf] kl/jt{g kl5 klg o; c;Gt'li6df /fHon] plrt
Wofg lbg ;s]g . To;}n] jfWo eO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg )^# hf/L ePsf] ef]lnkN6} cyf{t )^# df3 @ af6 t/fO{sf hgtfn]
cfkm\gf] lj4sf] pTkL8g lj4 OGSnfjsf] em08f p7fP / dw]zL cfGbf]ngsf] ;'qkft u/] . of] cfGbf]ng g} o:tf] lyof]
h;n] dw]zsf] cfjfhnfO{ sf7df08f} ;Dd NofO{ k'ofof] / ToxL cfjfhn] qmdzM dw]zLnfO{ klg /fHosf] d"n k|jfxsf]
d"nwf/df ;fd]n u/fO{ lbof] . To;}n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d} klxnf] ;+zf]wgsf dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfg d} dw]zL ;d'bfosf] pNn]v
ub}{ cGtl/d of]hgfdf ;Dd dw]zL ;d'bfo nlIft gLlt, sfg"gL k|fjwfg tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ul/of] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgs]f
wf/f !# df :ki6 zAbdf ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t dlxnf blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt dw]zL ;d]tsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs
;+f:s[lts lje]b x6fpg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] pNn]v eof] . ;fy} ;]gf, lghfdtL, k|x/L, gful/stf nufotsf ljifodf /fHon]
dw]zk|lt s'g} k|sf/sf] lje]b t 6f9f ltgnfO{ /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ c+udf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;xeflutf
lbb} hfg] nufotsf Joj:Yffaf6 qmdzM ;lbof} b]lv pTkL8gdf kb}{ cfPsf] o; ;d'bfon] klg cfkm\gf] cGwsf/ eljioaf/]
cfkm" :jo+ cu|;/ eO{ ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ x}l;ot cfh{g u/]sf] kmn:jk cj dw]zL ;d'bfo klg /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf
cfpg ;Sg] ;+efjgf k|s6 ePsf] 5 .
x'g klg dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] nuQ} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *, @!, ## / #% sf] dd{ / efjgfdfly jn k'Ug] 9+un]
To; otfsf /fHosf gLlt th'{df x'bf dw]zL ju{sf] pTyfgnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{g] k|j[lQ j9]sf] tYo jt{dfg tLg jifL{o
cGtl/d of]hgfn] klg :ki6 u5{ . hxf dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ljsf; jf/] 5'} kl/R5]b v'nfO{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;DjGwL j[xQ/ /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt / ljljw sfo{qmd dfq to ul/Psf] 5}g ;u;u}
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg';f/ dw]zL ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] cs'l07t pkef]usf nflu ;lqmo e"ldsf Pj+ cj;/ k|bfg ug}{ kg]{ cf}lrTo dfly klg k|sfz kfl/Psf]
5 . j:t'tM cGtl/d of]hgfn] dw]zL ;d:of klxrfg, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf, bL3{sflng ;f]r, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, gLlt
tyf sfo{gLlt / k|d'v sfo{qmdx tof/ u/L kl5af6 cfpg ;Sg] h'g kl/df0ffTds nIo ls6fg u/]sf] b]lvG5, sbflrt
tL nIo ;fsf/ eP lgZro g} g]kfnL dw]zLxn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfkm\gf] cfsf\Iff k|lt lgs} cfzfjfbL x'g] lglZrt
b]lvG5 .
#=

blnt
Gf]kfnsf] hfte]b tyf 5'te]bsf] ;d:of klg lgs} g} srlN6Psf] ;d:of xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] of] ;fdflhs sn+s
k|frLgsfnb]lv g} ljBdfg /xb} xfn;Dd klg ;dfhdf o;n] ulx/f] h/f uf8L g} /x]sf] cj:yf 5. tyflk ;dfh, ;/f]sf/jfnf
/ ;/sf/ tkm{af6 o;sf] lgd'{nLs/0fsf nflu ;fgf 7"nf, k|of;x TolQs} x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . pQm qmddf plTkl8t ;d"bfo
klxrfg ug]{ / pTyfg ug]{ gLlt cGtu{t ;/sf/L :t/af6 k|yd k6s @)%$ ;fndf ljsf; P]g, @)^# cGtu{t :yfgLo
dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pk]lIft pTkLl8t blnt ju{ pTyfg ;ldlt sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . olx ;ldltn] klxnf]kN6 dw]z kxf8
/ pkTosfsf nf]xf/, ;'gf/, sfdL, bd}, kf]8,] rdf/ / xnvf]/ ;d]t ljleGg @$ ;d'bfonfO{ blnt, plTkl8t tyf pk]lIft
;d'bfo cGtu{t cg';l' rt ug]{ sfd eof] . To;}u/L tTsflng >L % sf] ;sf/n] @)%* ;fn r}q ^ ut] blnt ju{sf] pTyfg
/ ljsf; u/L b]z ljsf;df blnt ju{sf] ;lqmo ;xefuLtf u/fpg] p2]Zon] /fli6o blnt cfof]u g} u7g uof] . ;f]xL
$$

cg';f/ o;n] cf}krfl/s kdf dw]z / kxf8sf blntxsf] kl/efiff tyf ;"rLs[t ug]{ pNn]Vo sfo{ cl3 j9fOof] . ptf
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] klg cj o; ljifodf uDeL/ gLltut ;f]r / gLlt, sfo{gLlt nIo Pj+ /0fgLltx Tfh'{df ug{
yfNof] ;f]xL cg';f/ bzf}+ of]hgfdf blnt tyf pk]lIft ;d'bfosf] ;DjGwdf cnu v08 g} th'd
{ f u/L ;f] ;DjGwdf ljleGg
gLlt /0fgLlt / nIox ls6fg ul/P .
bzf+} of]hgfdf blnt ju{sf] ;zlQms/0f, k/Dk/fut ;Lkdf cfw'lgsLs/0f, ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf clej[l4 Pj+ cfly{s,
;fdflhs, :jf:Yo / z}lIfs nufotsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx pNn]v ul/Psf]df xfnsf] cGtl/d of]hgfdf klg blnt ;DjGwL
of] Joj:yf sfod} /flvof] . o;afx]s o; of]hgfdf lglb{i6 nIo tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udgsf nflu
lhNnf :t/df klg blnt ju{ pTyfg lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/L k"j{jtL{ lhNnf :t/Lo ;dGjofTds gLlt sfod g}
/flvof] o;/L s] b]lvG5 eg] cj qmdzM b]zsf blnt nufotsf] pk]lIft ju{nfO{ /fHosf ljleGg lgsfoxdf ;xefuL
u/fpg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs hLjg:t/ p7fpg] / cGttM ltgsf] ;zlQms/0f ;fy{s kfg]{ tk{m pNn]Vo k|of; x'b } u/]sf] l:ylt
jGb} uPs]f cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . lgZro g} ;lbof} b]lv blnt / pTkLl8t /x]sf logsf] xsdf of] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifk"0f{ ljifo
g} xf] .
$=
ckf+u
ckf+utf s'g} klg pTkLl8t ju{sf] eGbf ;fgf] ;d:of xf]O{g . ;dfh logLxsf] ;d:ofhGotf eGbf klg ltgsf]
cj:yf dfly pk]Iffefj /fVg] Jojxf/af6 cfqmfGt /xb} cfPsf] 5 hf] ltgnfO{ cGw ckf+u jf n'nf n+u8f eGb} lxofpgdf
k|j[Q 5 ;fy} ltgnfO{ k"j{hGdsf] ck/fwsf nflu bl08t ul/Psf] kdf x]g]{, cGwljZjf;sf] lzsf/ 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh
cGoyf l;+uf] hg;+Vofsf] em08} !) k|ltzt j9L cyf{t @% nfvs]f ;+Vofdf /x]sf ckf+u JolQmxsf ljifodf /fHon] w]/}
cl3af6 jfl~5t gLltsf cfwf/df ljleGg pTyfg k|of;x eO{;s]sf] x'g' kg]{df ;f] b]lvb}g
;+of]uj; lghfdlt ;]jf P]g @)$( n] ltgsf nflu ;dfj]zL sf]6f 5''6\ofpg] / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ckftf
;DjGwL ljleGg k|fjwfg /flv logsf] clwsf/ g} ;'lglZrt ul/of] . o;/L g} ;/sf/n] logsf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0ffy{ @)#(
/ @)%! af6 ;fdfGo k|of; cl3 a9fpg] p2]Zon] lgodfjnLx th'{df ug{ yfn]sf] b]vfk5{ . vfzu/L Plzof tyf k|zfGt
If]qsf ckf+uxsf] lj:tfl/t bzs -O{= @))#@)!@_ sfo{of]hgf h:tf] aflx/L kl/j]zn] klg g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{0fx
ckf+utf ;DaGwdf 7f]; gLlt tyf pTyfg k|of; yfNg ljjz ePsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;f]xL ;+be{df g]kfn ;/sf/n]
xfn ckf+utf ;DjGwL /fli6o gLlt tyf sfo{ of]hgf @)^# tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpb} u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;/L g}
ckf+utf ;DalGw kl/efiff / juL{s/0f / ckf+u ;]jf /fli6o ;dGjo ;ldlt klg u7g ul/Psf] 5 . logsf nflu cgf}krfl/s
/ cf}krfl/s ljz]if lzIff, 5fqj[lQ, k'gM :yfkgf / ;Lkd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rflnt 5g\ . o; afx]s oftfot ;'ljwf ltgnfO{
rflxg] , ;xfos ;fdu| L df eG;f/ 5' 6 sf] Joj:yf / lgMz' N s cf} i fwf] k rf/ ;d] t sf] Joj:yf klg ePsf] 5 .
%=
dlxnf
blnt, / ckf+utf ePsf JolQm kl5 g]kfndf s'g} ju{ Hofb} plTkl8t 5 eg] Tof] dlxnfg} xf] . Oltxf;sfn b]lv
g} of] ju{ ;dfhsf] pk]Iff / b'Jo{Joxf/sf] lzsf/ aGb} cfof] . 3/sf] zf]ef / k'ifsL cwf{lgL sf kdf logsf] lrlqt
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k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts tyf lghL ;+u7gaf6 t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 .

k|zf;gsf] bIftf / Jofj;flostf tfnLdaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;g\ !(!) df DofS; j] j /n] u/] s f] k| f l1s cWoogn] klg o; r/0fsf] ljsf;nfO{ of] u bfg u/] s f] lyof] .

bf];|f] k':tf -The Second Generation_ M lj;f} ;tfJbLsf] z'b]lv ;g !($% ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ o; r/0fdf lng
;lsG5 h'g ;do :6f]g / ljN;gn] k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 cnu u/fpg u/]sf] k|of;nfO{ n'y/ u'lns, ln08n
plj{s, x]g/L kmf]Pn h:tf ljfgxn] j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s cfwf/df lj:tf/ u/L yk prfO{ lbg] sfo{ u/] .

t];|f] k':tf -The Third Generation_ M ;g\ !($% b]lv !(*) ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ljN;gsf] Politics Administration
cjwf/0ffk|lt k|Zg p7fpg] sfd eof] . o; r/0fdf k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfknfO{ cfly{s sf]0faf6 x]g{] sfd
eof] . n'O; j|fpgnf], x'j/ sldzg / k|m]8 l/U;, lg:sfg]g nufotsf ljfg / x'j/ sldzg, t'ngfTds k|zf;g
;d"x h:tf cfGbf]ngaf6 sfo{qmd ah]6, ljsf; k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf kIfdf hf]8 lbO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
bIftf ;'wf/sf] kxn eof] . o; cjlwsf] k|zf;gnfO{ Rational Choice jf Budget Maximization model klg eGg]
ul/G5 .
Dichotomy

rf}yf] k':tf -The Fourth Generation_ M ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv gJj]sf] bzs;Ddsf] o; r/0fdf gof k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrfdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lghLIf]qsf] z}nL k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof] . pBdzLn
;/sf/sf] 9fFrfsf gfddf 8]le8 cf]J;g]{ tyf 6]8 UfJn/ o;sf k|lti7ftf sxlnP . lghLIf]qsf] cu|;/tf, ;fwg
cEof;sf] s'zntf / ;+u7g z}nLaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g nfeflGjt x'g;S5 / gful/snfO{ u|fxssf kdf Jojxf/
ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o; r/0fdf /flvof] . JolQmnfO{ cfly{s PsfO{sf kdf Jojxf/ ul/g' kb{5 g ls k|hftGqsf]
OsfOsf kdf eGg] dfGotfsf sf/0f of] cfnf]lrt klg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .

kfFrf} r/0f -The Fifth Generation_ M o; ;x;|fJbLsf] z'af6 h]g6] / /j6{ 8]gxf6{n] gof ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff
cl3 ;f/]kl5 clxn] kfFrf} r/0fsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ u|fxssf kdf
Jojxf/ gu/L gful/ssf kdf Joxf/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg] o;sf] d"n dfGotf xf] .

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ljwf, kl/j]z / kfqnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 / ltgLxaf6 cfkm" klg k|efljt x'G5 h'g hLljt k|0ffnLsf] ljz]iftf xf] . k|zf;lgs
kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lglb{i6 ug]{ w]/} s'/f x'g ;S5g\ h;nfO{ oL b'O{ cfofddf /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 M
s_ jftfj/0fLo cfofd
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kIfnfO{ k|efj kfg{]{ x}l;ot /fVb5g\ .

jftfj/0fLo cfofd M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfkm\gf] lqmofzLntfsf l;nl;nfdf jfXo jftfj/0f;+u lg/Gt/ cGt/lqmofdf

/xG5 h;n] p;sf] sfo{Jojxf/, z}nL tyf k|jl[ QnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 . o;/L k|zf;gnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ k|dv
' jftfj/0fLo kIfx
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ug{ :jflwg Ifdtf lgdf{0f ub{5 . r]tgfn] k|zf;gaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf / ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{nfO{ zL3|, r':t, ldtJooL
kdf ;Dkfbgsf nflu ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, ;xsfo{ Pj+ dfu, bfjL tyf k[i7kf]if0f ug{ JolQmnfO{ lqmofzLn t'Nofpg]
x'bf o;} cg'k k|zf;g lglb{i6 x'g s/ nfU5 . ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] lj:tf/ x'bf ;fdfGotM k|zf;gdf oL k|efj
kb{5 M

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;]jf j:t'sf] nfut Go"gLs/0f

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kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf

z}lIfs :t/ j[l4 M lzIffsf] :t/ j[l4n] b'O{ k|sf/n] k|zf;gdf k|efj kb{5 . klxnf] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hf] k|zf;gsf
;]jfu|fxL x'g, 1fgsf] lIflth pl3|G5 / :t/Lo ;]jf j:t'sf] ck]Iff ug{ yfNb5g\ . bf];|f], k|zf;gleq klg k|fljlws
Ifdtf / ;Lk j[l4 x'G5 h;sf sf/0f k|zf;gleq tLg kIfdf c;/ kg]{ k/L o;sf] k|j[lQ :jtM jblnG5

Jofj;flostfsf] dfu a9\5 .

cGt/lge{/tf a9\5 .

ultzLntf klg a9\5 .

bIftf / d"No k|0ffnLdf r'gf}tL M k|zf;gsf] d"Nof\sfg p;sf] bIftf -sfo{;Dkfbg / / ;fwg k|of]usf] xb_ /
p;af6 ck]lIft d"No -Jojxf/, cfr/0f,g}ltstf, ;bfrf/_ sf cfwf/df ug]{ k/Dk/f z'jft ePsf] 5 g ls s]jn
sfo{k|lqmof / ;+VofTds pknlJwsf cfwf/df . o;af6 k|zf;gdf kg]{ k|efjx x'g M

k|zf;lgs sfo{ j}w eof] ls ePg <

ck]lIft nIo xfl;n eof] ls ePg <

gof k|ljlwsf] ljsf; M k|ljlw kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] ;xhstf{ -Enabler_ xf] . k|ljlwn] k|zf;gsf] :jk, z}nL, ;+/rgf
/ sfo{k|lqmofnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] k|zf;gsf] k|j[lQ :jt jblnG5 . h:tf] ls ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n]
k|zf;lgs nfut 36fpg], k|ToIf hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg], kf/blz{tf a9fpg] / cGt/lqmof ;xh kfg]{ u/]sfn] k|zf;gsf]
;+/rgf / :jefjnfO{ klg abNb} nu]sf] 5 .
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;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q / e"ldsf kl/jt{g M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] sfof{Tds kIf ePsfn] ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q Volume of activities_ / e"ldsf -Scope of Role_ df xg'] kl/jt{gaf6 k|zf;g :jMt kl/jt{g x'G5 . ;/sf/n]
nf]ssNof0f e"ldsf v]Nbf jf pbf/Ls[t cfly{s bz{g cjnDjg ubf{ To;} cg'k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g klg jblnG5
. nf]ssNof0fsfl/tfsf] e"ldsfdf ;/sf/sf] k|bftf e"ldsfdf /xG5 eg] pbf/Ls[t ;dfhdf p ;xhsf/L /xG5 .

;fwgsf] sdL M ;j{;fwf/0fsf dfu / cfjZostfsf t'ngfdf ;fwgsf] sdL x'bf yf]/} ;fwgaf6 w]/} sfo{;Dkfbg
ug{kg]{ jfWotf /xbf k|zf;g ldtJooL / sfo{bIf aGg'kg]{ :jfefljs dfu /xG5 . ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf j]nfotdf
z'ePsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfly{s 9fFrf / 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;fwgsf] sdL -Resource constraint_ sf
sf/0f cfPsf] lyof] .

hgzlQmsf] :jefj kl/jt{g M kl/j]zdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] hgzlQmsf] :jefjnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 / To;sf] reflection
k|zf;gdf kg{hfG5 . h:tf] ls ;dfj]zLtfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'k hftLo, eflifs, n}lus, If]qLo, ;f+:s[lts hfu/0f
a9]sf] 5 . oL ljifonfO{ ;Sjf]wg ug{ gLlt lgdf{tf / k|zf;gsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fefj kf/]sf] 5 .

ljz]if 36gf / cleofg M k|zf;geGbf jflx/sf ljz]if cleofg, hfu/0f, j}rfl/s cfGbf]ngn] klg k|zf;gsf]
:jefjnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 . h:tf] ls ;f7Lsf] bzssf] t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfGbf]ng, ef/tsf] cGgf
xhf/]sf] e|i6frf/ lj4sf] cleofg, ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] ;'zf;gsf] gLlt dfu cflb .

;d;fdlos r'gf}tLx M k|To]s kl/j]zn] vf; k|sf/sf r'gf}tLx Nofpg] u/]sf] 5 . ul/jL lgjf/0f, ;'zf;g,
/fHok'g;+/rgf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0f, ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL, jftf/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cft+sjfb
lgoGq0f h:tf ljZjJofkL ;jfnxn] k| z f;lgs kl/jt{ g sf] lbzfnfO{ lglb{ i 6 kfl//x] s f x' G 5g\ .

cGo bjfj ;h{s kIfsf] k|efj M h:tf] ls l56f] ;]jfj:t' kfpg] k|fKt ug]{ gful/s bjfj -Citizen pressure_, ljQLo
lbuf]kgf sfod ug]{ jfWotf -Fiscal pressure_, ljleGg d~r tyf ljZj ;d'bfodf /fHon] u/]sf] k|ltj4tfcg'k
cfpg] gLlt bjfj -Policy pressure_, /fhg}lts txaf6 dfu x'g] u/]sf] hjfkmb]lxtf -Accontability_ n] k|zf;gsf]
k| l t:kwf{ T dstf, Ifdtf, clwsf/ tyf ;fwg k| o f] u sf] Zjk / sfo{ ; + / rgfnfO{ kl/jt{ g ug] { ub{ 5 .

cjwf/0ffTds cfofd M k|zf;gdf lg/Gt/ kdf gof cjwf/0ffx, l;4fGt tyf dfGotfx cfpg] ub{5g\ . j}rfl/s
cEof;, l;4fGt lgdf{0f, cWoog cg';Gwfg / ;"rgf cfwf/ -knowledge_ sf sf/0f o:tf] x'g] ub{5 . cl3Nnf] ;tfJbL;Dd
cjwf/0ff ljsf;sf] ult ;":t /x]sf]df c;Lsf] bzsb]lv l56f] l56f] gof ljrf/ / cjwf/0ffx hGdg] / k|zf;gleq lelqg]
sfo{n] tLj|tf kfPsf] 5 . clxn] k|To]s bzsdf Pp6f gjLg cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'g]u/]sf] 5 h;n] k|zf;gsf] l;4fGtnfO{
kl/jt{g ug]{ jf value addition ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ k|zf;g ;dfh lj1fgsf] If]q ePsf]n] Pp6} cjwf/0ff -dominant
paradigm_ n] dfq k|zf;gnfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ ub}{g, h;/L pure science df x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] k|zf;gdf w]/} cjwf/0ff,
df]8n
] / ljrf/x Ps}rf]6L nfu" e}/x]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ poly paradigmatic stage elgG5 . k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf k|dv
' 9fFrfx
oL x'g M
o

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] 9frfM ;f7Lsf] bzsdf t'ngfTds k|zf;gsf] cWoogkl5 s] lgisif{ lgsflnof] eg] ;/sf/n]
cy{tGqdf cxdsf/L e"ldsf lgefO{ nf]ssNof0f / ljsf;sf] k|bfos aGgsf nflu p;sf] ;+oGq jf k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf
ljsf; klxnf] zt{ xf] . To;}n} ljsf;sf] k|zf;gsf nflu k|zf;gsf] ljsf; cfjZos x'G5 . k/Dk/fut k|zf;gsf]
z}nL / Ifdtfdfly k|Zg p7fO{ ljsf; Joj:yfkg ug{ cl3;fl/Psf] o; 9fFrfn] cGttM Big Government Model
nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf k|dv
' k|lti7ftfx :jf8{nf], 8f]gfN8 ;L :6f]g, P8j8{ jfO8g/, k|m8] l/U;, knfDj/f
lyP .

;/sf/sf] k'g cflj:sf/ 9frf -Reinventing model_ M c;Lsf] bzsaf6 ;/sf/sf] cfsf/nfO{ 5l/tf] kf/L ;/sf/nfO{
klg pBdzLn agfpg cfjZos ;/sf/sf] k'gcflj:sf/ cfjZos 5 eGg] j}rfl/s cfGbf]ngaf6 o;sf] z'jft
ePsf] xf] h;nfO{ 8]le8 cf]J;g]{ / 6]8 Uf]jn/sf] Reinventing Government gfds s[ltn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]n]sf]
%!

kfOG5 eg] kl5 cd]l/sL pk/fi6klt cn uf]/sf] Commonsense Government gfds k|ltj]bgn] cd]l/sL ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLdf o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s dfGotf lbPkl5 eg] ljZjJofkL kdf o;nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] gof dfGotfsf kdf
lnOof] . ;/sf/sf] k'gcflj:sf/ 9frfn] oL bz l;4fGtnfO{ pBdzLn ;/sf/sf] cfwf/ dfg]sf] lyof] M

gful/s ;zQmLs/0f -Citizen Empowerment_

/0fgLlts uGtJojf]w -Mission_

k"j{lqmofzLntf -proactiveness_

ljs]Gb|Lt Joj:yf -Decentralized Governance_

cGo kfqnfO{ ;xhLs/0f -Catalyzing all sector_

nIod'vL Joj:yfkg -Result orientation_

jhf/ k|jQ{g -Market Testing_

pBdzLntf k|j4{g -Earning rather than spending_

eljiod'vL b[li6sf]0f -Anticipation_

gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg -New Public Management_ M k|zf;lgssd{rftGqLo sfo{;+{s[ltnfO{ Joj:yfksLo

;+:s[ltn] k|lt:yfkg u/L ;du| k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg] ;f]rsf ;fy z' c;Lsf] bzsaf6 z' ePsf]
o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljsf; / pTsif{df k'ofpg] sfd lqmi7f]km/ x'8 / kf]ln6n] u/]sf lyP . o;n] u|fxs ;Gt'li6nfO{
k|d'v p2]Zo dfGb5 . gof ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v tTjxM

nfut Go"gLs/0f -Cost reduction_

sfo{d"ns ;+u7g -Functional organization_

Joj:yfks / vl/bstf{sf] ljefhg -Separating Purchaser and provider_

ahf/ ;+oGqsf] k|j]z -Introducing Market Mechanism_

clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -Decentralizing management authority_

sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg -Introducing performance management_

gof sd{rf/L gLlt -New personnel policy_

;]jf u'0f:t/ j[l4df hf]8 -Empowering service quality_

gof ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] k|zf;gdf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfksf] k|j]z u/fpg oL pkfo ckgfpg' kg]{ dfGotf
/fVb5 M

p2]Zod'ns Joj:yfkg

z"Godf cfwfl/t ah]6

;Dk"0f{ u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg

lghLs/0fahf/Ls/0f

k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

pkef]Stf z'Ns

gof ;fj{hlgs ;]jf -New Public Service_ M gof ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] k|zf;gsf] e"ldsfnfO{ s]jn Jofkfl/s
b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq x]/]sf] / gful/snfO{u|fxssf kdf dfq lnPsfn] To;sf] k|ltlqmof Zjk Robert b Denhardt
/ Jenet v Denhardt n] ;fj{jlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf gful/s ;]jf d"Notkm{ cled'lvt ug{ hf]8 lbb} gof ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g . o;n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx u|fxs ;]jf ljt/0f ub}{gg\, nf]stgqsf] ljt/0f ub{5g\
%@

-Public servant do not deliver customor service, they deliver democracy_ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf d"n dd{x x'g

nf]stflGqs d"Noxk|lt k'glj{:jf;

ahf/, k|lt:kwf{ / u|fxssf] ;6\6f, nf]stGq, gful/s / uj{

;/sf/ Joj;fo xf]Og -Government is not business_

hgtfnfO{ ;'gfpg] xf]Og, hgtfsf] ;'Gg] -Listening the people rather than telling

lbUbz{g xf]Og, ;]jf -Serving rather than steering_

gful/s ;+nUgtf / nf]stflGqs ;'zf;g -Civic engagement and democratic government_

gful/sxk|lt Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/, pgLxsf] ;xefuLtf / :jfldTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf x/]s If]qdf lj:tf/ ub}{
;fj{hlgs efjgfsf] k|j4{g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k|d'v clek|fo jf]s]sf] o; 9frfn] zf;sLo lqmofsnfkdf j}wtfsf] :yfkgf ug{
;d]t ;3fp k'ofpb5 .

k|zf;lgs kl/jt{gsf] efjL lbzf

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] . pGgfO;f}+ ;tfJbLaf6 dfq :jtGq ljwfsf kdf
:yflkt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g kl/j]zsf dfu, bjfj / r'gf}tLaf6 kl/:s[t / kl/dflh{t x'b} hfG5 . 8]n]j/ ljZjljBfnosf
/j6{ jL 8]gxf6{ k|zf;gsf] eljio kfFr s'/faf6 lglb{i6 x'g] ljZjf; ub{5g\, klxnf] c;fwf/0f kdf ljikmf]6 e}/x]sf] gof
1fg / k|ljlw cu|;/tf -Extraordinary explosion of new knowledge and technological innovation_, bf];f| ,] ;+:yfTds
k'g;+/rg -Changing institutional patterns_, t];|f,] a9\bf] cGt/cfj4tf / ljZjJofkLs/0f -Increasing integration and
globalization of business, bisiness, politics, culture and environmental concern_ / rf}yf] hg;+Vof / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf
-Demographic and socio cultural shifts toward more and more diversity and potential conflicts_ / kfrf}, k/Dk/fut
ljZjf;k|lt :vng -An erosion of confidence in traditionally structured institutions_ . of] kl/jt{g, cu|;/tf / vf]h
Jojfxfl/s kdf gful/s ;]jfsf] ;t/Lotf / ;}4flGts kdf j}rfl/s cfGbf]ng / vf]hsf] kl/0ffd xf] . kl/jt{g h;/L /
h'g kdf xft nfu] klg cfpb lbg r'gf}tLk"0f{ / To;kl5sf lbg emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /xg] lglZrt 5 . To;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;sdf To;} cg'ksf] g]tT[ j ;Lk, ;~rf/ Ifdtf, 1fgsf] cfwf/, l;h{gfTdstf, ;+:n]if0f Ifdtf / dfgjLo ;+ju] Ifdtf
-Emotional wellness_ eg] cfjZostf k/]/ hfg] 5 . o;n] k|To]s kl5Nnf lbg gjLg Ifdtfsf] dfudf /xg] 5 / h;nfO{
;+jf]wg ug{ k|To]s k|zf;sn] cfkm}k|lt vf]h / k|Zg p7fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lsgsL k|To]s k|zf;ssf] st{Jo p;sf]
pQ/flwsf/Lsf nflu pQd k|0ffnL x:tfGt/0f ug'{df /x]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{
!

Robert B. Denhardt (1999), The Future of Public Administration, Public Administration and Management:
An Interactive Journal

David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (1992, Reinventing Government, Prentice Hall of India Ltd, New
Delhi

Government of the Future (OECD Public Management Policy Brief

pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL -@)^&_, gof ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff, sfdfb, c+s @#

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dfl;s, sf7df8f}+ .

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lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfWodaf6 g} ;/sf/n] cfgf] pkl:ylt b"/b/fhsf hg;d'bfo;Dd k'ofpg] u5{ . :yfoL
;/sf/sf kdf /x]sf] o:tf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ r':tb':t agfO/fVg of]Uo, ;Ifd, Odfgbf/ / cg'zfl;t sd{rf/Lsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ b]zdf ePsf] c/fhs kl/l:yltn] lgDTofPsf] xTof, lx+;f, rGbf, ckx/0f, wDsL, xftkft / Hofg}
hfg];Ddsf 36gfdf ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] b08xLgtfn] lg/fz ePsf] of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmTj ;s];Dd ljb]lzg rfxg] / geP
k|fOe]6 ;+3;+:yfdf nfUg] / Tof] klg geP cfg} Joj;folt/ nfUg] u/]sf]n] lghfdtL ;]jflt/ ;Ifd JolQmxsf] ljsif{0f
a9\bu} Psf] b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ctM o:tf] hgzlQmnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfsif{0f ug{ sd;] sd tTsfnnfO{ lgDg pkfo
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;j{k|yd t, b]zdf /x]sf] c/fhs ultljlw /f]SgnfO{ b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt cGTo ug'{k5{ . bf];|f], k|zf;gnfO{
/fhgLltaf6 d'Qm u/]/ of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] sb/ ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fpg'k5{ . t];|f], jt{dfg kl/j]; ;'xfpFbf] afFRg;Sg]
;'ljwf Pj+ tna eQfsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . rf}yf]df, k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] cGof]nsf] l:ylt x6fpg clwsf/ / lhDj]jf/L
:ki6 x'g'k5{ eg] kfFrf}Fdf, knfog x'g]u/]sf] ;Ifd af}l4s hgzlQmnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]Sg / cem lghfdtL ;]jfdf cslif{t
ug{ kIfkft /lxt of]UoJolQm of]Uo:yfgsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ /fhg}lts rl/qd} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
s;}n] s;}dfly cGofo cTofrf/ u/]df jf s;}nfO{ kL/dsf{ k/]df Gofo dfUg] 7fpF rflxG5 . cGofo ug]{ pk/
c8\8fcbfnt, k'ln; k|zf;g sxLF st} uP/ ph'/L u/]kl5 kLl8t kIfn] Gofo kfpg'k5{ . To;}n] s;}n] s;}nfO{ x]Kg, bafpg,
cGofo ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] lglZrt x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ hgtfnfO{ s]xL cK7f/f];fF3'/f] kl/xfn]df b'Mvk'sf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 7fpF
;/sf/n] lglZrt ug'{k5{ . Tof] ePg eg] ;/sf/ gePsf] b]z 7xl/G5 . klxn] klxn] /fhfljgfsf] b]z xf] / < t}Fn] o;f]
ug{ kfpF5;\ eGg] rng lyof] . clxn] Tof] 7fpF ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ cn] Tof] bfloTj lng'k5{
. ;/sf/ eg] s]Gb|df /xG5 . b"/h/fhsf ufpF ufpFdf ;/sf/ cfk}m k'Ug ;Sb}g, t/ ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw k|zf;g / To;
dftxtsf ;]gf, k|x/L, :yfgLo lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx tL tNnf] txdf a:g] hgtf;Dd k'u/] ;/sf/ pkl:yt ePsf]
cg'e"lt lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L x/]s hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'u]/ pgLxnfO{ ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] dfWod lghfdlt
;]jf xf] . o;}sf] dftxtdf /x]sf ljleGg cn] hgtfnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf k'ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{
:yfoL ;/sf/ klg elgPsf] xf] . o; sf/0f lghfdlt ;]jfleq /x]/ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L b"/bzL{, kf/bzL{,{ Odfgbf/, g}ltsjfg\,
l56f]5l/tf], lzi6, ;Eo / d[b'efifL x'g' h/L 5 . To:tf] u'0fo'Qm x'gsf] nflu of]Uotf / Ifdtf klg x'g'kof] . t/ cfhsf]
kl/j]zdf s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] /fd|f] of]Uotf / Ifdtfjfg\ JolQmx lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt cfslif{t ePsf] kfOFb}g . of]
z'e;]t xf]Og .
klxn] klxn] g]kfnLxsf] af}l4s rl/qnfO{ lnP/ x+:;L dhfs Pj+ 7f ug]{ qmddf k|yd >]0fLdf kf; x'g;Sg]
/fd|f] of]Uotf x'g] JolQmx 8fS6/ Ol~hlgo/ x'G5g\, bf];f| ] txsf JolQmx lghfdlt k|zf;gdf hfG5g\, t];f| ] txsf JolQmx
lzIfsdf hfG5g\ / rf}yf] txsf JolQmx /fhgLltdf nfU5g\, clg /fhgLltaf6 klg c;kmn eP/ ha ;a} 9f]sfx aGb
x'G5g\ To:tf JolQmx 5nsk6, n'RofOF km6\ofOF, rf]/Lrsf/L / nkmflu/Llt/ nfU5g\ . eGg] ul/GYof] . w]/} k/sf] s'/f
xf]Og k}FtL; rfnL; jif{ k"j{sf] g]kfnsf] cj:yfdf of] s'/f ztk|ltzt\ geP klg s]xL k|ltzt t ldNbf] klg lyof] .
af:tljstf h];s
' } eP klg To; a]nfsf] /fd|f] kIf s] lyof] eg] ;/sf/L hflu/ vfg' eg]sf] ;/sf/L l;Fb/' klx/]sf]
;+lemGYof] / ;/sf/L l;Fb'/nfO{ uf}/a 7flgGYof] klg . ;/sf/L l;Fb'/ klx/]kl5 cfk"m ;'/lIft ePsf] dfq xf]Og efUodfgL
ePsf] klg ;+lemOGYof] . b]zdf pBf]uwGbf, snsf/vfgf / cGo Jofkf/Joj;fosf] /fd|f] cj:yf lyPg . To;}n] ;/sf/L
hflu/ afx]s cGoq hfg] af6f] klg lyPg . lghLIf]qsf] klg cj:yf p:t} lyof] . vf; ultljlw cufl8 a9]sf] lyPg .
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lgldQ klxnf] gDa/df lghfdlt ;]jfdf k;]/ hflu/ vfg' g} lyof] eg] bf];f| ] gDa/df ;}lgs k|x/L / ;+:yfg
*w'Daf/fxL $, sf7df8f}+

%$

;ldltdf hflu/ vfg' lyof] . To;}n] hlt klg 8fS6/ Ol~hlgo/x x'Gy] tL ;a} lghfdlt ;]jfdf cfpg] x'gfn] lghfdlt
;]jfsf] /f}gs cs}{ lyof] . :jb]z tyf ljb]zaf6 h]hlt af}l4s hgzlQm pTkfbg x'g]u/]sf] lyof] Tof] ;a} :jb]zd} k|of]u
x'GYof] . oxL sf/0f lyof] lghfdlt ;]jfn] af}l4s bl/b|tfsf] cg'ej ug'{k/]sf] lyPg / /fhg}lts emf]n]k|yfdf clNemg' gkg]{
ePsf] x'gfn] lghfdlt ;]jfsf] zfv lgs} dfly klg lyof] . t/ clxn] qmlds kdf Ifdtfjfg\ JolQmxsf] knfog b]lvg
nfu]sf] 5 .
lghfdlt ;]jftk{m cfslif{t x'g] cem csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f lyof] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf x'g]xsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f / uf}/a .
To; a]nfsf] ;]jfnfO{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgGYof] . x'g t ;}lgs k|x/L / sltko lzIff ;]jfx klg ;/sf/L g} x'g\ t/ klg
lghfdlt ;]jfh:tf] c ;]jf cfsif{s dflgFb}gy] . lsg ls ;/sf/L ;]jf eP klg ;]gf / k|x/L ;]jfdf Ps t kx'Fr sd
lyof] eg] bf];|f] tL ;]jfk|lt nufj klg sd lyof] . tL ;]jfk|lt nufj x'g] ju{ klg cs}{ lyof] . lzIff ;]jf t t];|f] bhf{sf]
e}xfNof] . lzIff ;]jfsf af/]df @)@^@& ;fnlt/sf] Pp6f 36gfsf] ;+emgf ePsf]n] oxfF k]z ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .
;+:s[tdf Pd=P= u/]/ Ps hgf ldq ksGof SofDk;sf] n]Sr//df :yfoL lgo'lQm ePkl5sf] bz}Fdf ;;'/fnL
hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . enfs';f/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf pxfFsf ;;'/fn] ;f]Wg'eP5
HjfOFn] s'g kb / s]df hflu/ vfg'x'G5 < eg]/ . ldqn] ;f]e}m eGg'eP5
d :yfoL n]Sr// ePF ksGof SofDk;df k9fpg yfn]sf] 5' eg]/ . ;;'/fn] lbSs dfGb} eGg'eP5 M
s7} Toqf] Pd=P= k9]/ klg tkfOFn] alxbf/sf] hflu/ klg kfpg'ePg / df:6/ x'g'eof] < n]Sr// dxf]bo lhNn
kg'{eof] . clg pxfFn]
n]Sr// eg]sf] alxbf/eGbf w]/} dflysf] ;]S;g clkm;/ ;/xsf] kb xf] . eg]/ ;+emfpg] sf]l;; ug'{eP5 t/
klg ;;'/fsf] lrQ a'e]mg5 . lsg ls pxfF :jod\ /f0ffsfnLg alxbf/ x'g'x'GYof] / alxbf/sf] hflu/ vfP/ cs't ;DklQ
klg sdfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
oxfF of] s'/f k]z ug'{sf] sf/0f xf] tTsfnLg lghfdlt ;]jfk|ltsf] hgwf/0ff / cfsif{0f s:tf] lyof] < eGg] . t/
cfh eg] Tof] l:ylt ablnPsf] 5 . To; a]nfdf lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{ h;/L k|lti7f / cfb/sf ;fy ;dfhn] x]g]{ uYof]{ cfh
Tof] l:ylt 5}g . :jod\ lghfdlt ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L klg cfk"m k|ltli7t ePsf] cg'ej ug]{uy]{ t/ cfh Tof] kf;f
klN6Psf] 5 . lghfdlt ;]jfdf /x]sf] Tof] uf}/a, Tof] k|lti7f cfh 5}g . ljut s]xL ;do otf ;j{;fwf/0fn] lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{
/f]hufl/sf] ynf]sf] kdf x]/s
] f] klg kfOFbg} . a ;dfhn] /fhg}lts g]tfxnfO{ h:t} sd{rf/LnfO{ klg a]Odfg, e|i6frf/L
/ ;DklQ sdfpgsf] nflu g} hflu/ vfg hfG5g\ eg]h:tf] u/L lrq0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] of]Uo / ;Ifd af}l4s ju{sf]
lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt cfsif{0f xf]Og ls ljsif{0f a9]sf] kfOG5 .
a lzIff ;]jfk|ltsf] ljutsf] h'g wf/0ff lyof] Tof] cfh 5}g . @)@* ;fndf gofF lzIff nfu" ePkl5 lzIf0f k];fn]
;fFRr} gofF k lnPsf] 5 . lghfdlt ;]jfdf sfo{/t Pp6f lkog d]rLaf6 dxfsfnL ;jf eof] eg] klg r'krfk hfg tof/
x'G5 -cfhsf] /fhg}lts kl/j];df x'GYof] eGg'knf{_ . t/ Pp6f dfWolds ljBnosf x]8 ;/ -h;sf] bhf{ pk;lrj ;/x cyf{t\
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;/xsf] / tnj, eQf / ;]jf ;'ljwf x'G5_ nfO{ klg
pxL lhNnfsf] csf]{ ljBfnodf ;jf ul/of] eg] lhlzc sfof{nodf 3]/fp x'G5 / ljBfnodf x8\tfn x'G5 . of] xfd|f /fhg}lts
dxf/yLxsf] b]g xf] . lsg ls r'gfj xf];\ jf aGb x8\tfn ug'{k/f];\, lzIfs / ljBfyL{ ljgf sfo{ ;kmn x'Fb}g . x/]s
/fhg}lts dfWodaf6 x'g] aGb x8\tfndf xfdLn] b]Vg] u/]sf 5f}F 6fo/ afNg], 9'f xfGg] / tf]8\kmf]8\ ug]{ sfddf ;;fgf
!@!$ jif{sf ljBfyL{xsf] ;+Vof clws x'G5 / u'xsf] lgb]{zg k5fl8af6 x'G5 . cfh lzIf0f k];f olt ;lhnf] ePsf]
5 /fhg}lts emf]nf af]Sg] xf] eg] h] ug{ klg 5'6 x'G5 . !#!$ xhf/ tnj vfg] u'xn] #$ xhf/df v]tf/f lzIfs
/fv]/ cfgf] 5'} k];f rnfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . rfx]df ljb]z uP/ 8n/ sdfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . g]tfxsf gft]bf/ jf glhssf eP
t df]km;ndf b/aGbL /fv]/ sf7df8f}d
F f a:g ;lsG5 . o;} sf/0fn] t st} rflxg]eGbf a9L lzIfs / st} Ps hgf lzIfsn]
tLgf]6f sIff Ps} ;fy x]g{'k/]sf va/ ;'Gg'k5{ . ;f];{af6 c:yfoL / s/f/df cfPsf u'x cfk}mn] k9fPsf ljBfyL{l;t
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ 8/fP/ :jtM :yfoL x'g'kg]{ eg]/ x8\tfndf plqg'x'G5 . of] /fhgLlts} b]g xf] . xfn lghfdlt ;]jfsf tNnf
lgsfoxdf klg of] /f]u b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
%%

Pp6f s'/f s] lj;{g x'Gg eg] Odfgbfl/tfsf] clgsfn eg] kl/;s]sf] 5}g . lzIffIf]qdf klg Odfgbfl/tf, g}ltstf
/ sd{7kg w]/} 7fpFdf b]lvG5 . ljBfno / ljBfyL{sf] lxtsf] nflu dl/d]6g\ ] u'x klg o;} b]zn] kfPsf] 5 . hxfF /fhgLltn]
5f]Psf] 5}g, Odfgbf/Lk"j{s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfg} ;Gtfgh:t} 7fg]/ k9fOG5, To:tf ljBfnosf] :t/ k|fOe]6 ljBfnosf] eGbf
sd 5}g t/ d"Nofg x'g] a]nfdf eg] ToxfF k9fpg] lzIfssf] eGbf g]tfhLxsf] glhssf lzIfssf] d"Nofg /fd|f] x'G5 .
x'g t /fhgLlts a/bfg k|fKt ePdf s'g ;]jfdf To:tf s'/fsf] 5'6 5}g / < of] g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt g} eO;s]sf] 5, t}klg
lghfdlt ;]jfleq cem;Dd s]xL dfqfdf eP klg P]g lgodsf] Vofn ug]{ rng x'gfn] leq leq h] eP klg v'n] cfd
/fhg}lts emf]nf af]s]sf] b]vfOFb}g . lzIffIf]q / lghfdlt ;]jfdf cfh;Dd olQ km/s 5 .
cfh klg k|yd :t/sf] af}l4s hut\ en} 8fS6/ Ol~hlgo/ t aGnf t/ Tof] af}l4s ju{ :jb]zL lghfdlt ;]jfdf
xf]Og ls ljb]zL ahf/df jf k|fOe]6 kmd{ sDkgLdf ;dlk{t x'gyfn]sf] 5 . /fd|f] k9fO u5f}{F eGg] :t/Lo elgPsf lzIf0f
;+:yfdf k9\g] ljBfyL{xsf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . :jb]zdf a;]/ sfd ug]e
{ Gbf klg To:tf ljBfyL{xsf] ;f]r z'b]lv
g} ljb]zdf hfg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, ci6]lnof h:tf d'n'sdf hfg], ToxfF P.R. lnP/ ToxLFsf] gful/s x'g]
dfgl;stf cfhsf o'jfxdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . To:tf] df}sf gldNg] jf ljb]zlt/ hfg cg's'n gkg]{ jf hfg grfxg]
hdftsf] klg ;Se/ lghfdlt ;]jfdf xf]Og ls k|fOe]6 ;]jflt/ jf ;+3;+:yfdf nfu]/ cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ k|j[lQ b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
8fS6/ Ol~hlgo/ klg gePsf / /fhgLltlt/ rL klg gePsf s]xL ;Ifd af}l4s ju{ cfg} :s'n sn]h vf]n/] jf ;fgf]ltgf]
Jofkf/ Joj;fo u/]/ eP klg hLlasf]kfh{glt/ nfu]sf] kfOG5 eg] /fhgLltdf rL /fVg]sf nflu ;/sf/L lzIf0f k];f
klg ;lhnf] af6f] ePsf] 5 .
cfh ef]ln g}ltstfsf] /fhgLlt x/fPsf] 5 . b]z / hgtfk|lt Odfgbfl/tf / akmfbfl/tf b]vfpg h/L 5}g .
hgtfnfO{ hlt a9L e'mSofpg ;Sof] Tolt a9L ;kmn /fhgLlt1 eOG5 . To;}n] /fhgLltdf klg klxn]eGbf a9L dfqfdf
af}l4s JolQmTj b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . 8fS6/ Ol~hlgo/xsf] ;d]t o; If]qdf k|z:t k|jz
] ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0frfxLF
;]jfefjeGbf klg cfh cyf]k{ fh{gn] a9L dxTj lngyfn]sf]n] g} x'gk' 5{ / of] afWotf klg x'g;S5 . sdfpgsf] nflu /fhgLlts
If]q ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;df pd]/sf] aGb]h klg 5}g / of]Uotfsf] 5]saf/ klg 5}g . b]z / hgtfk|lt Odfgbf/ geP
klg s'g} kf6L{k|lt Odfgbf/ ePkl5 o; If]qdf hfg]nfO{ h] u/] klg 5'6 5 . Ps hgf d]/f ;xsdL{ ldqn] ;x;lrjsf]
hflu/ 5f]8]/ /fhgLltdf nfUg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] egfO lyof] Mx]g'{;\ Odfgbf/ ag]/ lhGbuLe/ ;]jf u/]/ xfdLn] s] kfof}F <
/fhgLltdf nfu]df df}sf k/] /ftf/ft nfvf}F s/f]8f}F sdfpg klg ;lsFbf] /x]5 . To;} eP/ d t hflu/ 5f]8]kl5 otf nfu]F .
x'g klg xf] /x]5 . df}sf k/] Pp6f ef]6sf] d"No nfvf}F s/f]8f}F kbf]{ /x]5 . o;}n] t cfh rf}yf] txsf] xf]Og ls
k|yd :t/sf] af}l4s hdft klg /fhgLlts If]qdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . Odfgbf/, nugzLn, sd{7, akmfbf/ eP klg /fhg}lts
emf]nf gaf]Sg] sd{rf/Lsf] v}l/ot 5}g . clg of]Uo, Ifdtfjfg\, d]wfjL JolQm lghfdlt ;]jfdf lsg cfpF5 <
k|f0f /x] kFw]/f] b]lvG5 eGg] g]kfnL pvfg 5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] t afFRg] pkfo g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / To;df klg
;lhnf] / ;DkGg eP/ afFRg vf]Hg' dfgjLo :jefj klg xf] . b]z;]jf / ;dfh;]jf eGg] s'/f t bf];|f] bhf{sf] sfd xf] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/]/ vfnL tnasf] e/df Odfgbf/L k"js
{ a:g rfxg] sd{rf/LnfO{ afFRg klg d'l:sn
k5{ . To;dfly ;jf, a9'jf, kb:yfkgh:tf s'/fxdf Joxf]g'{kg]{ gftfafb, s[kfafb / /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf sf/0f x'g]
dfgl;s pTkL8gsf] syf Joyf cnu 5 . k//fi6, /fh:jh:tf ;]jf afx]s lghfdlt ;]jfdf t vfnL To:tf JolQmxdfq
k|j]z ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ hf] c s'g} pkfo geP/ jf cWoog k"/f ug{ gkfpFb} hflu/ vfg ljj; x'G5g\ . a9'jf eP/ jf
v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 dfly dfly hfg] u/]sf] klg ToxL ju{ a9L b]lvPsf] 5 hf] hflu/df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . lghfdlt
;]jfdf hfg] af6f] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff xf] . uPsf s]xL jif{ otfsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bg x]bf{ zfvf
clws[tsf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'g] pd]bjf/x dWo] ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lxsf] afx'Notf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5
eg] xfd|f] lghfdlt ;]jflt/ af}l4s hut\sf] cfsif{0f geP/ ljsif{0f ePsf] t xf]Og < of] ljrf/0fLo ljifo ePsf] 5 .
lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{ r':tb':t / ;]jfd'vL u/fpg k'/fg} ljrf/wf/f / efjgf af]s]sf sd{rf/Laf6 dfq ;Dej gx'g;S5 .
o;df gofF gofF hf]; hfFu/ / efjgfn] clek|]l/t af}l4s ju{sf] vfFrf] /xG5 . k'/fg} cg'xf/ / k'/fg} ;f]r ePsf] ju{df
gofF ;f]r ljrf/ eg{nfO{ ToxL lsl;dsf] tflnd / cWoogsf] vfFrf] t /xG5 g} TolQn] klg lghfdlt ;]jfdf ;do /
kl/l:yltn] rfx]hlt kl/jlt{t efjgf / sfo{k|]/0ff pknAw x'g;Sb}g . alg;s]sf] udnf k'm6fP/ ;'/fxL agfpg clxn]sf]
hdfgfdf c;Dej gxf]nf, t/ ;lhnf] eg] kSs} 5}g .
%^

xfn Nff]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; x'g] pd]bjf/x of]Uo t cjZo x'G5g\ t/ ltgLx slt dWo]df of]Uo x'g\ <
eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo x'g;S5 . s] ltgLx g} ;dfhdf ePsf ;a}eGbf of]Uo, ;Ifd, b]z, sfn kl/l:ylt a'g;Sg] d]wfjL
pD]bjf/ x'g\ eg]/ bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 t < cjZo ;lsGg . lsg ls xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}F cfhef]ln vf; vf; of]Uotf x'g] k|yd
:t/sf] af}l4s ju{sf] lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt gsf/fTds wf/0ff kfOg yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] ju{ ;s] ljb]z, Tof] geP k|fOe]6 ;+3;+:yfdf
/ cem Tof] klg x'gg;s] cfg} Joj;fodf nfu]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf pd]bjf/xn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf nflu pd]bjf/L
g} btf{ u/fpFbg} g\ . k/LIffdf pd]bjf/L btf{ gu/fPsf pd]bjf/nfO{ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; ug]{ s'/f klg cfpFbg} . o;} jf:tljstfnfO{
ljrf/ ubf{ cfhef]ln lghfdlt ;]jfdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;lDdlnt ePsf dWo] of]Uotd eGg
;lsG5, t/ ;dfhdf ePsf dWo] of]Uotd eGg ;lsGg .
oxfF of] e|d gxf];\ ls xfd|f] lghfdlt ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/L cof]Uo 5g\ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og, a of] eGg
vf]lhPsf] xf] ls g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfsif{0f lsg 36\of] < lghfdlt ;]jfsf] utljutsf] cfgf]
dof{bf, k|lti7f / zfv lsg 36\g nfUof] < o;sf] vf]hL / ljZn]if0f x'g' h/L 5 . k|zf;g b]zs} P]gf xf] . zflGt;'/Iff,
k//fi6 ;DaGw, ljsf; / hg;]jfsf] dfWod xf] k|zf;g . o;}nfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ klg elgG5 . To;}n] ;do, kl/l:ylt /
cfjZostf cg'';f/ k|zf;gn] gofF gofF ;f]r / k|ljlw leq\ofpg' h/L x'G5 . gofF gofF ;"rgf, ;~rf/, lj1fg / k|ljlwn]
;+;f/ ;fF3'l/Psf] 5 . klxn]h:t} cy{ ;ng / ;fdfGo ;'/Iff k|bfg u/] x'g]h:tf] k|zf;g clxn] sfd nfUb}g . gofF
hdfgfcg';f/ hgtfsf OR5f, cfsfFIff / cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sg], ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ ult lbg ;Sg] / cGt/fli6o efOrf/fsf]
;DaGw sfod /fVg;Sg], ;lGw;+emf}tfdf b]zsf] lxt sfod /fVg ;Sg], ljb]zL ldqxn] h] eg] klg lz/ lgx'ofP/ ;dy{g
ug]d{ fq xf]Og ls k/]sf] a]nfdf lz/ 7f8f] kf/]/ cfgf] kIfsf] dof{bf / lxt sfod /fVg ;Sg] rt'/ k|zf;g cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . To;}n] gofF gofF ;f]r / wf/0ff /fVg;Sg], gofF k|ljlwsf] ljZn]if0f, ljj]rgf / k|of]u ug{;Sg] gofF hf]; / pd ePsf]
o'jfzlQmnfO{ cfsif{0f ug'{kg]{df To:tf] d]wfjL o'jf hut\sf] lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt ljsif{0f a9\g' b]zlxtsf] lgldQ /fd|f] nIf0f
dfGg ;lsGg .
o;} kl/k|I] fdf g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf k'/fgfsf] k|lt:yfkg / gofF lkl8sf] lj:yfkgh:t} ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f=8f+=
o;} kl/k|I] fdf g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf k'/fgfsf] k|lt:yfkg / gofF lkl8sf] lj:yfkgh:t} ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f=8f+=
o;} kl/k|I] fdf g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf k'/fgfsf] k|lt:yfkg / gofF lkl8sf] lj:yfkgh:t} ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f=8f+=
eLdb]j en] s] xfd|f] lghfdlt ;]jfdf u|]zD; n nfu" ePsf] t xf]Og < eg]/ k|Zg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] g]kfnsf]
lghfdlt ;]jf eGg] lstfadf u|]zD; n sf] ljj]rgf ug'{ePsf] 5 . To;sf] s]xL c+z oxfF p4[t ug'{ ;fGble{s 7fg]sf] 5' .
s] xf] u|]zD; n <
cy{zf:q tyf Joj:yfkg ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{n] k|ToIfk/f]If kdf u|]zD; naf/] hfgsf/L lng;d]t k'Ub5g\ .
vf;u/Lsg d'b|f tyf a}Fls -Money & banking_ ljifo k9\bf o;af/] af]w ul/G5 . cfy{zf:qL u|]zD;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf]
of] l;4fGt gofF / k'/fgf] d'b|fsf] pkof]uaf/] ;DalGwt 5 . cfgf] l;4fGt k|:6\ofpg] l;nl;nfdf pgL jsfnt ub{5g\

MWhen good money & bad money comes in circulatieon together, the bad money drives away the
' m kdf rngrNtLdf NofOG5g\
good money from circulation" cyf{t\ s'g} klg b]zdf ha gofF / k'/fgf d'bf| x ;+oQ

eg] k'/fgf] d'b|fn] gofF d'b|fnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ k'Ub5 . of] s'/f ;To xf] xf]Og egL xfdLn] cfk"m;+u /x]sf] d'b|fsf] rng jf
pkof]u s;/L ub{5f}F egL cjut u/]df :jtM :ki6 x'G5 . sNkgf u/f}F ls xfdL;Fu =%). b/sf #) j6f gf]6 vNtLdf
5g\ . s'g} k;ndf uO{ vl/bljqmLsf qmddf xfdLn] = %)). a/fa/sf] e'QmfgL lbg' 5 eg] xfdLl;t df}Hbft #) j6f
gf]6dWo] k'/fgf cfs[ltsf b;=====j6f gf]6 e'QmfgL ub{5f}F / t'ngfTds b[li6n] afFsL /x]sf @) j6f ;kmf gf]6 cfk"ml;t
;'/lIft /fVb5f}F . of] l;4fGtnfO{ u|]zD; n egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .=====
u|]zD;n] of] l;4fGt d'b|fsf] k|rngaf/] k|ltkfbg u/] tfklg o;nfO{ cGo If]q jf ljifo;Fu klg pkdf lbg ;lsG5 .
sd lzlIft JolQmn] pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf JolQmnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]df, k|ltefsf] sb/ gePdf, g/fd|f dflg;n] /fd|f
dflg;sf] p7Laf; u/fPdf, p208 JolQmJolQmTjn] lzi6, zf}Do JolQmsf] clwsf/ xgg u/]df cyjf cGo h'g;'s} If]qsf
cnf]slk|o jf cof]Uo JolQmn] nf]slk|o JolQmJolQmTjnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]df xfdL u|]zD; nsf] k|of]u eof] egL cleJolQm
lbg k'Ub5f}F . of] :jfefljs klg 5 . o;} kl/j]zdf n]vsn] k|:t't n]vdf lghfdlt ;]jfdf st} u]z
| D; n xfaL x'g vf]hs
] f]
%&

t xf]Og egL ;dfhdf ax'rlr{t ljifosf] k|; vf]tNg] w[i6tf;Dd u/]sf] xf] .
8f= en] pNn]v ug{'ePsf] u|]zD; nsf] k|of]u /fhg}lts lgo'lQm x'g] kbdf t c;fWo} ldN5 . efUon] kbcg';f/
of]Uo JolQm kg{hfnf Tof] cs}{ s'/f xf] . k'/fgf sd{rf/Ln] gofF sd{rf/LnfO{ jf g/fd|f sd{rf/Ln] /fd|f sd{rf/LnfO{ lj:yflkt
u5{g\ eGg] s'/f eg] s]xL k|ltzt ldN5 xf]nf . a9L t v/fa jftfa/0fn] /fd|f] jftfj/0f rfxg] af}l4s hdftnfO{ lj:yflkt
u/]sf] 5 eGbf l7s knf{ . o:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g'df klg 3'dfOlkm/fO /fhg}lts kl/j]znfO{ g} cl3 ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lsg ls lghfdlt ;]jf ;/sf/ lgolGqt ;]jf xf] . lghfdlt sd{rf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 g} ;/sf/n] cfgf] pkl:ylt b"/b/fhsf
hg;fwf/0f;Dd hgfpF5 . lghfdlt ;]jfsf] ;+/Ifs klg ;/sf/ xf] / cfwf/ klg ;/sf/ xf] . To; sf/0f lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{
/fd|f] g/fd|f], Odfgbf/ a]Odfg, ;Ifd c;Ifd, b"/bzL{ cb"/bzL{, lzi6, ;Eo, ljgozLn / ;]jfd'vL s] agfpg] xf] < oL ;a}
s'/fdf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjs} xft x'G5 .
lghfdlt sd{rf/Lxn] hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 tna vfG5g\, pgLxsf] hLlasf]kfh{g To;}af6 rNg]x'gfn] b]z
/ hgtfk|lt akmfbf/ /xg]5' eg]/ zky klg vfPsf x'G5g\ . To; sf/0f lghfdlt sd{rf/L hgtfsf ;]js x'g\ . ;/sf/af6
hgtfn] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf;'ljwf sd{rf/Laf6} kfpg] x'gfn] ;/sf/sf k|ltlglw klg x'g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s'g} dGqL / g]tfsf]
ef/L af]Sg] jf efF8f dfg] lghL gf]s/ eg] lghfdlt sd{rf/L xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/f dGqL jf g]tfn] ;f]Rg'k5{ . lh=lz=c=,
Pn=l8=cf]= nufotsf sd{rf/Lsf] OHht / dof{bf t ;fwf/0f /fhg}lts sfo{stf{sf] cufl8 klg gu0o g} ePsf] 5 t/
;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw eP/ lhNnfdf vl6Psf] k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L cfg} s';L{df a;]/ sfd ul//x]sf] a]nfdf Pp6f dGqLaf6
s'l6G5 / To:tf dGqLnfO{ ;/sf/n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g eg] tL sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an s:tf] xf]nf / To;n] lhNnfdf ;/sf/sf]
k|ltlglwTj s;/L u5{ < hgtfnfO{ zflGt;'/Iff s] lbG5 < / lhNnfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] /]vb]v s;/L u5{ < clg e|i6frf/L
Pj+ cGo cg}lts sfd ug{n
] fO{ lgoGq0f u/]/ ;'zf;g s;/L sfod ug{ ;S5 < s] xfd|f] b]z ;/sf/ ljgfsf] b]z x'g vf]hs
] f]
t xf]Og <
dfgj clwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL, :jf:gLn] nf]Ug] / afa'cfdfn] cfgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg lk6\g oftgf
lbg gkfpg] elgG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] avfg ug]{ dGqLn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ s'6\g' nfhdbf]{ s'/f ePg / < b]zdf
;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;/sf/sf] gLlt oxL xf] t < o:tf] /fhg}lts kl/j]z ePsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf clnslt Ifdtf ePsf]
JolQm s;/L cfslif{t x'g] < ;]jfdf axfn /x]sf tdfd sd{rf/L dWo] dGqL / g]tfxsf gft]bf/ jf glhssf s]xL sd{rf/Ln]
t of] cj:yfnfO{ g/fd|f] geGnfg\ t/ clwsfFz sd{rf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ slt lgl/x / ckdflgt ;+e]msf xf]nfg\ < o:tf s'/f
zAbdf eGg ufx|f] x'G5 .
/fhgLlt eg]sf] b]zsf] ;'Joj:yfkgsf] d]b08 xf] . /fhgLlt g} c/fhs aG5 eg] To;sf] dftxtdf /xg] lghfdlt
k|zf;g ;'l:y/ / ;+oldt x'g ;Sb}g . k|zf;gn] af6f] lj/fof] eg] b]z c;kmn x'g a]/nfUb}g . b]zsf] b"/b/fhdf a;]/
si6k"0f{ hLjg hLpg ljj; gful/sn] sf7df8f}s
F f] l;+xb/jf/df /x]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lrGb}g . p;n] t c;'/lIft ePsf] a]nfdf
;'/Iff lbg], lj/fdL ePsf] a]nfdf cf]vlt lbg] / ef]s nfu]sf] a]nfdf lsg]/ eP klg vfg;Sg] Joj:yf ul/lbg] JolQmnfO{
;/sf/ eg]/ lrg]sf] x'G5 . uflj;sf] ;lrj / x]Nykf]i6sf] cx]j g} p;sf] glhssf] ;/sf/ xf] . l;+xb/af/df a:g] dGqLsf]
e'm08l;t p;sf] ;/f]sf/ x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf] gfddf dGqLxsf] e'm08 agfpg\ jf ;f+;bsf] kdf b]z} k"/f n'6'g\ x'Dnf /
8f]Nkfsf] b'u{d ufpFdf a:g] ul/a ufpFn]nfO{ dtna x'Fb}g . l;+xb/af/df dlGqd08n u7g xf];\ ls g xf];\ To;df p;n]
;/f]sf/ /fVb}g . p;nfO{ t ;b/d'sfddf rfdn / ux"F lsGg kfpg] u/L l;kmfl/; ul/lbg] ufpF ljsf;sf] ;lrj / k]6b'Vbf
cf]vtL lbg] cx]j g} p;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt x'G5 . olb upFdf ;lrj x'Gg eg] To; a]nf p;n] ;/sf/ x/fPsf]
cg'e"lt u5{ . ;/sf/ pkl:yt 5 eGg] cg'e"lt u/fpg] dfWod g} lghfdlt ;]jf xf] . To;}n] ;/sf/n] lghfdlt ;]jfdf
of]Uo, ;Ifd, clxn]sf] o'ul;t rNg;Sg] b"/bzL{ sd{rf/LxnfO{ cfslif{t ug{;Sg'k5{ . lghdtL ;]jfleq /x]/ sfd ug]{
sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9fP/ lzi6, ;Eo, ;Ifd / ;an agfP/ ljsl;t Pj+ k|ultzLn k|zf;g agfpg k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{
x'G5 t/ oxfF eg] pN6f] uf au]sf] 5 . hLpHofg hf]ufpg n6sf n6 uflj; ;lrjxn] ;fd'lxs /fhLgfdf ul//x]sf
5g\ . o:tf] c/fhs kl/l:yltdf ;Ifd JolQmTj lghfdlt ;]jfk|lt cfslif{t x'g] ;Defjgf sd 5 . cfhsfn cGo k]zflt/
rL /fVg] t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lj1fkgdf b/vf:t glbPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lsg b/vf:t ge/]sf] < eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg]
algagfp pQ/ kfOG5 s'6fO vfg'5 / ;/sf/L hflu/ vfg kmf/d eg]{ < eg]/ . Psflt/ v'nf /fhgLlts kl/j]z o:tf]
%*

5 eg] csf]{lt/ ljleGg ;+u7gsf gfddf xTof, lx+;f, rGbf, ckx/0fh:tf Hofbltn] Hofg} hf]lvddf kf/]/ sd{rf/Ln] sfd
ug'k{ l//x]sf] 5 Tof] klg vfg gk'Ug] tnasf] e/df . ctM of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ lghfdlt ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ / k|zf;gnfO{
;'Jojl:yt ug{ tTsfnnfO{ lgDg pkfo ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!_ c/fhgLlts rl/q aGb ug'{kg]{ M

b]zdf ePsf c/fhs lqmofsnfkn] cfd hgtf t ljIf'Aw ag]sf5g\ eg] emg\ hgtfsf] ;]jf;'ljwfdf ;dlk{t
sd{rf/Lxdfly x'g]u/]sf xftkft, ufnLunf}h, rGbf cft, Hofgdfg]{ wDsLdfq geP/ ;fFRr} df/]sf 36gf;d]t k|ToIf
5g\ . o; cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] s'g dgf]ann] sfd ug{ ;S5 < Psflt/ o:tf c/fhs ultljlw eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/
To:tf c/fhs tTjxnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ t cfF6} 5}g a ;/sf/ / kf6L{xn] k|ToIf ck|ToIf ;dy{g ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
b]zdf rln/x]sf] o:tf] c/fhs l:yltdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L t l8df]nf{Oh ePsf 5g\ eg] cfk"mdf s]xL v'aL ePsf, of]Uo,
;Ifd, Odfgbf/ JolQm lghfdlt sd{rf/L aGg lsg cfpF5 < ctM ;/sf/n] b]zsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf of]Uo, Odfgbf/, ;Ifd
/ sd{7 sd{rf/L cfpg\ eGg] rfxg] xf] / b]zsf] lxtdf s]xL u/f}F eGg] efjgf /Vg] xf] eg] ;j{ky| d t b]zdf eO/x]sf] c/fhs
l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]/ b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf cGTo ug'{k5 . d"No / dfGotfsf] rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ s~h':ofOF ug'{ePg .

@_ k|zf;gdf 5fPsf] /fhgLtLs/0f aGb ug{'kg]{ M

lghfdlt ;]jfleq s/La s/La bn}lkR5]sf ;+3 / ;+u7g ag]sf 5g\ . @)$& ;fndf rn]sf] sd{rf/L cfGbf]ng
zfGt kfg{ ;+3 / ;7gsf] kdf b'O{ lr/f agfOPsf] sd{rf/Lljefhgsf] lapm k}mlnP/ jgdf/f emf/n] jg ljgfz u/]h:t}
lghfdlt ;]jfleqsf] /fhg}lts ljefhgn] g}ltstf, Odfgbfl/tf / cg'zf;g Wj:t agfPsf] 5 . dGqLkl/ifb\sf] u7gkl5
;j{k|yd t ;lrjsf] 5gf]6 ug{] tv{/ x'G5 . ;lrjsf] 5gf]6df sfo{Ifdtf / Odfgbfl/tf xf]Og ls sfo{stf{sf] l;kmfl/;
x]l/G5 . of] kl/kf6L slt pko'Qm 5 < jf:tjdf /fhg}lts emf]nf af]s/] nfe lng;Sg] lghfdlt ;]jfdfdfq xf]Og lzIffIf]qdf
sfd ug]{ dWo] klg @$ k|ltztdfq xf]nfg\ . afFsL @$ k|ltzt nxnx}df nfu]/ jf kl5 s]xL kfOPnf ls < eg]/ nfUg]
xf]nfg\ . afFsL ;a} cfgf] ;]jfk|lt Odfgbf/ / akmfbf/ 5g\ . cGoyf ;a} k|zf;sn] Odfgbfl/tf 5f]l8lbPsf] eP xfd|f] b]z
c;kmn /fi6 3f]lift eO;s]sf] x'g]lyof] eg] ;a} lzIfs k|fWofks a]Odfg ePsf eP lzIf0f;+:yfx rf]/ / nkmfxsf]
cv8f x'gl] yof] . ch;Dd h] aFrs
] f] 5 Tof] >]o pxfFxnfO{ g} lbg'k5{h:tf] n]vsn] 7fg]sf] 5 . Pp6f cfn' s'lxPdf af]/fel/sf]
cfn' s'lxG5 /] xf]Og s;/L eGg] < o; sf/0f ca t /fhg}lts g]tT[ jn] ;f]Rg' h/L ePsf] 5 . s]xL k|zf;s / u'ju{sf]
Odfgbfl/tf / cg'zf;gn]dfq b]z w]/} lbg rNg;Sb}g . ;/sf/df ePsf / ;/sf/df hfg tv{/ ug]{ ;a} /fhg}lts bnx
;r]t x'g'k5{ . cGoyf s]xL If0fsf] nfesf nflu lghfdlt ;]jf / lzIff If]qdf ul/Psf] /fhg}lts k|If]k0fn] b]znfO{ sxfF
k'ofpg] xf] < eGg ufx|f] 5 .

#_ hLljsf]kfh{g ug{;Sg] tna eQfsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] M

;fs{/fi6 dWo] g]kfnsf sd{rf/Lsf] tna:s]n sd 5 . ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgdf tna:s]nsf] ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{
;'emfj lbPsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] cfly{s cj:yfn] ubf{ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g xf]nf t/ klg afFRgsf] nflu s]
slt rflxG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eg] ug}{ kg]{x'G5 . ljB't / vfg]kfgLsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sg ;Sof] eg] @$@% k|ltzt ;]jf
a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f w]/} k6s ;'lgPsf] xf] . To;} u/L ;/sf/L 9's'6Lsf] ckx/0f / /fh:jsf] r'xfj6n] s]xL JolQmnfO{
kmfObf ePsf] xf]nf . olb To;nfO{ /f]Sg;s] sd{rf/LnfO{ afFRg;Sg] ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] k+lQmsf/sf] klg ;f]rfO 5,
of] s'/f cy{ljbnfO{ a9L yfxf xf]nf . ;fwf/0f n]vk9 klg ug{ g;Sg] o'jfdWo] vf8Ld'ns
' df uP/ HofdL sfd u/]df dfl;s
@)@% xfhf/ t sdfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ nfvf}F o'jfx ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ . xfdLsxfF ;lrjsf] tna slt x'G5 < t'ngf
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnd} klg cfhef]nL l;d]06 nufP/ OF6f hf]8\g hfGg] ld:qLn] !% b]lv @) xhf/ dlxgfdf sdfpF5 .
sfnLdf6Laf6 ;fOsndf t/sf/L NofP/ 3/3/ a]Rg]n] dlxgfdf @$@% xhf/ klg jrt ug{g;s] s] ;fOsn l3;fg'{ <
eG5g\ . sd;] sd :gfts eP/, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ aNntNn zfvf clws[t ePsf] JolQmn] kfFr
jif{ sfd ubf{ klg @) xhf/ tna k'Ub}g . Pd=lj=P= u/]/ k|fOe]6 kmd{ jf a}Fsxdf k;]sf] JolQmn] tLg rf/ jif{df %)
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nfv tna kfpg ;S5g\ . clg Ifdtfjfnf JolQ lghfdlt ;]jfdf lsg cfpF5 <
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s'/f ug]{ < eg]/ . Pp6f ;f+;b\nfO{ %)^) xhf/ ;/sf/n] Joxf]/]sf] 5 / dGqLsf] nflu t ljleGg ljifodf u/]/ nfvf}F
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{ sdfpg rfxG5 . To; sf/0f To:tf
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$_ sfo{ljefhgsf] lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{M

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sltko s'/fdf dGqLaf6 ;lrjnfO{ afOkf; u/]/ klg lg0f{o ug]{u/]sf] s'/f ;'Ggdf cfpg]u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/kf6L aGb
x'gk' 5{ . dGqLsf] slt cflwsf/ / ;lrjsf] slt clwsf/ eGg] :ki6 x'g' h/L 5, ljjfb /xg' x'bF g} . o;n] dGqL / ;lrjaLr
slxn] sxLF x'g] u/]sf] dgd'6fjsf] cGTo x'G5 / sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg klg x'Fb}g . h;af6 Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;S5 .

%_ af}l4s knfog /f]Sg'kg]{M

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c7f]6 lnPsf ljBfyL{x afx| sIff kf; ePkl5 jf a9Ldf :gfts ePkl5 ljb]zlt/} hfg rfxG5g\ . :jb]zdf a:g grfx]/
ljb]zlt/} hfg rfxg'sf] sf/0f s] eg] klxnf] t, aGb, x8\tfn, rSsfhfd, cg]s yl/sf ljbfx / sfo{ut l9nfOn] ubf{
tLg jif{sf] sf]if{ ;Sg kfFr jif{ 5 jif{ nfUg vf]H5 . bf];|f], hgtg k9\of], k9]kl5 sfd kfpg ufx|f] . t];|f]M ;f];{kmf];{ jf
syl~rt dl/ld6L u/]/ k|lt:kwf{af6 sfd kfOxfn] klg afFRgk'Ug] tna kfpg emg\ ufx|f] . rf}yf]M To;nfO{ klg cfTd;ft\
u/]/ hflu/df uOxfNof] eg] klg /fhg}lts bnxsf JolQmjfbL rl/q / bnut :jfy{sf sf/0f hGd]sf lx+;fTds hTyfxaf6
x'g] wDsL, rGbf, ckx/0f / Hofg};d]t hfg] cj:yf x'gfn] g} To:tf] af}l4s JolQmTj ljb]zlt/ knfog x'g]u/]sf] xf] . ctM
b]z xfFS5f}F eGg]xn] a]n}df ;f]r]/ af}l4s knfognfO{ /f]Sg' h/L 5 . cGoyf o:t} l:ylt /lx/Xof] eg] lghfdlt ;]jfsf]
:t/ clxn]sf]eGbf klg cf]/fnf] nfUg] ;Defjgf a9L 5 . c:t' .
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g]kfndf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf M ;d:of tyf ;'emfj

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lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) sf] vf; dfGotf g} ljBdfg ;|ft] / ;fwgnfO{ eljiodf x'g] ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]
nflu klg jfFsL /xg lbg'kb{5 eGg] xf] . of] eljiodf ul/g] ljsf; / ;Gtltsf] nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbf hf]ufP/
/fVg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . dfgjLo ljsf; lqmofsnfk / k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgaLrsf ;Gt'ng;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'cft jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] ;sf/fTds x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{ x'g] ub{5 eGg] dfGotfsf
cfwf/df z' ul/Psf] xf] . jt{dfgdf k"lt{ ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf tyf eljiodf yk x'g] hg;+VofnfO{ yk Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{
cfjZostfnfO{ x]bf{ lbuf] ljsf; ug{ r'\gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvg cfp5 . a9\bf] OGwg vkt tyf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dfu
kl/k"lt{ ug{ Psflt/ cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{lt/ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;Gt'lnt ljsf; cfjZostf 5 . oL b'j} p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] dfu j[l4 tyf hdLgsf] pkof]uaLr tfnd]n x'g g;s]df
lbuf] ljsf;df c yk r'gf}tL b]vfkg]{ klg ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ;|ft] ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]u u/L k|ljlwsf]
5gf}6 tyf k|efjsf/L ahf/ ;dGjo ;DalGw gLlt cjnDag ul/g' cfjZos 5 . jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ ug]{ vfnsf
lqmofsnfkxnfO{ 36fO{ jftfj/0f gLlt tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' klg Tolts} cfjZos 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf
k| : t' t n] v df lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;} 4 flGts / Aoaxfl/s cawf/0ffjf/] k| i 6 kfg] { k| o f; ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/ro
cfhef]ln ljZjel/ g} lbuf] cyf{t\ c+u|]hLdf 'sustainable' zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] dxjk"0f{
;"rf+s ljsf;df lbuf]kgsf] cjl:ylt xf] . ljsf;sf] cy{ / ;fy{stf g} To;sf] lbuf]kg;Fu x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cy{df ljsf;df
lbuf]kg eGgfn] s'g} Psk6s ;~rfng ePsf s'g} klg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
o; k|sf/sf] ljsf; ;d'bfosf] x}l;ot, cf}sft tyf dxjsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 lgs} ;sf/fTds /fVg] zLif{s cGt{utsf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) eg]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f g} xf] . ul/aL
lgjf/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf qmddf jftfj/0fLo IfltnfO{ d"Nof+sg u/]/ dfq} cufl8 sfo{qmdx a9fpg ;s]sf] v08df 7Ls
nIodf k'Ug / ef]lnsf lk9LxnfO{ klg oxL tl/sfn] cjt/0f u/fpg ;3fp k'Ub5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug'e
{ Gbf
cufl8 ljljw kIfxsf] cWoog u/L ;a} If]qaf6 7Ls 5 eGg] /fo k|s6 ePdf dfq sfd ;~rfng u/]df To;af6 lbuf]
ljsf; ;+ej x'g hfg]5 .
lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) sf] vf; dfGotf g} ljBdfg ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ eljiodf x'g] ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] nflu klg jfFsL /xg lbg'kb{5 eGg] xf] . of] eljiodf ul/g] ljsf; / ;Gtltsf] nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbf
hf]ufP/ /fVg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . dfgjLo ljsf; lqmofsnfk / k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgaLrsf ;Gt'ng;Fu
;DalGwt 5 . o;/L s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] lbuf] ljsf; To:tf] ljsf; xf] h;n] eljiodf cfpg] ;Gtltxsf] nflu rflxg]
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xflg gu/Lsg ljBdfg dflg;xsf] cfjZostf k"/f ub{5 . (Sustainable Development is the
generations without disturbing the ability of future generate of future generation.) o;/L Psflt/ rflxPsf jvt
ljsf;sf] kmn ;lhn} pknAw x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ hfx]/ ub{5 eg] csf]l{ t/ jftfj/0fLo z'4tf / ;Gt'ngnfO{ sfod /fVg'kb{5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg plQs} dxTj lbG5 .
Any sustainable development agenda must be concerned with integration equity that is with enjuring that future
generation has the same capability to develop the persent generation, a dvelopment Path is sustaimable only if it insures
that the stock of overall capital asset remains constant or increase over time, these assets include manufactured capital.
(such as machines and roads) human capital (Knowledge and skill), social capital (Relationship and institutions) and
environmental capital (Forest and coral reefs). The environmental matters not Just because of its effects on psychic the
non-economic welfare but also because of its impact on production over the long term-Environmental sustainability is also
closely connected with inter a generations equality, (world Development Report 1990-2000, 28, Sources Peace and warfare
1993, Watson and Others 199.

ljsf; / jftfj/0fsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw ePsf]n] ;g\ !(*# df jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL cfof]u u7g ug{
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3 ;fwf/0f ;efjf6 k|:tfj kfl/t u/L l8;]Dj/ ;g\ !(*# df (Brund and Commission) u7g eof] . pQm
*;xk|fWofks, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk;

^!

cfof]un] ;g\ !(*^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] $@ cf}+ ;fwf/0f ;efdf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg xfd|f] ;femf eljio k|:t't uof] .
pQm ax'rlr{t k|ltj]bg pQ/ blIf0f aLrsf] ljrf/ / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] k|of; ub}{ / s]xL ;'emfj k|:t't
ub}{ olb xfdLn] cljl5Gg kdf clxn] hlQs} k|fs[lts ;fwgxsf] k|of]u ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] u'0ffTds kn] 36\b} uO/x]sf]
hLjgsf] cfzf ug{ ;S5f}+ . (If we continue to use of natural resources as we do at present, if we ignore the
plight of the poor, then we can (only) expect a decline in the quality if life" -Earth summit' 92 P.15-16) eGg]
lgsfn]sf] 5 . pQm cfof]un] ;'emfj k|:t't ub}{ /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o ljsf; l;fGt / gLltx / lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
xfd|f] cufl8 k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Brundtland Commission n] lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/, eljiosf] lk+9Ls]f cfjZostf k"/f ug{ jfwf gk'Ug] jt{dfgsf]
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ul/g] ljsf; k|oTg g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] . ("Sustainable Development- "Development that meets
the read if the persent without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs"- Our
common future 383 P.P.)

;g\ !(*& sf] clk|n dlxgf kof{j/0f Pj+ ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cfof]un] xfd|f] ;femf eljio ljifosf] k|ltj]bg
k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . o;} k|ltj]bgn] klxnf] kN6 lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf k|sfz kf/]sf] xf] . o;n] lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ o;/L
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 "Sustainable Development means meeting the needs of present generation without compromising
the needs of future generation." cyf{t\ eljiosf k':tfxsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|efj gkfl/sg jt{dfgsf cfjZostfnfO{
k"/f ug'{nfO{ g} lbuf] ljsf; elgG5 . -;|f]tM gf/fo0f k|;fb sfn], ljsf; k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd, (New Dimension of
Development Administration) k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^! df3 , k]h g+= $&&_ . To:t} u/L pQm k|ltj]bgn] lbuf] ljsf;nfO{
cem :ki6 kdf k|:t't ug{ o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 "Sustainable Development is a process of change in which

the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orentation of technological development and
institutional change, are all in harmony and enhane both current and future potential to meet human needs and
aspirations." of] k|ltj]bgn] eljiosf jf cfpFbf lk9Lsf] cfjZostf Pj+ cfsf+Iff k"lt{ ug]{ Ifdtf;Fu s'g} tfbfTDo g/fvL

jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ g} lbuf] ljsf; dfg]sf] 5 . oxfF eljiosf] lkF9Lsf] cfsf+Iff cfk"lt{ ug]{
Ifdtf;Fu s'g} tfbfTDo g/fVg' eGgfn] ef]lnsf] cfjZostf;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfhsf] ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'
eGg] ;sf/fTds cy{df lnPsf] kfOG5, gls eljiok|lt lglZrGt /xL ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t / ;fwg cfh}sf] k"lt{sf] lglDt k|of]u ug'{
eg]sf] xf] . o; cy{df lbuf] ljsf;n] ul/aL a[l4 gx'g], kof{j/0fsf] Iflt gx'g] / eljiosf ;Gtltx lrGtgLo cj:yfdf
gk'Ug] ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

Sustainable development can be defined as "the development of natural resources to meet the immediate
needs of the present population, without hampering the requirements of future generations as well as endangering
the ecology and environment as such i.e, to take into account the local and global effeecs to arrive at an optimal
solution for meeting the basic aspirations of the affected people. Various UN publications, in an effort to define
strategy for sustainable living and development, refere it as, "improving the quality of human life while living
within the carrying capacit of the supporting ecosystems." (source: N.L. Gupta and R.K. Gurjar, Sustainability
and development proces: issues and implications, Sustainable Development, Edited by, N.L. Gupta, R.K. Gurjar,
Rawat Publication, Jaipur, New Delhi, 1993, page no. 1)
Thus, the newly emergent paradigm of development lays equal stres on eological sustainability as on
economi and social sustainability.

lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) nfO{ s]xL ljfg\n] cfkm}+df wfGg ;Sg] ljsf;sf] kdf lnPsf 5g\
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efjL lk9Lsf cfjZostfdf k"/f ug{ afwf gkg]{ u/L jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ul/g] ljsf; k|o]Tg .

gljs/0fLo k| f s[ l ts ;| f ] t xsf] vkt ubf{ ef] l nsf ;Gtltsf lglDt ;d] t hf] u fO{ /fVg] .

cfly{ s ljsf;sf] pRrtd kmfObf lng] t/, k| f s[ l ts ;| f ] t sf] u' 0 fnfO{ e/0fkf] i f0f ub} { hfg] .

clxn]sf cfjZostfnfO{ pwf/f]df k"/f gug]{ .

eljiosf] pTkfbg a9fpgsf] nflu jt{dfgsf dfudf alnbfg ug'{ kg]{ .

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jt{dfg / eljiosf hgtfsf]aLr sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] nflu z]o/ ug]{ / eljiosf nufgLsf] nflu jt{dfg pkef]udf
s6f}tL ug]{ .

efjL ;Gtltsf d"No, dfGotf / k|fyldstfsf] k"jf{g'dfg jt{dfgd} ug]{ .

dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg ;g\ !((! df k|sflzt lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/efiff ub}{ gofF k|ljlw ljsf; ubf{ a9L eGbf a9L
;kmf / sd eGbf sd k|fs[lts ;|f]t k|of]u ug]{ vfnsf] eO{ sd eGbf sd k|b"if0f k}bf ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg]
dfGotf klg /fv]sf] 5 .
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jftfj/0f lbj;, h]7 @#, @)^!, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, k]h g+= !)$!)%_

g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; Ph]08f@! sf] cfwf/df lbuf] ljsf; eGgfn] M
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jt{dfg gful/sx tyf efjL k':tfxnfO{ slDtdf klg hLjgofkgsf cfwf/e"t ;fwgx lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fO{
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .

@=

gful/sxsf] hLjgsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;fF:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo If]qdf Jofks cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] .

#=

cfh u/]sf] cfDbfgLn] efjL k':tfsf] cfDbfgLdf c;/ kfg{ gx'g] .

Ifl0fs nfesf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u agfpFb} hfgfn] k|s[ltdf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx b]vf k/]sf x'g\ .
k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos 1fg, bIftf / cg'ej gx'bF f o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'us
] f] xf] . jftfj/0f;DaGwL
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k"j{zt{ ePsfn] Ps If]qsf] ljsf; ubf{ csf]{ If]qsf] jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf vNalng glbg] tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ ljsf;
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c+s (, k]h g+= !%_ . jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf Wofg glbO{ ul/Psf] ljsf; cNkfo'sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fLo ;|ft] sf] lg/Gt/kdf
vkt a9\b} uPdf k[YjLdf cfjZos kg]{ ;Gt'lnt jftfj/0f sfod ug{ sl7g kg{hfG5 . k[YjL lzv/;Dd]ngkZrft\ ljsf;
/ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg;DaGwdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{qmdx /x]sf] Ph]G8f @! gfds b:tfj]h cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] . ;f]kZrft\
g]kfnn] o;;DaGwL cfjlws gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx th'd
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cjwf/0ffnfO{ gLlt tyf /0fgLltut kdf ;dflji6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]cg';f/ ;a} ljsf; sfo{qmdxnfO{ lbuf]kgfsf] ;jf]k{ l/
p2]Zo /fVg hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf lbuf] ljsf; s] xf] < eGg] ljifodf :ki6 kl/eflift ug{ g;lsP
tfklg cfly{s ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkxdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf kIfx ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of;x eg] gePsf xf]Ogg\ . hgtfsf]
jt{dfg cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, wfld{s / kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ / k|fs[lts
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kl/efiff x'g'kb{5 . ;'zf;g o;sf nflu k"j{zt{ x'g hfG5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx

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!=

k|fs[lts k|0ffnLnfO{ wfGg ;lsg] Ifdtfdf, k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ / jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f

@=

lbuf] ;dfh ljsf;sf] nflu ;Gt' l nt cfxf/, :t/Lo :jf:Yo, lzIff Pj+ /f] h uf/sf cj;/

#=

h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

$=

hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/df ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{, k[YjLn] wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] agfpg] / k|ltJolQm cfodf a[l4 ug]{ .

%=

a[l4 ePsf] cfodf ;dfg kn] ;]jf lng ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

^=

;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

&=

;|f]t Joj:yfkg ubf{ jt{dfg k':tfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ubf{ efjL k':tfxn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtff/f
hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;Defjgf cIf'0f /fVg] . ->f]tM P]hg P]hg k]h gDj/======_
^#

pko'Qm kl/efiffxsf] cWoog ul/Fbf xfdL s] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;S5f}+ eg] lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable development)
eGgfn] k[YjLsf] axg ug{] IfdtfnfO{ vnn gkfg{] ljsf; cyjf eljiosf] lk9Lsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{] Ifdtfdf afwf gk'Ug]
u/L jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf k"/f ul/g] ljsf;sf] kdf ;d]t lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ u|x0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k[YjLsf] ;'Gb/tf /
;f/f k|f0fLsf] hLjgsf] cfwf/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, To;sf] ;Gt'lnt ljj]sk"0f{ / lbuf] pkef]u, z'4 / ;kmn xfjfkfgL
tyf :jo+ dfgj, cGo k|f0fL / k|s[ltaLrsf kf/:kl/s / cGof]Gofl>t cGt/;DaGw cflb ;d]tnfO{ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff /
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 . ljsf; lbuf] x'gsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo tTj dfq kof{Kt xf]Og eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg
;Demg'kb{5 . jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt /fVg'sf] ;fy;fy} s'g} klg ljsf;sf ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|ltkmn lbg ;Sg' g} lbuf] ljsf;
xf] .
;/n cy{df eGbf lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] k[YjLsf ;|f]txsf] vfgL xf] clxn] h:tf] ;fFjf g} ;vfk ug]{ af6f]df nfUg]
xf]Og . k[YjLsf ;du| ;|ft] ;fwg oxL k':tfn] ;lslbof] eg] efjL k':tf s;/L afFRg] eGg] k|Zg ug{ yflnPkl5 g} of] cjwf/0ff
z' ePsf] xf] . To;}n] eljiosf lkF9Lsf cfjZostfx;Fu ;Demf}tf gu/Lsg jt{dfg lkF9Lsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug'{ g}
lbuf] ljsf; xf] . -;|f]tM lbuf] ljsf;, n]vg tyf cg'jfb /fh]z l3ld/], g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, k]h g+=@!_ ;f]emf]
cy{df lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] xfnsf] ;|f]tsf] k|of]un] eljiosf] jf:tljs cfDbfgLdf x|f; gcfcf];\ eGg] g} xf] . To;dfly
dflg;n] ug]{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x k[YjLdf ePsf ;fwg / ;|ft] n] wfGg ;Sg] x'gk' 5{ . dflg;nfO{ h] hlt rflxof] Tolt
g} j:t'x k[YjLaf6 k|fKt x'Fb}gg\ . k[YjLsf] yfDg / wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtf ;Lldt x'G5 . dflg;sf] c;Lldt cfjZostfnfO{
k[YjLdf ljBdfg ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgn] wfGg ;Sb}g . oL ;|f]tsf] clws pkof]un] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ .
To;}n] xfdLn] k[YjLsf] jxg IfdtfnfO{ dgg\ u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ultljlw ;~rfng ug'k{ 5{ . d"ntM lbuf] ljsf;sf tLgj6f
cfwf/ x'G5g\M !_ ;fdflhs ljsf; @_ cfly{s ljsf; #_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f . oL tLgj6f PsLs[t kn] cufl8 a9fpg
g;s]df ;dfhsf] lbuf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g .
lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ l6sfp jf wfGg ;lsg] ljsf; klg eGg ;lsG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] k|dv
' Wo]o hg;+Vof ;|ft] , jftfj/0f
/ ljsf; aLr tfnd]n ldnfpg' xf] . ljsf;sf] p2]ZonffO{ kfng u/]df ljsf; ubf{ cfpg] ;d:ofx klg ljsf;sf ultljlw
;~rfng ubf{ g} ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} u/L lbuf] ljsf; ljgf k[YjL tyf dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ug{
g;lsg] s'/f :ki6 5 . dflg; ljsf; sfo{sf] s]Gb|ljGb' xf] . ctM dflg;n] ug]{ s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx jftfj/0f cg's"n
x'g' cfjZos 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . o:tf sfo{x lbuf] x'g'k5{ .
o;sf nlfu dflg;sf] hLjg:t/nfO{ ;'wfg'{ kb{5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, ;'/Iff cflbsf ;'ljwfx k|bfg u/L ;dfhsf]
lbuf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

p2]Zox
lbuf] ljsf;sf] vf; p2]Zo o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M
!=

x/]s cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] clGtd cfwf/ eg]sf] k|fs[lts ;+zfwg xf] . csf]{ zAbdf x/]s cfly{s lqmofsnfk cGttf]uTjf
k|fs[lts ;fwgd} e/ kb{5 .

@=

k|fs[lts ;+zfwgsf] cfwf/ lglZrt / ;Lldt x'G5

#=

k|fs[lts ;+zfwgsf] c;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u ePdf ;f] n] eljiosf] cfjZostf tyf pTkfbgnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj
kfb{5 .

$=

k|fs[lts kF"hL tyf ;DklQsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 u/L ;~ro u/L /fVg] tyf pTkGg ;d:ofsf] jt{dfg 1fgn] ;dfwfg x'G5
eGg] k"j{ ;fjwfgL /fVg] ub{5 .

%=

phf{ ;Ifdtf ljsf; u/]/ tyf cfkm\gf] hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g NofO{ cf}Bf]lus /fi6xn] pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
a9\bf] vkt ug{] kl/kf6Ldf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kb{5 .

lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] ;'cft

jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ngaf6 eolet eP/ ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] gj{]sf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL >LdtL u|f] xn{]d a|'6Nof08
ljsf; cfof]u (The World communist
ug{ nufPsf] lyof] . To; cfof]un] # jif{

(Mrs Gro Horlam Brunltland) sf cWoIftfdf ;g\ !(*$ df ljZj jftfj/0f

on environment and development) u7g u/L oyfy{ j:t'l:yltsf] ljj/0f k]z

^$

;Dd nuftf/ sfd ubf{ % cf]6f dxfb]zsf] :ynut e|d0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ubf{ % cf]6f dxfb]zsf] :ynut e|d0f u/L
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ;d]t u/L Ps ;o eGbf a9L cWoog k|ltj]bg / ;of}+ pk cfof]uxsf] ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f ;+sng u/L
k|ltj]bg agfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*& df pQm cfof]uf/f k|:t't xfd|f] ;femf eljio (Our Common Future) gfds k|ltj]bgn]
lbuf] ljsf; (Sustainable Development) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] . -;|f]tM lji0f'bQ pk|]tL, jftfj/0f / lbuf]
ljsf; cf:yf lj=;+ = @)%$ k| ] ; , c+ s !&, ljz] i ff+ s , jif{ %, g] k fn ljfg\ kl/ifb\ k] h g+ = ##_
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'cft jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] ;sf/fTds x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{ x'g] ub{5 eGg] dfGotfsf
cfwf/df z' ul/Psf] xf] . h'g ;g\ !(&# df g}/f]jLdf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdsf] u7g eof] . To;}an
] f jftfj/0f
/ ljsf; ;DaGwL klxnf] k6s xfd|f] ;femf eljiosf] k|ltj]bg lbO{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ jt{dfg / eljiosf] ljsf;sf] :jf:Yo
k|lqmofsf kdf pNn]v u/L ljsf; / kof{j/0faLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOof] . -clwsf/, @)%^_,
an/fd cfrfo{, ljsf; cy{zf:q (Development sociology), cfrfo{ k|sfzg, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)%&, k]h g+= @%_
;g\ !((@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo jftfj/0fLo ljsf; uf]i7L ePsf] lyof] . h;df ljut %) jif{df ;aeGbf a9L
jftfj/0f ljgf; ePsf] lgisif{ lgsflnof] . To;kl5 g} lbuf] ljsf;tkm{ ljZjsf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePsf] xf] . ljsf;sf] nflu
jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf (EIA) ;DaGwL dfGotfsf] ;'cft cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(&) b]lv g} ePs]f xf] .
xfdLn] jt{dfgdf k|of]u ug]{] u/]sf k|To]s jftfj/0fLo ;|ft] / k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx xfd|f] ;Gtltsf] gf;f] xf] . k"vf{af6
xfdLn] kfPsf] kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ cem} kl/is[t kdf efjL ;Gtltsf] xftdf ;'Dkf} .

;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP)

;g\ !(*& df The world Commission on Environment and Development n] ;j{k|yd lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff hg;dIf NofPsf] xf] . o;n] b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf k|sfz kf/]sf] 5
-!_ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] cfk"lt{ . o;cGtu{t ljZjdf ljBdfg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg si6do hLjgofkg ul//x]sf ljkGg
ju{sf] Go"gtd cfjZostf k"lt{ ug'{ .
-@_ ljBdfg ;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]u ug'{ cyf{t\ lbuf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkg . jg h+un, Uof;, k]6f]n Pj+ cGo k|fs[lts >f]tsf]
pTvgg\, pkof]u / pkef]udf ;Gt'ng sfod u/L jftfj/0fdf vnn gug'{sf ;fy} efjL ;Gtltsf nflu ;d]t tL
;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ . lbuf] >f]t Joj:yfkg eg]sf] >f]tsf] ;+/If0f dfq} ge} a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u klg xf] . -;|f]t M
t'n;L/fd kf}8]n, g]kfnsf] ljsf; /0fgLlt M Ps ljx+ud b[li6, x'nfs The Post, ljZj x'nfs lbj; ljz]iff+s, jif{
#*, k"0ff{ !%$, c;f]h @#, @)%&, k]h g+ &!_
jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fsf] af/]df ljZj:t/df ;g\ !(&@ b]lv rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] xf] . oxL jif{ o; ;DaGwL ljZj
:t/df klxnf] ;Dd]ng :6sxf]ddf eof] . ljZj:t/df klxnf] ;Dd]ng :6sxf]ddf eof] . ;g\ !(*) df cfP/ ljZj ;+/If0f
/0fgLlt kfl/t eof] . g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df ul/Psf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;DaGwL cWoogn] g]kfnsf] df}h'bf cfly{s /
' cj;/xsf]
kof{j/0f l:yltsf] k/LIf0f ug{] / ltgsf] efjL k|al[ Q klxrfg ub{} cy{tGq / kof{j/0f ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|dv
klxrfg ug{] p2]Zotkm{ a9L s]lGb|t lyof] . o; cWoogn] k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] k|of]udf clgoldt / kof{j/0fLo ljgf;
u/fpg]tkm{ ltgsf] k|of]u ePsf] tYo pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
lbuf] ljsf; ljZj ;Dd]ng @))@ df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ o; ;Dd]ngdf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ a'bfx kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof]
h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
!=

kl/jt{g / lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;femf nIo k|flKtsf nflu xfd|f] ;fd"lxs zlQmsf] kdf /x]sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] k|of]u
/rgfTds ;fem]bf/Laf6 ug{ xfdL k|lta4 5f}F .

@=

dfgj Pstfsf] dxTjnfO{ klxrfg ub}{ hftLotf, zf/Ll/s ckftf, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/faf6 s;} dfly klg
lje]b gu/L ljZjsf ;Eotf / hgtfxaLr ;+jfb / ;xof]u k|j4{g ug{ k|0f ub{5f} .

#=

dfgjLo dof{bfsf] cljefHotfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] hf]xfg];ju{ ;Dd]ngnfO{ :jfut ub}{ ;kmf kfgL, ;/;kmfO{, kof{Kt
jf;:yfg, pmhf{, :jf:Yo pkrf/, vfB ;'/Iff h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu
nIo, ;dotflnsf / ;fem]bf/Lx to u/L ;dfwfg ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s, k|fljlws / dfgjLo
;|f]tsf nflu Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|0f ub{5f} .
^%

$=

xfd|f hgtfdf lbuf] ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tLxlj4 n8\g ljz]if Wofg lbg]5f} . oL r'gf}tLxdWo] clgsfn,
s"kf]if0f, j}b]lzs sAhf, z:qo'Qm G, cj}w nfu" kbfy{sf] ;d:of, ;+:yfut ck/fw, e|i6frf/, k|fs[lts k|sf]k,
xftxltof/sf] u}/sfg'gL cf];f/k;f/, dflg;sf] a]rljvg, cft+sjfb, hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf cfwf/df x'g] lje]b
/ Pr=cfO{=eL / P8\;, cf}nf] Hj/f] / Ifo/f]uh:tf 8/nfUbf ;jf /f]ux k|d'v x'g\ .

g]kfndf ;g\ !(*& df IUCN sf] ;xof]udf lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ;]ldgf/ ;~rfng ul/of] / ;g\ !((@ sf]
bzsb]lv cyf{t\ cf7f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(@)%$_ ;fnb]lv lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljsf; gLltdf ;dfj]z
ul/of] . To;kl5 xfnsf] gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$@)%(_ df klg lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf] dxTj (Importance of sustainable development)

cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] b|'t ljsf; / clgolGqt kdf hg;+Vof a[l4 eO/x]af6 k|s[lt / hLjgrqmdf c;Gt'ng x'g
uO{ jftfj/0f x|f;f]Gd'v b]lvg yfn]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] dxTj tyf ;fGble{stfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5 . s_ k|sl[ t / dfgjaLrsf] ;fdGh:ok"0f{ ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf, v_ k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljZjJofkL
cleofgsf] ;'jft . u_ ljsf;nfO{ ljleGg cfofdx;Fu cfj4, 3_ eljiosf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L jt{dfg
cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{df hf]8 lbg', -_ lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fnfO{ kl/k"/stfsf] dfGotf . r_ ljsf;nfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f,
/f]huf/L cflb;Fu cfa4 ul/g', -5_ ljZjJofkL dfgjLo ;'/Iffdf hf]8 . -;|f]tM s'nk|;fb sfk|L, lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f,
cGt/f{li6o d~r, jif{ @), c+s !@_ k]h g+= #@_ .
ljZjsf @) s/f]8 hg;+Vof cem} clt ef]sf / u|fdL0f If]qdf a:b5g\ . (P.O 1996) vfBfGg d"No a[l4sf] ;d:of
k6s k6s bf]xl//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] vfBfGg xfd|f] dfgjLo k|oTgsf] Pp6f lrGxsf] kdf ;a}sf] nflu Pp6f /fd|f] ljZjsf]
>[hgf ug{ cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; eGg] zAb cfh y'k}| ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+u7g ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfxsf] zAbsf]ifsf]
Ps cleGg efu ag]sf] 5 . lbuf]kgfsf] ;f/tTj ;dtf / cGt/ ;fG;fl/stf Pj+ lgoldttf xf] . To;}n] lbuf]kgsf] cjwf/0ff
tyf dfkgsf] s]Gb|df ;+zfwg k|of]usf] ultzLntf /x]sf] x'G5 . xfn xfdLn] aL;f}F d"n k|jfxk|lt ;Gt'li6 hgfP/ o;sf]
ljsNksf] kdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ uof}+ jf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf dx;'; uof}+ . lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'bF fut kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . != a:t'k/s / gfkmfd'vL ahf/n] dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfnfO{
uf}0f ;lDemg' . @= dflg; k|s[ltsf] b]g xf] gls dflg;sf] b]g k|s[lt M, #= pTkfbgsf] s]Gb| 3/ x'g'k5{ pBf]u xf]Og M, $=
k|e'TjjfbL ljsf;sf] ljsNk vf]Hg, %= yf]/} JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf cTolws >f]t ;fwg x'g', ^= ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ .
;|ft] M Clifs]z kf08], lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf / xfd|f] e"ldsf, /fd]5fk cfjfh, sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb|, /fd]5fk -:dfl/sf_
@)%*, jif{ &, a}zfv, c+s #, jflif{s d'vkq k]h g+= %&%(_ .
k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ffkqn] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns
' sf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostfx pk]Iff jf j]jf:tf gu/Lsg ljZj
lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg l;4fGtx cl3 ;f/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !((@ df ePsf a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]lgl/cf]df
jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ng (UN Conference on Environment and Development) h;nfO{
k[YjL lzv/ (The earth summit) cyf{t\ l/of] lzv/ klg elgG5, jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL l/of] 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;j{;Ddltn]
kfl/t uof] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu ljZjn] ug'k{ g]{ sfo{xaf/] l/of] ;Dd]ngsf] Ph]G8f @! -sfo{;r
" L @!_ n] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf
cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{of]hgfn] k|:tfj u/]sf sfo{qmdx ljleGg ljifodf ;d'lxs[t 5g\ . -s_ lbuf]kgfo'Qm ljsf;sf]
k'glh{jLs/0f (Revitalization of Growth with sustainability) -v_ Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] l;h{gff/f ljZje/sf dflg;xsf]
/ efjL k':tfxsf] lglDt lbuf] hLjg:t/ . -u_ ;+;f/nfO{ a:gof]Uo /fVg jf agfpgsf] nflu dfgja:tLsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg . 3_ pj{/ ljZjsf] lglDt ;fwgxsf] bIftfk"0f{ pkof]u . -_ jfo'd08n dxf;fu/ ;d"x / hLljt ;fd'lb|s ;fwgxnfO{
;femf xso'Qm ;+;f/sf] kmfObfsf] nflu ;+/If0f ug{sf] lgldQ tL ;fwgxsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg . -r_ :j:ys/ a:gof]Uo
/ :jR5 ;+;f/sf] lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ /f;folgs kbfy{x / kmf]xf]/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg . -5_ hgtfsf] ;+:sf/sf] lgdf{0fsf]
nflu hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / lhDd]jf/L pNn]lvt k|To]s ljifoxnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] ;femf eljiosf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu
tof/ ul/Psf] l;f] /0fgLltsf leGgleGg dxTjk"0f{ cfofdsf] g} oyfy{df lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cfwf/e"t ljifo /
cfofd klg x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 . -;|f]tM hubLZj/ k|;fb ltldlN;gf, lbuf] ljsf; g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ / r'gf}ltx, /fh:j, jif{
@%, c+s @, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|, k]h g+= !$)_ .
lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtxnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf lgdf{0f sfo{xdf k|of]udf Nofpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ljsf;
/ jftfj/0f cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ubf{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnfO{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . ljZj ljsf; k|ltjb]g
^^

(World development report) df kof{Kt jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ljgf ljsf; sdhf]/ x'G5 . ljsf; ljgf cfjZos nufgLsf
nflu ;fwgx ckof{Kt x'g]5g\ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ljkmn x'g]5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljBdfg ;|f]txsf] pkof]u u/L
pTkfbsTj a9fpg'k5{ h;n] ul/aL 36fpg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL
dfgjLo ;'/Iff k[YjL g} xfd|f] cfwf/ xf] k[YjL ;a}sf] ;femf xf] . ljZj g} xfd|f] l5d]sL xf] h:tf] ;f]rfOxk|lt hfus
ul/of] . k|To]s /fi6n] ;~rfng ug{] ljsf; k|lqmofdf dfgjLo ;Ddfg / k|lti7f cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ tyf ef]saf6
d'lQmaLrsf ;DaGw ;dflxt x'g ;s]df dfq cfd gful/ssf] lxt x'g] s'/fk|lt gLlt lgdf{tfxnfO{ ;d]t ;hu u/fOPsf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . lbuf] ljsf; (sustainable development) sf] dxTj s] xf] / s'gs'g If]qxdf o;sf] s] s:tf] dxTj
/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f lgDg zLif{sxaf6 xfdL yfxf kfpg ;S5f}+ .

!=

s[lif ljsf;M lbuf] s[lifsf ljleGg :jkx j}slNks v]tLsf ljleGg gfddf ljZjel/ lj:tf/} km}ln+b} uO{/x]sf]
5 . xfd|f] k"vf{xn] xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv cfkm\g} ;fwg / ;|f]tx k|of]u u/]/ v]tL ub{} cfPsf x'g\ g t pgLxn] s'g}
d]lzg, /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug{] u/]sf lyP g t sL6gfzs ljiffbLx g} t/ klg hUufaf6 cfjZostf cg';f/
pTkfbg lnP/ hLljsf rnfPsf lyP . oxL tl/sfnfO{ cfw'lgs pRr 1fg / ;Lk;Fu tfnd]n u/L h}ljs ljljwtfxdf
cfwfl/t lbuf] s[lif k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsG5 .

@= ;|f]tsf] plrt pkof]uM s'g} klg ;fwg tyf ;|f]t ;s];Dd sd k|of]u ug{'kg{] wf/0ff lbuf] ljsf;n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf

u/fpF5 . vlgh, OGwg, vfg]kfgL, sL6gfzs ljiffbL, /f;folgs dn, jg k}bfjf/ cflbsf] pkof]u sd ug'{k5{ . yf]/}
k|of]u u/L a9L kmfObf lng] k|jl[ Q ckgfpg' k5{ . ltgLxsf] k|of]u ubf{ v]/ kmfNg' x'bF g} eGg] wf/0ff lbuf] ljsf;af6
dfq ;Dej x'g ;S5 .

#= ljsf;sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0fM dflg;nfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Lldt / k|efjsf/L ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] dxTj

x'G5 . dflg;x cfkm\gf] nfnrfn] ubf{ a9L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx ug{ yfN5g\ . k[YjLsf ;Lldt gjLs/0fLo
(renewable) ;fwg / ;|ft
] x clt k|of]u ePdf ;ls+b} hfG5g\ . k[YjLn] wfGg ;lsg] lsl;dn] dfq ljsf; sfo{x
ul/g' kb{5 . ct M lbuf] ljsf;n] s] slt ljsf; ug{] eGg] cjwf/0ff gLlt lgdf{0f / ljsf;df ;+nUg JolQmxdf
hufpg] ub{5 .

$= ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kn] :jLsfo{M h'g;'s} ljsf; sfo{ ug{sf] nflu klg wfld{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts d"No

/ dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfq lbuf] x'g ;S5 . ;d'bfosf] d"No / dfGotfn] cg'dlt glbg] j:t' pTkfbg ug{] ljsf;sf]
kmn pN6f] x'G5 . ljsf; lbuf] x'gsf] nflu ;dfh / ;d'bfon] :jLsf/]sf] x'gk' b{5 . ctM ;dfhdf /xg] JolQm ;d'bfon]
s;/L / s'g k|sf/n] ;fwgx k|of]u ul/Psf] /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .

%= ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;xof]uM lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfly{s cfofdn] ul/aL lgjf/0f pGd'v cfly{s j[l4 :jf:Yo ;dli6ut
Joj:yfkg / lbuf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ;d]6b\ 5 . cfly{s cfofdn] x]/L n]vf k|0ffnL ckgfO{ jftfj/0fLo ;|ft] nfO{ ;DklQsf]
kdf lng'kg{] s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbg] ub{5 .

^= ljZjsf] cjwf/0ffl;t ;DalGwtM ljZj jftfj/0f ;+/If0f l;nl;nfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] ljleGg gf/f rog

u/L ;f] cg'k sfo{ ug]{ cfkm\gf ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] tftf]kgf, czflGt jftfj/0f / afnaflnsf
/ jftfj/0f Pp6} k[YjL :ofxf/ u/f}+ / afFrf}, ul/aL / jftfj/0f s'rqmnfO{ tf]8f}+ , ;d'b|sf] ;+/If0f u/f}+ cflb ljljw
gf/f ljutsf jif{xdf hg;dIf NofO{ To;}sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu klg lbuf] ljsf;n] clkn u/]sf] 5 .

&= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{M k[YjLdf ljBdfg ljleGg jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx ;dfwfg u/L k[YjLnfO{ hf]ufpg lbuf]

ljsf;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . hg;+Vof j[l4, vfBfGgsf] sdL, cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, k|b"if0fsf] j[l4, kl/l:yltsf
k|0ffnLdf dfgjLo cltqmd0f, cf0fljs ;|f]txsf] lgdf{0f, ljsl;t / cljsl;t b]zx aLrsf cfly{s c;dfgtf
h:tf ;d:ofxnfO{ sd u/L k[YjLnfO{ hLjxsf] :jf:Yo jf;:yfgsf] kdf bL3{sfn;Dd sfod /fVg lbuf] ljsf;sf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .

*= gful/s r]tgfdf clej[l4 ug{M lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostfsf] nflu bafa l;h{gf ug{] tyf jftfj/0f ljgf;

tyf ul/aLk|lt va/bf/L ug{] sfddf gful/s ;dfhn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . xfn ;/sf/ sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] /
lghL If]q cg'zf;gxLg x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yfdf gful/s ;dfhdfly yk lhDd]jf/L a9]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{]
^&

sfo{df gful/sxnfO{ r]tgf hufpg klg lbuf] ljsf;n] d2t k'ofPsf] 5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf] dxTj d"ntM ;|ft] sf] plrt k|of]u;u ;DalGwt 5 . s'g} klg ;fwg tyf ;|ft] sf] ;s];Dd sd k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff lbG5 lbuf] ljsf;n] . vlgh OGwg, vfg]kfgL, sL6gfzs ljiffbL, /f;folgs dn, jg k}bfjf/ cflbsf] yf]/}
k|of]u u/L a9L kmfObf lng] k|ljlw ckgfpg'k5{ . ltgLxsf] k|of]u ubf{ v]/ kmfNg'x'b}g eGg] wf/0ff lbuf] ljsf;af6 k|fKt
x'G5 . -;|f]t M lbuf] ljsf;, n]vg tyf cg'jfbM /fh]z l3ld/], g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, k]h g+ @# _ o;}u/L lbuf]
ljsf;n] k|s[ltsf s'g} klg ;|f]t lgMz'Ns k|fKt x'b}gg\ eGg] bfloTjsf] af]w u/fpg] k|of; u5{ . lbuf] ljsf;n] dflg;sf]
1fg, ;Lk / b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofp5 . k|fs[lts kdf /x]sf ;|f]tx h:t}M vfgL, jgh+un, hdLg, ;d'b|sf df5f,
hl8a"6L cflbsf] pkof]u / ltgLxsf] ;+/If0fsf] bfloTjsf] af]w klg xfdLdf u/fp5 . o;n] tL ;DklQx ;femf x'g\ /
s'g} Ps JolQmn] cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] efjgf hufp5 .

lbuf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ sf/0fx M

cfly{s ljsf; lbuf] x'g'kg]{ ;DaGwdf xfn ljZjdf d"ntM tLg k|sf/sf cjwf/0ffx /x]sf] kfOG5g\ .

-;|f]tM 8f=/fdrGb| e/fO{, lbuf]kg tyf lbuf] ljsf;, ;f]kfg dfl;s_, @)^& c;f/, jif{ &, c+s !, k"0ff{ &#, k]h *(_ .
!= g}lts cjwf/0ff M o; cjwf/0ffsf cg';f/ xfdL jt{dfg k':tfsf dflg;xsf] eljiosf k':tfk|lt g}lts bfloTj
5 . To;}n] clxn] xfdLn] pkef]u u/]hlt ;Dkbf ef]ln cfpg] k':tfn] klg pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ;+/lIft ul/lbg' jt{dfg
k':tfsf] g}lts bfloTj xf] . cyf{t\ xfd|f] jt{dfg pkef]un] eljiosf k':tfn] xfd|f] hlt g} pkef]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/af6
al~rt x'g' gk/f];\ eg]/ jt{dfg k':tf ;hu / ;r]t /xFb} lbuf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f g}lts cjwf/0ffn] atfpFb5 .
@= hLj kl/j[QLo cjwf/0ff
o; cjwf/0ffn] s] atfpFb5 eg] olb xfdL ;Dk"0f{ hLjhLjfTdfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{5f}+ / ;a}
hLjxsf] ljljwtf sfod /xg'kb{5 eG5f}+ eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf hLjghLjfTdfsf] cl:tTj ;+s6df kg]{ u/L ljsf;
sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g' x'Fb}g . To;}n] x/]s cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ hLj kl/j[lQo ljljwtfdf cf3ft gkg]{u/L
;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
#= cfly{s cjwf/0ff
o; cjwf/0ffn] s] atfpF5 eg] lbuf] ljsf;n] dfq} k':tf}+ k':tf;Dd clwstd ;fdflhs lxt k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ o; cfly{s cjwf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf jftfj/0fLo cy{zf:qLaLr Psktf kfOFb}g .
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;'cft jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] ;sf/fTds x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{ x'gkb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf
cfwf/df ;' ul/Psf] xf] . jftfj/0f / lbuf] ljsf; qmdz jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;g\ !(&@ sf] :6sxf]d ;Dd]ng / ;g\ !(()
sf] l/of] ;Dd]ngsf] pkh xf] . g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df ul/Psf ljsf; / jftfj/0f;DaGwL cWoogn] g]kfnsf] df}hb' f cfly{s
/ kof{j/0f l:yltsf] k/LIf0f ug{] / ltgsf efjL k|j[lQ klxrfg ub}{ cy{tGq / kof{j/0f ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|d'v
cj;/xsf] klxrfg ug{] p2]Zo tkm{ a9L s]lGb|t lyof] . jftfj/0f ljgf;n] dfgjLo hLjg a9L c:j:Yo, c;'/lIft /
cefjdf u'lh|g k'Ub5 . jt{dfg ;dfhsf] c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ efjL k':tfsf] hLjgdf ;d]t k|lts"n k|efj kfg{] ePsf sf/0f
jt{dfgdf ljsf; sfo{ ubf{ To;af6 pTkGg x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|efjnfO{ ulx/f] ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 . sltko ;|f]txsf] k'gM
pkof]u ug{ ;ls+b}g . jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ ljleGg kof{j/0fLo (Ecological) ;+/rgfnfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu
pkof]u ug{] xf] eg] pTkfbgdf Jofks ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . kof{j/0fLo tyf jftfj/0fLo ljljwtfnfO{ ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df
pTkfbg sfo{ ubf{ df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ g36\g] b]lvg cfpF5 .
lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu k|s[ltn] e/0fkf]]if0f ug{ ;Sg] ;+Vofsf] hg;+Vof tyf k|s[lt;Fu ePsf
;|ft] sf] ;xL pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . clws hg;+Vofn] k|sl[ tsf] pTkfbgzLn Ifdtfdf x|f; NofpFb5
eg] cbIf hg;+Vofn] k|sl[ tsf] unt pkof]u ub{5 . g]kfnsf] cJojl:yt tyf 5l/P/ /x]sf] u|fdL0f a;f]af; tyf clglolGqt
tyf cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f b'j} lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f lj/f]wL /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f k"jf{wf/x v8f u/]/
u|fdL0f j:tLxnfO{ Jojl:yt u/]/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/]/ ;fgf Joj;fosf] k|j4{gaf6 If]qLo tyf zx/L ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf;af6
pTkGg ;d:ofxdf k|bi" f0fnfO{ Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf] kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljsf; k|lqmofaf6 pTkGg kfgL, xfjf tyf Wjlg
h:tf k|b"if0fx dflg;sf] hLjgdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{] tTjsf] kdf dfq b]vf gk/L dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf lglDt g} 7"nf]
r]tfjgLsf] kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
^*

zx/xdf ljleGg ;|f]txaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ tyf b"lift kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ sl7gfO kl//x]sf] 5 .
ljZjdf g} sd tyf dWod cfo ePsf zx/dWo] ## b]lv %) k|ltzt zx/n] kmf]xf]/ ;+sng ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\ eg] ljsl;t
b]zsf sl/a #% k|ltzt zx/xn] kmf]xf]/ kfgL ;kmf ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\ . gjLg k|ljlwn] dfgj;dfhsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
If]qdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg's
{ f ;fy} o;n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf klg kl/jt{g tyf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . h+un, h+unL hgfj/,
kz'k+IfLx, ;fd'lb|s hLjhGt'x qmdzM nf]k eO/x]sf] sf/0faf6 h}ljs ljljwtf ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgLdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf ljiffn' /;fogx, /f]usf sL6f0f'x ldl;g uPsf 5g\ . jfo' k|b"lift eP/ Zjf; k|Zjf; /f]un] s]6fs]6L /
a"9fkfsfxnfO{ Rofk]sf] 5 . vt/gfs kmf]x/n] hldgdf pj{/fzlQmnfO{ gi6 kf/]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] tfkqmd lbgfg'lbg a9\bf]
5 . o;n] ubf{ dfgjnfO{ lrlGtt t'NofO/x]sf] 5 / o;df lgoGq0f ug{ ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf]n] ljZjel/s} ;/sf/xn]
/0fgLlt tof/ ubf{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f kIfnfO{ /fd|/L Wofg lbg] u/]sf] 5 . -;|ft] M eb|Z] j/k|;fb pkfWofo,
lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0fLo n] v fk/LIf0f, n] v fk/LIf0f klqsf, dxfn] v f k/LIfssf] ljefu, k[ = !) / !!_

lrq g+= !
lbuf] ljsf;n] lgDg # If]qnfO{ cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 M
!=cfly{s ljsf;

@=;fdflhs ljsf;

#=jftfj/0f

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

cfly{s l:y/tf / k|lt:kwf{

;Lk ljsf;
JolQmut cfDbfgL
vfB pTkfbg
;|f]tsf] bIftf
pTkfbg / pkef]u
a;fO
;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf
cfo ljt/0f
lzIff
:jf:Yo
jftfj/0f
vfgL tyf h+un
e"ld tyf e":vng
z'4 kfgL / h}ljs ljljwtf
-;|f]t M P]=P]=, k[=!@_

jif]l{ g ljZjsf] ! s/f]8 $^ nfv x]S6/ k|fs[lts h+unsf] ljgf; eO/x]sf] 5 . @$ k|ltzt hgfj/x / !@ k|ltzt
r/fr'Lx jgljgf;sf] sf/0faf6 nf]k x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf ! c/a !) s/f]8 hg;+Vofn] z'4 lkpg] kfgL
/ @ c/a $) s/f]8 hg;+Vofn] ;/;kmfOsf] nflu kfgL kfPsf 5}gg\ . aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf )=^ ;]G6Lu|]8n] ljZjsf] tfkqmd
a9]sf] / ;g\ !((* sf] jif{ ;g\ !*^! kl5sf] ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ ePsf] jif{ x'g uPsf] 5 . ljZjdf nfUg] /f]usf] % k|ltzt
/f]u jfo' k|b"if0fsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;} sf/0fn] h+un tyf kfgL arfP/ dfgjhLjgnfO{ bL3{hLjL agfpg' /
eljiodf dfgjsf] nflu k| f s[ l ts ;| f ] t x hf] u fP/ /fVg' cfhsf] dfgjsf] st{ J o x' g cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;

g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf] z'jft cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(@)%$_ df z'jft ul/Psf] xf] . cf7f}+ of]hgfdf lbuf] cfly{s
a[l4 xfl;n ug]{, ul/aL 36fpg] / If]qLo c;Gt'ng 36fpg] k|d'v p2]Zo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} s[lif ;3gtf ljljwLs/0f,
pmhf{ ljsf;, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf / hgzlQm, hg;+Vof a[l4df lgoGq0f cf}Bf]lus ljsf; tyf
ko{6g k|j4{g, lgsf;L k|j4{g tyf ljljlws/0f, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj, ljsf; k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ / cg'udg d"Nofg
h:tf s'/fxdf of]hgfn] k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} of]hgfn] h}ljs / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgxnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL
^(

tyf sdL x'g glbg] jf To:tf ;|f]t ;fwgx clwstd\ pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$@)%(_ df b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu ljleGg
dGqfnoxsf jftfj/0f jf of]hgf zfvfxsf] sfo{k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ug{] jftfj/0f If]qdf sfd ug{] hgzlQmsf] sfo{ Ifdtf
ljsf; ug{,] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo sfod ug{,] jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t b[li6sf]0f
cjnDjg ug{] gLlt /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} /fli6o ;|f]t ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf th{'df tyf ;dGjo ug{,
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] If]qnfO{ Jofks agfpg], jg Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgsLs/0f ub{} hfg], k|bi" f0f tjxsf] lgisf;g:t/ tf]sL
k|b"if0f lgoGq0f sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ afWofTds tyf :j]lR5s k|fjwfgxsf] Joj:yf ug{] klg gjf}+ of]hgfdf p2]Zo /flvPsf]
5.
gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$@)%(_ df jftfj/0f tyf lbuf] ;|ft] (Environment and sustainable sources) nfO{ a9L
Jojl:yt ug{ lgDg gLltx /flvPsf 5g\M
!=

u|fdL0f hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf k|ToIf kmfObf k'ofpg] jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf tyf pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtfdf jg Joj:yfkg, hnfwf/ ljsf;, h}ljs ljljwtf
;+/If0f / wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxjsf /fli6o ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg lbOg] klg gLlt /flvPsf]
5.

@=

h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ Jofkstf lbOg] 5 / tT;DaGwL sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfo ;d'bfo u}/;/sf/L If]q /
lghL If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .

#=

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g If]qdf jftfj/0fLo r]tgf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . jftfj/0f If]qdf cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf nflu
;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g] gLlt /flvPsf] kfOG5 .

$=

/fi6sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu cfkm\gf] ;f+:s[lts tyf k/Dk/fut dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+/If0f k|lqmof tyf k|ljlwsf]
dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L cfw' l gs ;dfhdf oL k| l jlwxsf] ;d" l rt k| o f] u nfO{ k| f ] T ;flxt ul/g] 5 .

%=

jftfj/0f ;|f]t / ;+/If0f lzIffnfO{ ljBfno / ljZjljBfnox :t/df ljsf; ub{} nlu cgf}krfl/s If]qdf ;d]t
jftfj/0f lzIff ;DaGwL kIfx ;dfj]z u/L bIf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg a9fOg] 5 .

^=

jftfj/0f cg's"n cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgxaf6 pT;h{g x'g] hn / jfo'sf] lgisf;g :t/ lgwf{/0f
u/L plrt Joj:yfkgsf of]hgfx th{'df / sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . ;jf/L ;fwg k|b"if0f lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfOg] 5 .

&=

jftfj/0f;DaGwL If]qut gLlt / sfo{qmd th{d

' f / sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{ ;+:yfut k|0ffnL
cjnDag ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ jftfj/0f cg'sn
" agfpg dGqfno:t/df /x]sf] jftfj/0f
zfvfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpFb} nlug] gLlt /flvPsf] 5 .

*=

;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+3;+:yfxnfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / lzIff;DaGwL kl/of]hgfxdf
nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .

(=

jg If]q, l;d;f/ If]q, s[lif, h}ljs ljljwtf / kz' j+zf0f' ;|f]tsf] ljljwtfsf k|d'v :ynx klxrfg u/L ;+/If0fsf]
plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdxaLr ;dGjo :yfkgf u/L
cl3 a9fpg] gLlt klg /flvPsf] kfOG5 .

bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(@)^$_

bzf}+ of]hgfdf bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;DalGw pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ km/flsnf], ul/aL ljsf;f]Gd'v / pRr
tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / pkof]u x'g] u/L pbf/, ahf/f]Gd'v
Joj:yfnfO{ cem a9fjf lbO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu cg's"n kl/j]z tof/ ug{ gLltut / sfg'gL
;'wf/nfO{ ;d"lrt kdf cl3 a9fOg]5 . pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] ef}uf]lns Pj+ ;fdflhs cfwf/df Gofof]lrt
&)

ljt/0f x'g] Joj:yf sfod ug{;d]t ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} pRr / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu
t'ngfTds nfe ePsf If]qxsf] klxrfg / pkof]u ug'{sf ;fy} k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;Gt'lnt
ljsf;sf nflu ul/aL lgjf/0f Pj+ ;fdflhs bfloTjsf If]qxdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf k|d'v kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
lbuf] ljsf;sf] b[li6af6 :yfgLo ;xeflutf Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;Dkbfsf] dxQd (Optimum)
kdf ;+/If0f, pkof]u / ljsf; ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg x'g]
lgsfoxsf] sfof{Gjog Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . o;}u/L ;'zf;gsf] dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :yfgLo lgsfoxsf]
Ifdtf j[l4df hf]8 lbb} ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ tLj| agfOg]5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{k lbg jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg Pjd\ hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfoxnfO{ k|To]s ljsf; sfo{qmddf PsLs[t kn] cfa4 ub}{ nlug]5 .
cfly{s j[l4 geO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f gx'g] / cfly{s j[l4 dfqn] klg ul/aL g36\g] x'bf cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ pRr, lbuf]
tyf km/flsnf] agfO{ k|fKt k|ltkmndf u/La hgtfsf] kx'r
k'Ug] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/g]5 . o;sf lglDt v'nf / pbf/ cfly{s
gLltnfO{ a9fjf lbg] u/L cfly{s ;'wf/sf k|lqmofnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L / ;'b[9 agfpb} nlug] /0fgLlt /fv]sf] 5 . pRr,
lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ cfo cfh{g tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x k|z:t dfqfdf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
ePsf s[lif, jg, pBf]u Pj+ hn;|f]t If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOg]5 . oL If]qxsf] ljsf; ubf{ :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs
ahf/sf] dfucg'ksf pBf]usf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . u|fdL0f /f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{g j[l4 ug{ s[lif If]qnfO{
d"nt bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf cg'k Joj;foLs/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . ;]jf If]qx vf; u/L ko{6g, ;~rf/ / ;"rgf
k| l jlw, ljQ tyf 3/hUff, lgdf{ 0 f / oftfoft If] q sf] ljsf;df ljz] i f hf] 8 lbOg] /0fgLlt klg /fv] s f] 5 .
g]kfndf xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu s]xL Ph]G8fx k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . h'g lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M

!=

cfo M s[lif tyf jg, pBf]u tyf ;]jf, ljk|]lift /sd -/]ld6fG;_, Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s PsLs/0f, e"b[io ahf/
Joj:yf tyf ko{6g, phf{ tyf hn ljB't .

@=

:jf:Yo hg;+Vof tyf a;f]jf;M bL3f{o', /f]u lgoGq0f tyf ckfkgfsf] pf/, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf cfk|jf;,
;x/Ls/0f cfjf; tyf a;f]jf;, jfo' u'0f:t/, vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf u'0f:t/, kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg .

#=

jg kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs ljljwtf

$=

lzIffM k|fylds lzIff tyf k|f}9 ;fIf/tf, dfWolds, pRr dfWolds tyf Jofj;flos lzIff, pRr lzIff tyf
cg';Gwfg .

%=

;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf k"jf{wf/xM /fHo / zf;gdf kx'Fr tyf k|ltlglwTj, oftfoft ;~hfn, ;+rf/ ;~hfn .

^=

zflGt tyf ;'/IffM If]qLo ;xof]u, k|hftGqsf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f tyf cft+sjfblj4 ;+3if{, vfB ;'/Iff, df};d kl/jt{g,

k|fs[lts k|sf]k .

pk/f]Qm Ph]G8fxnfO{ /fd|f;

] uF ;kmntfk"js
{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]xL ljz]if gLltxsf] klg Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} M gofF nufgL tyf Jofkf/sf cj;/x, uxlsnf] ljQLo k'gM ;+/rgf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] s'zn Joj:yf,
s[lifdf clwstd a[l4 tyf k'gM cled'vLs/0f, nlIft ljsf; sfo{qmdx, jftfj/0fLo ;dfwfg, ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;fdflhs
;'/Iff k|aGwdf a[l4 cflb gLltx tyf sfo{qmdx /flvPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] /fi6JofkL ;~hfn, cGt{If]qLo
;DaGw, ljs]lGb|t k|zf;g, k|hgg\, afn d[To' tyf dft[dT[ o'sf ;DefJotfsf] lgoGq0f, ;a} k|sf/sf >dsf] lgodg, k|fs[lts
jg tyf ;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, Ifo x'gaf6 hdLgsf] ;+/If0f, rl/r/0f ;+/If0f, ljBfno lzIff tyf ztk|ltzt ;fIf/tfsf]
cj;/ cfGtl/s cg';Gwfg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/, k|efjsf/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/, ;8s oftfoftsf] /fi6JofkL
;~hfn, cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; sf]if, vfB ;'/Iff, l;df lgoGq0f, cft+ssf] ;fdgf, cfktsfnLg sbd
cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ gLltx klg /flvPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

&!

g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ k|of;x

-s_ cfly{s a[l4 tyf ul/aL Go"lgs/0fM gofF nufgL tyf Jofkf/ cj;/x, uxlsnf] ljQLo k'gM ;+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs
If]qsf] s'zn Joj:yf, s[lifdf clwstd j[l4 tyf k'g cled'vLs/0f, nlIft ljsf; sfo{qmdx, jftfj/0fLo ;dfwfg,
;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|aGwdf j[l4, -v_ :jf:Yo hg;+Vof / cfjf;M :jf:Yosf] /fi6JofkL ;+hfn, cGt/If]qLo
;DaGw, ljs]lGb|t k|zf;g, k|hgg, afn d[To' tyf dft[dT[ o'sf ;DefJotfsf] lgoGq0f, ;a} k|sf/sf >dsf] lgodg, pT;h{g
lgoGq0f, -u_ jg kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL tyf h}ljs ljljwtfM k|fs[lts jg tyf ;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL
tyf h}ljs ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, e"kl/lw :t/df h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, Ifo x'gaf6 hldgsf] ;+/If0f, u}/sfi7 jgsf] lbuf]
s6fg tyf Joj:yfkgsf] k|j4{g, pk]lIft kj{tLo ;d'bfosf nflu s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf, kl/r/0f ;+/If0f, g]kfnsf] h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] cf}ifwLo k|of]u tyf cfosf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf vf]hL, -3_ lzIff M ljBfno lzIff tyf ztk|ltzt
;fIf/tfsf] cj;/, Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f cj;/, dxfljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, cfGtl/s cg';Gwfg
Ifdtfdf ;'wf/, -_ ;'zf;g M k|efjsf/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, kx'Fr tyf k|ltlglwTjsf z}nLsf] ;dLIff, lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/,
;'zf;g sfg'g, -r_ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf M;8s oftfoftsf] /fi6JofkL ;+hfn, oftfoft ;+/rgf tyf ;]jfdf lghL nufgL,
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; sf]if, vfB ;'/Iff, p8\8og gLlt, -5_ zflGt tyf ;'/Iff M l;h{gfTds s'6gLlt,
;Ldf lgoGq0f, cft+ssf] ;fdgf, cfktsfnLg sbd . -;|f]tM g]kfnsf] nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]u / hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, @)^), k[i7 @_, lji0f' ;'j]bL, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf d"ne"t
kIfx (Fundamentals of Administration Management & Development), c6n Ps]8]dL ;]G6/, sf7df8f} g]kfn .
k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^!, k]h g+= *$$*$%_ .

g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]G8f !% jif{

g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] ;kmntfk"0f{ sfof{Gjog eg]sf] lgDglnlvt l:yltxsf] l;h{gf ug'{
x'g]5 M -;|f]tM CAMAD Journal, Vol-6, No. 2, Issue-12, Page 110-111) .
o

k|To]s gful/s cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy :jtGqtfk"j{s ;'/lIft hLjg lhpg ;Ifd x'g]5 .

k|To]s gful/s tyf 3/w'/Lsf] cfo pko'Qm :j:y hLjg wfGgsf nflu dfq kof{Kt geO{ art hDdf ug{, 1fg
xfl;n ug{ tyf km';{bsf avt dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfk ug{ klg oy]i6 x'g]5 .

k| T o] s aflnsf tyf afnsn] ljBfno hfg kfpg] 5 g\ / k| T o] s k| f } 9 JolQm ;fIf/ x' g ] 5 .

k| T o] s lszf] / tyf lszf] / Ln] rfx] s f] cj:yfdf Joj;flos k| l zIf0f xfl;n ug] { cj;/ kfpg] 5 g\ .

ljQLo cj:yf tyf ;fdflhs:t/ h:tf];'s} eP klg k|To]s gful/s of]Uotfsf cfwf/df pRr lzIff xfFl;n ug{
;Ifd x'g]5 .

/fi6 s f s' g } klg ufpF 3 / cfwf/e" t :jf:Yo ;' l jwfaf6 s] x L 306feGbf a9Lsf] b" / Ldf x' g ] 5} g .

k| T o] s gful/snfO{ kof{ K t dfqfdf vfg] k fgL, kf] i f0fo' Q m vfgf tyf :jR5 xfjf pknAw x' g ] 5 .

hn, ;f}o{ zlQm / jfo'sf ;fy} wfGg ;lsg] kdf s6fg ul/Psf] tyf k|b"if0f /lxt kdf aflnPsf] h}ljs OGwg
h:tf cfGtl/s k'gg{jLs/0fLo ;|f]taf6 /fi6sf clwsf+z pmhf{ pTkfbg ul/g]5 . oftfoft If]qdf k'gg{jLs/0fLo
cfGtl/s pmhf{;|f]tsf] k|of]u a9\bf] dfqfdf ul/Psf] x'g]5 / o;/L vlgh OGwgdflysf] lge{/tfaf6 /fi6nfO{ d'Qm
ug]{ k|of; hf/L /xg]5 .

g]kfnsf] hnljB't\sf] ljsf; cfGtl/s vktsf nflu dfq geO{ lgof{t cfosf] lgldQ ;|f]tsf kdf klg ul/g] 5 .

v]t tyf kfvf] hdLgsf] kl/k"/s pkof]u u/L e"ld;|f]tsf cfwf/ / kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ cfpg] lsl;daf6
/fli6o tyf :yfgLo :t/df e"pkof]usf] of]hgf agfO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'g]5 . o;n] ubf{
kxf8 / t/fO{sf aLr kl/k"/stf :yflkt eO{ jghGo h}ljs kl/df0f a9]sf] x'g5
] , zx/L If]qsf] cJojl:yt lj:tf/sf
&@

lgoGq0faf6 s[lifIf]qaf6 tyf jg If]q ;+/lIft x'g5

] , jf;:yfgsf] v08Ls/0f tyf jgIf]qsf] ljgfzaf6 x'g] vt/fnfO{
klxrfg ub}{ e"kl/lw -e"cfs[lt_ sf :t/df h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/lIft x'g]5 .
o

;+/lIft If]qsf -/fli6o lgs'~h tyf ;+/If0fIf]q;lxt_ Joj:yfkg sfod ul/Psf] x'g5
] / dfgj rfksf sf/0fn] nf]k
x'g] vt/faf6 /fi6sf] ckf/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;'/Iff x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{sf] ;~rfng ul/Psf] x'g]5 . ;+/lIft
If]qsf] glhssf :yfgLo hg;d'bfo pQm If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cj;/ tyf cfly{s nfe b'j} k|fKt ug]{ u/L To;df
;+nUg ePsf] x'g]5 .

k|To]s gful/sn] cfkm\gf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfxsf] k"lt{ ug{sf nlfu kof{Kt dfqfdf jghGo k}bfjf/ kfPsf x'g5
] g\
/ To;af6 k| s [ l tsf] ;f} G bof{ g ' e " l t / cfWoflTds cg' e " l t ug] { cj;/ klg pgLxnfO{ k| f Kt x' g ] 5 g\ .

cfGtl/s pkef]u tyf lgof{tsf] nflu pRr d"Nosf s[lif pTkfbgx / u}/sfi7 jghGo k}bfjf/sf] lbuf] pTkfbg
tof/ ug{df kxf8L tyf kj{tLo ;"Id xfjfkfgLsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

h}ljs ljljwtfsf ;+/If0ff/f g]kfnn] cfkm\gf h}ljs ;|ft] xaf6 kof{Kt nfe lng;S5 eGg] s'/f j}1flgs cg';Gwfg
tyf :jb]zL pBf]uxn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

df};dkl/jt{g h:tf ljleGg ljZjJofkL tyf If]qLo jftfj/0fLo vt/fxaf/] ;"rgf ;Dk|l] ift ug{ / To:tf] ;"rgfsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L tL vt/faf6 gsf/fTds kl/0ffd /f]Sgsf lglDt kof{Kt dfqfdf tof/L ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg;d]t :jb]zL
j}1flgs lj1tf ljsf; ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ d'n'ssf] cGo efu;Fu sDtLdf Pp6f pko'Qm oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6
hf]l8Psf] x'g]5 .

b}lgs pkef]Uo k|of]hgsf pTkfbgsf] dfunfO{ sd nfutdf k"lt{ ug]{ / lgof{tsf nflu pRr d"No / sd jhgsf
pTkfbgx tof/ ug]{ u/L wfGg ;lsg] :jb]zL pBf]uxsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

g]kfn cGt/f{li6o kdf /fd|/L PsLs[t x'g]5 / j}b]lzs nufgLsf nflu cfsif{s :ynsf kdf ljsl;t ePsf]
x'g]5 . ;fy} clwstd ko{6sLo /fhZj;ngsf nflu g]kfnsf k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;d]t
u/L o;nfO{ ko{6sxsf lglDt cfsif{s ynf] t'NofOPsf] x'g]5 .

ljleGg ;f+:s[lts, hftLo tyf wfld{s k[i7e"ldsf k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHosf k|To]s c sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf
/ Gofokflnsf tyf ;Dk"0f{ pklgsfoxaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf /fHo;]jfx l56f]5l/tf] kdf pknAw u/fOPsf
x'g]5g\ . /fHosf Joj:yfxdf pko'Qm lsl;daf6 ;Dk"0f{ hftLo tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'ifxnfO{
k|ltlglwTj u/fOPsf] x'g]5 .

/fli6o ljsf;sf] ah]6sf] clwsf+z dfqf cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6} a]xf]l/Psf] x'g]5 .

j}bl] zs ;xfotfnfO{ lglZrt If]qxdf dfq ;Lldt ub}{ d'ns

' cfTdlge{/ x'g ;Sg] If]qaf6 z' u/L ljb]zL ;xfotfnfO{
lj:tf/} 36fpFb} nluPsf] x'g]5 .

/fi6sf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+/lIft
If]qsf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg], ;+/lIft If]qxsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/
u/L sfof{Gjog ug],{ b'ne
{ k|hfltsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu oL k|hfltxsf] ;+/If0fsf] gLlt tof/ u/L jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g
/ ;'wf/ ug],{ h}ljs tyf ;Dks{ dlxgfx (Corridors and Connectivity) sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug],{ kl/l:yltsLo
k|lqmofx (Ecological process) nfO{ k|fs[ltskdf Jojl:yt ug]{, kl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx (Ecological Service) nfO{
dfgj pkof]uL agfpFb} n}hfg], cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] dfWodaf6 h}ljs ljljwtf / k|fs[lts ;|ft] xsf] lbuf] pkof]udf a9fjf
lbFb} ;+/If0fdf k|efjsf/Lkn] hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . rfn" cfly{s jif{df lzjk'/L /fli6o
lgs'~h cGtu{t gfufh'{g If]qsf] !%)) x]S6/ cyf{t\ !% j= ls=ld= If]q / alb{of /a}ofk'/sf] s[i0f;f/ ;+/If0f If]qsf] &))
x]S6/ cyf{t\ & j= ls=ld= If]qnfO{ ;+/lIft If]qsf] kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, kl/l:yltsLo
&#

k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgaf6 j+zf0f' ;|ft] sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu dWo tyf klZrdL t/fO{nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L Terai Arc Landscape
Programme / k"jL{ kxf8L If]q ;dfj]z x'g] u/L Sacred Himalayan Landscape Conservation Strategy tof/ ul/Psf]
5 . rfn" cfly{s jif{ @)^%^^ sf] kmfu'g d;fGt;Ddsf] Terai Arc Landscape/Western Terai Complex Landscape
Programme sf] qmdzM *% k|ltzt / *^ k|ltzt ef}lts k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf ljsf;sf k|of;x tTsfnsf] kmfObf k|flKttkm{ kl/nlIft x'g,' cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpgsf]
nflu jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfof{Gjog txdf ptfg{ g;Sg', jftfj/0fLo Ifltsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ;dfwfg ug'{eGbf
klg If]qut ljsf;sf] ;f]+r cg'k sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of;df lg/Gt/tf /xg'h:tf ;d:ofx /x]sf 5g\ . jg
ljgf;, df6f]sf] Ifo, pTkfbgzLntfdf x|f; Pj+ de"lds/0f, af9L, klx/f], h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f; k|dv
' u|fdL0f jftfj/0fLo
;d:ofsf] kdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;x/L If]qdf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg, kfgL tyf jfo' k|b"if0f Jofks aGb} uPsf] 5 . ;fy}
Wjlgsf] pRrtxaf6 l;lh{t ;d:of klg ;x/L / cf}Bf]lus If]qdf lrGtfsf] ljifo aGb} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L a9\bf de"lds/0f,
lxdtfn ljikmf]6gsf sf/0fx klg jftfj/0f ljgf;s} cleGg csf] kdf kfOPsf] 5 . ;dli6ut kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf
jftfj/0fLo r'gf}tLx g]kfnLn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] b]lvG5 klxnf], ;g\ !(&) / *) sf] bzsdf b]lvPsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf]
rfk tyf jfo' Pj+ hn k|b"if0faf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofx / bf];|f] cfkm' sf/s geP klg ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] / cem} eofjx x'g
;Sg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{Psf ;d:ofx . jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxsf] sfof{Gjogut sdhf]/L Pj+ ljsf;
sfo{ x df jftfj/0f ;+ / If0fsf] ;jfnnfO{ d" n k| j fxLs/0f ug' { r' g f} t Lsf] kdf /x] s f] b] l vG5 .
jt{dfg lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_ df lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{qmd
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t sfo{qmdx dfkm{t :yfgLo :t/;Dd k'ofpg], g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
sf/0f l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoxaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ / jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/L
cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df g]kfndf cem} w]/} sfdx ug{
afFsL /x]sfn] o; If]qdf oy]i6 cj;/x klg ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} jftfj/0faf/] hgr]tgf a9]sf], :jb]zd} hgzlQm pTkfbg
eO/x]sf], lkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;xof]udf a[l4 tyf cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog k|ltsf] k|lta4tf / jftfj/0f dGqfno
cGtu{ t cfjZos ;+ o Gqsf] qmlds kdf ljsf; eO/x] s f] s' / fnfO{ o; If] q sf] cj;/sf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
p2]Zo
!=

xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg lbO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfk / ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL agfpFb} hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
x'g] k|lts'n c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ Pj+ cg's"lnt agfpg] .

@=

zx/L k|b"if0fnfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ / u|fdL0f If]qsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfnfO{ arfO/fVg] .

/0fgLlt
v

jftfj/0fLo gLlt lgod ;DaGwL ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0f / ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .

ljsf; sfo{qmddf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cleGg c\usf] kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .

jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf /fli6ocGt/f{li6o k|lta4tfnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfo{qmdsf] th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

hg:t/df jftfj/0fLo r]tgf / ;fjwfgL hufpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

/fhwfgL nufotsf 7"nf zx/df /x]sf gbLxsf] k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf hn, hldg, Wjlg tyf jfo'sf] k|b"if0f /f]syfd
ug]{ .

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (Disaster Risk Reduction), ul/aL Go"gLs/0f tyf jftfj/0fLo pTk|]/0ff (Poverty Environment
] ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg
Initiative) nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ cg'sl" nt agfpg] / k|fs[lts ;|ft
ug]{ .

df};d eljiojf0fL k|0ffnL e/kbf]{ agfpg] .

jftfj/0f k|a4{g tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cWoogcg';Gwfg ug]{ .

&$

sfo{gLlt
v

jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg o; If]qdf sfo{/t ljleGg lgsfoxsf] e"ldsfdf :ki6tf NofOg]5 .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;+u ;DalGwt cfjZos sfg'gxsf] th'{df / ljBdfg sfg'gx cBfjlws ul/g]5 .

jftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;dGjo ul/g]5 .

/fli6o cg's"ng sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoxsf] e"ldsf klxrfg u/L lhDd]jf/L ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

bft[ lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pj+ cGo lgsfoxaLr ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .

k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf of]hgfdf e"IfonfO{ /f]syfd ug{ jfof]O{lGhlgol/sf] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbOg]5 .

jftfj/0fd}qL tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g] vfnsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 .

Climate Resilience Firendly of]hgf

g]kfn kIf ePsf jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;lGw tyf dxf;lGwxsf] sfof{Gjog u/L ljz]iftM Sof]6f] k|f6] f]sn cGtu{tsf] :jR5 ljsf;
;+oGqaf6 nfe lng sfa{g Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 .

/fli6o cg's"ng sfo{qmdaf6 klxrfg ePsf sfo{qmdxnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg /fli6o Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;xof]usf] pkof]u
ul/g]5 .

ljleGg vfn] Hazardous Waste Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox;+u ;dGjo u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .

:yfgLo:t/;Dd jftfj/0fLo r]tgf hufpg ljleGg /fli6o Pj+ :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodx, :yfgLo u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx,
;fd'bflos ;+:yfxdfkm{t ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

jfo' k|b"if0f, hn k|b"if0f, e"k|b"if0f, Wjlg k|b"if0f h:tf jftfj/0fLo kIfsf yk dfkb08 th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

ljleGg vfnsf k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0fsf ljz]if sfo{qmd tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

zx/L If]qdf kg]{ gbLxsf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cWoog u/L sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 .

k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ;dgjo / ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .

h}ljs ljsf/sf] Joj:yfkgaf6 phf{ k|fKt ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ /xg 7f]; kxn ul/g]5 .

gbL k|bi" f0f lgoGq0f ug{ 9n k|zf]wg gu/L gbLdf ld;fpg aGb]h nufpg] Pj+ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ 9n k|zf]wg ;+oGq :yfkgfdf
k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

jftfj/0fLo b'ik|efj Go"g ub}{ n}hfg k|b"ifsn] ltg'{k5{ (Polluters Pay Principle) / k|b"if0f x6fpFbf klg kmfObf x'G5
(Pollution Prevention Pays) eGg] l;4fGt nfu' ug]{ cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] tyf jftfj/0f d}qL
OGwg, sd k|b"if0f ug]{ oftfoftsf ;fwgxsf] k|of]u a9fpFb} nlug]5 .

pRr k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 a9\b} uPsf] k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ nlug]5 .

zx/L jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 /fVg @) dfOqmf]g ;Ddsf] Knfli6s emf]nf lgif]w ug]{ / cGonfO{ lgT;flxt ul/g]5 .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgxsf] lbuf] kdf Joj:yfkg u/L hgtfsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s :t/df ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .

jftfj/0fLo ;|f]txsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg Pj+ k/LIf0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf d'2fx klxrfg u/L ;dGjofTds kdf cufl8 a9\g k|of; ul/g]5 .

jfUdtL gbLsf] b'j} lsgf/lt/ xl/ofnL a9fpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ lghLIf]q;+u ;dGjo ul/g]5 .

th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf cGtlg{sfo ;dGjonfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 .

&%

r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x (Opportunities & Constraints)

bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfndf r'gf}tL / cj;/x plQs} ;zQm 9+uaf6 dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f bLuf]
ljsf;sf nIox xfl;n ug{ r'gf}tL / cj;/ b'j}sf af/]df plQs} uxg cg';Gwfg, 5nkmn / ax; x'g h/L 5 .

cj;/x (Opportunities)
cfsif{s Pj+ ko{6sLo ahf/n] ;Defjgfo'Qm e"b[io (Attractive Marketable Landscape) df}lns h}ljs ljljwtf
(Unique Biodiversity) a[xb hnljB't\sf] ;Defjgf (Large Hydropower Potentiality) pj{/ t/fOe"ld (Fertile Terai
Land) kxf8df /fd|f] s[lif hnjfo' (Good Agro Climate in Hill) l5d]sL /fi6xdf ljzfn ahf/sf] ;Defjgf (Large
Potentiality of Market in Neighboring Countries) ljljw ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf (Diverse People and Their Cultural
Heritage) h}ljs tyf ;fF:s[lts kdf ;DkGg e"b[io (Biologically and Culturally Rich Landscape) cfo'j]{lbs
cf}ifwfno (Herbal medicine) s[lifk|0ffnL ;'wf/ (Agricultural Reform) xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf kmnkm"n

/ s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf .

cj/f]wx (Constraints)
5.

g]kfn;u hlt w]/} cj;/x 5g\ Tolt w]/} cj/f]wx klg lt cj/f]wxnfO{ oxf ;"lrs[t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf]

e"kl/j]li7tf (Landlockedness) kxf8L tyf b"ud{ e"agf]6 (Rogged & Isolated Topography) sdhf]/ k|fljlws
1fg (Weak Technical Knowledge) ;Lldt cfly{s cfwf/;|f]t (Limited Financial Research Base) df};dkl/jt{g
(Climate Changes) k|fs[lts k|sf]k (Natural Disaster) jftfj/0f ljgf; (Environmental Degradation) ;fdflhs
lje]b (Social Disparity) ;fwg / ;|f]tdfly c;dfg kx'Fr (Unequal Accession Resources) c;nzf;gsf] cefj
(Lack of Good Governances) ;fdflhs G (Social Conflict) e|i6frf/ -cfly{s clgoldttf_ (Corruption) ;fdGtL
lrGtg (Feudalistic Thinking) e" l dsf] c;dfg ljt/0f (Unequal Distribution of Land)
lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ug'{kg]{ lqmofsnfkx
(Important activities for SD.)
dxTjk"0f{ jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx
lgDgfg';f/ ;"lrs[t ug{ ;lsG5 .
jg;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf pkof]u (Conversation & Utilization of Forest Resources) jg;Dkbfsf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf
Joj:yfkg (Forest Management through Community Participation) h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u (Conversation
& Utilization of Biodiversity) 7fpF, df};d / df6f] cg';f/sf] Jofj;flos v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; (Professional
Agricultural System according to Place Season & Quality of Soil) jftfj/0fLo d}qL / ul/aL lgjf/0f pGd'v cfly{s
k|0ffnL (Environmental friendly & Poverty Alleviation Oriented Economic Development) hn;Dkbfsf] a[xQ/
pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkg (Utilization Management of Water Resources) gjLs/0f phf{sf] ljsf; (Development of
Renewable energy) ko{6g Joj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstf (Prioritization of Tourism Sector) kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] plrt
Joj:yfkg (Provision of solid waste management) hg;+Vof a[l4df lgoGq0f (Population Control) lzIff / :jf:Yosf]
kof{Kt ljt/0f (Adequate Distribution of Health & Education) ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo (En of Social
Discrimination) pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf pkef]udf ;dtfd"ns tyf ;dfgtfd"ns k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; lk5l8Psf hftL ju{
/ ;d"bfosf] lxtnfO{ hLjg:t/nfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstf c;nzf;g (Good governance) cfly{s clgoldttfsf] pGd"ng
(Alleviation of Corruption) g]kfnsf] df}lns ljz]iftf cg';f/sf] Joj;flos lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ljsf; lgdf{0f /
jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f, gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs ;a} If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0f .
-;| f ] t M k| t fk ;' j ] b L, s[ l if ljsf; a} + s , k/LIff lbUbz{ g , pT;j a' S ; k| s fzg -@)^$_, >fj0f kl/dflh{ t _ .
dfly pNn]lvt lrhx k|j4{g / ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf g]kfnn] lbuf] ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf 5 . g]kfnn]
&^

buf] ljsf;sf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ d'Vo $ If]qxdf -!_ s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f -@_ h}jLs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f -#_ hn;Dkbfsf]
clwstd pkof]u -$) ko{6g If]qsf] k|j4{g / ljsf; x'g\ ._

;d:of tyf ;'emfjM

;g\ !((@ sf] k[YjL ;Dd]ngn] lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{of]hgfsf kdf ljZjnfO{ l/of] 3f]if0ff, h}ljs
ljljwtf ;+/If0f / Ph]G8f@! lbPsf] 5 . Ph]G8f@! sf] klxnf] ;ftj6f cWofox ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;;u ;DalGwt
5g\ eg] afsL ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg;u ;DalGwt 5g\ .
lbuf] ljsf; eGgfn] cfkm}n] wflgg;Sg] cfly{s a[l4 b]z leq pknAw h}ljs k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgxnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g
glbg] jf To;df sdL cfpg glbg] u/L clwstd pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] 9+un] To:tf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ eGg] a'lG5 . wfGg
;Sg] (Carrying Capacity) cfk"lt{ Ifdtf eGbf a9L To:tf h}ljs tyf k|fs[lts (Sustainable) ;fwgxsf] dfu x'gx' bF' g} . t/ b]zsf]
ljBdfg hg;+Vofn] pknAw To:tf ;fwgxsf] cWofjlws dfusf] l:ylt b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . olb xfnsf] hg;+Vof a[l4 b/ sfod} /xg]
xf] eg] ljBdfg h}ljs tyf ef}lts ;fwgnfO{ :yfoL xflg gk'ofO{ hg cfjZostf k'/f ul//xg ;Dej x'g] 5}g . ctM wfGg ;lsg] cfly{s
a[ l 4 b/ sfod ug] { p2] Z o k| f lKtsf lgldQ hg;+ V of a[ l 4 b/ 36fpg klg TolQs} cfjZostf /xg uPsf] b] l vg cfpF 5 .
cf]hg txsf] ljgfz eO/x]sf] / o;af6 dfgj tyf k[YjLdf ePsf cGo hLj / ;fdu|L ;d]t gfz x'g] /fi6;3
+ Lo jftfj/0fLo
sfo{qmd o'PgOkLsf] ;lqmotfdf ljleGg r/0fdf lj:t[t 5nkmnx eO{ @@ dfr{ !(*% df leogfdf ePsf] sGe]G;gdf cf]hf]g txsf]
ljgfz ug]{ /;fogxaf/] cg';Gwfg, ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg cflbdf ;xof]u ug]{ lgwf] ePsf] lyof] . kl5 !( ;]K6]Da/ !(*& sf] lbg
cf]l8 Ps lgoGq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf df]G6]cn k|f]6f]snsf] kdf k|fb'ef{j eof] . ;g\ !(*( b]lv nfu' ePsf] pQm k|f]6f]snsf] cg';f/
cf]l8Psx dWo] d'Vo ;L=Pkm=;L=sf] pTkfbg aGb ug]{ o;sf] k|of]u ljsl;t d'ns
' xn] ;g @))) ;Dd df / ljsf;f]Gd"v d'ns
' xn]
;g\ @)!) ;Dddf aGb ug]{ ljsl;t d'n'sxsf] of]ubfgdf ax'kIfLo sf]if :yfkgf ug]{, ;f] sf]if / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0faf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sxdf cf]8LP; lj:yfkg ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdxn] ;g= !((% leq g} ;L=Pkm=;L k|m]h cfp6 sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxn] ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;L Pkm ;L= xfnf]g, sfj{g6]8f Snf]/fO8, ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ldyfOn Snf]/f]kmn / ;g\
@)$) ;Dddf Pr=;L=Pkm=;L=sf] k|of]u aGb ug'{kg]{5 .
g]kfnn] & h'nfO{ !(($ df df]6o n k|f6] f]snnfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f] cg';f/ cS6f]a/ ;g\ !(($ b]lv nfu' ePsf]
5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf] x}l;otn] g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf tf]lsPsf cf]l8Psxsf] k|of]u aGb ug'k{ g]{ 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/n] pBf]u dGqfnosf] ;x;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;DalGwt lgsfox, k|fljlw1x / lzIff ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx ;d]tsf] cf]8LPn
k|mh
] cfp6sf] nflu /fli6o ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno / o; ljifosf] nflu ;Dks{ laGb'sf] kdf g]kfn u'0f:t/
tyf gfk tf}n ljefunfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df ul/Psf] Ps ;e]{If0f cg';f/ cf]8L P;x dWo] g]kfndf ;L Pkm ;L!@ /
Pr=;L=Pkm=;L= dfq vkt eO/x]sf] / s"n vkt jflif{s s/La %@ d]=6g= ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . pQm cfFs8f cg';f/ k|ltJolQm cf]8LPs
vkt s/La )=))!# s]=hL= dfq b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf jg If]q d'ns
' sf] s"n e"efusf] #(=^ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;dWo] @( jg / !)=^ e"efu a'6o\ fgsf kdf /x]sf
5g\ . jg If]qsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;+rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)^& j}zfv;Ddsf] jg ljefusf]
tYof cg';f/ !$,^*^ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g eO{ !@,%@,%$# x]S6/ jg ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ sl/a !^,*&,*)!
3/w'/L nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . To:t} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ / jg ;+/If0fdf ;d]t 6]jf k'ofpg
%,!!# sa'lnotL jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/L @#,)@* x]S6/ If]q sa'lnotL jgsf] kdf x:tfGt/0f tyf Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf] 5 .
h;af6 $#,!*# 3/w'/Lsf] lhljsf]kfh{g tyf ;DalGwt jgsf] x}l;otdf ;'wf/ eO{ ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0fdf ;d]t 6]jf k'Ub} cfPsf]
5 . g]kfndf /x]sf] ckf/ h}ljs ljljwtf ;|f]txsf] :yfgLo kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df @) j6f ;+/lIft If]q :yfkgf u/L b]zsf]
s/La @#=! e"efu ;+/lIft If]qleq k|0ffnL cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L b]zdf !@ r/0f If]q / @=% l;d;f/ If]q /x]sf] 5 .
o:tf ;+/If0f If]qx ljleGg e"ef}uf]lns If]q cGtu{t :yfkgf ul/Psf / To;af6 ;f] :yfgdf /x]sf cltLo k|fs[lts, h}ljs Pj+
;f+:s[lts w/f]x/xsf] ;+/If0f x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg, ;+/lIft If]q k|0ffnL, PsLs[t e" tyf
hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf e"kl/lw :t/sf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:Yfkg /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o:t/df dfGotf k|fKt ;an Pj+ ;kmn sfo{qmdsf]
kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ax'd"No jghGo pkhxsf] pknAwtf, jftfj/0f d}qL xl/t pBdxsf] :yfkgf u/L /f]huf/L tyf cfo cfh{gsf]
a[xt cj;/, PsLs[t ;|f]t ;+/If0f / lsjf;sf gd"gfxsf] ljsf;, jg ;+u7gsf] cg'ej, ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] ;lqmotf, jg ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLO, /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o b[li6sf]0fx cg'k ax'p2]ZoLo ;fdu|L / ;]jfxsf] pTkfbg, sfa{g Jofkf/ / jftfj/0fLo
;]jfsf] e'QmfgLsf] ljifonfO{ jg If]qsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn] cj;/sf] kdf lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ log} ;DefjgfxnfO{ ljrf/
u/L gLltut k|fyldstf ;lxt ;femf / bL3{sfnLg cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf / sfo{d'ns Pj+ glthfd"ns k|of;sf]
vfFrf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

&&

lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;xL 9+uaf6 kl/rfng ug]{ xf] eg] o;af6 ljsf;sf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfdf Jofks kl/jt{g
x'g]5 . ljsf; sfo{nfO{ pTkfbgd"ns pRr / cfly{s k|ltkmnbfoL agfpg'df dfq Wofg lbOGYof] . ljsf;sf sfo{af6 kg]{ cGo kIfsf]
k|efjnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ k/Dk/f lyof] . dflg;sf] o; k|jl[ Qsf sf/0f ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, ;fF:s[lts / jftfj/0fLo If]qdf cfPsf] ljrngnfO{
Go"g ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos ePsf] cg'ej :jo+ dflg;n] uof] . hg;+Vof j[l4sf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkdf ePsf] Jofks lj:tf/n] k|fs[lts
;|f]t / ;fwg dfly ck|fs[lts rfk al9/x]sf] 5 . xl/t u[x k|efjsf sf/0f ljZjaf6 c;+Vo jg:klt nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ / sltko
;+s6fkGgfj:yfdf 5g\ . jGohGt'sf] cj:yf klg o;eGbf km/s 5g\ / ljgf;sf] eofjx eljioaf6 aRgsf nflu k|fs[lts / ck|fs[lts
jftfj/0fdf ;Gt' n g sfod /fVg / ljgfz/lxt ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg' g} lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf dflgPsf] 5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, k|zf]wg pkef]u nufot ;8s af6f], l;+rfO{, s'nf], zx/Ls/0fdf a[l4, z'4 vfg]kfgLsf] cefj,
:jf:Yo If]qdf ;]jfsf] sdLsf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf nuftf/ x|f; cfPsf] tYo ;a}aLr phfu/ eO;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfaf6
kf/ kfpg jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . h;sf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] hGd
lnPsf] 5 . cTolws /f;folgs dn / ls6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]unfO{ 36fP/ df6f]sf] pa{/fzlQm a9fpFb} vfB ljifo rqmaf6 hLjgnfO{
d'Qm /fVg ckgfOg] k|ljlwnfO{ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] Ps c+u eGg ;lsG5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;nfO{ k|zf]wg ug]{ sfdaf6 :jf:Yo pTkfbg;Fu}
k|b'if0faf6 x'g] ;fdflhs xfgLnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u ldNg] ub{5 .

ljlEfGg lsl;dsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{xdf lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtxnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg' lgtfGt cfjZos
5 . s'g} klg gl6Sg] lsl;dsf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{xdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / cGo ;fwgxsf] Ifl0fs k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf
sfo{xsf] lg/Gt/tfn] jftfj/0f lau|g yfNb5 . ;dfhdf c;dfgtf a9L cfly{s / ;fdflhs l:yltdf c;dfgtf cfpb5 .
o;n] ul/aL a[l4sf] nflu 6]jf k'U5 . ljBdfg ;|ft] xsf] pkof]u u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg'k5{ h;n] ul/aL 36fpg / jftfj/0f
;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] 5 . ljBdfg cj;/xsf] ;b'kof]u u/L cfly{s ljsf; ug'{k5{ . ;fy} o;n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf
6]jf k'ofpg] 5 . To;}n] k[YjLdf ljBdfg ljleGg jftfj/0fn] ;d:ofx ;dfwfg u/L k[YjLnfO{ hf]ufpg lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cfjZostf k5{ . k[YjLdf ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx / ltgsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /fvL ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x th'{df ug'{k5{ . hLjxsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmd;+u} ldnfpb} n}hfg'k5{ . lbuf]
ljsf;sf] nflu dlxnfxsf] :t/af6 sfo{qmd z' ug{ ;S5f}+ . x/]s dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjg / sfo{k|lt uj{, v'zL /
cfgGbsf] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ lbcf}+ .
k"jL{o bz{gn] eg] h:t} dlxnfn] cfkm"nfO{ zlQmsf] cg'ej ug\ . zlQmsf] :jefjnfO{ phfu/ ug o; ljZjsf]
d'xf/ km]g{ dlxnfxsf] klg plQs} dxTj ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 . aflx/L lqmofsf] k|efjaf6 ag]sf] xfd|f]
sl7g sfo{zn
} L ca xfd|} cfjZostf, nf]e, cfTdf / zlQm ;+3if{ dfly lgoGq0f kfpg' k5{ . cfkm\gf] cGt/fTdf, dgf]zlQm;Fusf]
;Dks{df /xg' cfjZos 5 . ;a} dfgj hflt cfkm\gf] leqL ofqfsf] ;'jft ug'{k5{ . leqL ljZjsf] cGj]if0f ug'{k5{ .

;xfos u|Gyx (Bibliography)

Heinz Bongartz, Environment and Sustainable Development: An Observation), Environment and Sustainable
Development-Issues in Nepalee Perspective, Edited by, Madan K. Dahal, Dev Raj Dahal, Nepal Foundation for
Advanced studies (NEFAS), Freidrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Second Printing November,1998).

gf/fo0fk|;fb sfn], ljsf; k|zf;gsf] gofF cfofd,

@)^! df3 .

(New Dimension of Development Adminitration) k|yd

;+:s/0f

N.L. Gupta and R.K. Gurjar, Sustainability and development proces: issues and implications, Sustainable
development, Edited by, N.L. Gupta, R.K. Gurjar, Rawat Publication, Jaipur, New Delhi, 1993).

d]3/fh 9sfn, g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq jftfj/0f jif{ *, @)^!, c+s (, ljZj jftfj/0f
lbj;, h]7 @#, @)^!, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .
uDeL/axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf tyf dxTj Ps ljj]rgf, xfd|f] ;Dkbf /fli6o dfl;s,
jif{ $, c+s *, @)^! sf7df8f}+ .
eb|Z] j/k|;fb pkfWofo, lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0fLo n]vfk/LIf0f, n]vf k/LIf0f klqsf, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu,
@)^! kf}if, sf7df8f}+ .
&*

Prof.Bishwa Keshar Maskay, Sustainable Development Emerging Strategic Agenda, a}ls

k|j4{g, jif{ M (, c+s

@, @)^! cfiff9, k" 0 ff{ !*, a} l s k| j 4{ g ;ldlt, g] k fn /fi6 a} + s , afn' j f6f/, sf7df8f} + .

gj/fh yfkf, lgd{n/fh kf}8]n, g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof,

;+:s/0f ;g\ @))% .

Population of Nepal, k|zflGt

k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f}+, k|yd

uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0faLr cGt{;DaGw, kof{j/0f dfl;s, jif{ (, c+s &, df3 @)%*,
sf7df8f}+ .
uDeL/axfb'/ xf8f, lbuf] u|fdL0f ljsf; (Sustainable Rural Development), k|yd k|sfzg @)^$, *,
!%, bLIffGt k|sfzg, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
Hari Datt Lekhak, Binod Lekhak, Natural Resource Conservation and Sustainble
Development in Nepal, (Second Revised Edition), May, 2005, Kshitz publication,
Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(@)^$_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cfiff9, @)%( .
ljsf; (VIKAS) (A Journal of Development), Vol.30., @)^^ dfu{, No.2, National planning
commission, secretariat Nepal.
s0ffs/ kf}8]n, lji0f' lu/L, lbuf] u|fdL0f ljsf; (Sustainable Rural Development), lIflth k|sfzg, sLlt{k'/,
;+:s/0f @)^# .
8f=/fdrGb| e/fO{ , lbuf] k g tyf lbuf] ljsf;, ;f] k fg dfl;s_, @)^& c;f/, jif{ &, c+ s !, k" 0 ff{ &# .

cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^#^$,@)^$^% g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)^$,@)^%, @)^^ .
g]kfn hg;+Vof k|ltj]bg @)^!, g]kfn ;/sf/, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, c;f/, @)^! .
cfly{s jif{ @)^&^* sf] ah]6 jStJo, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, @)^& .
tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$^%@)^^^&_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn, d+l;/, @)^$ .
jt{dfg lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn, d+l;/, @)^& .
bLk]Gb||axfb'/ If]qL, bLuf] cfly{s ljsf; / cu'jf If]q, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf kl/b[Zox (SocioEconomic Development Panorama), Volume, 1, No.1, January-June 2007, Human Action For
Rapid Development (Hard-Nepal), Promotional Consultancy Service Pvt.Ltd. (Pro-Con),
Kathmandu, Nepal.
d'sG' bk|;fb zdf{, bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIff If]qsf] e"ldsfM Ps rrf{, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf kl/b[Zox
(Socio-Economic Development Panorama), Volume, 1, No.1, January-June 2007, Human
Action For Rapid Development (Hard-Nepal), Promotional Consultancy Service Pvt.Ltd.
(Pro-Con), Kathmandu, Nepal.

Zofds'df/ e/fO{, lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] cj:yf, k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ (Administrative Reform),

Journal, 2067 Paush 14, dfgj clwsf/ tyf sfg"gL u|'k, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .

Zofds'df/ a:g]t, g]kfnsf] jg Joj:yfkg, /fhgLlt / :jflwgtf, xfd|f] ;Dkbf -/fli6o ;Dkbf, ;+:s[lt Pj+
jftfj/0fdf cfwfl/t /fli6o dfl;s_, jif{ !), c+s !), @)^& ;fn kmfNu'0f_ .

&(

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf o;sf] e"ldsf

*vu|]Gb|k|;fb ;'j]bL

;f/f+zM
klxn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf hflu/ zf;ssf gft]bf/ 7"nf kbdf / tNnf] kbdf rfs8L, rfKn';L ug]{x?n] kfpg] l:ylt
lyof] . /f0fzf;gsfndf k|To]s jif{sf] bz}sf] ;dodf khgLubf{ sf]lxsf] hflu/ ydf}tL, s;}sf] ;?jf, s;}sf] j9'jf ,
s;}sf] cjsf;, sf]lx hu]8fdf / s]lx gofF egf{ ul/g] rng lyof] . g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df klJns
;le{; sld;gsf] Joj:yf eO{ ;j} ;/sf/L hflu/df egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{ elgP cg';f/ lj=;= @)!# ;fndf lghfdtL
;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL nfu" ePkl5 cfof]usf] sfd s]lx dfqfdf k|efjsf/L eof] . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf gfddf lj=;=
@)!& df3 @% ut] cfof]usf] sfdsf/jfxLdf j~b]h nufOof] . lj=;= @)@# ;fndf ;/sf/L If]qdf /x]sf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfzt{, lgo'lQm, j9'jf cflbdf cfof]usf] k/fdz{sf] If]qleq ;dflji6 ul/of] eg] @)#@ ;fndf cfP/
k/fdz{dfq lbPk'Ug] ul/of] / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df pQm ljifo x6fOof] . clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/L tyf
/fhkq cg+lst kbsf sd{rf/Lsf] klg ljdfuLo ;hfodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng] k|fjwfg yk ul/of] eg] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# df ;}lgs ;]jf, z;:q k|x/L, ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L l;4fGtsf ljifodf ;d]t cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng]
k|fjwfg yk ePsf] 5 . cfof]un] 1fgsf] k/LIf0f dfq gu/]/ ;fdYo{ -ability_ sf] OdfGbf/Ltf tyf cle?rLsf] kl/If0f
;d]t u/L cfkm"n] 5fg]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k[i7kf]if0f lng] / of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ljz]if e"ldsf v]nL
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] e"ldsf v]Ng] :yfoL ;/sf/ eGg] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf of]Uo JolQm 5gf}6 ug'{ / of]Uo x'gsf
nflu rflxg] u'0f -attributes_ sf] k/LIf0f u/L ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmf/Lz ug'{kb{5 .
e"ldsf
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /f0ffzf;gsfndf ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf hflu/ vfg] jf s'g} 7"nf] cf]xf]bfdf k'Ug] /f0ff kl/jf/sf efOef/bf/x?
x'Gy],tntnsf kbdf sfd ug{ /f0ff kl/jf/sf dfG5]x?sf ljleGg sfdx? ul/lbP/ rfs/L k'ofP kl5 olb pgLx?nfO{
lrQ a' of] eg] pgsf] l;kmfl/;df hflu/ vfg kfOGYof] eGg] s' / f To;j] n fsf e' Q mef] u Lx? cem} atfpF 5 g\ .
To;j]nf s] s:tf] of]Uotf rflxg] eGg]df s]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf gePsfn] /f0ffx?sf] ljZjf;kfq g} of]Uotf /x]5 . xk]d
{ f
l3p,df};dsf kmnkm"n, rf8jfF8df Rof\u|f, v;L, 6S|ofpg] cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo sfdx?;d]t u/L ljZjf; lht]/ nf}
eg d}n] s]xL] ug'{5 < eg]kl5 xftdf]Nb}, 6fpsf] sGofpb} ljlGt r9fPkl5 n 7Ls 5 ljrf/ u/f}+nf eg] kl5 hflu/ kSsf
x'GYof] .
k|To]s aif{sf] bz}sf] ;dodf khgL ubf{ sf]xLsf] hflu/ ydf}tL, s;}sf] ;?jf, s;}sf] a9'jf, s;}sf] cjsf;, sf]xL
hu]8fdf / s]xL gofF egf{ ul/g] rng lyof] . oL ;j} ;?jf,a9'jf, vf];'jf ydf}tL, gofF hflu/ s;/L / lsg eof] eGg]
s'/f :jod\ b]lv afx]s s;}n] klg yfxf kfpb}gYof] . To;j]nfsf] zf;g Joj:yfn] ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] hflu/vfg] s'/f k|foM
c;Dej g} dfGg' kb{Yof] .
/f0ffzf;gsf] clGtd ;dolt/ plgx?sf] x's'dL kl/jfl/s zf;g lj?4 cfjfhx? p7\g yfn]kl5 lj=;+=@))$ ;fndf
/f0ff k|wfgdGqL kb\d;dz]/n] # hgf ef/tLo ljz]if1x? lemsfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf lgdf{0f ug{ nufP . h;sf] gfd g]kfn
;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g @))$ lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgdf b/vf:t kl/ifbsf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf
d'ns
' e/ ;j} 7fpFdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx? egf{ xf]pg eGg] cf;o AoQm ul/Psf] kfO{G5 -pQm k|yd lnlvt ;+ljwfg eP tfklg
*jl/i7 dgf]lj1fgj]Qf -pk;lrj_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s]=sf=

*)

nfu" x'g ;s]g_ . of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Merit System) sf] efj pQm g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g @))$ df lnlvt ?kdf
emlNsPsf] kfOG5 .
;+j}wflgs ljsf;s|d / nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
! g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg,@))&
la=;+=@))& ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffaf6 k|hftGq cfPkl5 la= ;+= @))& r}q @( ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g
ljwfg, @))& hf/L eof] . pQm ljwfgsf] efu % df klAns ;le{; sld;g -nf]s;]jf cfof]u_ sf] Joj:yf /Xof] . pQm
sld;gsf] ;efktL / ;b:ox? dGqLd08nsf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd >L % af6 egf{ ul/g] / tnj eQf k|wfg Gofono -;af]{Rr
cbfnt_ sf] Gofolwzsf] ;/x x'g] Aoj:yf tf]lsof] .
pQm ljwfgdf lgDglnlvt sfd tf]lsPsf] lyof]M
!= ;j} ;/sf/L hflu/df egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{
@= egf{ ug]{ tl/sf ;DaGwL ;j} ljifodf ;Nnfx lbg]
#= lgo' l Qm, ;?jf, k| f ] d f] z g ug] { l;4fGtdf / ;f] sf] nflu pDd] b \ j f/sf] of] U otf ljifodf ;Nnfx lbg]
$= hflu/bf/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ;j} ljifo /
%= >L % af6 ;Nnfx dflujS;g] ;j} ljifo .
tyfkL pko'{Qm sfd >L % af6 ;fwf/0f tj/n] jf ljz]iftM cd's kl/l:yltdf klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] ;Nnfx lng
cfjZos 5}g elg lgodf/f tf]lsjS;g] eGg] Aoj:yf klg ;f]xL ljwfgdf n]lvPsf] lyof] .pQm zf;g +ljwfg cg';f/
g]kfndf ;j{ky| d lj= ;+=@))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut], ! ;efklt / @ ;b:o u/L # ;b:oLo g]kfn klAns ;le{; sld;gsf]
u7g ePsf] lyof] . ;f] klxnf] sld;gsf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/sf] bf];|f] rf]ssf] pQ/kLsf] t];|f] tnfsf] @ sf]7fdf lyof] h'g l;+xb/af/ cfunfuLdf Iflt eof]_ . eGg'sf] tfTko{ b'O{ sf]7fdf cfof]usf] sfd z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . Pp6f sf]7fdf ;efklt
/ ;b:ox? csf]{ sf]7fdf ;]qm]6/L / sfl/Gbf /xGy] . sld;gsf] sfdsf/jfxLdf ;/;Nnfx lbgsf lgldt ef/taf6 cfPsf
cfO=P;=clkm;/ uf]ljGb gf/fo0f l;+x hf] >L % lqe'jgsf ;lrj ;d]t eP/ /x]sf lyP pgsf] ;Nnfx sld;gsf] gLlt,l;4fGt
cflbaf/] lg0f{o ubf{ lnOGYof] k|fo xKtfsf] @# k6s sld;gdf cfpg] ub{y]-e'jgdfg l;+x_ . To;a]nf cfof]u ;DaGwL
sfo{ l jlw hfGg] dfG5] ;fob g] k fndf lyPgg\ , lsgsL /f0ff zf;gsf] cGt e/v/ ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;+=@)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL nfu" ePkl5 klAns ;le{; sld;gn] egf{ /
k|df]zgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ yfNof] . ;/sf/af6 dfq eOcfPsf kbx?sf nflu sld;gn] cGtjf{tf{ jf 5fgljgf/f pDd]bj\ f/sf]
pko'Qmtf hfFrL l;kmfl/; ug]{ ub{Yof] lsgls pDd]b\jf/sf] ;+Vof Hofb} sd x'gfn] lnlvt k/LIff lng yfn]sf] lyPg .
;j{ky| d lj=;+=@)!$ ;fndf Ans 8]enkd]06 clkm;/ (B.D.O.) / Pl;i6]08 Ans 8]enkd]06 kbsf nflu lnlvt kl/Iff
/ cGtjf{tf{ lng] u/L lj1fkg k|sflzt ePsf] s'/f nf]s;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;lrj e'jgdfg l;+x k|wfg h;n] cfof]usf]
sfd sf/jflxnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ 7"nf] cfGtl/s ;+3if{ / s8f d]x]gt u/]/ l;i6d a;fpg' ePsf] s'/f pxfFn] cfgf] n]vdf
n]Vg' ePsf] kfFOG5 .
cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf lnlvt k/LIffdf k|yd k6s ljb]zL ;+3;+:yfsf] sfo{z}nL h:t} u/L ;'wf/,
lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf ul/Psf] kfOG5, h; cg';f/ j:t'ut k/LIff k|0ffnL ;dfj]z ul/of], cfO=So"=6]i6, u|k' Knflg, u'k| l8:s;g
h:tf tl/sfx? ;dfj]z ePsf lyP . klxn] ;'?ubf{ cfld{ ;]n]S;g af]8{sf tflnd k|fKt clws[taf6 ;'? ul/Psf]df kl5
cfof]udf dgf]lj1fgj]Qfsf] gofF b/jGbL >[hgf u/L, ljb]zdf Selection Techniques sf tflnd lng k7fO{ kl5 olxaf6
;~rfng ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 .

*!

@ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)!% sf] wf/f %( / ^) df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Aoj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . cfof]usf] u7g,
sfdsf/jfxL / st{Jo tf]lsPsf] eP tfklg cGo ljifo klg pNn]v lyof] h;n] cfof]unfO{ j]jf:tf u/]sf] lyof] nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] k/fdz{ glnP klg x'g] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
wf/f ^) sf] pkwf/f # df elgPsf] 5 c? pkwf/fdf h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg >L % af6 o; laifodf ;fwf/0f
tj/af6 jf ljz]ift cd's kl/l:yltdf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u k/fdz{ lng cfjZos 5}g elg tf]lsaS;]df ;f] jdf]lhd x'g5
]
. o;} pkwf/f # nfO{ 6]s/] lj=;+=@)!& ;fn df3 @% ut] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf sfdsf/jfxLdf jGb]h lgodx? @)!& /fhkqdf
k|sflzt u/L cfof]usf] sfddf /f]s nufOof] . cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] gfddf aGb]h nufpgfn] pQm
;+ljwfg cg';f/ sfd x'g ;s]g eGg ;lsG5 .
la=;+=@)!& k''; ! ut] kZrft ePsf] ;]jf u7g, k'gu{7g kZrft ;/sf/L ;]jfdf egf{sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3
k|x/L k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ u/fOof] . o;/L k~rfotL Aoj:yf lj/f]wLnfO{ hflu/ k|j]zdf /f]s nufOPsf] b]lvG5 . hf] lj=;+=
@)$& kl5 l;kml/z ePkl5 k|x/Lsf]df k7fpg] ul/Psf] / olb s'g} cleof]u nfu]sf] eP k/LIf0fsfndf sf/jfxL ug]{ eGg]
u/Lof] t/ xfn o;sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .
# g]kfn ;+ljwfg,@)!(
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] ;+ljwfgb]lv g} sfod eO cfPsf] ;j} ;/sf/L
;] j f jf kbdf egf{ s f] lgldQ hfF r ug] { cfof] u sf] st{ J o x' g ] 5 eGg] pkwf/f o; ;+ l jwfgdf /flvPg .
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf o; ;+ljwfgdf ePtf klg lj=;+= @)@# ;fnsf] ;+zf]wgdf cfof]usf] sfd wf/f &* df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h;df ;/sf/L ;]jfsf ;fy} ;/sf/L If]qdf /x]sf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfzt{ ;DaGwL s'/f
/ lgo'lQm,a9'jf Pj+ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ ljifo klg cfof]usf] k/fdz{sf] If]qleq ;dflji6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;/sf/L
;+:yfgdf klg cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . o:t} lj=;+=@)@# df3 !$ df ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] cj
pk|fGt cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf gofF lgo'lQm ePsf] s'g} klg AolQmn] lga[lQe/0f kfpg ;Sg] 5}g eGg] k|i6 Joj:yf eof] .
o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] tTsfn nf]s;]jf cfof]u / ;/sf/sf lardf sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ sltko ljifodf lzto'4 x'g'kb{5,
h;sf] kl/0ffd pQm k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf /lvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . o; kl5 cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLdf aGb]h nufpg]
Aoj:yf klg ;+ l jwfgaf6 x6fOPaf6 cfof] u sf] k| e fjsfl/tf a9\ g ] sfg" g L jftfj/0f aGb} u Psf] kfOG5 .
lj=;+=@)#@ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] ;+:yfgsf] kbk'tL{sf nflu cfof]uaf6 ;b:ox? g} vl6P/ u}/x]sf] k|fjwfgn]
cfof]usf] sfdsf/jflxdf c;/ kg{yfn]kl5 ;fdfGo l;4fGtdf dfq cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbPk'Ug] Joj:yf eof] / pQm ;fdfGo
l;4fGtsf] k'l:tsf @)#% ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] lghfdlt k|zf;g ljifodf 1fg lbnfpg] d'Vo p2]Zo /flv Civil Service
Journal klqsf rf}dfl;s ?kdf 5fKg lj= ;+= @)@# >fj0faf6 ;'?ePsf] kfOG5,h'g s'/f e'jgdfg l;+xn] ;d]t cfgf]
n]vdfkm{t k|sfz kfg'e
{ Psf] 5 . ef/tdf ljleGg nf]s;]jf cfof]u, ljZjljBfnox?sf] dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfx? / z}lIfs
pkflwx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng u/L cfof]un] u/]sf] lj1fkgsf kbx?df kg{] b/vf:t;fy k]z ug]{ z}lIfs pkflwsf dfGotf
;DaGwL ljifosf sltko ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfsf nflu z}lIfs :t/sf] ;dsIftf / dfGotfsf nlu
lzIff If]qsf ljfg ;d]tsf] ljrf/ k/fdz{ ul/of] . cfof]uaf6 lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf pQm ljifodf k|yd k6s k':ts tof/
ePsf] kfOG5 . h;n] gofF egf{ / kbf]Ggltsf nflu z}lIfs :t/sf] ;DaGwdf w]/} d2t k'ofof] . h;sf] kl/dflh{t ?k la=
;+= @)@* df k|sflzt eof] .
*@

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf sfof{nox?sf] :yfkgf o;k|sf/ ePsf] clen]vaf6 b]lvG5M

qm=;+=

sfof{nox?sf] gfd

sfof{no :yfg

:yfkgf ldlt

d]rL c+rn sfof{no

O{nfd

@)@# ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]

@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_

sf]zL c+rn sfof{no

;u/dfyf c+rn sfof{no
hgsk'/ c+rn sfof{no
gf/fo0fL c+rn sfof{no
u08sL c+rn sfof{no
n'lDagL c+rn sfof{no
wjnflu/L c+rn sfof{no
/fKtL c+rn sfof{no
e]/L c+rn sfof{no
;]tL c+rn sfof{no
s0ff{nL c+rn sfof{no
dxfsfnL c+rn sfof{no
dWodf~rn k|fb]lzs sfof{no
klZrdf~rn k|fb]lzs sfof{no
k"jf{~rn k|fb]lzs sfof{no
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn k|fb]lzs sfof{no

lj/f6gu/
ef]hk'/
hgsk'/wfd
jL/u+h
kf]v/f
e}/xjf
afUn'
3f]/fxLbf
g]kfnu+h
8f]6Ll;nu9L
h'Dnf
dx]Gb|gu/
sf7df08f}
kf]v/f
wgs'6f
;'v]{t

@)@# ;fn dfu{ !% ut]

@)@$ ;fn c;f9 !# ut]
@)@# ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]
@)@# ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]
@)@# ;fn r}q !% ut]
@)@# ;fn r}q !% ut]
@)@$ ;fn a}zfv !% ut]
@)@$ ;fn c;f9 * ut]
@)@# ;fn dfu{ !% ut]]
@)@# ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]
@)@% ;fn a}zfv @# ut]]
@)@# ;fn r}q !* ut]
@)#) ;fn kf}if @% ut]
@)#) ;fn kf}if @% ut]
@)#) ;fn df3 ! ut]
@)#) ;fn df3 ! ut]

kl5 k|fb]lzs sfof{nonfO{ If]lqo lgb]z

{ gfnosf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] hgsk'/ c+rn sfof{no hgsk'/wfdaf6
hn]Zj/, ef]hk'/ sf]zL c+rndf k/]kl5 pQm sfof{no @)#@ ;fn df3 @( ut] vf]6fsf] lbQm]n / 8f]6Ll;nu9L /x]sf]
sfof{no lbkfon /fhk'/df /x]sf] 5 . o;/L c~rnsf c~rn sfof{no vf/]hu/L ;DalGwt k|fb]lzs sfof{nodf To;sf]
bfloTj ;fl/Psf] e'jgdfg l;+x k|wfgn] cfof]usf] k4ltdf hf]8 lbb} cfgf] n]vdf o:tf] n]Vg'ePsf] 5, hxfF;Dd nfU5 of]
pxfFsf] cg'ejsf] lgvf/ x'gkb{5 cfof]usf ;b:ox? ;+aw} flgs lgo'lQm eO cfPsf eGb}df cfof]usf nflu rflxg] u'0fx?df
k|zf]lwt eO g;s]sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . kl/l:ylt jf afWotfj; hf];'s}n] df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpg ;Sb5 . To; sf/0f
o;sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu cfof]usf] sfddf l;i6dn] Uof/]G6L lbg ;Sg] x'g kb{5, JolQmn] x}g . o:tf] l;i6d a;fNbf st}
s]xL n'kxf]n (Loophole) eP To;nfO{ 6fNg]u/L l;i6ddf ;'wf/ ul/xfNg' kb{5 . ============;fgf] kbsf] eP/ klg alxbf/
6fOlki6n] cfof]usf] lgikIftf sfod /fv],h'g pRr cf]xf]bfsf ;lrjx?n] ;s]gg\ . o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] cf]xf]bf 7"nf]
5 eGb}df OG6Lu|L6L,cg]i6L (Integrity, honesty) x'G5 eGg] 5}g . lnlvt kl/Iffsf] c+s cfof]un] pDd]b\jf/x?sf] l:ylt
x]/L lgjf/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df Ps k6s cfgf] dfG5]n] NofPsf] c+snfO{ cfwf/ dflg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] / cGtjf{tf{df
c+s lbPsf ljifonfO{ ph'/L kbf{ sd{rf/Lsf] 36'jf / ;'? tnj :s]ndf emfg]{ sfd ;d]t ePaf6 To; kl5 lnlvtsf] plt0ff{
$) sf] ;'?jft eof] eg] cGtjf{tf{sf] k"0ff{ dfq tf]sL c+s lbbf Manipulate ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsfn] cGtjf{tf{stf{n]
#) eGbf sd / ^) -xfn $) eGbf sd / &) eGbf dfly_ eGbf a9L c+s lbbf k|i6 sf/0f cGtjf{tf{ kmf/fddf g}
n]Vg'kg]{ k|fjwfg ul/P .
la= ;+= @)!$ ;fndf lnlvt kl/Iff lnOg] Aoj:yf x'bf k|yd sf]8 dfq ePsf]df To;sf] klg s]xL sdhf]/L kfOP
kl5 8an sf] l 8 l;i6d canDjg k| f /De ePsf] cfof] u sf P] l txfF l ;s b:tfj] h x?df pNn] v ePsf] kfOG5 .
$ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& efu !$ sf] wf/f !)! / !)@ df cfof]usf] u7g / sfd st{Ao, clwsf/sf
af/]df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]b\jf/ 5gf]6 ug{ k/LIffx? ;+rfng
*#

ug'{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] st{Ao x'g]5 elg wf/f !)@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lga[Qe/0f
kfOg] kbdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g elg k|i6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy}
lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;j} zt{x?df cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?nfO{ cfof]usf] sfo{If]qx?af6
lgsflnPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst / /fhkq cg+lst b'j} txsf kbdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;hfo ug]{ laifo
cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq ;dflji6 ul/Psf] kfOG5 lsgls lj=;+=@)!( sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;hfo ug]{
laifox?df dfq cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq kb{Yof] . o;/L qmlds?kdf cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L a9]sf] / hgdfg;df nf]slk|otf
a9\bf]?kdf la=;+=@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg kZrft cem b]lvG5 .
cfof]usf sfdsf/jfxL h:t} k|Zgkq lgdf{0f,k|Zgkq df]8/];g,pQ/k'l:tsf kl/If0f,cGtjf{tf{ k|ljlwh:tf sfdx?
cfof]uaf6 ;+:yfut eP tfklg ;+:yfut :d[ltnfO{ kl5;Dd /fVg lgb]l{ zsf tof/ ug]{ qmddf k/LIf0f k|ljlw tyf cg';Gwfg
zfvfsf] zfvf k|dv
' k|:t't k+lQmsf/ /xFbf ;b:o;lrjsf] ?kdf sfo{bn u7g eO{ ljleGg ;e],{ cWoog, cg';Gwfg uf]li7dfkm{t
Jofks ?kdf ;DjlGwt If]qsf ljfg, tyf jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx?sf] / cfof]usf kbflwsf/L ;lxtsf] 5nkmn kZrft dfly
pNn]v ul/Psf laifodf lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L cfof]un] :jLs[t u/L k|sflzt ;d]t eP . kl5 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# nfu" ePkZrft cfof]usf] P]g, lgod gofF cfO;s]kl5 pQm lgb]{lzsfdf ePsf ljifoj:t'x?sf] d"ns'/fx? To;df
;dflxt ul/P / pQm lgb]{lzsfx? @)^& ;fndf vf/]h ul/P .
% g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu !# df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@% df cfof]usf] u7g, kbflwsf/Lsf] of]Uotf, cof]Uotf / kfl/>lds Pj+ ;]jfsf cGo zt{x?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f !@^ df nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] sfd st{ A o / clwsf/ af/] pNn] v ul/Psf] 5, hf] lgDgfg' ; f/ 5g\ M
!= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]b\jf/ 5gf]6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug{' nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo
x'g]5 .
@= lghfdtL ;] j fsf] lgj[ l Qe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf] s ;] j f cfof] u sf] k/fdz{ l agf :yfoL lgo' l Qm ul/g] 5 } g .
#= b]xfosf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{5M
s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{;DaGwL sfg"gsf] laifodf,
v_ lghfdtL ;] j f jf kbdf lgo' l Qm, a9' j f / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg] { l;4fGtsf ljifodf,
u_
lghfdtL kbdf ^ dlxgf eGbf u9L ;dosf nflu lgo' l Qm ubf{ pDd] b \ j f/sf] pko' Q mtfsf] laifodf,
3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL
;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]b]jf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,
_
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ n]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{
cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf,
r_ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q leq kg]{ ljifodf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5,
5_ ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo
l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{5 .
To:t} wf/f !@& df k|To]s aif{ cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg /fi6klt ;dIf k]z ub{5 / /fi6kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Aoj:yf 5 . xfn nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfgf] sfd Jojl:yt Pj+ dof{lbt agfpg ;+jw} flgs
bfo/f leq /x]/ nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g @)^&, nf]s;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)^& / k/LIff k4lt lgb]{lzsf tyf cfof]usf]
j} 7 saf6 ;do ;dodf ePsf lg0f{ o sf glh/sfsf] cfwf/df sfdsf/jfxL Jojl:yt ug] { u/] s f] 5 .
sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfM
sd{rf/L k|zf;g @ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5, klxnf] sd{rf/L (Personnel) / bf];|f] k|zf;g (Administration) . Pn=l8=
XjfO6sf cg';f/ ljleGg tTjx? ldn]/ /fd|f] k|zf;g aGg ;Sb5M g]t[Tj, ;+u7g, ljQ,dgf]jn,sfo{ljlw t/ s'g} klg cGo
tTj eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] hgzlQm eg]sf5g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;g zAbsf] lgs6t\d ;DjGw dfgj ;|ft] of]hgf (Human
Resource Planning) ;Fu 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ljleGg ;]jfut, ;d"xut ?kdf jlu{s/0f ul/Psf]
5 / ToxfFaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x?df s] s:tf sd{rf/L rflxG5g\, slt rflxG5g\ slt of]Uotf, l;k ePsf rflxG5g\ ;f]
s'/fsf] lgSof]n
{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'gs'g kbdf slthgf /xG5g\, plgx?sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . d'ns
' df ;'zf;g
sfod ug{sf nflu d'n'ssf] b}lgs k|zf;g -Tof] ljleGg If]qdf x'g;S5M s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, hn;|f]t, oftfoft, /fh:j
*$

cflb_ rnfO{ gful/sx?sf] sfdnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf],ljgf emGem6 ;]jf,;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] bfloTj x'G5. To;sf
nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( cg';f/ b]xfosf ;]jfx? kb{5g\M
!= g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof ;]jf,
@= g]kfn Ol~hlgo/L ;]jf,
#= g]kfn s[lif ;]jf
$= g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
%= g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf
^= g]kfn k//fi6 ;]jf
&= g]kfn jg ;]jf
*= g]kfn lzIff ;]jf
(= g]kfn Joj:yflksf;+;b ;]jf
!)= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf -5'} :yf:Yo P]gf/f ;~rflnt_
!!= n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jf
!@= g]kfn ljljw ;]jf
pQm ;]jfx? leq klg ljleGg ;d"xx? / sltko k|fljlws ;]jfdf pk;d"xx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] klg ljleGg
/fhkqf+lst / /fhkq cg+lst u/L ljleGg k|yd,ltLo,t[tLo >]0fLx? /x]sf 5g\ .
sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9?kn] ;~rfng ug]{ of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Merit System) ckgfpg' kb{5 . cfh of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{
;j}n] dxTj lbPsf5g\ . of]Uotf k|0ffnL cfpg'k"j{ o;sf] :yfgdf tLg Aoj:yfx? lyP M
-!_ kbnfO{ ljqmL ug]{
-@_ s[kfkfq k|0ffnL
-#_ n'6 k|0ffnL (Spoil System).
k|mfG;sf] qmflGt;Dd klg s]xL pRr :t/sf kb afx]s lsg]/, pkxf/ jf pQ/flwsf/f/f k|fKt x'Gy] . s[kf k|0ffnL
On]08 tyf cGo ljleGg d'ns
' x?df /x]sf] lyof], h:tf] g]kfn klg kb{5 . n'6 k|0ffnL cd]l/sfdf AofKt lyof] . hxfF ;/sf/
ablngf;fy sd{rf/L x6fP/ cfgf lgs6sf dfG5] egf{ ul/Gy] . o;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] "Hiring and Firing"
klg elgG5 . o;/L ;g\ !**! Dff Pshgf hflu/ vf]Hg] JolQmn] lg/f; eP/ cd]l/sL /fi6klt uf/lkmN8 (Garfield) sf]
xTof uof] . To;kl5 ;g !**# df o:tf] b'3{6gf k'gM gxf]; elg cd]l/sfdf k]08n6g sfg"g kfl/t eof] . To;kl5
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfloTjsf] :j?k lbOof] .
o;y{ of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Merit System) n] cGo ;j} bf]ifx?nfO{ x6fP/ sflan, of]Uo hgzlQmsf] 5gf}6 ug{
d2t k'Ub5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnL cGt/ut lgo'lQm / p;sf nflu ;]jf,zt{ Pj+ Ifdtf, cg'zf;g kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t v'nf
k|ltof]lutfsf] dfWodaf6 k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ pRrtd c+s k|fKt ug]n
{ fO{ l;kmfl/z u/L lgo'lQm lbnfOG5 . o;df s'g} hft,
wd{, If]qLotf, ju{, bn /fhgLlt s]lxnfO{ cfwf/ lnOb}g . sd{rf/L /fhgLlt tyf cGo ljifox?df t6:y /xG5, kbf]GgtL
of]Uotfsf cfwf/df x'G5 . of] k|0ffnL w]/} nf]slk|o k|0ffnL xf] . ljleGg k|hftflGqs egf}+ jf nf]stflGqs d'ns
' x?df of]Uotf
k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ Pp6f 5'} ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf ;+:yf v8f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg la=;+= @))$
sf] k|yd lnlvt ;+ljwfgdf ;d]t o;sf] ememNsf]sf] ?kdf b/vf:t kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf ePsf] / cGo lj=;+=@))& ;fndf
;d]t klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] gfd ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] s'/f klxn] g} dfly pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/
g]kfndf khgL k|yfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L efOef/bf/, gftfuf]tf, rfs8L rfKn';L, l3p Rof\u|f / ;]js eO{ sfdsf] abnf
s[kf u/]/ kfOg] hflu/sf] 7fpdf 7"nf] pknAwL lj=;+=@))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut] klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] ljlwjt u7g
eO{ h]h:tf] ?kdf ePklg b]zsfn kl/l:ylt cg';f/ 5'} klxrfg /flv nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg ;'? uof] .
;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm lglZrt lgikIf k|lqmof ckgfO{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 . lghfdlt ;]jf leqsf ;]jf,zt{, kbf]GgtL nufot ljefuLo ;hfosf ;jfndf cfof]usf]
k/fdz{ clgjfo{ lng'kg]{ k|fjwfgn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] cleefjs, ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf o;n] lgjf{x u/]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . cfgf]
aflif{s k|ltj]bgdf eljiodf lghfdlt ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
*%

lb3{ s fnLg ;f] r , b[ l i6sf] 0 fdf ;d] t cfof] u n] k| d ' v e" l dsf lgjf{ x ug] { bfloTj /x] s f] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf
ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgn] cfof]un]
ckgfPsf] lgikIftfsf] k|efj Jofksj[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ljleGg a9'jf ;ldltx?df cfof]usf ;b:ox?sf]
cWoIftf e}/x]sf] ljleGg lgsfox?df cfof]usf] k|ltlglwTj /lxcfPsf] 5, t/ a9'jf ;ldltdf tyf cfof]usf ljljw ljifodf
tkl;n adf]lhdsf ;'wf/ ;d]t ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M
!= a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno Psflt/, j9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf csf{lt/ /xg'eGbf a9'jf ;ldltsf] /fvgw/g ;d]t cfof]udf
g} pko'Qm x'g] s'/f a]nf a]nfdf p7]sf] kfOG5 .
@= lghfdtL 5fqj[lQ dgf]gog sld6Ldf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;lrj ;d]t /xg'kg]{ -hf] klxn] cfof]usf] k/fdz{df dfq
5fqj[lQ dgf]gog ul/GYof]_ .
(Honesty,
#= cfof]un] 1fgsf] k/LIf0f (Knowledge Test) dfq gu/]/ o;n] Odfgbf/Ltfsf], g}ltstf, dgf]jl[ Q, cle?rL
Morality, Attitudes, Aptitudes _ tyf ;fdYo{ s f] k/LIf0f (Ability Testing) u/fpg z' ? ug' { k g] { .
$= cfof]un] pko'Qm pDd]b\jf/ 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; kZrft p;sf lqmofsnfksf] clen]v cWoogsf] af/]df cWoog
cg';Gwfg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lng' kg]{, hf] klxn] cf+lzs?kdf ul/GYof] .
%= cfof]udf sd{rf/L ;?jfubf{ cfof]usf] /fo ;Nnfxdf ug'k{ g],{ lsgls sd{rf/Lsf] k|sl[ t (Nature) JolQmTj (Introvert,
Extrovert) Vofn u/L zfvfx?df kb:yfkg ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 .
^= cfof]usf] hgzlQm / plgx?n] ug]{ sfd;Fu plgx?sf] of]Uotf, ;Lk;+u tfnd]n u/fpFbf dfq o;sf] sfo{bIftf,
sfo{k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 x'g] x'Fbf tflnd, cWoogsf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ / ef}lts ;'ljwf ;DkGg u/fpg' kg]{
cfw'lgsLs/0f tkm{ hfg g;lsPsf] kl/j]zdf To;sf] sdhf]/L slDtdf cfof]udf %& aif{ sfdu/]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf clgjfo{ ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ lsgls p;n] ljutdf ;Dem]sf] s'/f ev{/ cfPsf kbflwsf/LnfO{
hlxn} gofF nfUb5 . cfof]usf sd{rf/L cyjf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] 5'} ;]jf ;d"x /fVg''kg]{ h:t} nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf nflu g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ;d'x, To:t} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf nflu g]kfn
k|zf;g ;]jf ei6frf/ lgoGq0f ;d"x cflb cflb 9+un] to ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] .
lgisz{
o;/L cfof]usf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0fn] sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] agfO{ a:t' tyf ;]jf k|jfx
dfkm{t ;'zf;g sfod u/L nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] e"ldsf v]Ng] :yfoL ;/sf/ klg elgG5 . plgx?sf] ;xL 5gf}6 u/L
j[lQ ljsf; ;d]tdf cleefjsfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k|f/lDes sfn b]lv g} nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /lxcfPsf]
ljifo ;j{ljlbt} x'g'kb{5 / o;sf] dgf]jn cldj[l4 ug{ ;j}If]qjf6 kxn x'g'kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= g]kfnsf]] ;+ljwfg @)!(

@= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg ;ef 8f= r'8f axfb'/ >]i7, ;'o{sfGt kf}8]n, s[i0f s6'jfn
%= g]kfnsf] lghfdlt ;]jfdf hgzlSt Joj:yfkg 8f= dw'lglw ltjf/L
^= sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|f= 8f= ledb]j e
&= hgk|zf;gsf] l;4fGt k|f=s[i0f k|;fb kf]v/]n
*= nf]s k|zf;gs] l;4fGt -lxGbL ;+:s/0f_lai0f' eujfg, ljwf e'if0f
(= g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM lxhf] / cfh lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf -n]v_ 3gfgfy cf]emf
!)= k~rfotsfn / To; cjlwsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lghfdtL ;]jf k]lqsf -n]v_ e'jfgdfgl;+x k|wfg
!!= lghfdtL ;]jf k]lqsf -n]v_ of]u]Gb|gfy cf]emf
!@= lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf -n]v_ 8f=dw'lglw ltjf/L
!# kzf;lgs ;'wf/ klqsf -n]v_ vu]Gb| k|;fb ;'j]bL
!$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?
!%= ;/:jtL j[xt\ 1fgsf]if vu]Gb| k|;fb ;'j]bL

*^

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pQ/bfloTj

*dfxfb]j kGy

;f/f+z
hgtfn] zf;g k|0ffnLdf cfgf] tk{mjf6 sfd ug{ cfgf] k|ltlglw 5fg]/ k7fpg] x'gfn] pQm k|ltlglwn] hgtfsf] tkm{jf6
k|ltlglwTj ug{], >f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{], nfesf] ;dfg'kflts kn] ljt/0f ug{] h:tf sfd ug{'kg{] / ;f] sf]
ljifodf cfgf dflns -hgtf_ nfO{ hjfkm lbg'kg]{ k|0ffnL g} pQ/bfloTj xf] . ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL kn] g]kfnsf]
/fhg}lts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[TjnfO{ JolQmut / ;fd'lxs kdf pQ/bfoL agfPsf] 5 . t/ Jojxfl/s kdf
pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ b'j} k|s[ltsf ;+oGq sdhf]/ b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf pQ/bfloTjsf] ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s
kIfjf/] laZn]if0f ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

;fdfGotof s'g} sfd u/] jf gu/]sf] ljifodf ;]jsn] dflnsnfO{ hjfkm lbg' kg{] / ToxL hjfkmsf] cfwf/df
;]jsnfO{ k'/:s[t / bl08t ug{] cj:yfnfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . s'g} sfd u/]jfkt jf s'g} lg0{fo u/] jfkt To; jf6
pTkGg cj:yfsf] jf/]df lbg' kg{] hjfkmnfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . k|frLg ;dodf /fHo tyf zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfsf/ ;fgf]
x'GYof], hxf hgtf cfkm}n] zf;g k|0ffnLdf efu lnGy] t/ hj zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf hl6ntf cfpFb} uof] ta hgtfn] zf;g
k|0ffnLdf cfgf] tk{mjf6 sfd ug{ cfgf] k|ltlglw 5fg]/ k7fpg yfn], pQm k|ltlglwn] hgtfsf] tkm{jf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{],
>f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{], nfesf] ;dfg'kflts kn] ljt/0f ug{] h:tf sfd ug{'kg{] / ;f] sf] ljifodf cfgf dflns
-hgtf_ nfO{ hjfkm lbg'kg]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'Fb} uof], h;nfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . To;}n] pQ/bfloTj l;wf / 3'dfp/f]
u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
/ljG;gsf cg';f/ zfl;txn] zf;sx dfly zf;g ug{] k|0ffnLnfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . o;jf6 /fHo jf
;/sf/;+u gful/ssf]] ;fdflhs ;DjGwsf] gljs/0f x'G5 / ;/sf/sf sfd sf/jfxL kf/bzL{ jgfpg d2t u5{ . ;}4flGts
lx;fjn] dflnssf] tkm{jf6 sfd ug{] p;sf] Ph]06n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] ljifodf dflns k|lt ug{] Jojxf/ / lbg' kg{]
hjfkmnfO{ pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf /fHon] hgtfsf] >f]t / ;fwg k|of]u u/L zf;g u/]sf] x''G5
eg] hgtfn] klg ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] >f]t / ;fwg cg';f/ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifodf d'Nofg u/L hjfkm
dfUg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;+jw} flgs kn]] b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;+rfng ug{ u7g ePsf cGo ;/sf/L
;]jf ;Fu} lghfdtL ;]jf klg u7g ePsf]n] of] ;]jf hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf / hgtf b'j} k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' k5{ . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #*-^_ df k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx ;fd'lxs kdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bk|lt / dGqLx cfkm\gf]
dGqfnosf] sfdsf] nflu JolStut kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf ;+;b k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

pQ/bfloTjsf d'Vo tTjx

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjdf s'g} sfd lsg ug'{k/]sf] xf], s;/L ul/Psf] xf] / To;af6 k|fKt x'g] elgPsf] kl/0ffd s] s:tf]
5 egL lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Ln] JofVof ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 . t/ pQ/bfloTjn] s]jn hjfkm dfUg] / kfpg]
xs;Fu dfq ;/f]sf/ /fVb}g, hjfkm lbg'kg]{ afWotf, hjfkm lbFbf nlIft ju{ k|lt b]vfpg' kg]{ ;+j]bgzLntf / kl/0ffdsf]
cf}lrTo, j}Btf / clGtd ljsNk xf] eGg] ljifodf cfZj:t kfg'{kg]{ bfloTj ;d]t ;[hgf ub{5 . o;/L x]bf{ pQ/bfloTjdf
lgDg lnlvt tLg tTj ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ .
!=
tTk/tf -Responsiveness _ M gful/sxn] dfu u/]sf] ljifodf hjfkm lbg b]vfpg] tTk/tf .
@=
lhDd]jf/L - Responsibility_ M tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"g ,k|zf;sLo Joj:yf tyf sfo{qmd
cg';f/ lhDd]jf/L lng' .
#=
hjfkmb]xLkg - Answerability_ M ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljifodf ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;/]fsf/jfnfn]] dfu u/]sf] jvt lbg' kg{]
hjfkm .
To;}u/L cxdb g'/lbgn] ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ s'g} vf; sfd lsg ug{' k/]sf] xf] -gLltut p2]Zo_, Tof] sfd
s;/L ul/of] -sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg_ / s:tf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] 5 -Joj:yfksLo / ljlQo k|ltj]bg_ eGg] s'/fsf]
JofVof ug{' kg{] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ pQ/bfloTj eg]sf 5g\ .
*pk ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

*&

ctM ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] k|jGw ug{] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf JolStxn] cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfngf ubf{ 3f]lift p2]Zo, l;4fGt
/ sfg"gL ;Ldfjf6 klG5g glbgsf] nflu s] s:tf]] ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ljf6 clVtof/sf]
b'kof]u x'g glbgsf] nflu lghn] u/]sf] sfdsf] bfloTj ;d]t lghdfly /flvPsf] x'G5 eg] To:tf] bfloTjnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
pQ/bfloTj elgG5 .
;'zf;g -Joa:yfkg tyf ;Grfng_ P]g @)^$ n] b]xfosf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kbLo pQ/bfloTj eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
!=
cfkm" n ] ;Dkfbg ug' { k g] { sfd lgwf{ l /t ;dod} ;Dkfbg ug{ cfkm} n ] kxn u/] s f] gu/] s f] .
@=
;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs >f]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ ldtAooL 9+ujf6 clwstd ;b'kof]u / pTkfbgzLn x'g] u/L k|of]u u/]
gu/]sf] .
#=
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf l9nf;':tL / ljnDa u/] gu/]sf] .
$=
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} ckl/xfo{ sf/0f k/L tTsfn sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf To;sf] hfgsf/L dflyNnf]
lgsfonfO{ lbP glbPsf] .
%=
lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf s'g} sfg"gL hl6ntf jf l4ljwf gePsf] ;dfGo ljifodf klg dflyNnf] lgsfosf] lgb]{zg
Dfu u/] gu/]sf] .
^=
;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf] AolStn] ;]jfu|fxL;+u k|rlnt d"No,dfGotf / ;+:s[lt cg'k lzi6 Jojxf/ u/] gu/]sf] .

;fj{hlgs pQ/bloTj / ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/Ldf leGgtf

;fdfGo kdf x]bf{ st} st} ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L / ;fj{hlgs pT/bfloTjnfO{ ;dfg cy{df lng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
t/ oL b'j} cjwf/0ffdf leGgtf kfO{G5 . lhDd]jf/Ln] s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] clwsf/ / st{AonfO{ ;+s]t ub{5
eg] pQ/bfloTjn] To:tf] clwsf/ / st{Aosf] k|of]usf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf sfdsf] ;DaGwdf lbg'kg]{ hjfkm :kli6s/0fnfO{
;d] 6 ] s f] x' G 5 . o;afx] s ;fj{ h lgs pQ/bfloTj / lhDd] j f/Ldf lgDg lnlvt leGgtf kfO{ G 5 .
!=
lhDd]jf/L k|Tofof]hg jf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 t/ pQ/bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsb}g . oBlk dflyNnf] txsf]
clwsf/Ln] tNnf] txsf] clwsf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L Tof] tNnf] txsf] clwsf/Ln] -;xfosn]_:jLsf/
u/]kl5 p;n] u/]sf] sfdsf] hjfkm lbg'kg]{ bfloTj klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] 7x5{ tfklg k|Tofof]lht sfo{sf] kl/0ffdsf]
lglDt dflyNNnf] txsf] clwsf/Lsf] pQ/bfloTj /lx/x]sf] x'G5 .
@=
lhDd]jf/L dflyNnf] cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf] AolStjf6 tNnf] cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf] AolStdf ;/]/ hfG5 t/ pQ/bfloTj dflylt/
r9\5 . cyf{t ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L tnlt/ em5{ eg] pQ/bfloTj dflylt/ r9\5 lsgsL tNnf] txsf] clwsf/Ln]
cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] hjfkm cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] clws[tnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
#=
k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] lhDd]jf/L pQ/bfloTjeGbf klxn] cfpF5 . ct lhDd]jf/L gePdf pQ/bloTj ;[hgf x'g ;Sb}g .

pQ/bfloTj lsg cfjZos 5 <

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe ePsf]n] o;sf] ;:yfut ;'bl[ 9s/0f u/L ;'zf;g k|bfg ug{ o;sf]
pNn]vgLo e"ldsf /xG5 . Dofgdf/sL g]t[ cf;f ;'sLsf] egfOdf zlStdf k'u]sf] JolStnfO{ zlSt u'Dg] 8/n] e|i6
jgfpF5 eg] zlQmsf] b'kof]unfO{ /f]Sg ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] cjwf/0ffn] jn k'fpF5 . cfw'lgs ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf
pQ/bfloTj k|zf;gdf cfj4 hgzlSt;Fu dfq ;DjlGwt ge} ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfdf /x]sf ;j} kbflwsf/L ;+u ;DjlGwt ljifo
xf] . o;n] k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ;Ifd ,;'b[9,lgZkIf / :jR5 jgfpg ;xof]u k'fpF5 . o;sf ;fy} pQ/bfloTjjf6 lgDg
kmfObf x'G5 .
!= ;/sf/sf] j}wtf jrfO /fVg .
@= ei6frf/ lgjf/0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'/ofpg .
#= zf;gdf hgtfsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug{ .
$= ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;/n / cg'dfg of]Uo jgfpg .
%= ;fwgsf] ldtJooL 9+un] pkof]u ug{ .
^= lg0{fo tyf sfo{qmddf hg;xeflutf j9fpg .
&= g}lts cfr/0f / k]zfut OdfGbfl/tf j9fpg .

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf lsl;dx

;g @))% sf] cS6f]j/df k|sflzt World Public sector Report df Responsive Governance elg pQ/bfloTj
dfkgsf nflu gofF ;"rsx pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . pSt k|ltj]bgdf k/Dk/fut ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg
/ lhDd]jf/ zf;gdf u/L tLg k|sl[ tsf zf;gdf pQ/bfloTj klg km/s km/s x'g] pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . h; cg';f/ lhDd]jf/
**

zf;gdf /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs, sd{rf/L ;+u ;DjlGwt, Joj;flos, pTkfbgd'ns / ;dembf/Lo'St u/L ^ k|sf/sf pQ/bfloTJf
x'g'kg{] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . ljifoj:t' Pj+ pQ/bfloTjsf] k|s[lt / cled'vLs/0f cflbsf cfwf/df pQ/bfloTjsf k|sf/
km/s km/s x'G5g\ tfklg pQ/bfloTjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!=
/fhg}lts pQ/bfloTj
/fhg}lts g]t[TjnfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjk|lt sd{rf/LtGqsf] pQ/bfloTj
xf] eg] bf]>f]df /fhg}lts g]t[Tj :jo+ k|rlnt ;+ljwfg / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' kg]{ eGg] j'lemG5 .
@=
k]zfut pQ/bfloTj
h'g sd{rf/L h'g k]zfdf jf Joj;fodf ;+nUg 5 To;sf] Joj:yfkgdf sfo{sz
' ntf / sfo{bIftfsf] k|Zgdf pQ/bfoL
x'g' k5{ . To; l;nl;nfdf p;n] k]zfsf] d"No, dfGotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTj /x]sf] x'G5 .
#=
sfg"gL pQ/bfloTj
k|rlnt ;+ljwfg / P]g lgodsf] efjgf tyf tf]lsPsf k|s[ofxsf] cjnDag u/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTjnfO{
sfg"gL pQ/bfloTj elgG5 . sfg"gsf] k|of]u ubf{ sfg"gsf] efjgf;Fu Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] ;fd~h:otf gx'bF f slxn]
sfxLF ;d:of b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
$=
pkef]Qmf tyf ;]jfu|fxLsf] pQ/bfloTj
/fHo jf /fHo ;+rfngsf ;+oGqx cfgf gful/s jf ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL x'gk' 5{ . ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj
klg b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
-s_ gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj
;]jf k|jfxsf lx;fjn] gful/snfO{ tLg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
Paying Citizen gful/sn] /sd lt/]/ ;]jf lng] h:t} vfg]kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g cflb .
Beneficiary /fHon] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu ;]jf lbg'kg{] h:t} ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / pkrf/ .
Obligatory /fHon] ;]jf lbg} kg{] If]q h:t} s}bLsf] l;bf .
pk/f]Qm ltg} k|sf/sf] sfo{df ;]jfu|fxL k|lt /fHosf] 5'f5'} pQ/bfloTj x'G5 .
-v_ gful/ssf] pQ/bfloTj
/fHoaf6 ;]jf ;'ljwf lng] gful/ssf] /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf, /fi6k|]d / /fi6;]jf k|lt gful/ssf] st{Jo x'G5 .
;dfhdf b':s[lt gug]{, ;dfh sNof0fsf] nflu of]ubfg lbg] l;nl;nfdf p k|ToIf jf k/f]If kn] pQ/bfoL x'gk5{ .
%=
kl/0ffd k|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg If]qsf gofF cjwf/0ffxn] glthfd'vL Joj:yfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .
sfo{;Dkfbg kl5 cg'dfg ul/Psf] kl/0ffd k|fKt eof] ls ePg, To;df tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/, nfe nfut cg'kft h:tf
kIfxsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ kl/0ffd k|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj elgG5 .
^=
cwf]d'vL pQ/bfloTj ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lk|lt ;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfk|lt l;w} pQ/bfoL x'g]
k|s[ofnfO{ cwf]d'vL pQ/bfloTj elgG5 .
pk/f]Qm afx]s g}ltstf / cfr/0f ;DaGwL, ;+u7g leq / ;+u7g aflx/ tyf Jofj;flos If]qsf d"No / dfGotfsf]
sfof{Gjog cflb If]qdf ;d]t pTt/bfloTjnfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
pQ/bfloTjsf l;4fGtx
!= k"j{ ;fjwfgLsf] l;4fGt
@= clwsf/ st{Jo / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;fdGh:otfsf] l;4fGt
#= :jo+nfO{ ;"lrt ug{] l;4fGt
$= k"j{ ;fjwfgLsf] ;Gbe{df hjfkm lbg' kg{] l;4fGt
%= ;:yfut kdf hjfkmlbg' kg{] l;4fGt
^= sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] hfgsf/Lsf] l;4fGt
&= lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] hjfkm lbg' kg{] l;4fGt
*= hjfkmsf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] l;4fGt
(= ;'ljwf s6f}tLsf] l;4fGt
!)= k"0f{ hjfkmlbg' kg{] l;4fGt

pQ/bfloTj ;DjGwdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ JolStut lr / sfg"gL k|s[ofn] ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf ;d:of
klg km/s km/s k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ tfklg o;sf ;d:ofxnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
*(

!=
@=
#=

$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=
!#=
!$=
!%=
!^=
!&=

e|i6frf/ M pRr kb:y JolTfmn] cfgf] kbLo k|efj kf/]/ cg'lrt sfd u/fpg] ,cgfjZos ;+/If0f lbg], cnfO{
kmfObf k'ofP/ cfkm'n] kmfObf lng], t;f{P/ wDsfP/ /sd lng], l/;jt lng], ;DklQ z'l4s/0f ug{]b]lv gLltut /
Jojxfl/s b'j} kdf b]lvg] e|i6frf/n] pQ/bfoL x'gdf cj/f]w NofpF5 .
;dfhdf g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf sdL cfpg'' M ;dfhdf cTofjZos j:t'sf] sdL tyf OdfGbf/ / ;Rrf rl/q
ePsf dflg;sf] cefjn] g}lts d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
u/Llj / Go"g hLjg:t/ M Go'g j]tg ;'ljwf,cfo cfh{gsf j}slNks cj:yfsf] sdL, Go'g cfly{s j[l4b/ / ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] sdLn] u/Ljsf] ;+Vof 36]sf] ePtfklg u/Lj / wgL aLrsf] vf8n a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] ;dfhsf ljkGg
ju{sf] >f]t / ;fwgdf kx'Fr tyf lg0f{o Pj+ /fHo ;+oGqdf ;xeflutf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] kl/0ffd :jk
pQ/bfloTjsf] dfu kIfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs r]tgf / gful/s xs clwsf/jf/] k|ofKt 1fg gx'g' .
;/sf/L Psflwsf/ M PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t /fHo k|0ffnL x'g' ,;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos k|s[ltsf] zf;g k|0ffnL gx'g' /
sltko ;]jf k|jfxdf /fHosf] Psflwsf/ ePsf]n] pQ/bfloTjdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 .
uf]kgLotfsf] ;+:sf/ M sd{rf/Lxn] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{' k"j{ uf]kgLotfsf] ;ky u|x0f ug{' kg{] ePsf]n] p;n] hf]
k|lt ;ky lnPsf] 5 p;} k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .
k|fljlws ;d:of M sfdsf] jfF8kmFf8df ,sfo{If]qdf, tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] l;nl;nfdf bIf Pj+ s'zn dfgj ;+zfwgsf]
cefj ePsf]n] pQ/bfloTjdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 .
sd{rf/Ldf lgZkIftfsf] cefj M /fhg}lts cf:yfsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx 6]8 o'lgogdf ;+ul7t x'g' / lghfdtL
;]jfsf ;jf]{Rr kbdf lgo'Qm ubf{ /fhg}lts k|efj a9L /xg] u/]sf]n] sd{rf/Ldf lgZkIftfsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+/rgfTds sdhf]/L M s7f]/ kb;f]kfg o'St sd{rf/L ;+u7g ePsf]n] ;+u7gfTds tx / ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ uO{
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'g' .
pko'St ;"rgf ;+oGq gePsf]n] a'l4dQfk'0f{ lg0f{osf] cefj x'g' .
;+;bLo ;ldltxsf jLr Pp6} ljifodf km/s km/s lg0f{o ug'{ .
k]zfut :jtGqtf / vf]hd'ns kqsfl/tfsf] cefj x'g' .
k|zf;g ;'wf/n] ult lng g;s]sf]n] pQ/bfloTj axg u/fpg] sfo{n] ;kmntf gkfPsf] .
vr{ n]vf k|0ffnL cjf:tljs / d=n] k sf] n]vfk/LIf0f jf6 lg:s]sf] j]h'sf] ;Dkl/If0f ug]{ sfo{ jfWosf/L gePsf] .
gofF Joj:yfksLo k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{ k|of]u gx'g' .
gful/s ;u7gsf] sdhf]/ pkl:yltn] pQ/bfloTjsf] bjfj / dfu kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf] .
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f :ki6 gx'g' .

pQ/bfloTj j9fpg] pkfox

/fhg}lts OR5fzlSt / k|ltj4tfnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{kg]{ .

sd{rf/Lxsf] ;'\:ki6 / kl/eflift lhDd]jf/L x'g'kg]{ . sfo{ ljj/0f glbO{ kb:yfkgf gug]{ / sfo{ ljj/0fs}
cfwf/df p;sf] ;Dkflbt sfd / pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
b]Vg,gfKg / k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg] dfkb08x tof/ ug{] .
lg0f{o k|s[ofdf kf/bzL{tf ckgfpg] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf ePsf hl6ntf x6fpg] / l4ljwfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ .
cfw'lgs n]vf k|0ffnL tyf kl/0ffdd'vL n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] .
5fgljg / cg';Gwfg ug{] ;+oGqnfO{ ;Ifd bIf / k|efjsf/L jgfpg]
;"'rgfsf] v'nfkg, k|jQmf kqsf/ cGt/lqmof e]63f6 sfo{qmd / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{nfO{ clgjfo{ kn] nfu"
ug]{ .
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] xs / dfu u/]sf] jvt ;"rgf lbg'kg{] /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ljifodf cfd
gful/s ;dIf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{' kg]{ .
()

sfo{ ;/nLs/0f u/L :ki6 / ;f]emf] pQ/bfloTj axg u/fpg] .

:jtGq tyf k|efjsf/L clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/L ;j} If]qsf e|i6frf/ / cg'rlt
sfo{sf] 5fgljg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
clVtof/L, ;fwg >f]t / lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/sf] ljs]lGb|s/0f ug]{ .
k|efjsf/L Pj+ vf]hd'ns ;+rf/ dfWod ,dgf]ut k|j[ltsf] cGTo ug'{kg{] .
;+;bLo ;ldltxn] ;do ;dodf 5fgljg ;ldlt u7g u/L /fli6o dxTjsf gLltxsf] 5fgljg ug{'kg{]
.
g]t[Tj pbfx/0fLo aGg' kg]{ .
e|i6frf/ lj4sf] /0fgLlt @)^% sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{'kg{] .
Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] .

pQ/bfloTj ;DaGwdf gofF cjwf/0ff

!=

@=

nf]stflGqs pQ/bfloTj (Democratic Accountability )- o; ;DaGwdf ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf gofF gofF cEof;
ePsf 5g\ h:t} Jf]nfotdf Executive Agency nfO{ ;+;b k|lt l;w} pQ/bfoL jgfOPsf], k|mfG;df Accountability centre
u7g u/L hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL jgfPsf] cflb . g]kfndf nfu" ePsf] gful/s j8fkqn] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifodf
;DjlGwt kbflwsf/Ln] :jt:km"t{ kdf pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{ eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fPsf] 5 .
ax'pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt M klxn] kb ;f]kfgdf /x]sf k|To]s tNnf] kb dflyNnf] kb k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{df xfn
k|To]s sd{rf/L p;sf] sfdsf] nflu p;sf ;dsIfL dftxt sd{rf/L / ;''kl/j]Ifs;+u dfq geP/ ;]jfu|fxL k|lt
klg plQs} pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ #^)) sf] pQ/bfloTj klg eGg] ul/G5 .

g]kfndf pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yf

;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL kn] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts g]tT[ j / k|zf;lgs g]tT[ jnfO{ JolQmut / ;fd'lxs kdf pQ/bfoL
agfPsf] 5 . t/ Jojxfl/s kdf pQ/bfloTj lgjf{ x ug{ b' j } k| s [ l tsf ;+ o Gq sdhf] / b] l vPsf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] j}7s lgoldt kdf ;+rfng x'g g;Sg' tyf sl/j $) hgf
dGqL ePsf] b]zdf dGqLsf] cg'kl:yltn] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfdsf/jfxL :yug x'g] h:tf sfo{n] g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{tfdf
klg pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj b]lvPsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L dGqLn] h] u/] klg x'g] - k;f{sf k|lhcn] dGqLsf] xftjf6 s'6fO{vfg'\_
;+ljwfg / sfg"g agfpg] ;ef;b :j+onfO{ e|i6frf/sf] cleof]u nfUg], dGqLsf ;Nnfxsf/n] dGqfno ;+rfng ug{] t/
pgLxn] st} hjfkmlbg' gkg{] h:tf ;d:ofn] pQ/bfloTj lgjf{xdf c;/ kf/]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L sd{rf/LtGq klg lg0f{o
tyf hf]lvd lng 8/fpg], lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] / cfkm'nfO{ clwsf/ ePsf] If]qdf klg ;f] clwsf/ k|of]u gu/L dflysf] cfb]z
kv{g] h:tf ;d:ofjf6 u|l;t 5 .
k|zf;lgs g]tT[ j / /fhg}lts g]tT[ j aLrsf] clwsf/sf] c:ki6tfnfO{ x6fpg NofOPsf] ;'zf;g P]gsf] sfof{Gjog,
k|efjsf/L cGt/;+oGq / cGt/JolQm ;dGjo, gful/s r]tgf / ;zQm bjfj, sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
h:tf lgoGq0ffTds, k|j4{gfTds / pkrf/fTds k|s[of Ps}rf]6L z' u/L To;nfO{ c;n lgotn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eg]
pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ;d:of kg]{5}g . elgG5, People should be empowered, so that the Government has
no choice than to respond and be accountable .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
kf08] / clwsf/L ,@)%#, k| z f;gsf gofF cfofd ,ljBfyL{ k' : ts e08f/ ,sf7df08f} .
Gof}kfg] dx]Zj/,lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx,@)^^ .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)^#,sfg"g lstfj Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,@)$(, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL ,@)%), sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
World Public sector Report 2005.Unlocking the Human Potential For Public Sector Performance, United Nations
,New York .

(!

kbk"lt{ M l;4fGt / Aoaxf/

*/ljnfn kGy

;f/f+z
kbk"lt{ s'g} klg ;+u7gdf pko'St dfgj ;+zfwg leqfpg] dfWod xf] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk'lt{sf] nflu nf]s
;]jf cfof]u ,;dfGo k|zff;g dGqfno ,;]jf ;Grfng ug]{ dGqfnox / g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg sfof{noxsf] ;xeflutf
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . kbk"lt{sf] nflu k/LIff ;Grfng u/L pko'St pd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] nf]s ;]jf
cfof]un] kbk'lt{sf] nflu jflif{s sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ kbk"lt{ ub}{ cfPsf] ePklg sltko
sfg"gL / Joaxfl/s sl7gfO{xsf] sf/0f g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf s}of}F kbxdf kbk'lt{ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL
;]jfsf] j9'jf tyf ;jf ;DaGwL cl:y/ gLltxn] kbk'lt{df k|ToIf c;/ kfl//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
nflu pko'St hgzlSt cfsng ,k|If]k0f / kbk'lt{sf] Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos gLlt to ug]{ lgsfosf]] ;d]t cefj
v8\lsPsf] dxz"; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't n]vdf kbk"lt{, o;sf :yflkt dfGotf / g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf o;sf]
l:yltaf/] ;dLIff ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
!= kbk"lt{
s'g} ;+u7gdf l/St /x]sf] s'g} klg kbdf pko'St pDd]bjf/ egf{ u/L To:tf] kbdf jxfn u/fpg] k|lqmof g} kbk"lt{
xf] . kbk"lt{n] l/St kbk"lt{ ug{ lglZrt k|lqmof cjnDag u/L s'g} pko'St JolStnfO{ l;kmfl/z u/L kb:yfkg sfo{nfO{
a'emfpF5 . D. Walds sf cg';f/ kbk"lt{ eg]sf] Pp6f To:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lSt
kfpgsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ pT;flxt u/fpF5 . kbk"lt{n] ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf / JolStsf] IfdtfaLr pko'St ;Gt'ng
vf]Hg] sfd ub{5 . kbk"lt{sf k|lqmof cGtu{t egf{ (Recruitment) 5gf}6 (Selection) lgo'lSt (Appointment) / kb:yfkgf
(Placement) kb{5g\ . oL k|lqmofxsf] 5f]6s/L kl/ro b]xfo adf]lhd u/fpg ;lsG5 .

egf{

(Recruitment)

;+u7gnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lxsf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ;Defljt pDd]bjf/xnfO{ b/vf:t lbg k|f]T;flxt kfg]{
k|lqmof egf{ xf] . of]Uo JolStnfO{ cfx\jfg ug{ lj1fkg ug]{ / k|fKt cfj]bgxsf] hfFr ug]{ ;Ddsf] k|lqmof egf{ xf] .

5gf}6

(Selection)

5gf}6 eg]sf] ;+u7gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu kof{Kt b/vf:t k|fKt u/] kZrft lglZrt ljlw
dfkm{t pko'St / of]Uo JolSt rog ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .

lgo'lSt

(Appointment)

5gf}6 eO;s]sf pDd]bjf/xnfO{ ;DalGwt If]qsf] l/St b/jGbLsf] sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg' lgo'lSt xf] .

kb:yfkg

(Placement)

kb:yfkg eg]sf] l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf] JolStnfO{ tf]lsPsf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg] sfd xf] . o;df pDd]bjf/nfO{
sfof{no, :yfg, sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu ;xof]uL jftfj/0f pknAw u/fOG5 . kb:yfkg ubf{ z}lIfs of]Uotf,
clerL, tflnddf kfPsf] ;kmntf cflbnfO{ cfwf/ agfOG5 . kb:yfkg ubf{ Right man in Right Place sf] l;4fGt
ckgfOG5 .
@= kb l/St x'g] cj:yfx
-s_ kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz ePdf

-v_ gofF kb l;h{gf ePdf

-u_ kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf ePdf

-3_ kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf jf 36'jf ePdf

-8_ kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] /fhLgfdf lbPdf

*pk ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

(@

#= kbk"lt{sf p2]Zox
-s_ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t sd{rf/L k|fKt ug'{ .

-v_ sd ;do / sd vr{df of]Uo hgzlSt k|fKt ug'{ .

-u_ egf{ 5gf}6sf] k"jf{g'dfg of]Uotf ;'lglZrt ug'{

-3_ egf{ 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ k"jf{u|xaf6 hf]ufpg'

-8_ ;dfgtf / k|lt:kwf{ l;2fGtsf] k|Tofe"tL lbnfpg'

$= kbk"lt{sf l;4fGtxM
$=!=

;dfg cj;/sf] l;4fGt (Principle of Equality of oppertunity)

o; l;4fGt cg';f/ Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf ;Dk"0f{ pd]bjf/xn] kbk'lt{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/
kfpg' k5{ .

$=@=

k|lt:kwf{sf] l;4fGt (Principle of competence)

o; l;4fGt cg';f/ of]Uo pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6sf] nflu k|lt:kwf{ x'g'k5{ .

$=#=

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt (Principle of meritocracy)

o; l;4fGt cg';f/ k|lt:kwf{df ;xeflutf hgfpg] dWo] ;a}eGbf of]Uo pDd]bjf/n] klxnf] ca;/ kfpg'k5{ .

$=$=

pko'St JolStnfO{ pko'St :yfgsf] l;4fGt (Right man in right place)

o; l;4fGt cg';f/ AolStsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf,rL,cg'ea / Ifdtf cg';f/ pko'St AolStnfO{ pko'St :yfg to
x'g' k5{ .

$=%

k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt (Principle of representation)

o; l;4fGt cg';f/ kbk'lt{ ubf{ ;+u7gdf ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts / hg;f+lVos ;+/rgf cg';f/sf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ .

oL l;4fGtsf cltl/St b]xfo adf]lhdsf

-s_

theory x

kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf :yflkt dfGotfx x'g\ .

The objective factor theory

o; theory cg';f/ ;+u7gn] k|:tfj u/]sf] tna,eQf,;'lawf,sfd ug]{ :yfg ,j[lQ lasf;sf] cj;/,sfdsf]
k|s[lt, z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ cflbsf] k[i7e"lddf pDd]bjf/n] kbk"lt{df ;xeflutf lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

-v_

The subjective factor theory

o; theory cg';f/ ;+u7gn] pDd]bjf/xjf6 sd{rf/Lxsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ 5f]6f] ;doleq JolStut
cfj]usf] e/df ub{5 .

-u _

The critical contact theory

o; theory cg';f/ ;+u7gdf sfd vf]Hg cfpg] AolStn] objective / subjective factor a'em\b}g . p;Fu
5f]6f] ;do x'G5 . ctM ;+u7gn] kbk"lt{ ubf{ AolStsf] rfnrng ,sfd ubf{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] ef}lts
;'lawf / lgj]bgdf ;+nUg sfuhftsf] cfwf/df pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ .

%= kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljZjdf k|rlnt k|0ffnLxM

%=! jf]n k|yf (Biding System)
o; k|0ffnLn] s'g} l/St kbdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ l/St kbsf] nflu jf]nsaf]n ul/G5 . ;a}eGbf a9L k};f lbg;Sg]nfO{
lgo'lSt lbg] dfGotf /fV5 . o; k2ltaf6 /fi6nfO{ /fh:j ;d]t cfh{g x'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] nfu" ug{ ;Sg] ts{ lbOG5 .
(#

kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;/sf/sf] vr{ gx'g], ;a}n] efu lng kfpg], zf;sn] dgf]dfgL 5gf}6 ug{ gkfpg] / sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf
;'/lIft /xg] o; k|0ffnLdf kIfdf ts{x x'g\ . wgf9\on] dfq cj;/ kfpg] / lgd'vfx jlGrt x'g] o;sf j]kmfObfx
x'g\ . k|mfG;df cf}Bf]lus qmfGtLk"j{ of] k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] eP klg tt\ kZrft of] k|0ffnL x/fP/ uPsf] 5 .
%=@

n'6 k|0ffnL (Spoil System)

o; k|0ffnL cGt/ut k|To]s gofF lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L ;Qfdf cfpbf klxn]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbO cfkm"n]
gofF sd{rf/L lgo'lSt ul/G5 . sfo{sf/Ln] cfgf] gLlt / sfo{qmd nfu" u/fpg cfgf ljZjf; kfqnfO{ sfddf nufpg
kfpg' kg]{ o;sf] kIfdf lbOg] ts{ xf] eg] of]Uotfsf] sb/ gx'g,] cg'ejsf] pk]Iff x'g] / ;]jfsf] clglZrttf o;sf j]kmfObfx
x'g\ . cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !**! ;Dd Jofks k|rngdf /x]sf] of] k|0ffnL /fi6k|lt h]D; P uf/lkmN8sf] xTof ePkl5 ;dfKt
ePsf] xf] .
%=#

;+/If0f k|0ffnL (Partonage System)

o; k2lt cg';f/ cfkm\gf] dfG5]nfO{ 5gf]6df hf]8 lbOG5 . kbk"lt{sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf :tGq lgsfoxsf]
:yfkgf eP kZrft ;+/If0f k2ltsf] nf]k eP/ uPsf] b]lvG5 .
%=$

of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Merit System)

pknAw pDd]bjf/xdWo] ;a}eGbf of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ k|0ffnL of]Uotf k|0ffnL xf] . o;df
Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbOG5 . of]Uo JolStsf] 5gf}6sf nflu lglZrt ljlw dfkb08 cfwf/x to
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf k|ltefsf] ;fy} ;Lk, JolStTj, g]tT[ j Pj+ ;'rl/qsf] u'0f kfOG5 . of] ljZje/ k|rlnt nf]slk|o
k|0ffnL xf] .

^=

kbk"lt{sf t/LsfxM

kbk"lt{sf ljleGg t/Lsfx 5g\ . ;+u7gsf] k|sl[ t, kbn] ;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ sfo{ ljz]iftf, pDd]bjf/xsf] pknAwtf
h:tf cfwf/xn] s'g t/Lsf ckgfpg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;fdfGotof kbk"lt{sf lgDg b'O{ d'Vo t/Lsfx 5g\ .
^=!

cfGtl/s kbk"lt{M

s'g} klg ;+u7g jf ;]jfdf s'g} kb l/St x'g uPdf ;f]xL ;+u7g jf ;]jfleqs} ;DefJo pDd]bjf/xaf6 Ifdtfjfg,
;Lko'St, k|ltefzfnL / pko'St JolStnfO{ l/St kbdf kb:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cfGtl/s kbk"lt{ elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf]
kbk"lt{ ug]{ qmddf ;+u7g jf ;]jf aflx/sf] pDd]bjf/ hlt;'s} ;Ifd ePklg k|jz
] ug]{ df}sf kfpFbg} . ;]jfsf ljz]if cg'ejL
JolStxaf6 k"lt{ ug'{k/]df of] t/Lsf ckgfOG5 . kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;+u7g / JolSt Ps csf{df k"0f{ kl/lrt eO;s]sf] x'gfn]
;+u7gn] yk hf]lvd lnggkg]{ / JolStn] klg gf}nf] jftfj/0fsf] ;fdgf ug{ gkg]{ ePsf]n] ;dfof]hg nfut (Adjustment
Cost) sd x'g] ub{5 . o;} ;}4flGts dfGotfn] ubf{ cfGtl/s kbk"lt{sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . a9'jf, ;jf, sfh,
;]jf;d"x kl/jt{g, cflb cfGtl/s kbk"lt{ ug]{ t/Lsfx x'g\ .
^=!=! cfGtl/s kbk"lt{sf ;jn kIfx
!= sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn a9fpF5 .
@= of] sd vlr{nf] 5 .
#= sd{rf/Lsfdbf/;+u Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] kf5{ .
$= ;+u7gleqsf dxfTjfsf+IfL JolStnfO{ /fd|f] k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .
%= pko'St JolSt 5gf}6sf nflu Joj:yfkgnfO{ kof{Kt ;do k|fKt x'G5 .
^= ;+u7g;]jfk|lt sd{rf/L sfdbf/sf] k|lta4tf j[l4 x'G5 .
&= ;+u7g;]jfdf j[lQky ;'lglZrt x'G5 .
($

*= kbk"lt{ k|lqmof ;/n / ;+lIfKt x'G5 .

(= cled'vLs/0f cfjZos gkg]{ ePsf]n] sfo{;Dkfbg zL3| / e/kbf]{ x'G5 .
!)=of]Uo sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+u7gleq /fvL/xg

(Retainity)

k|ltef knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sg d2t ub{5 .

!!= k'/:sf/ / b08sf] gLlt Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ ;3fp5 .

!@= cg'ejL / jl/i7 sd{rf/Lsf] sb/ x'G5 .
^=!=@ sdhf]/ kIfx
!=

o;n] ;dfg cj;/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{g .

@=

pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ bfo/f ;fF3'/f] kf5{ .

#=

t' n gfTds kn] sd hf] ; , hfF u / / pT;fx gePsf hgzlSt cfk" l t{ u5{ .

$=

of]UotfnfO{ jl/i7tfn] lj:yflkt u5{ .

%=

;+u7gdf gofF ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt k|j]z u/fpg sl7g k5{ .

^=

k|lqmofd'vL sfo{ ;Dkfbgn] k|fyldstf kfp5 .

&=

o;n] gsf/fTds egf{

*=

5gf}6df k/Dk/fd'vL / l9jfbL ;+:sf/sf] afx'Notf x'gfn] ;+u7gnfO{ kl/jt{glzntf cfTd;ft

ug{df sl7gfO pTkGg x'G5 .

(=

sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sgdf dgf]ut k|efj xfjL x'g hfG5 .

(Negative Recruitment) nfO{

sfod /fV5 .

!)= ahf/df /x]sf of]Uo JolQm df}sfaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\ .

!!=
^=@

;+u7gdf gofF wf/0ff, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g .

afx\o kbk"lt{

;+u7g jf ;]jfdf l/St /x]sf kbsf nflu Go"gtd of]Uotf k'us

] f ;a} pDd]bjf/af6 cfj]bg lnO kbk"lt{ ug]{ k|lqmof
jfx\o kbk"lt{ xf] . o;df ;+u7g aflx/ /x]sf of]Uotf k'Ug] ;Dk"0f{ pDd]bjf/n] ;dfg cj;/ kfpF5g\ . ;+u7gleq Ifdtfjfg
gjk|ltefxnfO{ k|jz
] u/fpg of] t/Lsf ckgfOG5 . kbk"lt{sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kf/L k|ltof]lutfsf] :t/ a9fpg' o; t/Lsfsf]
p2]Zo xf] . of] t/Lsfaf6 kbk"lt{sf] nflu lj1fkg ubf{ sfof{nosf] cfjZostf ug'k{ g]{ sfd, kfOg] ;'ljwf cfjZos of]Uotf
cflb v'nfOG5 . afx\o kbk"lt{ b]xfosf ;+oGqx dfkm{t ul/G5 .
!= ;]jf cfof]u
$= z}lIfs ;+:yfx

@= kbk"lt{ ;ldlt
%= Joj;flos ;+u7gx

#= /f]huf/ Ph]G;L
^=ljifo lj1xsf] ;"rL -/f]i6/ _

afx\o kbk"lt{ dfkm{t pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ lnlvt k/LIff, df}lvs k/LIff, k|of]ufTds tyf ;Lk k/LIf0f / j}olSts
ljj/0f k/LIf0f h:tf ljlwx cjnDjg ul/G5 .
^=@=! ;jn kIfx
!= ;+u7gdf ;Ifd of]Uo / Ifdtfjfg JolStx k|j]z u5{g\ .
@= ;+u7gdf gofF k|ljlw, ;Lk / wf/0ffn] k|fyldstf kfpF5 .
#= ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[l4 x'G5 .
$= kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .
(%

%= b]zaf6 k|ltef knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sg d2t x'G5 .

^= Ifdtfjfg JolStnfO{ g]t[Tjdf k'ofpg ;lsG5 .
&= pd]/ / cg'ejn] eGbf pT;fx / Ifdtfn] dxTj kfp5 .
*= ;+u7g leqsf tNnf] txsf sd{rf/L klg l;w} g]tT[ j txdf k'Ug] dfu{ k|z:t x'g] ePsf]n] sd{rf/Lsf]
pTk|]/0ff a9\g hfG5 .
(= ;+u7gnfO{ -learning organization) sf] kdf hLjGt /fVg ;lsG5 .
!)= ;dfg cj;/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'G5 .
!!= ;+u7gdf ljljw ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
!@= pko'St JolStnfO{ pko'St :yfg k|fKt x'G5 .
!#= of]Uo JolStsf] sb/ x'G5 .
!$= ;sf/fTds egf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .
^=@=@ sdhf]/ kIfx
!= al9 vlr{nf] x'G5 .
@= kbk"lt{ k|lqmof nfdf] x'g hfG5 .
#= jl/i7 tyf cg'ejL sd{rf/LnfO{ xtf]T;fxL agfpF5 .
$= ;+u7gdf slgi7n] g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] ePsf]n] k|0ffnLdf dgf]jn 36\g ;S5 .
%= cg'ej ljlxg JolStnfO{ cled'vLs/0f ug{ / ;fdflhs/0f ug{ ;+u7gnfO{ cltl/St Jooef/ kg{
hfG5 .
^=

Job- Man ;DaGw

:yflkt ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

&= k/LIf0f ljlw, dfkb08 / cfwf/x ;j{ :jLsfo{ u/fpg sl7g k5{ .
*= 5gf}6 ul/Psf JolStx ;+u7gsf] nflu pko'St g} x'g eGg] k|Tofe"lt x'b}g .

&= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk"lt{ ug]{ t/Lsf

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfGtl/s / afx\o b'a} t/Lsfaf6 kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf gof b/jGbL
l;h{gf x'Fbf jf kb l/St eO kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ dGqfno / ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 kb l/St ePsf] ;doleq
/Ltk"j{ssf] dfu cfs[lt kmf/d e/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fOG5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf]] Joj:yf
cg';f/ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf] nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ub{5 . lnlvt k/LIff x'g] lj1fkgsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cfkm}n
+ ]
k/LIff ;Grfng ub{5 eg] a9'jf tkm{ k/]sf kbxdf sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf a9'jf ;ldltxn] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfd
ub{5g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] /fhkqf+lst kbxsf] lnlvt k/LIff lng] kbsf cltl/St a9'jftkm{sf kbxsf] nflu b/vf:t
kmf/d ;+sng u/L a9'jf ;ldltxnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . /fhkq cg+lst kbxsf] a9'jf tkm{sf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf cg';f/ xfn k|To]s lhNnfsf] nflu k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LxnfO{ ;DalGwt
lhNNffsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf tf]s]sf] 5 .

(^

lghfdlt ;]jf P]gn] xfn b]xfo adf]lhdaf6 kbk"lt{ x'g]u/L k|ltzt tf]s]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb 5'6o\ fO ;f] k|ltztnfO{
ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 dfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g} Joj:yf sfod ePsf] 5 .
;dfj]zL ;d"x

k|ltzt

!= dlxnf

##

@= cflbjf;Lhghflt

@&

#= dw];L

@@

$= blnt

%=ckf

^=lk5l8Psf] If]q

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf] pko'St adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof x]bf{ xfn b]xfo adf]lhdsf t/Lsfx Dffkm{t kbk'lt{
x'b} cfPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
&=!

cfGtl/s kbk"lt{M
o; kbk"lt{ cGtu{t b]xfo lgDg k|lqmofx cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 .
&=!=!=a9' j fM a9' j f dfkm{ t kbk" l t{ ug] { ;DaGwdf lgDg adf] l hdsf t/Lsfx ckgfOPsf] 5 .
-s_ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf;]jfleq af6 k|lt:kwf{ u/fOg] .
-v_ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf -kmfOn a9'jf_
-u_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf -:jt a9'jf @$3-!_
-3_ ljz]if a9'jf -Ps dlxg] a9'jf_ bkmf @)s
-_ ;dfof]hgf/f x'g] a9'jf -@$3-!_ dWo]af6 jl/i7nfO{ ;dfof]hg ul/g]_
(&

&=!=@=;jfM lghfdtL ;]jf leq ;jf dfkm{t kbk"lt{ ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] tLg dlxgfsf] ;do lglZrt ul/Psf]
5.
df3 ! ut]b]lv df3 d;fGtleqM ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
kmfu' g ! ut] b ] l v kmfu' g d;fGtleqM dGqfno jf dGqfno :t/sf] s] l Gb| o ljefu
r}t ! ut]b]lv r}t d;fGtleq M If]qLo :t/sf lgsfox
t/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdlt lnO tf]lsP afx]ssf] ;dodf klg ;jf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
To;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] jlu{s/0f u/]sf] ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ s, v, u / 3 ef}uf]lns If]qdf rlqmo k|0ffnL
cg';f/ ;jf x'g] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
&=!=#= sfhM s'g} l/St kbdf a9Ldf tLg dlxgf;Dd sfhdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf !* -s_
&=!=$= sfod d'sfodM s'g} ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no k|d'vsf] kb l/St ePdf a9'jf x'g ;DefJo sd{rf/LnfO{
a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd sfod d'sfod tf]Sg ;lsg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . bkmfM !#
&=!=%= ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;]jf, ;d"xleq}af6 ;]jf kl/jt{g u/L kbk"lt{ ug{ cfjZos 7fg] nf]s
;]jf cfof]udf n]vL k7fpg] / cfof]un] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] k/LIffaf6 ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{g ug{ l;kmfl/;
ug]{ . bkmf @^
&=@ afx\o kbk"lt{M
&=@=!= v'nf k|ltof]lutfM
o;df tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt cg';f/sf l;6df Go"gtd z}lIfs nufotsf cGo of]Uotf k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/sxn]
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L kbk"lt{ ul/G5 .
&=@=@= ;Lldt v'nf k|ltof]lutfM
o;df sfg"g4f/f tf]lsPsf] ju{,If]q / ;d'xleq kg{] vf; of]Uotf k'us
] f AolStxn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfp5g\ . lghfdlt
;] j f P] g sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf & df ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] kdf lng ;lsG5 .
&=@=#= j}slNks tyf c:yfoL pDd]bjf/sf] l;kmfl/;M
v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] clGtd r/0f cGtjf{tf{af6 tf]lsPsf] l;6 ;+Vofdf kg{ g;sL j}slNks pDd]bjf/sf] kdf
/x]sfxnfO{ d'Vo pDd]bjf/sf] l;kmfl/; ePsf] kb Ps jif{ leq l/St /x]df j}slNks pd]bjf/sf] of]Uotfqmdfg';f/ l;kmfl/;
ul/G5 . To;} u/L cGt/jftf{df ;lDdlnt gePsf t/ lnlvt k/LIffjf6 lglZrt ;+Vofdf 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ c:yfoL
lgo'lSt lbOG5 .
&=@=$ ;]jf s/f/
;xfos sfo{ ug]{ >]0fL ljlxg kbxdf Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]sL JolSt jf ;+:yf;+u s/f/ u/L ;]jf s/f/af6
;Dkfbg u/fpg ;lsg] Aoa:yf lghfdtL ;] j f P] g sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -%_ df ul/Psf] 5 .
*= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf ul/g] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf] ;ldIff
*=! ;jn kIfx
-s_ kbk"lt{sf] nflu 5'} ;+j}wflgs c+u nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf :yfoL lgo'lStsf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf cfGtl/s / jfx\o b'j}sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfOPsf] 5 .
(*

-3_ pRr kbxdf 58\s] k|j]zsf] k|fjwfg /fvLPsf] x'Fbf ;]jfdf gj/St ;~rf/sf] dfu{ k|z:t /x]sf] 5 .
-8_ ;a} k|sf/sf a9'jf ;ldltxdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
-r_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ;d]tsf df}hb' f k|fjwfgdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf]
5.
-5_ kbk"lt{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .
-h_ k|To]s ;]jf ;Grfngsf] nflu cnu cnu ;]jf ;Grfng ug]{ dGqfno tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;]jf ;Grfng ug]{
dGqfnoxn] a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] kdf sfd ub{5g\ .
*=@ sdhf]/ kIfx
-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL bL3{sflng /0fgLlt 5}g .
-v_ b/jGbL l;h{gf / :jLs[ltsf nflu ;j{dfGo cfwf/ :yflkt ul/Psf] 5}g .
-u_ kb l/St x'g] ljlQs} -;ft lbg leq_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] Joj:yf Jojxf/df b]lvPsf] 5}g .
-3_ kbk"lt{sf cfwf/x jf/Daf/ ablnO/xg] x'gfn] j[lQky clglZrt aGg] u/]sf] 5 .
-8_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL j:t'ut 5}g . k"jf{u|xaf6 kLl8t /x]sf] 5 .
-r_ kb:yfkgf / ;jfn] :yflkt dfkb08nfO{ k5\ofPsf] 5}g .
-5_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lj:t[t clen]v tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnL cBfjlws ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g .
-h_ kbk"lt{ k|lqmof nfdf] / vlr{nf] 5 .
-em_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb;f]kfg ljlu|g] u/L lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ gkg]{ :jtM a9'jf h:tf] st} klg k|rngdf gcfPsf]
a9'jf k2lt cFuflnPsf] 5 .
-~f_ sltko kbx k"lt{sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k|fKtg} gx'g] / k|fKt ePsf ;j} kbxsf] k'lt{ x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-6_ ;sf/fTds egf{ k|0ffnL canDag ul/Psf] 5}g .
-7_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ;a} b/aGbLxdf kbk"lt{ ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

( g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk"lt{sf ljsNkx

(=!= Portfolio management
o; k2lt cg';f/ Pp6f sfof{nodf /xg] sd{rf/Ln] w]/} sfof{nosf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 .
JolQmsf] ;a} ;do cfjZos gkg]{ / s]xL ;do dfq ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ kbxdf of] Joj:yf u/LG5 . o;df lstfavfgfdf
kb btf{ eg] ;a} sfof{nosf] ul/G5 .
(=@= Out Sourcing
of] sfof{nonfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;]jf afx\o If]qaf6 cfk"lt{ u/fpg] k2lt xf] . o;df rflxPsf] a]nfdf dfq JolStnfO{
sfddf cfdGq0f ul/G5 . of] kb lstfavfgfdf btf{ x'+b}g .
(=#= Contract
b'j} kIfsf] x:tfIf/ / ;xdltdf ;]jf lng] lbg] sfd x'G5 . o;df JolStsf] ;do lslgPsf] x'G5 . of] kb
lstfjvfgfdf btf{ ul/Psf] x'+Fb}g .
((

!) = g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk"lt{sf sdhf]/ kIf ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx

!)=! lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu pko'St hgzlSt cfs+ng, k|If]k0f / Aoj:yfsf] nflu hgzlSt Aoj:yfkg dGqfnosf]
:yfkgfnfO{ d"t{ k lbOg' k5{ .
!)=@ lghfdlt ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] Aoj:yf cg';f/ l/St kbxsf] k"lt{sf] nflu ;dod} nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dfu cfs[lt
kmf/d e/L clgjfo{ kdf k7fpg' k5{ . kb l/St eP/ klg dfu gk7fpg] sfof{no k|d'vn] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofs+g
jfkt k"/f c+s gkfpg] k|fjwfg /flvg'k5{ .
!)=# cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf4f/f kbk"lt{ x'g] egL 5'6\ofOPsf]df tNnf] kb / ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ gx'g] cj:yf k|dfl0ft
ePdf pSt l;6 ;+Vof To;} jif{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfjf6 x'g] kbk"lt{df ;dfj]z ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg' k5{ . To;}u/L
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofs+g4f/f k"lt{ x'g] elgPsf kbxdf ;DefAo pDd]bjf/ gx'g] k|dfl0ft ePdf pSt l;6 cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutftkm{ ;dfj]z ug]{ / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftkm{ klg kbk"lt{ x'g] cj:yf gePdf To;} jif{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfjf6
x'g] kbk'lt{df ;dfj]z ug]{u/L sf"ggdf ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ .
!)=$ ;dfj]zL tkm{ 5'6o\ fOPsf kbxdf pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 x'g g;s]df csf]{ jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf klg ;f]xL ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf]
gfddf lj1fkg ug'{kg]{ / ;f] jif{ klg 5gf]6 x'g g;s]df dfq ;dfj]zL tkm{ 5'6\ofOPsf kbxdf pd]bjf/ 5gf]6
x'g g;s]df dfq v'nf k|ltof]lutfjf6 x'g] kbk'lt{df ;dfj]z ug]{ jt{dfg k|fjwfgn] ubf{ s'g} l/St kbdf kbk'lt{
x'g tLg jif{sf] ;do ;Dd nfUg ;Sg] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . o;sf] nflu ;dfj]zL tkm{ 5'6o\ fOPsf kbxdf pd]bjf/
5gf]6 x'g g;s]df To;} jif{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfjf6 x'g] kbk'lt{df ;dfj]z ug]{u/L sf"ggdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ k5{ .
!)=% nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf pd]bjf/nfO{ dfu cfs[lt kmf/d ebf{ kb l/St b]vfOPsf] sfof{nodf kb:yfkgf
gu/L cGoq kb:yfkg ugf{n] s'g} sfof{nodf nfdf] ;do;Dd kbk'lt{ g} gx'g] l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] x'bf h'g sfof{nosf]
kb l/St eO{ lj1fkg ul/Psf] xf] ;f] kbk"lt{ gx'Gh]n cGoq kb:yfkg ug{ gkfO{g] Joj:yf ldnfO{g' k5{ .
!)=^ sltko kbxsf] kf7\oqmd tof/ ge};s]sf] sf/0fn] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f eP/ klg lj1fkg x'g g;s]sf] x'bF f kf7\oqmd
tof/ ug]{ sfddf ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnoxn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
!)=& b/jGbL l;h{gfnfO{ sfo{ ljj/0f;Fu ;Da4 agfpg' k5{ . AolStsf nflu b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ ge} sfdsf nflu b/aGbL
l;h{gf ug'{k5{ .
!)=* kbk"lt{sf cfwf/x Aff/Daf/ ablng' x'bF g} . ;]jf k|jz
] ubf{ sfod ePsf of]Uotf tyf zt{xnfO{ j[lQkysf] cfwf/
agfO{g'k5{ . lgodfjnLdf /x]sf j[lQky ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ P]gd} ;d]l6g' k5{ .
!)=( xfn;Dd :yflkt s'g} klg dfGotf;Fu d]n gvfg] @$3-!_ k|sf/sf] a9'jfsf] tTsfn ljsNk vf]lhg' k5{ . o;sf
nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd ,ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cjlw cflbnfO{ Go"gtd zt{sf] kdf dfq} /fv]/ h]i7tfsf]
l;2fGt cg';f/ a9'jf k2lt Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!)=!) ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ t/ JolQmsf] k"/f ;do cfjZos gkg]{ sfdxdf ;]jfsf] ;+j]bglzntf ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/L
Portfolio management / Out Sourcing h:tf ljsNkx cjnDag ug{ pko' S t b] l vG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx M
!= e,k|f=8f=ledb]j,sd{rf/L k|zf;g, @)%^, zlz e,cd]l/sf
@ d}gfnL ,uf]lkgfy,/fHo ;+rfngsf cfwf/x, @)^^, ;f]kfg dfl;s
#= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,@)$(, sfg"g lstfj Aoa:yf ;ldlt
$=lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,@)%), sfg"g lstfj Aoa:yf ;ldlt
% lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f,@)^&,lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt@)^&
^=g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ,@)^#,sfg"g lstfj Aoa:yf ;ldlt
&=nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] PsfpGgf} aflif{s k|ltj]bg,@)^&, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
!))

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / :yfgLo ;/sf/

*gj/fh ltjf/L

;f/f+z

s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . o:tf] dxTj /xg] ;/sf/nfO{ ca x'g] g]kfnsf]
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgfdf ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof cfjZostf / cf}lrTo cg';f/
l7Ss ;+Vofdf tf]lsg'kb{5 . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L / ;fwg;|f]t Ps};fy :yfgLo ;/sf/;dIf k'Ug]u/L sfo{lhDd]jf/L tf]lsg'kb{5 .
sfo{lhDd]jf/L lbg] t/ cfjZos ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/af6 eg] jl~rt ug]{ ljutsf] kl/kf6Lsf] ca cGTo
x'g'kb{5 . :jfoQ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf :yfgLo hgtfsf] clwsf/ / cfjZostf b'j} xf] . o:tf] ;/sf/ :yfgLo
hgtfk|lt :jefljs kdf lhDd]jf/ aGg] ub{5 . o;n] hgtfk|lt kxF'rof]Uo tyf e/kbf]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt
ub{5 . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / zf;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clea[l4 ub{5 . g]kfnn] klg ljutdf o:tf] ;/sf/sf]
cEof; u/L w]/yf]/ cg'ej xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfkmgf] / cGo /fi6sf] zf;g Joj:yfaf6 k[i7kf]if0f, lzIff, kf7 cflb
klg xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . xfd|f cfkmg} ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, e"/fhgLlts cj:yf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf,
ef}uf]lns cjl:yltx 5g\ . g]kfnsf] cfkmg} zf;sLo df}lns klxrfg, ljlzi6tf, ljz]iftf, rl/q klg 5g . t;y{ ;Da4
;a} kIfxsf] ;'Id kdf cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfnsf] /fli6o cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f x'gu] /L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
/ :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] k'g;
{ /+ rgf ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf :ki6 kdf ;+ljwfgdf g} ul/g'kb{5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf
;DaGwdf ;+ j } w flgs k| T ofe" l t gx' g ] ljut kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo ca gofF aGg] ;+ l jwfgn] ug{ ;Sg' k b{ 5 .

kl/ro

;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . o;n] /fHosf] ;+/rgf, zf;sLo :jk, zf;g k4lt cflbsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf ljut sl/j cfwf bzsb]lv cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ;~rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd
cGtl/d zf;g Joj:yf sfod /xg' zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] lx;fjn] /fd|f] dflgb}g . o; ;+ljwfgdf g]kfn ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf ;a} s'/f efjL ;+ljwfgn]
:jLsf/ u5{ g} eg]/ ls6fgLsf ;fy eGg ;lsb}g . oBlk k|:t't cGtl/d ;+ljwfg bnLo ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf] kdf
cfPsf]n] g]kfn ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfaf6 kl5 x6\g g;Sg] s'/f eg] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] ljifo xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
qmddf ;+ljwfg ;ef / o;sf ljifout ;ldltaf6 ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL / ;Da4 ;+/rgfsf] ljifodf cWoog ljZn]if0f x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . t/ hgtf lgs6sf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf eg] t'ngfTds kdf sd rf;f] lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
ljifout ;ldltaf6 k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] af/]df :ki6
lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo txaf6 :yfgLo txdf clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ x'b}g eGg] ljut zf;ssf]
dfgl;stfsf] k'g/fj[lQ xf] eGbf cTo"lQm x'b}g . ljutdf x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{glkR5] aGg] u/]sf ;+ljwfgxn] w]/yf]/
dfqfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLxnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg t'Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ clwsf/ cfkm";Dd
dfq ;Lldt /fv] k'luxfN5 eGg] ljut zf;sxsf] unt ;f]rfO{ / ;+:sf/n] ubf{ hgtf lgs6sf :yfgLo lgsfox clwsf/
/ ;|f]taf6 ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf x'g\ . t;y{ /fHo Joj:yf PsfTds jf ;+3fTds h] h:tf] eP tfklg :ki6 sfo{lhDd]jf/L,
cfjZos ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf, kof{Kt clwsf/, cfk;L ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] pko'Qm Joj:yf, s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]k, bjfj /
k|efjd'Qm :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] :yfkgfsf] Joj:yf nufotsf Joj:yf;lxtsf] :yfgLo zf;sLo OsfO{sf] ;+/rgfljgf ljutdf
em} nf]stflGqs cEof; sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5 .
;+3fTds /fHo, /fhgLltn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifo xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw /fHosf] ;+/rgfut kIfdf a9L /xG5 . csf]l{ t/
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dxTj PsfTds jf ;+3fTds s'g} klg ;+/rgfdf TolQs} dfqfdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ ;+l3otf ;Dk"0f{ kdf k"0f{ 5 eGg' eGbf klg of] Pp6f ;+/rgfut kIf dfq xf], h:df :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g / ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 eg]/ a'em\g' a9L pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZjsf PsfTds jf ;+3fTds s'g} klg
Joj:yf cFufNg] b]zxn] ;+ljwfgt M :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn emg ljljwtfo'Qm b]z xf] . :yfgLo
txsf] ;/sf/af6 o:tf] ljljwtfn] l;h{gf ug]{ ljifoxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{ :jefljs kdf ;xh x'G5 . ct M k|To]s
:yfgLo zf;sLo O{sfO{xsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]xL cflb s'/fx ;ljwfgd} :ki6kdf pNn]v ul/g'kb{5
. ;+ljwfgt M o:tf zf;sLo O{sfO{xnfO{ pgLxsf] sfo{ If]qdf cjZos dfqfdf :jfoQtf klg k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . xfn
;+ljwfg ;ef / o;sf ljifout ;ldltaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd hf/L /x]sf] 5 . ct M ca lgdf{0f x'g] gofF ;+ljwfgdf
g} ;+3Lo, k|fGtLo Pj+ :yfgLo txsf ljwflosL, sfo{sf/L, Goflos, k|zf;lgs, ljQLo, ;fF:s[lts, eflifs clwsf/ /
*lgb]{zs, d'b|0f ljefu

!)!

sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx :ki6kdf tf]lsg'kb{5 . ;lGgs6tfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ oL clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ul/g'kb{5 . ;+3Lo,
k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/xsfaLrdf sfo{ ljefhg ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGt{ut slt txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] xf] ;f]
:ki6 x'g'kb{5 . :yfgLo txdf /xg;Sg] ;+efljt ;/sf/df ufpF jf gu/ jf lhNnf txsf] ;/sf/ kb{5g . ljutsf
:yfgLo lgsfoxsf] h:t} /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgfkZrft\ aGg] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cj:yf / Ifdtf klg km/s km/s g} /xg]
ub{5g\ . o:tf] c;dfg cj:yf / Ifdtf /xg] :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] nflu ;dfg lsl;dsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L cg'ko'Qm
x'g;Sb5 . ct M efjL ;+ljwfgdf o:tf km/s km/s cj:yfxnfO{ dWogh/ u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;do;Dd PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL ;~rfngdf /xof] . o:tf] zf;g k|0ffnL cGt{ut :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] kdf /x]sf tTsfnLg :yfgLo lgsfoxnfO{ ;+jw} flgs k|Tofe"lt k|fKt lyPg . ;Lldt :jfoQtf, s]Gb|Lo lgoGq0f,
lgb]{zg / cg'bfgk|ltsf] clws lge{/tf, s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efj, sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kg, :yfgLo txdf s]Gb|sf] clws
pkl:ylt, ;|f]t;fwgljgfsf] lhDd]jf/L h:tf sldsdhf]/Lsf sf/0f tL :yfgLo lgsfox :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] kdf :yflkt
x'g ;s]sf lyPgg\ . hgcfGbf]ng @ af6 k|fKt hgflwsf/ cg'k ;/sf/sf] tx, ;+Vof, ;+/rgf, k|ltlglwTj Joj:yf, sfo{If]q,
;fwg;|ft] sf] afF8kmfF8 / ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yfkg h:tf /fHosf] k'g;
{ /+ rgf ;DaGwL sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] k'g;
{ /+ rgfkZrft
To:tf :yfgLo lgsfox ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf cg'k :jfoQtf;lxtsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/df kfGt/0f x'g] 5g\ .
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgfdf cToGt dxTj /fVg] oL ljifox r'gf}tL/lxt eg] b]lvFb}gg\ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/

ljutb]lv g} :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] eP klg tL lgsfox ck]lIft kdf glthf
lbg ;Ifd ePgg\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff cg'k hf/L ePsf] :yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] sfof{Gjog
kIf klg ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPg . s'g} g s'g} kdf ;f] P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfosf clwsf/x s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVof] .
Tolt dfq xf]Og :yfgLo lgsfosf] cl:tTj g} s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] ljj]sdf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/of] . :yfgLo lgsfoxnfO{ ;fdflhs,
cfly{s kfGt/0fsf nflu k|of]u / kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPg . of] ljutsf] lg/Gt/tf eGbf km/skdf Jojxf/df pkl:yt
x'g} ;s]g .
ljutsf] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k4ltn] :yfgLo cfjZostf, rfxgf / oyfy{tfnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ uYof]{ . s]lGb|o ;f]rfO{,
k|jl[ Q, of]hgf k4lt, cEof; / dfgl;stfn] ubf{ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gn] k|fyldstf kfpg] ub{g} Yof] . zf;g, ;Qf, clwsf/
/ ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljefhgdf s]lGb|o g]t[Tj cg'bf/ x'g] uYo{f]{ . :yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof;xn] k|fyldstf kfpFb}gy] . o:tf]
s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g z}nLn] hgtf / s]lGb|o ;/sf/sf] b"/L a9fpFb} nfg] sfd uof] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx lsl~rt hgtf
s]lGb|t aGg ;s]gg\ . ;/sf/k|ltsf] hgtfsf] ljZjf; u'DgyfNof] . o;n] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf a9fpb} nUof] . o:tf ;d:ofxsf]
;Daf]wgsf nflu ljZjJofkL kdf g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / lhDd]jf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; x'gyfNof] .
o;k|sf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'guof] . :jfefljs kdf hgtf lgs6sf :yfgLo lgsfoxdf hgtfsf]
;xh kx'r
+ /xG5 . ;/sf/;dIf pgLxsf] cfjfh ;lhn} k'Ub5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] lgu/fgL a9\5 . o:tf kIfxn]
:yfgLo ;+:yfxnfO{ :yfgLo hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg] ub{5g . oL :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{
;dy{g ug]{ ts{, ax;, jsfnt cflb x'g\ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfkmg} vfnsf lglZrt rl/q / ljz]iftfx af]Sg] ub{5g . :yfgLo ;/sf/ sfg'g4f/f :yflkt
x'g] ;+oGq xf] . o;sf] cfkmgf] Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldf sfod ePsf] x'G5 . of] ;+oGq :yfgLo hgtf4f/f r'lgPsf
k|ltlglw4f/f ;~rfng ul/G5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /xg] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo zf;sLo lqmofsnfkdf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . oL kIfx o;sf ;}4flGts cfwf/x klg x'g\ .
k|fo M ;a} ;+3Lo b]zxdf :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . oBlk :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+u7g,
sfo{If]q, / clwsf/df eg] ;dfgtf kfOb}g . hgtfsf] ;a}eGbf l56f] kx'r
F k'Ug] ;/sf/ :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/ xf] . cfdhgtfsf]
b}lgs hLjg;+u hf]l8Psf] :yfgLo dxTjsf ljifoxdf :yfgLo txnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ubf{ Jofjxfl/s / k|efjsf/L x'g]
dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q :jfoQ, ljs]Gb|Lt / ljlgof]lht k|sl[ tsf] x'g ;S5 . ci6l] nof, Sofg8f, hd{gL
/ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf nufotsf b]zxdf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ /fHo jf k|b]z dftxt /flvPsf] 5 eg] ef/t, ch]{lG6gf,
cli6of, :jL6\h/Nof08 cflb b]zxdf ;+ljwfgn] g} :jfoQ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;+/rgf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{If]q ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Pdf To;af6 ;+jw} flgs dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 . tyflk tL :yfgLo
;/sf/n] ;+3Lo ;+;b jf k|fb]lzs ljwflosfn] agfPsf] ;Ldfdf /xL sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . kl5Nnf lbgxdf ;+ljwfgdf g} :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug]{ k|rng ljsl;t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ch]l{ G6gf, ef/t, j]lNhod, :jL6\h/Nof08, blIf0f clkm|sf,
cli6of h:tf b]zn] ;+ljwfgdf g} :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . tL b]zxsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ t];f| ]
dxTjk"0f{ e"If]qLo zf;g clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ltgLxsf]
!)@

clwsf/ If]qsf] klg Joj:yf ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] dftxt /flvP klg ;+j}wflgs
kdf sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ tL lgsfoxn] :jfoQtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] / s]Gb| jf k|b]zsf] cgfjZos x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /xg
;Sb5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L

;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{ clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f, ;a} txdf nf]stGqsf] ;'b[l9s/0f / ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf xf] . clwsf/
lbP h:tf] ug]{ t/ ks8 cfkm}n] /fVg], ;]jfsf] k|fjwfg /fVg] t/ k|jfx ug{ g;Sg] / ;'wf/sf s'/f ;w} ug]{ t/ ;'wf/ ug{
grfxg] ljBdfg cj:yf / Jojxf/nfO{ lgofNg] xf] eg] ;+l3otfdf klg clwsf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/df ghfg] ;+st] b]lvg yfn]sf]
5 . ljifd ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, km/s ljsf;sf] :t/, k[ys cfjZostf / hftLo tyf ;f+:s[lts ax'ntfsf ljifodf ;Rrf
;Daf]wg ug]{ xf] eg] :yfgLo ;/sf/ cfly{s kn] ;an, ef}uf]lns cfwf/df k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] cj:yf, ahf/sf b[li6n]
Go"gtd hg;+Vof, k4ltsf] gh/df ;dfj]zL nf]stGq / ;+:yfut Ifdtfo'Qm :yfgLo ;/sf/ x'gk' b{5 . o;sf lgldQ xfnsf
:yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;+Vof, If]qkmn / hg;+VofnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k'gM ;+/rgf u/]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] :yfgLo ;/sf/
agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
pNn]lvt cfwf/xnfO{ b[li6ut u/L /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof cfjZos ;+Vofdf dfq
tf]lsg'kb{5 . oL lgsfoxnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L kdf k"/f ug{ ;Sg]u/L o:tf lgsfoxsf] ;+/rgf
ul/g'kb{5 . oL ;+/rgfn] hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg t'Nofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds lx;fjaf6 ljsf;lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;xhkdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f x'g ;Sg'k' b{5 . /fHosf] k'g;
{ /+ rgf kZrft\
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{xnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

s]lGb|o gLltsf] cg's"n x'g]u/L :yfgLo ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df

:yfgLo of]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg d"Nof+sg

;8s, l;+rfO, ljB't, lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf :yfgLo ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f

:yfgLo k|fs[lts, ef}lts, ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f

:yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f

:yfgLo cfly{s, ef}lts, dfgjLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg, ljlgof]hg / vr{ Joj:yf

;fgf pBf]u, Jofkf/, jfl0fHo

;fdflhs ;'/If0f;DaGwL sfo{x

ufpF, gu/ OsfOxaLrdf /fh:j afF8kmfF6

;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos ;+3, ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng, lgodg, Joj:yfkg cflb

sfo{lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ubf{ lnOg] ;}4flGts cfwf/x

;/sf/sf ljleGg txdf sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ lng ;lsg] ljleGg ;}4flGts cfwf/xsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
cfcfkmgf] b]zsf] cfjZostf / rfxgf cg';f/ tL cfwf/x ;/sf/sf txxaLrdf sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ cjn+jg ug{
;lsG5 . To:tf ;}4flGts cfwf/x o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

General competence model M o; df]8]n cGt{ut :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfkmgf] sfo{If]qdf ug{;Sg] sfo{x kb{5g\ .

Specific functions allocation model M :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s]Gb|;+u ;Dks{, ;dGjo / 5nkmn u/L ug{;Sg]
sfo{x of] df]8]n cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

Delegated functions model M :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s]Gb|sf] pQ/bfloTjdf ug{;Sg] s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf
sfo{x of] df]8]n cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

Concurrent functions model M s]Gb| / :yfgLo s'g} klg ;/sf/sf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ If]qleq gkg]{ t/ b'j}
;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x of] df]8]n cGtu{t kb{5 .

Constitutional functional delegation model M of] txsf] ;/sf/n] ug]{ egL ;+ljwfgdf g} tf]lsPsf sfo{x
of] df]8]n cGtu{t kb{5 .
g]kfndf ljutdf sfd / lhDd]jf/L afF8kmf8 ubf{ h'g h'g ;}4flGts cfwf/ lng] ul/Psf] eP tfklg ca x'g]
/fHo k'g;
{ /+ rgfdf sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ vf; u/]/ Constitutional model / Concurrent functions model a9L k|efjsf/L
x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
!)#

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g{;+/rgfsf] qmddf Wofg lbOg'kg]{ s'/fx

;fdfGotofM klg /fHo k'g;{/+ rgfdf zf;g k4lt ;DaGwL ofjt s'/fxdf Wofg k'ofpg'kb{5 . To;df klg g]kfn
;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfo'Qm b]z xf] . oL ;a} kIf, If]q / ljifoxnfO{ g;d]6L Psn / Psf+sL
kdf ul/Psf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgfn] oyfy{df k'g;+{/rgfsf] p2]Zo k"/f ub}{g . To;/L x'g] k'g;{+/rgfn] ;/sf/sf]
:yfgLo hgtfk|ltsf]] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Qm}g\ . g]kfn clxn] ;du| /fHo k'g ;{/+ rgfsf] ljlzi6 cj:yfaf6 cufl8
al9/x]sf] 5 . o; qmddf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;d]t k'g ;{+/rgf x'g]5 . ct M :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ lgDg
s'/fxdf Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

ef}uf]lns ;Ldf

hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/

;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;fd~h:otf

k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]tsf] l:ylt

ljljwtfdf Pstf

/fhg}lts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;f:s[lts clwsf/ / :jfoQtf k|bfg

k"0f{ lgIf]k0f

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L

s]lGb|o x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efjaf6 d'Qm :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf

k|ToIf lgjf{rg k4lt4f/f :yfgLo ;/sf/df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|ltlglwsf] rog

lk5l8Psf] If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL k|sl[ tsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+3, dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L cg'bfg cfof]usf] u7g

pko''Qm kl/df0fsf] s]lGb|o cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kbflwsf/Lxsf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf

:yfgLo C0fsf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;DaGwdf :yflkt dfGotfx

zf;g Joj:yf ;xh, kx'r

F of]Uo, l56f]5l/tf], :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L x'gk' b{5 . o:tf] k|efjsfl/tf h;/L xfl;n x'G5
To;}u/L zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df lgZro g} s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yf eGbf ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g
Joj:yf :yfgLo txsf] zf;g k|lqmofdf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] ub{5 . b"/ b/fhsf u|fdL0f e]uxdf s]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt zf;g
Joj:yf lgZro g} Jofjxfl/s x'bF g} . t;y{ ljZjJoflkkdf ;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s b'a} sf]0faf6 :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf
:yfgLo ;/sf/ a9L pko'Qm x'g] s'/f k'li6 e};s]sf] 5 . o;sf] kIfdf :ki6 kdf ljleGg dfGotfx :yflkt e};s]sf
5g\ . o;} dfGotf cg';f/ s}og d'n'sxdf :yfgLo ;/sf/x ;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;DaGwdf
:yflkt To:tf s]xL dfGotfx o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

:yfgLo :t/sf zf;sLo sfo{x :yfgLo ;/sf/dfkm{t ;Dkfbg u/fO{bf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] s]Gb|sf] ljsNksf] kdf geO{ kl/k"/ssf] kdf cfkmgf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub{5

:yfgLo hgtfs} lg0f{o cg';f/ :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;lgdf{0f / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx x'bf kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds
b'a} lx;fjn] pko'Qm x'G5

s]Gb| / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrsf] cfk;L ;xof]uaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; x'G5

:yfgLo txsf] zf;gdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, :jfldTj / lhDd]jf/Ldf a[l4 x'G5

/fli6o ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6o Pstf / /fli6o cv08tfnfO{ dhj'b agfp5

d'n'ssf] ;dfj]zL, ;Gt'lnt / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5

;]jfk|bfos lgsfox ;f]em} ;]jfu|fxLk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'G5

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] ;f/;+If]k

!)$

/fhgLltzf:qL, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gljb\, ;Da4 ljifosf n]vs, ljwLj]Qf cflbaf6 /fHosf] zf;g k4ltsf af/]df
ljleGg cjwf/0ffx ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo zf;g Joj:yf klg l;+uf] zf;g Joj:yfs}] cleGg c+u ePsf] ;Gbe{df
o;sf ;DaGwdf klg :jefljs kdf s]xL g s]xL ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffxsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To:tf s]xL ;}4flGts
cjwf/0ffxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg cfjZos /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, Goflos, ;f:s[lts nufotsf
;a} clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug]{

;+jw} flgs, ;+:yfut, gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj jxg ug{;Sg] u/L :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ ;jn agfpg]

:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{

:yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos / lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]

:yfgLo k|hftGqsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g ug]{

:yfgLo zf;sLo sfo{df nf]stflGqs k4lt cjnDjg ug]{

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf p2]Zox

l;+uf] /fHo ;+oGqsf] ;+/rgfdf ;/sf/sf ljleGg txx /xg] ub{5g\ . tLdWo] :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ Ps tx :yfgLo ;/sf/ klg xf] . k|efjsf/L kdf zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo hgtfnfO{
cfjZos ;]jf, ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ ;Gt'i6 t'Nofpg' :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . a'Fbfut kdf o;sf
p2]ZoxnfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf
nfex pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{

:yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ljsf;, kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / vr{ ug]{

:yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt ljsf;lgdf{0faf6 k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{

zf;g k|lqmofdf lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]

:yfgLo of]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg d"Nof+sg nufotsf ;a} sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
;a} Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{

k|efjsf/L kdf :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmof ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]u/L :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug]]u/L :yfgLo zf;sLo PsfOsf] u7g ug]{

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] :yfg

g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] efjL /fHo ;+/rgfsf] l8hfOg ubf{ s]Gb|Lo jf ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs jf k|fGtLo, :yfgLo
-ufpmF, gu/_ txsf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/LxnfO{ :ki6 kdf afF8kmfF8 ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljutdf ePsf cEof;
Pjd\ P]g sfg'gdf b]lvPsf bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf ljleGg ;dodf :yfgLo lgsfo -;/sf/L_ xsf] clwsf/sf] s6f}tL
eO/xg] / /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf cwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQtf kl/eflift x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ca aGg]
;+3Lo ;+ljwfg n] g} :ki6kdf tLgj6} txsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/nfO{ :ki6kdf pNn]v ul/g' cfjZos
b]lvG5 . To;/L lhDd]jf/L tf]Sbf b]xfosf ljifo ;d]l6g' kb{5 .
efjL zf;g k|0ffnL :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfngfy{ cfjZos ;a} clwsf/sf] k"0f{ lgIf]k0fdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
o;n] ljs] G b| L s/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k| j 4{ g u/] s f] x' g ' k b{ 5
:yfgLo ;/sf/ :jo+n] ;fdfGo k|zf;g, :yfgLo k|zf;g, ljsf; k|zf;g, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, cfly{s k|zf;g
cflb ;a} sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{k|lt :yfgLo ;/sf/ :jo+ pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5
:yfgLo ;/sf/ nf]stflGqs rl/q / ljz]iftfn] o'Qm x'g'kb{5
:yfgLo ;/sf/ hgtf lgs6 ;/sf/sf] kdf :yflkt x'g'kb{5 . o;n] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ l56f]5l/tf] / :t/Lo
;]jf;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5
d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt, ;dfg'kflts / ;dtfd"ns ljsf; x'g]u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf PsfOx lgwf{/0f ul/g'kb{5 .
o:tf PsfOxdf Gofof]lrt kdf ;fwg;|f]tsf] ljt/0f ul/g'kb{5
!)%

d'n'ssf] tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
o:tf] ;/sf/ ;a} ju{ / If]qnfO{ ;d]6g] ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] x'g'kb{5

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] tx / ;+Vof 5l/tf] x'g'kb{5 . ljleGg txsf ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw, ;dGjo, ljQLo cfwf/,
sfo{lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgt M :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df /fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf o; k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 .

juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}ls, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds
9frfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]

/fHosf] o:tf] k'g;+/{ rgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g] . To:tf] cfof]usf] u7g,
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / ;]jfsf zt{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]

/fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf ;DaGwL clGtd 6'f] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]

:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug{] cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf
hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf]
:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
;DaGwL lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/g]

/fhg}lts ;xdlt sfod u/L g]kfn ;/sf/f/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufp:t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g]

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :jk / k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw
sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]

:yfgLo ljsf;sf] nflu :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg
/ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgfsf] klxrfg,
th'd{ f / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg"gdf Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfoaLr lhDd]jf/L / /fhZj kl/rfng tyf
af8kmf8 x'g]

o:tf] /fhZj kl/rfng / af8kmf8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;dfg ljsf; x'g] u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d' b fosf] ;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz] i f Wofg lbg' kg{ ]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu' ePsf] nfdf] ;do e};Sbf klg ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt ;a} k|fjwfgx
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ca /fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL oL k|fjwfgxnfO{ sfo{ kdf
kl/0ft ug{ l9nf e};s]sf] 5 . oL gofF ;+ljwfgdfkm{t Jojxf/df kfGt/0f x'g] ljifox x'g\ . t;y{ ;Da4 ;a} kIfn]
OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf cfjZos tbfstf b]vfpg' h/L 5 .

cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/

;+ljwfg ;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
Joj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

k|bz
] cGtu{t :yfgLo txsf kdf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf /xg]5g\ .

:yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof / If]q lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] lglZrt dfkb08 tf]Sg ;Sb5 .

o;/L dfkb08 tf]Sbf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] ;fk]lIfs kdf ;dfg hg;+Vof, ef}uf]lns tyf k|zf;lgs cg's"ntf,
hg;+Vofsf] 3gTj, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf, k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] cjl:ylt / ;DalGwt If]qsf afl;Gbfsf] ;f:s[lts
tyf ;fd'bflos kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .

;+3Lo ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] :yfgLo txsf] gfd / ;+Vof / If]q
lgwf{/0f ug{ pRr :t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{ 5 . ;f] cfof]un] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ c'gs"n x'g]
u/L :yfgLo txsf] u7gdf ;se/ Psktf sfod ug]{5 .

:yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof, ;Ldf, If]q ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] ldltn] ! jif{ leq u7g ul/;Sg'
kg]{5 .
!)^

:yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g geP;Ddsf nflu ljBdfg :yfgLo tx sfod /xg]5g\ .

:yfgLo txsf] u7g / ;+/rgf ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf k|fb]lzs sfg'g4f/f lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
:yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ cg';
' r
" L ^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g5
] . cg';r
" L ^ df gu/ k|x/L, ;fd'bflos k|x/L,
;xsf/L ;+:yf, Pkm= Pd= ;~rfng, :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ cflb_ ;]jf z'Ns
b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, dfnkf]t lt/f], k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg,
:yfgLo tYof+s / clen]v ;+sng, :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx, k|fylds tyf dfWolds
lzIff, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{, :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo ;8su|fdL0f ;8s s[lif ;8s,
:yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytf, gful/stf, /fxbfgL / clen]v Joj:yfkg, 3/hUuf wgL k"hf{ ljt/0f,
s[lif tyf kz'kfng, a[4, a[4f, ckf+u, dlxnf, Psn dlxnf / c czQmxsf] Joj:yfkg, a]/f]huf/sf] tYof+s
;+sng, s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng / lgoGq0f, hGd, d[To' nufotsf JolQmsf] 36gf btf{ egL pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';
' r
" L ^ df plNnlvt ljifodf :yfgLo txn] cfjZos sfg'g agfpg ;Sg]5 . o;/L agfPsf] sfg'g k|fb]lzs
sfg''g;Fu alemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM lgl:qmo x'g]5 .

:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ plNnlvt ljwflosL clwsf/;lxt :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt kl/ifbnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos
clwsf/ x'g]5 .
plNnlvt k|ltj]bgn] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . k|ltj]bgn] :yfgLo
;/sf/sf cjwf/0ff, dfGotf, l;4fGt, :yfgLo j:t'l:ylt, hgtfsf] cfjZostf, hgrfxgf cflb ljifonfO{ klg k"0f{ kdf
;d]6\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . To:t} k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf Joj:yfx klg Tolt :ki6 b]lvFb}gg\ . :yfgLo tx k|b]z cGtu{t
/xg] / o;sf]] ;+Vof / If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] dfkb08 tf]Sg] elgPsf] 5 . t/ dfkb08n] ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifox
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g, vfnL dfkb08 tf]Sbf Wofg lbg'kg{] kIfx eg]/ s]xL kIf dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;f]
dfkb08 cg';f/ :yfgLo txsf] ;Ldf, gfd, ;+Vof / If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] pRr :t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{
elgPsf] 5 . t/ pRr :t/Lo cfof]unfO{ 7f]; kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5}g\ . o;/L g} :yfgLo lgsfo u7g geP;Dd
ljBdfg :yfgLo tx sfod /xg] elgPsf] 5 . t/ logsf] ;~rfng s;/L ug]{ eGg]] af/]df k|ltj]bg df}g a;]sf] 5 . :yfgLo
txsf] u7g / ;+/rgf ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf k|fb]lzs sfg'g4f/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . t/ cGo Joj:yf cGtu{t kg]{
ljifox lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . k|ltj]bgsf] cg';"rLdf ;Ldfa4 ul/Psf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfq kof{Kt dfGg ;lsb}g
. :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sf/L c+u / kl/ifbsf] u7g, ;~rfng, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L cflb kIfnfO{ :ki6 ul/Psf]
b]lvFb}g\ . t;y{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf yk cWoog, ljZn]if0f, 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;~rfngdf
Psktf sfod ug{ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df kfGt/0f ug{ ;+ljwfgn] g} 7f];kdf dfu{bz{g
ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
pk;+xf/
;+3Lo jf PsfTds s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . d'ns
' sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf
o:tf] dxTj /fVg] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ca x'g] /fHosf] k'g;
{ /+ rgfdf ;+jw} flgs / sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 . k'g;
{ /+ rgfsf]
qmddf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof cfjZostf / cf}lrTo cg';f/ l7Ss ;+Vofdf tf]lsg'kb{5 . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L / ;fwg;|f]t
Ps};fy :yfgLo ;/sf/;dIf k'Ug]u/L sfo{lhDd]jf/L tf]lsg'kb{5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L lbg] t/ lbOPsf] sfd
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ glbg] ljutsf] kl/kf6Lsf] ca x'g] k'g{;+/rgfdf k'g/fj[lQ x'g'x'b}g .
cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf zf;g, ;Qf, ;fwg, clwsf/ cflb s]Gb| / :yfgLo ;/sf/sfaLrdf ljefhg
ul/G5 . o:tf] ljefhg :yfgLo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;an agfpgsf nflu ul/G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ hgtf lgs6sf
;/sf/ x'g\ . hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ ;j{ky| d lognfO{ ;jn agfOg' kb{5 . o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfsf]
Ps ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 . ct M o;sf] :yfkgf eP/ dfq k'Ub}g x/]s sf]0faf6 ;jnLs/0f ;d]t
ul/g' h/L x'g cfpF5 .
ljZjsf PsfTds jf ;+3fTds s'g} klg ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf cFufNg] d'ns
' xn] s'g} g s'g} kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;gsf] cEof; ug]{ ub{5g\ . o; qmddf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f x'g] clwsf/df :jfefljs kdf ;dfgtf x'b}g .
km/skm/s d'n'ssf] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ km/skm/s clwsf/sf] Joj:yf x'g] ub{5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsaf6 ljZjsf
clwsf+z d'ns
' xdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gnfO{ ;+jw} flgs / sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt x'gyfn]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ @! cf} ztflAbsf]
;Eotfsf] kdf ;d]t lnOG5 . ct M o;sf] ;}4flGts d"No, dfGotf / :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] k'g{;+/rgf ul/g' kb{5 .
!)&

:jfoQ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf :yfgLo hgtfsf] clwsf/ / cfjZostf b'j} xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
cEof; ug]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ :jefljs kdf lhDd]jf/ aGg] ub{5 . o:tf] ;/sf/n] hgtfk|lt kxFr
' of]Uo tyf e/kbf]{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . nf]stflGqs :yfgLo zf;sLo ;+:yf, ljs]Gb|Lt :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf k|zf;gn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{
;Ifd agfp5 . o;n] nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / zf;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clea[l4 ub{5 . :jfoQtfljgfsf] :yfgLo
;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] c;Gt'li6 /xG5 . o;af6 nf]stflGqs cEof; klg dha't x'g ;Sb}g . ct M :yfgLo ;/sf/ eP/
' m /fi6 ;+3n]] nf]stGqsf] ljZjJofkL
dfq k'Ub}g To:tf] ;/sf/ :jfoQ ePsf] cg'el" t klg hgtfnfO{ u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;+oQ
3f]if0ffkq, !((# hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . pQm 3f]if0ff kqn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gLk|Tofe'lt x'g'kg]{ s'/f
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To:t} p;sf] pQm 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePsf cGo s'/fx :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL ljifoxd}
s] G b| L t /x] s f] kfOG5 . ct ;+ l jwfg lgdf{ 0 fsf qmddf o:tf kIfxnfO{ klg dgg ul/g' kb{ 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/n] nf]stflGqs, ;dfj]zL, kx'Frof]Uo, hjfkmb]xL zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . t/ cGo
zf;g k4ltn] o; k|sf/sf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g . ct M o; s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf b[li6ut ul/g'kb{5 . /fhgLlts
/ k|fljlws ljifosf] ;+of]hgaf6 :yfgLo :JffoQ ;/sf/sf] k'g;
{ /+ rgf x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf
hgtfsf] clws ;xeflutf /xg]u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g'{kb{5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgn] g} gful/snfO{ ;xhkdf ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfx ug{ pko'Qm Joj:yf ug{sf nflu lbzflgb]{z ;d]t ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg'g b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, e"/fhgLlts cj:yf, ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
cflbsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f kZrft\ aGg] ub{5g . g]kfn klg cGo d'n's h:t} x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{glkR5] gofF ;+ljwfg
aGg] u/]sf] d'n's xf] . t;y{ g]kfnn] klg ljut ;+ljwfgxn] w]/yf]/ dfqfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] af/]df ug]{
u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;sf] qmddf g]kfnn] klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df
cjZo s]xL cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ljut Joj:yfsf ;an / b'j{n kIfx klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . zf;g Joj:yfhGo
lzIff, kf7, l;sfO{ xfl;n ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjsf ljleGg d'ns
' xdf cEof; ePsf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] cWoog
klg ul/Psf] 5 . ltgsf klg ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIf klxNofOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfkm\g} vfnsf] zf;sLo df}lns
klxrfg, ljlzi6tf, ljz]iftf, rl/q cflb klg 5g . t;y{ oL ;a} kIfxsf] ;'Id kdf cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfnsf]
/fli6o cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f x'g]u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf nufot ;du| zf;g
{ /+ rgf ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf :ki6 kdf ;+ljwfgdf g} ul/g'kb{5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;DaGwdf ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfsf] k'g;
k|Tofe"lt gx'g] ljut kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo ca gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgn] ug{;Sg'kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df08f} .

;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn, g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f, >LdtL c~hgf ;'j]bL, sf7df08f} .

;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ljQ Joj:yf, >LdtL c~hgf ;'j]bL, sf7df08f} .

g]kfndf ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL / :yfgLo ;/sf/xsf] efjL ;+/rgf, :yfgLo lgsfoxsf] ;+3 tyf dxf;+3 .

;+= gj/fh ltjf/L, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw cfofdx, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df08f} .

uf]ljGb axfb'/ sfsL{ / OGb' l3ld/], ljsf; / :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df08f} .

k|zf;g ;'wf/, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgx .

ljleGg c+u|]hL Pj+ g]kfnL zAbsf]ifx .

;f]kfg, sfdfb, k|zf;g cflb klqsfx .

Smith, B.C., Decentralization : The Territorial Dimension of the State, London

Gorge Allen and Onwn

Ann O. M. Bowman, Richard C. Kearnecy, State and Local Government : The

essentials

www. answers.com/topic/local government

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Local_ government

www.amazon.com

www.statelocalgov.net

www.publications.thecommonwealth.org
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ljsf;sf gofF z}nL, k|ljlw, k|lt:kw{x cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf g+of cfof]hgfxnfO{
gofF kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf Psftkm{ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ 4G4 kZrftsf] Joa:yfkgnfO{ /fHon] k|efjsf/L
u/fpg' kg]{ h/L klg /x]sf] 5. d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s k"+hLut Pj+ k|ljlwut >f]t ;fwg Ifdtf cem} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf
/x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] j9\bf] cfsf+Iff, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ cj:yf ;fy} 4G4 kZrftsf] Joa:yfkgnfO{
pRr dxTj lbg'kg]{ l:yltsf sf/0f /fHodf kof{Kt k"h
+ Lut Pj+ k|ljlwut >f]tsf] nufgL ug'k{ g]{ h/L 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] lg/Gt/tf / j[l4nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5 . j}bl] zs ;xfotf j[l4sfnflu
cfjZos cfwf/x dhj't x'g g;Sg', bftfxn] k|ltj4tf u/]sf ;xfotfx ;dod} Nofpg g;Sg', pknJw ;xfotfsf]
plrt pkof]u ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofxsf sf/0f j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] pkof]usf If]qdf d'ns
' n] ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlJw
xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . bftfxn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xfotfsf nflu cg's'n kl/l:ylt Pj+ cfjZos Ifdtfsf] sdL ePsf]
u'gf;f u/]sf] cj:yf / ;/sf/n] bftfxnfO d'n'ssf] k|fyldstfsf If]qdf eGbf bftfsf] zt{xdf j9L clNemg' k/]sf]
u'gf;fx /fVg] u/sf ;Gbe{df oL b'jt} km{sf] u'gf;fxnfO{ Go"lgs/0f u/L j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] j[l4, lg/Gt/tf / pkof]udf
;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sfnflu j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] bL3{sflng ;f]r, gLlt, /0fgLlt tof/ u/L >f]t
;fwg nfugLsfnflu cg's'n kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .

k[i7e"dL M
g]kfndf lj=;= !(^* df kmlk{+ hnljB't cfof]hgfdf tTsflng lj|l6; ef/tsf] k|fljlws ;xfotf pknJw ePb]lvg}
j}b]lzs ;xfotf nufgL x'b} cfPsf] 5 . @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 ePsf] gLltut Pj+ ;+fu7lgs ;+/rgfsf]
ljsf;n] j}bl] zs ;xfotfsfnflu cg'sn
' kl/l:ylt tof/ x'b} uPsf sf/0f pQm ;dob]lv j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] c+zdf qmdzM
j[l4 eO{ o;n] lg/Gt/tf kfpb} cfPsf] 5 . d"ntM lj=;= @)!# ;fnb]lv k|f/De ePsf] of]hgfut ljsf; k4ltn] o;sfo{nfO{
dhj't cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] xf] . ul/jL lgjf/0f Pj+ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;nflu k"+hLut >f]tsf ;fy} gljg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
;d]tsfnflu g]kfnn] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng] qmddf cg'bfg tyf
C0f b'j} ;xof]unfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . k|f/Dedf d"ntM ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;sfnflu
;/sf/ dfkm{t j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] pknJwtf / pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf qmddf d'ns
' sf] ljsf; gLlt
;fy} kl/jlt{t cGt/fli6o ljsf; ;}nLsf sf/0f j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;/sf/ nufot u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx dfkm{t ;d]t
pknJw x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ljleGg /fhgLlts Pj+ :yfgLo ;fdflhs sl7gfO{sf cj:yfdf ;d]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf kfpg] /
pkof]u ug]{ sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 .
d'n's xfn ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnflu ;+3if{/t /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf
clej[l4 u/L pRr Pj+ lbuf] cfly{s j[l44f/f u/LjL lgjf/0fsf] ;d]t p2]Zo xfl;n ug'{ jt{dfg ckl/xfo{tf xf] . 4G4u|:t
cj:yfdf klg j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] cfk;L ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] lg/Gt/tfn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df bftfxsf] ;xsfo{ pNn]vlgo
/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . 4G4sf qmddf Wj:t ePsf k"jf{wf/xsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ;fy} 4G4 k|efljt JolQm, ;d'xsf] k'gM:yfkgfsfnflu
b]zJofkL kdf k|z:t cfof]hgfx ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf df}h'bf 5 . ;fy} >f]tsf sf/0f ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{xnfO
;d]t cj4 gu/L lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ jfWotf /x]sf] 5 . 4G4nfO{ :yfgLo :t/dfg} Go"lgs/0f u/L lbuf] zflGt / ;Dj[l4nfO{
:yfloTj k|bfg ug{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ pkef]Qmfd'vL u/fO{ ;dfgtf, Gofok"0f{, ;j{lxtsf/L u/fO{ :j/f]huf/
/ cfTdlge{/ u/fpg' h/L ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df bftfxn] g]kfnk|lt b]vfPsf] ;xof]u, ;b\efjsf] Jojxf/nfO{ cfTd;ft
u/L j}b]lzs ;xof]unfO{ j[l4 u/L o;sf] pkof]usfnflu :yfgLo cg's'n kl/j]z tof/ u/L pkof]u Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .
*pk ;lrj, zflGt tyf k'gMlgdf{0f dGqfno

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g]kfn j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfjZostf M

g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] @% k|ltzt hgtf cem} u/LjLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ . sl7g ef}uflns ;+/rgfsf sf/0f
% j6f lhNnfdf cem} ;8s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, Joj;fonfO{ Jofj;flos / k|lt:klw{
u/fpg k|z:t k"jf{wf/x tof/ ug'{kg]{ h/L ePsf] 5 . j]/f]huf/L, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s c;dfgtfsf sf/0f ;fdflhs
ljs[lt, 4G4, hflto Pj+ juL{o c:jfefljs ;+3if{ sfod} /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] o'jf hgzlQm /f]huf/Lsfnflu ljb]zLg' kg]{
cj:yf sfod} 5 . j9\bf] rfn' vr{sf] Joa:yfkg / /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;sfnflu j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]
kl/rfng cfjZos 5 . ;du|df d'n'sleqsf ljsf;sf ;+efjgfxnfO{ phfu/ u/L cfTdlge{/ x'g' h/L ePsf] 5 .
o;sfnflu j}bl] zs ;xof]usf] j[l4, lg/Gt/tf ;fy} ;xsfo{ h/L ePsf] 5 . ;du|df g]kfndf j}bl] zs ;xof]usf] cfjZostf
x'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

ljZjsf] kl/jlt{t ljsf; gLlt, /0fgLlt, k|ljlw, z}nL / l;4fGt;Fu :jb]zL ljsf; gLlt, /0fgLlt, k|ljlw /
z}nLnfO{ cBfjlws ug{,

ljsf;sf cfGtl/s ;+efjgf Pj+ cj;/xsf] pRrtd pkof]usfnflu k"h

+ Lut Pj+ k|ljlwut ;xof]u leq\ofpg,

ljsf;sf ultljlwnfO{ k|lt:klw{, u'0f:t/Lo, kl/df0ffTds u/fpgsfnflu nufgLsf cj;/x j[l4 ug{,

;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L, lghL Pj+ j}b]lzs ljsf;sdL{xsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ dhj't u/fpg,

cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Pj+ kfGt/0fsfnflu nufgL lj:tf/ ug{,

u/LjL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo, cfly{s ;Gt'ng, 4G4 Joa:yfkg h:tf jt{dfg hNbfjNbf If]qdf ljsf;sf
cfjZos k"jf{wf/x v8f ug]{ / ePsfnfO{ dhj't u/fpg,

d'n'ssf] cfjlws, jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg,

hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] j9\bf] dfunfO{ Joa:yfkg ug{,

l5d]sL Pj+ ljsl;t d'ns

' xsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f, ;dGjo, efOrf/f sfod} /fvL d'ns
' sf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{
ultlzn u/fpg,

;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df d'ns

' cem} cfTdlge{/ e} g;s]sf ;Gbe{df cfTdlge{/tfsf] uGtJotkm{sf] ultnfO{
ltj| u/fpg .

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Joa:yfkgdf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf M

g]kfndf j}bl] zs ;xfotf lnO{ ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ k|of; em08} Ps ztfJbL nfdf] e} ;s]sf] 5 . of]hgfj4
ljsf;sf] yfngL kZrft ;j} cfjlws of]hgfxdf j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] e"ldsf pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xof]usf]
nufgL Pj+ d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] pknJwLnfO{ cf+sng ubf{ cfTdlge{/tfsf] uGtJotkm{ pGd'v x'g g;lsPsf] df}h'bf
cj:yfn] :ki6 ub{5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] nufgLdf e'ldsf pNn]Vo x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf Psftkm{ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{
nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;d]t ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf jb}lzs ;xfotfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ j'Fbfut kdf
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf j}b]lzs cg'bfgsf] c+s #=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf j}b]lzs C0fsf] c+s !=# k|ltzt /x]sf]

;/sf/L vr{df j}b]lzs cg'bfgsf] c+z !%=& k|ltzt /x]sf]

;/sf/L vr{df j}b]lzs C0fsf] c+z %=% k|ltzt /x]sf]

s'n ;xfotfdf C0fsf] cg'kftdf cg'bfgsf] c+z j[l4 ePsf]

pRr k|ltkmn lbg] cfof]hgfxdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f gePsf],

!!)

j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0f / pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf],

7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf If]qdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ck]Iff cg'k j9\g g;s]sf],

;j} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotf /fli6o jh]6 k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf],

;xof]u /fli6o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf kf/bzL{ / pQ/bflok"0f{ 9+un] kl/rfng x'g g;s]sf],

l4kIfLo ;xfotf jx'kIfLo ;xfotfsf] t'ngfdf j9L ePsf] cj:yf

s"n :jLs[t ;xfotfdWo] s[lif, l;+rfO{ / jg If]qsf] c+z #=^ k|ltzt, ljB'tsf] c+z &=$ k|ltzt, u|fdL0f ljsf;
If]qsf] c+z @^=! k|ltzt, lzIff If]qsf] c+z @=& k|ltzt, oftfoft tyf ;+rf/ If]qsf] c+z !@=% k|ltzt /
cGo If]qsf] c+z ##=( k|ltzt /x]sf] .

s'n j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]udWo] jx'kIfLo ;xfotf cGt/ut &$ k|ltzt / l4kIfLo ;xfotf cGt/tut
@^ k|ltzt pkof]u ePsf] .

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Joj:yfkgdf g]kfnk|lt bftfxsf] wf/0ff M

g]kfnsf] ljsf; cfof]hgfxdf nufgL ub}{ cfPsf bftfxn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs g]tT[ jjf6 ;xfotf
Nofpg] / kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{df ;sf/fTds e'ldsf k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;fx /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ . cg'sn
' ' kl/l:ylt gePsf
sf/0f ck]lIft kdf ;xfotf cfpg g;s]sf] tYo oyfy{ klg xf] . bftfxn] o; ljifodf /fVg] u/]sf wf/0ffx d'VotM
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

ljsf; kl/of]hgfxdf ;/sf/L :jfdLTj tyf g]t[Tjsf] sdL /x]sf],

;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] th'{df k|lqmofdf ;xefuL gu/fOPsf],

:yfgLo Ifdtfn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf,]

sdhf]/ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf kof{Kt tflndsf] cefjsf sf/0f Go"g Ifdtfsf] cj:yf /x]sf],

;]jfk|+lt Go"g ;dk{0f ePsf sd{rf/Lxsf] jfx'Notf /x]sf],

cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lxsf] jf/Djf/ ;jf e} /x]sf],

vfnL kbxdf tTsfn kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf],

;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joa:yfkg k|0+ ffnL - Public Financial Management System _ nufot kl/of]hgf Joa:yfkg;+u
;Dj4 cGo /fli6o k|0ffnLsf] :t/ cGt//fli6o dfkb08 cg'k gePsf] .

gLltut c;+ultxsf] jfx'Notf ePsf]

j}b]lzs ;xfotf pknJw u/fpg] bft[ ;d'xsf] OR5f :jfefljs kdf cfkm"n] lbPsf] /sdsf] pRrtd pkof]u
eO{ /fd|f] glhtf cfof]; eGg] x'G5 g} . o; ;Gbe{df bftfxn] ;xfotf kl/rfngdf b]lvPsf sl7gfO{xnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{
cf}NofPsf sl7gfO{x c:jfefljs b]lvb}gg\ . bft[ ;'bfosf o:tf wf/0ffxdf d"ntM pgLxn] k|bfg ug]{ /sddf /xg
;Sg] ljQLo hf]lvdsf] qf; /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pgLxn] c;n zf;g, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :yfgLo ;xeflutf, n}+lus
;jfn cflb h:tf ;j} If]qdf nfu" x'g] d'2fnfO{ ;+jf]wg u/L gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut jftfj/0fsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]df hf]lvd
Go"g x'b}hfg] ljZjf; u/]sf x'G5g\ .

bftfxk|lt g]kfnsf] wf/0ff M

j}bl] zs ;xfotsf] kl/rfngdf g]kfnn] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfkm"n] lbPsf] ;xfotfsf] pknlJw vf]hL
c;Gt'li6 JoQm ug'{, s]xL d'n's tyf ;+:yfxn] g]kfnnfO{ lbPsf] ;xfotfsf] plrt pkof]u x'g g;s]s]f sf/0f b]vfO{
;xfotf 36fpg' jf xft lemSg'n] o; tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfngdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpg
!!!

g;Sg'df bftfxsf] kIfdf ePsf c:jfefljs k|j[ltnfO{ d'n'sn] sl7gfOsf kdf lnPsf] 5 . bftfxk|lt /x]sf] d'n'ssf]
k|d'v u'gf;fx lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

bftfxsf] k|fyldstf / g]kfnsf] /fli6o k|fyldstfsfaLrdf d]n gvfg',

sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kgfsf] cj:yf /x]sf],

bftfxsf] s'g} If]qdf clws / s'g} If]qdf Go"g ;xeflutf x'g] u/]sf],

bftf lgb]{lzt sfo{qmdxdf kof{Kt u[xsfo{ gx'g] u/]sf],

;fgf kl/of]hgfxdf 5/k:6 kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|jflxt x'g] u/]sf],

ck]lIft kdf k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] of]ubfg x'g g;s]sf],

C0fsf] kdf k|fKt x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfx /fi6sfnflu 7"nf] jf]em x'g uPsf],

;xfotf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofut zt{xn] ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf 36fPsf],

;Demf}tf e} ;s]sf] ;xfotf pknJwtfdf r':ttf cfpg ;s]sf],

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx dfkm{t cfpg] ;xof]unfO{ /fli6o gLlt, k|fyldstfdf ;d]6\g g;lsPsf],

bft[kIfn] j]nfjvt ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L g} glbO{ cfof]hgfsf] vftfdf ;f]em} /sd hDdf ug]{ u/]sf,

;xfotf vr{sf] kf/blz{tf, cg'udg d"Nof+sg, n]vf /fVg] sfo{ sdhf]/ ePsf] .

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Joa:yfkgsfnflu ePsf df}h'bf Joj:yfx M

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] plrt pkof]u u/L cfGtl/s >f]t ;fwgs]f kl/rfngsf cfwf/x dhj't u/fpgsfnflu
nfdf] ;dob]lv gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut k|of;x ePsf 5g\ . o:tf Joa:yfsf cfwf/df bftfxn] ;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbPsf 5g\ . xfn j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] Joa:yfkgsfnflu Joa:yf ePsf gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut Joa:yfx lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5g\ M

s_ gLltut Joj:yfx M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #% -!@_ df /fli6\o ljsf;sfnflu b]zdf j}b]lzs k"hL / k|ljlwnfO{
cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt ckgfpg] Joa:yf ePsf],

lqjifL{o of]hgf - @)^&.^* b]lv @)^(.&)_ df /fli6\o k|fyldstf tyf lxtsf cfwf/df ;xfotf k|:tfj ug]{,
j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng Ifdtf j9fpg], b]zsf] Jofkf/, pTkfbg tyf ;]jf If]qdf lghL k"+hLsf] k|jfx x'g
;xof]u k'Ug] u/L j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ug]{ /0fgLlt /flvPsf],

j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%( df k|To]s g+of C0fsf] ljljw k|efjjf/] ljZn]if0f ug]{, C0fsf] pkof]u pRr
k|fyldstfo'Qm cfof]hgfxdf ug],{ C0fjf6 k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf vr{ sd ul/g], u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] ;+nUgtf
j9fpg], bft[ kIfsf] e"ldsf ;xhstf{ / ;xof]uLsf kdf ljsl;t ug]{ nufotsf gLltx Joa:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

j} b ] l zs ;xfotfsf] ;dGjo tyf kl/rfng ;DjGwL pRr:t/Lo ;ldltsf] sfo{ l jlw @)^&

k]l/z 3f]if0ff kq @))% tyf cfqmf sfo{ of]hgf @))* 4f/f :yflkt l;4fGt cg'k ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug]{
sfo{df d'n'sn] ;xdlt hgfPsf] .

v_ ;+:yfut Joa:yf M

cy{ dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joa:yf ePsf]

cy{ dGqfnodf j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;dGjo dxfzfvf PsfO{sf] Joa:yf ePsf]

!!@

If]qut dGqfnoxdf cy{ dGqfnosf] kmf]snKjfOG6sf] Joa:yf ePsf] h;n] j}bl] zs ;xof]usf cfof]hgfxsf]
ljifodf cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{ u/]sf

tyf MDAC sf] lgoldt j}7sjf6 ljsf; cfof]hgfxsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf ljifodf ljZn]if0f
u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ Joa:yf ePsf]

/fli6\o of]hgf cfof]ujf6 j}b]lzs ;xof]usf cfof]hgfxsf] th'{df :jLs[lt, sfof{Gjogdf e'ldsf lgjf{x x'g]
u/]sf]

;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ / ;f] cGt/utsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfxjf6 ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ x'g] u/]sf]

NDAC

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng k|ejsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx M

g]kfndf j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] pknJwtfnfO{ j[l4 u/L cfPsf] >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]usf nflu laleGg gLltut
;fy} ;+:yfut Joa:yf ul/Psf] ePtfklg o; sfo{df /fHo ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . df}h'bf Joa:yfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{
cg's'n ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg' ;fy} ePsf gLltut Joa:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg'g} o;sf] d'Vo ;d:of ePsf] 5 .
o;sf k|d'v sf/0fx lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'nsf] ;'wfl/Psf] j}b]lzs ;xfotf Vision tyf gLlt tof/ x'g g;s]sf],

k]l/z 3f]if0ff kq @))% tyf cfqmf sfo{ of]hgf @))* 4f/f :yflkt l;4fGt cg'k ;xfotf kl/rfng
sfo{gLltx tof/ x'g g;s]sf],

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf nflu :ki6 /fli6o k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfx tof/ ug{ g;lsPsf]

;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ lgsfoxaLrsf] ;dGjo sdhf]/ ePsf]

/fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] gLltut :yfloTj sfod x'g g;s]sf]

;fgf :t/sf ;xof]u cfof]hgfxdf clNemg] k|j[lt ePsf]

;xfotf kl/rfngsfnflu If]q klxrfg u/L bftfxnfO{ If]qut ;Gt'ngtf sfod x'g] u/L Nofpg g;lsPsf]

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx dfkm{t cfpg] ;xfotfsf] Joa:yfkg k|efjsf/L u/fpg g;lsPsf]

bftfxsf] zt{xnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ jftf{, 5nkmn, ;dembf/Ldf Nofpg] Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf]

g]t[Tj Ifdtf, ;dGjo, Joa:yfkg Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf]

ljsf; cfof]hgfx ;+rfngdf :yfgLo cj/f]w ;[hgf ePsf]

lg/Gt/ ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg g;lsPsf]

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Joa:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpgsfnflu ;'emfjx M

d'ns
' jt{dfgdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ;'wf/sf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . 4G4 kZrftsf] k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgfsf
sfo{df k|z:t >f]t, ;fwgsf] nufgL ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sfnflu :yfgLo ljsf;sf
;+efjgfxnfO{ pkof]u ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}lt v8f ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cfGtl/s >f]t, ;fwg, Ifdtfdfq kof{Kt gx'g] ePsfn]
j}bl] zs ;xfotf j[l4 u/L plrt pkof]u ug]{ sfo{df ;Ifd x'g' h/L ePsf] 5 . o;sfnflu d"ntM lgDgfg';f/sf] ;'wf/sf
sfo{x ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] x'G5 M

pRr cfly{s j[l4, ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos ;fdflhs ;'wf/nfO{ k|ToIf 6]jf k'ofpg cfGtl/s >f]t ;fwgsf]
pRrtd pkof]u ug{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ ;fdlos j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]

/fli6o cfonfO{ 6]jf k'ofpg ;Sg] j[xt cfof]hgfxdf C0f nufgL ug{sfnflu pRr pTkfbgzLn cfof]hgfx
tof/ ug]{
!!#

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] nufgLsf nflu /fli6\o k|fyldstfsf If]qxsf] Plsg u/L bftfxnfO{ ;Gt'lnt kdf
nufgL ug{ pT;flxt ug]{

jx'jifL{o ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLnfo{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]

If]qut dGqfnox dfkm{t k|fh

] S] 6 tof/ u/L /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfnodf k|fh]S6 j}s
+ /xg] Joa:yf
ug]{

k|fljlws ;xfotfdf eGbf cg'bfg ;xfotftkm{ j9L s]lGb|t x'g]

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] slDtdf ^) k|ltzt /sd cfof]hgfsf] sfo{qmd nfutdf vr{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{
u/fpg]

cGt//fli6o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ g]kfnsf nflu 5'6[fOPsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ /f]s nufO{
cfkm} ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ nufpg]

k]l/; 3f]if0ffkq @))% / cfqmf sfo{of]hgf @))* sfo{fGjog ug{ sfo{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{

gLltut :yfloTj ;fy} k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf / nufj a[l4 ug]{

If]qut dGqfno, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{dGqfno jLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ sfdofjL u/fpg]

/fli6\o k|fyldstf;+u d]n gvfg] zt{ePsf ;xfotf :jLsf/ gug]{

sd{rf/Lxsf] dgf]jn, sfo{pTk|]/0ff, lhDd]jf/L lng] k|j[ltdf ;'wf/ ug]{

cfof]hgfxdf ;Ifd, k]zfut, cg'ejL g]t[Tj 5gf}6 u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx dfkm{t cfpg] ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsfnflu ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] Ifdtf, lhDd]jf/L
/ hjfkmb]xLtf k|efjsf/L u/fpg]

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkJwtf, kl/rfng, nfesf jf/]df lgoldt kdf cg'udg d"Nof+sg u/L lgoldt ;'wf/
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] .

lgisif{ M
g]kfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ jt{dfgdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ljsNk 5}g . 4G4 kZrftsf]
hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] j9\bf] dfu ;fy} 4G4sf qmddf Wj:t ePsf k"jf{wf/ Pj+ ljlu|Psf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] k'glgdf{0f /
k'g:yfkgfsfnflu d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s >f]t dfq kof{Kt x'g g;Sg] cj:yf :ki6 5 . g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmof ;fy} cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf bft[ d'n's Pj+ ;:yfxsf] rf;f] / ;xeflutf pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; Pj+
;Dj[l4 PSnf] k|of;jf6 dfq ;+ej x'bg} . ljZj kl/j]zdf ljsf;sf] ult;+u} ljsf; ePsf k|ljlw, z}nL, ;xsfo{nfO{ cfTd;ft
ug'{ h/L x'G5 . ljsf;sf] k|lt:kwf{df g]kfnsf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ g} /x]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ljZj ;d'bfo;+usf] ;xof]u,
;dGjo, ;xsfo{ d'n'ssf] ljsf;sfnflu ckl/xfo{ cfwf/ xf] . To;}n] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] j[l4, lg/Gt/tf / plrt pkof]u
ug'{ d'ns
' sf] k|dv
' r'gf}lt ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{df ;kmntf xfl;n ug{sfnflu bftfx / ;/sf/ jLrsf] ;dGjo, ;dembf/L
/ ;xsfo{nfO{ dhj't u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sfnflu d'n'sn] bL3{sflng ;f]r ;lxtsf] :ki6 df}lns gLlt, /0fgLlt
tof/ ug'{ h/L 5 . o;/L tof/ x'g] gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, lhDd]jf/L /
hjfkmb]xLnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . o;sfnflu /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs g]tT[ j aLrsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ dhj't
u/fpg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

!!$

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj

*Zofds'df/ e/fO{

;f/f+z

e]fu} f]lns kdf 5l/Psf] km/lsnf] ljZjnfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] PsfO{df kfGt/0f ug]{ cleofgnfO{ ljZjJofkLs/0f eGg ;lsG5
. ljZjsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns e"efudf 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg dfgj ;d'bfo / ltgsf efiff, ;F:s[lt, ;fdflhs, wfld{s,
g}lts d"No dfGotf, ljrf/wf/f, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f, /fhgLlts cfly{s ;+/rgf Pjd\ 9fFrf h:tf cjojx Psfk;df
3'nldn x'g] / PsLs[t kdf Pp6f cvl08t ;dfhsf kdf kfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmofsf] gfd xf] ljZjJofkLs/0f .
ljZjJofkLs/0f :jo+Dff cgj/tkdf hf/L /xg] Ps k|lqmof dfq xf] kl/0ffd xf]Og . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /fli6o ;+/If0f
/ cg'bfgsf] lj/f]w ug]{ ePsf]n] ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 ljz]if u/L ljsf;sf] b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf b]zxdf ;+s6 cfFpg],
ul/jx emg ul/j x'b} hfg], u|fdL0f pBf]ux w/f;oL x'g,] 3/]n' pTkfbgx K|flt:kwf{ ug{ g;s]/ gfl;P/ hfg] h:tf
;d:of cfpg] atfOG5 . ;a} ljifosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ lhDdf ahf/nfO{ 5f]l8lbFbf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ;d:of kg]{,
/fli6o ljsf;, /fli6o rfv, ;dflhs sNof0f, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljifox K|fefljt x'g] ;Defjgf
/xG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts cy{zf:qLxn] b'O{ wf/] t/jf/ eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ljZjJoj:yfaf6 cnu /xL lg/k]If
kdf cfKfm\gf] ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngaf6 dfq /fli6o cy{tGq / ljsf;sf ;"rsnfO{ pNn]Vokdf j[l4 ug{
;lsb}g . rfx]/ jf grfx]/ cj g]kfn klg ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxaf6 aflx/ /xg ;Sb}g . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]
;b:o e};s]sf] / v'nf tyf pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf c+lusf/ ul/x]s]f kl/b[Zodf cjsf] g]kfnn] cfkm"nfO{ ljZj ahf/df
k|lt:kwf{sf kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/nfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGt;Fu
d]n vfg] u/L clws pkof]u u/L cfkm"nfO{ ;Dd[4 agfpg ;Sg] cgGt ;Defjg /x]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf] ;DefjgfnfO{
oyfy{df kfGt/0f ug{ k|f/lDes lbgxdf cfkm"nfO{ ;jn ;Ifd pTkfbgzLntf u'0f:t/Lo / k|ltkwL{sf] kdf ljsf;
ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

k|f/DeM
Globalization is a process in which social life within societies is increasingly affected by international
influences based on everything from political and trade ties to shared music, clothing styles and mass media.
Perhaps the most powerful from of globalization is economic, in which planning and control expand from
relatively narrow focus. Such as a single firm doing business on a regional or international basis to a board
global focus in which the entire world serves as a source of labor, raw material and market. Blackwell
Dictionary of Sociology

ljZjJofkLs/0f eg]sf] ljrf/, ;fdu|L / ;]jf (Ideas, goods & services) sf] v'nf k|jfx xf] . ;"rgf;~rf/, cy{, k|ljlw
/ ljrf/x (Information, economy, technology and ideas) o;sf k|d'v tTjx x'g\ hf] /fli6o ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f
eGbf aflx/ (Beyond the control of national government) kb{5g\ . e]f}uf]lns kdf 5l/Psf] km/flsnf] ljZjnfO{ Pp6f
l;+uf] PsfO{df kfGt/0f ug]{ cleofgnfO{ ljZjJofkLs/0f eGg ;lsG5 h;n] ljZjsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns e"efudf 5l/P/
/x]sf ljleGg dfgj ;d'bfo / ltgsf efiff, ;F:s[lt, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, g}lts d"No dfGotf, ljrf/wf/f, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f,
/fhgLlts cfly{s ;+/rgf Pjd\ 9fFrf h:tf cjojx Psfk;df 3'nldn x'g] / PsLs[t kdf Pp6f cvl08t ;dfhsf
kdf kfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmofsf] gfd xf] ljZjJofkLs/0f . ljZjJofkLs/0f :jo+Dff cgj/tkdf hf/L /xg] Ps k|lqmof
- process_ dfq xf] kl/0ffd - Final product _ xf]Og . lgZro g} ljZjJofkLs/0f ax'cfoflds ljz]iftfn] ;';lHht ;femf
ljZjsf] kl/sNkgf xf] . v'nf cy{tGq, pbf/ cy{Joj:yf, k|lt:kwf{Tds sfo{z}nL, eG;f/ z'Nssf] s6f}lt / lj:yfkg, ljZj
Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] Jofks lj:tf/, If]qLo cy{ Joj:yf / ;femf d'b|fsf] cjwf/0ff ljZjJofkLs/0fsf pkh g} x'g\ . ljz]if
u/L ljZjJofKfLs/0f k|lqmofsf] lj:tf/df k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng] dxTjk"0f{ kIfxnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd ;"rLs/0f ug]{ ul/G5 4M
pk;lrj, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

*
2Blackwell

Dictionary of Sociology

gj/fh bfxfn,ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofM /fHo, sfg'g tyf Gofosf If]qdf o;sf] k|efj Ps rrf{, Gofok|zf;gsf cfofdx?, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^!, k[= ^&$

4Sanjaya Kunar Khanal, Local Futures in Globalization and Peripheral States, CAMAD, vol. 6, issue 11, Centre for Administration,
Management and Development, Kathmandu, 2060, pp 43\44

!!%

!= zlQm / k"FhLsf] k|jfx x'G5 .

@= ljZjJoj:yfdf ljQLo s]Gb|Lotf sfod /xG5 .
#= cGt/b]zLo pTkfbg / ahf/ k|jWf{gsf] cj:yf cfpFb5 .
$= ;dsfnLg ljZj ;dfhdf ;~rf/ hutsf] e"ldsf clej[l4 x'G5 .
%=ljZjJofkLkdf 1fg / ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
^=;LdfljxLgkdf k" F h L, 1fg,pTkfbg k2lt, ;~rf/ / k| l jlwsf] pRRftd kl/rfng ul/G5 .
&= zf;sLo k4ltdf ljleGg txxsf] l;h{gf x'G5 / sltko cj:yfdf sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf jf vlK6Psf] cj:yf
klg /xG5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] rl/q lrq0f ub}{ 8f= uf]ljGbaxfb'/ yfkf n]V5g\M
ljZjJofkLs/0fn] d'ns
' d'ns
' aLrsfsf] ef}uf]lns l;dfgfnfO{ uf}0f agfFpb5 . d'ns
' d'ns
' aLrsf] ef}uf]lns l;dfgfn] a:t',
;]jf, k"FhL k|ljlw / hgzlQmsf] k|jfxnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}g . l;dfgfxdf x'g] oL s'/fxsf] cfjfudgnfO{ ;s];Dd ;lhnf], l56f]
/ sd vlr{nf] jgfOG5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 . ;fdfgx cfoft lgof{t ug]{,
e"QmfgL lng] lbg], Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fFpdf k"FhL k|jfx ug]{ h:tf sfo{x klxn] hlt sl7g, vlr{nf / ;do nfUg] cj:yf
clxn] 5}g . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;fdfgsf] 9'jfgLnfO{ l56f] ;'/lIft / sd vlr{nf] agfPsf] 5 . j}+ls tyf ljQLo
If]qsf ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ / gofF gofF pks/0fxsf] cflj:sf/n] e'QmfgL lng] lbg] / k"h
F Lsf] k|jfx ug]{ sfdnfO{ cToGt ;xh,
l56f] / sd vlr{nf] jgfPsf] 5 . ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] rdTsfl/s ljsf;n] klg ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofPsf] 5 .5

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjnDjgaf6 s]xL ljz]if If]qxdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw / cj;/x k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ . tL dWo]
s]xL o;k|sf/ 5g\M
-s_
ljrf/xsf] ;xh pknAwtf (Access to ideas)
-v_
;"rgfsf] ;xhtf (Access to information)
-u_
k|ljlw;Ddsf] kx'Fr (Access to technology)
-3_
;|f]t ;fwg ;Ddsf] kx'Fr (Access to resources)

ljZjJofkLs/0fn]

/fli6o ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofpFb5 . (It is important for national development)
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg ;3fp k'ofpFb5 . (It assists for raising the living standards of people)
ljZjJofkLs/0fn] /fli6o rl/qdf k|hftflGqs Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . (Expect democratic behavior)
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] kIfkf]if0f u5{ . (Guarantee of human rights)
/fli6o ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkxnfO{ ;Lldt /fli6o lgoGq0f eGbf dfly /fVb5 (Prefer peace and the

policies of denationalization and deregulation of development activities)

sdhf]/ ;Lk, ;|f]t ;fwg / k|ljlwsf] sf/0f ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6x ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 emg\ sdhf]/ eOG5 egL ql;t klg
/x]sf 5g\ . cljsl;t b]zxsf afdkGyL, ;dfhzf:qL tyf cy{zf:qLx ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ /fli6o ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf]
cltqmd0f (Encroachment of national sovereignty ) 7fGb5g\ .
6

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf kIfkftLxsf] ts{ 5 o;n],

-s_
-v_

If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u k|j4{g ub{5 . (Promotes regional and international co-operation.)
ljZjJofkL pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ . (Facilitates to improve the global production

process)

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf nflu k"j{ zt{xM

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu s'g} klg /fi6sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf7 x'g' kb{5 / To:tf] Ifdtf
b]xfosf cfwf/df klxrfg ul/G5M

8f= uf]ljGbaxfb'/ yfkf, ljZjJofkLs/0f / o;sf] c;/, gjLgtd k|zf;lgs b[ll6sf]0fx?, -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^$, k[ !$

6 lack of adequate skill, resources and technology

!!^

-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_

pTkfbg / ahf/sf] nrstf (Production & market flexibility)

;"rgf k|jfxsf] cj:yf (Information Flow)
jfl0fHo Jofkf/sf nflu pko'Qm sfg"gL ;/rgf (Adequate legal framework for business and commerce)
bIf hgzlQm (Skilled human resources)
Joj:yfkgsf] gjLg cjwf/0ffsf] cjnDag (Adoption of modern style of management)

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf /0fgLltxM
M

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf hgfpgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf /0fgLltx cnjDag ug{ ;Sg' kb{5
-s_
cfly{s ultzLntfsf] k|j4{g (Nurturing economic dynamism)
-v_
;"rgfsf] :jtGq k|jfx (Free flow of information)
-u_
z} l Ifs tyf Joj;flos ;Lksf] clej[ l 4 (Enhancing educational and professional skills)
-3_
k|ljlwut ;Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 (Enhancing management confidence)
-_
Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtfsf] clej[ l 4 ( E n h a n c i n g m a n a g e m e n t c a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g )
-r_
Jofkfl/s ljZj;gLotfsf] ljsf; (Developing business confidence)
-5_
cfly{s If]qsf] ljsf; (Developing economic sector Development)
-h_
If] q Lo tyf cGt/f{ l i6 o ;DaGwsf] ljsf; (Developing regional and international relation)

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf cfofdxM

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] v'nf cy{tGqsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . o;sf k|d'v tLg cfofdx x'G5g\ / tL cfofdx ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 Pscsf]{df cfj4 x'G5g\ .

cGt/{fli6o Jofkf/sf nflu v'nfkg (Openness to international trade)

cGt/{fli6o nufgLsf nflu v'nfkg -Openness for international investment).

cGt/{fli6o ljQsf nflu v'nfkg -Openness for international finance).

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf k|d'v kIfnfO{ b]xfosf] lrqaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M

Competitive strength of nation

!!&

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] b|'ttfn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] cjsf] ljZj Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFdf kl/0ft x'Fb}5 .
zLt o'4sf] ;dflKt kl5 ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofn] ultlzntf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] .
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] of] cleofg G-7 -ljsl;t ;ft b] z x_ sf] ;+ / IfsTjdf ;~rflnt 5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] of] k|jfxdf cGt/f{li6o d'bf| sf]if (IMF), ljZj a}s
+ (World Bank) , ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO)
k|d'v dfWodx x'g\ .
GATT sf] pUj] /fp08kl5 cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd, tyf jf}l4s ;Dkltsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffn] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 .

sd ljsl;t d'n'sdf ljZjJofkLs/0fn] kfg]{ k|efj

ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofsf] ;a} eGbf cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] kIf eg]sf] o;n] sdhf]/ / ul/j d'ns
' xnfO{ gsf/fTds
k|efj kfb{5 eGg] g} xf] . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /fli6o ;+/If0f / cg'bfgsf] lj/f]w ug]{ ePsf]n] ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 ljz]if u/L
ljsf;sf] b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf b]zXdf ;+s6 cfFpg], ul/jx emg ul/j x'b} hfg], u|fdL0f pBf]ux w/f;oL x'g], 3/]n'
pTkfbgx K|flt:kwf{ ug{ g;s]/ gfl;P/ hfg] h:tf ;d:of cfpg] atfOG5 . ;a} ljifosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ lhDdf ahf/nfO{
5f]l8lbFbf ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ;d:of kg]{, /fli6o ljsf;, /fli6o rfv, ;dflhs sNof0f, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf ljifox K|fefljt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts cy{zf:qLxn] b'O{wf/] t/jf/ eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
t/ ljZjJoj:yfaf6 cnu/xL lg/k]If kdf cfKfm\gf] ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngaf6 dfq /fli6o cy{tGq / ljsf;sf
;"rsnfO{ pNn]Vokdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsb}g . d'n
' s
' nfO{ ;Dd[l4tkm{ pGd'v agfpgsf nflu ;dli6ut cfly{s :yL/tf / :yfloTj
cfjZos kg]{ ts{;Fu c;xt x'g sl7g 5 . To;}n] ul/j / sdhf]/ d'n'sxn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;fd]n x'g
k f] l n;L Kofs] h sf] kdf b] x fosf ljifonfO{ ;Djf] w g ug' { kg] { cfjZostf cf} N ofpg] ul/G5 M 8
!= art / nufgLnfO{ k|T;flxt ug{ ;dli6ut cfly{s l:y/tf / :yfloTj
@= j}b]lzs Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs nufgL a9fpg alxd{'vL cfly{s gLlt
#= cfGtl/s ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/
$= ;'zf;g / dha't ;+:yfut Joj:yf
%=pTkfbsTj a9fpg lzIff, k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgdf hf]8
^= lbuf] ljsf;sf lgldQ kof{Kt ljQLo ;fwgsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg afXo qm[0fsf] plrt Joj:yfkg
To;}u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns
' xnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf cfj4 x'g ljsl;t d'ns
' xn] klg lgDg b'O{ tl/sfn] ;xof]u
k'ofpg' kg]{ 8f= yfkfsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . 9
s_ ljsl;t d'n'sn] sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf pTkfbgx cfkm\gf] ahf/df lgjf{w kdf k|j]z ug{ lbg' kb{5, tfsL sd
ljsl;t d'n'sxn] k|fylds a:t'sf] ;f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx lgof{t ug{ ;s"g .
v_ ljsl;t d'n'sxn] sd ljsl;t d'n'sxdf cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf lghL If]qsf] k"FhL k|jfx ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 .

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] Pp6f k"j{ zt{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f xf] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f k"hLjfbL Joj:yfsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . o;n]
;/sf/sf] ;xhsf/L e"ldsfsf] dfq jsfnt ub{5 . Pp6f v'nf tyf pbf/ ;dfhdf Joltm cfkm\gf] hLjg -life_, :jtGqtf
-liberty_ / pGglt k|lt ;w}+ ;r]t /xG5 . csf]{ zJbdf pbf/ ;dfhdf JolTfmsf tLg cf]6f clwsf/x g};lUf{s /xG5g\ .
oL clwsf/df s;}n,] ;/sf/n] klg x:tIf]k ub}{g . Joltmsf] hLjg :jtGqtf / pGgltk|lt s;}n] cf3ft k'ofpg vf]Hof]
eg] To:tf] cf3ft k'ofpg]af6 ;'/Iff kfpg Joltmxn] gful/s ;dfh -civil society_ sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ . ;/sf/
log} ;Eo ;dfh dWo]sf] Pp6f x'g ;S5 . To;}n] k"hL+jfbL Joj:yfdf ;/sf/n] h] sfd ul/lbcf];\ eg]/ hgtfn] eg]sf
x'G5g\ Toltdfq ub{5 cGo ug{ kfpb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ cfkm} klg cu|;/ - pro active_ x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/n]
ul/jL 36fFp5' egL wgLaf6 vf];/] ul/jnfO{ lbg klg ;Sb}g . a Joltmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf / pGgltsf] /Iff ug{ ;/sf/n]
;]gf, k|x/L Pjd\ cbfntsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 . 10
8

8f= uf]ljGbaxfb'/ yfkf, ljZjJofkLs/0f / o;sf] c;/, gjLgtd k|zf;lgs b[ll6sf]0fx?, -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^$, k[ !^

!!*

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf k|lqmofdf kfFr :k];xM

cy{zf:qL ch'{g cKKffw'/fO{ (Arjun Appdurai) n] ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofsf kfFr If]qx ;"rLs/0f u/]sf 5g\
h;nfO{ ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofsf kfFr :k];x eGg] ul/G5 . 11
!=
k|ljlwsf] ar{:j (Techno spaces)
@=
hftLo ljljwtf (Ethno spaces)
#=
cfly{s ;'netf (Finance spaces)
$=
;~rf/ ;~rfng (Media spaces)
%=
1fgsf] ;LdfxLgtf (Ideo spaces)

ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofsf k|d'v ljz]iftfxM

;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+3sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; / cg';Gwfg ;+:yf (UNRISD) n] ;g\ !((% df ;DkGg u/]sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf
nflu ljZj ;Dd] n gn] ljZjJofkLs/0f k| l qmofsf] b] x fosf ^ cf] 6 f k| d ' v ljz] i ftfx klxNofPsf] 5M
!_
k|hftGqsf] lj:tf/ (Spread of democracy)
@_
ahf/sf] lgoGq0f (Dominance of market forces)
#_
ljZj cy{Joj:yfsf] PsLs/0f (Integration of the global economy)
$_
pTkfbg k|0ffnL / >d ahf/sf] kfGt/0f (Transmission of production systems and labour market)
%_
b|'tkdf x'g] k|ljlwsf] kl/jt{g (Speed of technological change)
^_
;~rf/ hutdf ePsf] ce'tk"j{ k|ult (Media resolution)
&_
pkef]Qmfjfb (Consumerism)
sf]kgx]ugdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;f] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfsf] ljj]rgf ;d]t
u/]s]f lyof] . lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{sf nflu gofF cj;/sf] kdf o;nfO{ lnOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;f] ;Dd]ngdf
;3g ul/jLsf] cj:yf, a]/f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs jv08g / aftfj/0fLo hf]lvdnfO{ r'gf}tLsf] kdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

ax'/f{li6o sDkgLn] kfg]{ c;/ / k|efjxM

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] afxssf] kdf /x]sf ax'/fli6o sDkgLxn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6df kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ b]xfosf]
tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
! k"FhL{ leq\ofpg]

;s/fTds

gs/fTds
! e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf k|efj kg]{ .

@ Kf|ljlw leq\ofpg]

@ :yfgLo ahf/df k|efljt x'g] .

# Joj:yfksLo ;Lk leq\ofpg]

# k/Dk/fut pTkfbgx? nf]k x'g] .

$ ljb]zL ahf/df kxF'r x'g]

$ ;Lldt ?kdf dfq k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f x'g]

% /fhZjdf a[l4 x'g]

% cg'ko'Qm jf k/LIf0f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g] .

^ k/DKf/fut d'No dfGotf / ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg]

^ cfly{s ;Ifdf 36fpg] cfl>t agfpg] .

9 P}hg k[i7 !&

108f= ef]nfgfy rfln;], g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df v'nf Pjd\ pbf/ gLltx ck|sflzt sfo{kqaf6
11lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf]; M Arjun Appadurai,Disjuncture and Differencein the Global Cultural Economy, Global Cultute, Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity
(Edited by Mike Featherstone), Sage Publications, London, 2000

!!(

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ofqfdf g]kfnsf k|of;xM

aGb cy{ Joj:yfaf6 ljsl;t g]kfnsf] cfly{s /fhgLlts cj:yf qmdzM v'nfkg tkm{ cu|;/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj=;= @)$& ;fn eGbf cufl8sf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt h;/L aGb cj:yfdf ;~rflnt lyof], cy{ Joj:yf klg 7Ls To;s}
cg's/0f ul///x]sf] lyof] . ;don] afWotfk"j{s kf/]sf] k|efj :jk ;'wf/sf] yfngL ;Dd ePsf] lyof] . t/ /fhgLlts
kl/jt{g ;Fu} zf;g Joj:yfdf kl5Nnf] ;oddf cfP/ cy{ Joj:yfn] /fhgLltnfO{ lgb]l{ zt u/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf]
of] ofqfdf cfO k'Ubf ;Dd g]kfnn] cjnDjg u/]sf] ;'wf/sf sbdxnfO{ sfnv08ut kdf b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
!_

;Lldt ef/tLo Jofkf/Lxsf] k|j]z -k~rfot k"j{_

@_

;dfhjfbL 9fFrfsf] cy{ Joj:yf -k~rfot sfn_

#_

lj=;= @)#* ;fndf j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g P]g hf/L .

$_

cf7f} + of] h gf 4f/f cfly{ s v' n fkgsf] gLlt :jLsf/, lghL If] q sf] ;xof] u L e" l dsfsf] ck] I ff .

%_

gjf} of]hgf / bzf} of]hgfn] klg cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ c+lusf/ .

^_

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] /fHosf gLlt cGtu{t j}b]lzs k'hL / k|ljlw cfslif{t ug]{ gLltsf] 3f]if0ff,
@)^# sf] ;+ljwfg4f/f ;f] gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf .

&_

@)%* ;fndf j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g hf/L .

*_

;fkm\6fsf ;b:otf, ljd:6]ssf] ;b:o .

(_

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf .

!)_

cf} B f] l us tyf jfl0fHo gLltn] v' n fkg / pbf/ cfly{ s Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug] { k| o f; .

!!_

tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf4f/f k|lt:kwf{Tds cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/ / lghLIf]qsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly e/f];f .

!@_

a}+ls, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cfd;~rf/sf] If]qdf nrstf .

!#-

lgdf{0f ;~rfng tyf x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL gLlt th{'df .

!$_

nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf nflu cfly{s s'6gLltsf] k|of]u .

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] g]kfndf kf/]sf] k|efjM

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfn klg c5'tf] /x]g . ljz]if u/L cGt/f{li6o d'bf| sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf ;g\ !(*%*(
cjlwdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] stabilization program o; k|lqmofdf g]kfnsf] k|ToIf kdf rflnPsf] klxnf] kfOnf (Ice break)
lyof] . To;sf] ;fy ;fy} cGt/f{li6o d'bf| sf]if / ljZj j}s
+ sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd ( Structural
Adjustment Programme SAP), ;g\ !(() kl5 To;sf] pQ/flwsf/sf] kdf cfPsf] Enchanced Structural Adjustment
Facility (ESAF), ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf -!(& cf}+ /fi6sf] kdf_, ;fkm\6fsf] ;b:otf, ljd:6s k|ltsf] cfj4tf,
af}l4s ;Dklt clwsf/ nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hx k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf, g]kfnnfO{ ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|jfxdf
n}hfg] d'Vo Ph]08fx X'g\ . alnofn] w]/} lng] / sdhf]/n] yf]/} kfpg] k|lt:kwf{sf] k'/ftg lgod oxfF clxn] klg plQs}
;fGble{s /x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub}{ /fhgLltzf:qsf k|fWofks 8f=
/fds'df/ bfxfn n]V5g\M
The globalization process has led the Nepalese society towards materialization; economy towards
transnationalization; state towards marketization; citizens towards capitalization; middle class towards
vulgarization (through fashions and so on) ; upper class towards extreme materialization and denationalization;
and the lower class towards brutalization and exploitation (as nearly 70 percent of the people live below poverty
line). The process of globalization also reinvented the notion of governance in Nepal making the bureaucracy

!@)

drift towards debereaucratization and demoralization; political leaders towards corruption; national resources
towards regionalization and internationalization; non political identities towards extreme polarization; society
towards demassification; ethnic groups towards compartmentalization and stomization. The sentiments of love,
affection, nationalism and patriotism have become weak, so have the democratic values and culture. As a result,
the majorities of the powerless citizens feels loss of their civic power and increasingly question whether their
civic competence affects the functioning of government. The mega projects, often criticized as White Elephants
and urban centred development strategies, as advocated by BWIs and donor countries, have failed to bring
the rural poor into main stream of the globalization process. 12

cljsl;t /fi6sf] kdf /x]s]f g]kfnn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ef]uL/x]sf ;d:of / To;sf] k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut kdf
b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

;sf/fTds k|efj
!_

cfw'lgs lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

@_

:jf:Yo tyf lzIffsf] If]qdf pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 .

#_

oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ;'wf/fTds sfd ePsf 5g\ .

$_

j}b]lzs pTkfbg;Dd g]kfnsf] kx'r :yflkt ePsf] 5 rfx] Tof] pRr ju{df dfq lsg gxf];\ .

%_

k'FhL knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sg] s]xL k|of; ePsf] 5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] afxssf] kdf /x]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|of]uaf6 g]kfndf cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr /x]sf]],
lgof{t j[l4 ePsf], afXo /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x l;h{gf ePsf],] /]ld6]G;af6 k"h
F L lelqPsf],] xjfO{ tyf cGo oftfoft, :jf:Yo
, lzIffb]lv a}+ls tyf ljQLo If]qnufotsf Joj;fo / ;]jf km:6fPsf]], ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL pkof]u x'g uPsf], ljb]zL
nufgLstf{xsf] nufgL cfslif{t eO{ pBf]u, ko{6g, hn;|f]tnufotsf If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL a9]sf], /fh:j kl/rfngdf
j[l4 ePsf], ah]6 3f6fdf sdL cfPsf], cfly{s :yfloTj sfod x'g ;s]sf], cy{tGq k|lt:kwf{d'vL x'b} uPsf]], ul/jLsf]
cg'kftdf lu/fj6 nufotsf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] l6KKf0fL ug]{ ul/G5 . 13
gsf/fTds k|efjx
!_

g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|of;df o;n] gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .

@_

Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\bf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .

#_

e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng x'g ;s]s]f 5}g .

$_

klZrd ;+s[ltsf] k|efj a9\bf] 5 / xfd|f] df}lns ;+:s[lt cf]em]ndf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 .

%_

wgL / ul/jaLrsf] vf8n a9\b} uPsf] 5 . lugL sf] Olkm;]G6 )=#$ af6 )=$@ k'Ug' o;}sf] k|df0f xf] .

^_

xfd|f df}lns ;Dkbf / ;+:s[lt lj:yflkt x'Fb}5g\ .

&_

JolQmafbL bz{gsf] cEo'bo x'Fb}5 . ;xsfl/tfsf] efjgf x/fpb}5 .

*_

k|ltdf knfogn] /fi6 lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] r"gf}tL NofPsf] 5 .

(_

h}ljs ljljwtfsf] clws bf]xg ePsf] 5 .

!)_

;xfotf / ;xof]usf gfddf bftfxn] zf;gdf x:tIf]k u/]sf 5g\ .

!!_

ljsl;t / zlQm ;DkGg b]zx k|ltsf] cfl>tkgdf cem j[l ePsf] 5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efjn] g]kfndf ;sf/fTds eGbf gsf/fTds c;/ a9L k/]sf] dflgG5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf

12

Ram Kumar Dahal, Impact of Globalization on Nepalese Polity, Impact of Globalization in Nepal, (Edited by Madan Kumar Dahal), Nepal Foundation
for Advanced Studies (NEFAS) Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES), 2005, P.60

!@!

yk hf]lvd / ptf/ r9fjaf6 u'hs

]| f], cfly{s j[l4b/ qmdzM Go"g x'b} uPsf], Jofkf/ ;"rs gsf/fTds /x]sf], pBf]u If]qsf
gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf], /fhwfgL s]lGb|t cg'Tkfbs / k"h
F Lsf] ;3g nufgLn] ;Lldt ju{ dfq nfeflGjt ePsf], /f]huf/Lsf]
l;h{gf x'g g;s]sf], nufgL / ufx{:y artdf 7"nf] cGt/ a9\b} uPsf], cy{tGqsf] k/lge{/tfdf j[l4 ePsf], lgof{tsf] c+z
a9\b} uO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f wfGg] g;Sg] u/L j[l4 ePsf], ljb]zL ;xfotk|ltsf] clws lge{/tf, cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] d"No j[l4,
ahf/df Psflwsf/ / sf6]{lnn] k|f]T;fxg kfPsf], lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf Jofkf/Ls/0f eO{ cfdhgtfsf] kx'Fr 36\b} uPsf],
sldzg / e|i6frf/ pGd'v s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf / ah]6 k|0ffnLn] ul/jL / a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofnfO{ ljsf/fn agfPsf], lg/Gt/
kdf d"No j[l4 eO/x]sf], ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxsf] lghLs/0fn] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg g;s]sf] h:tf gsf/fTds c;/
k/]sf] dflgG5 . 14

g]kfnn] kmfObf lng g;Sg'sf sf/0fxM

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff zAbdf hlt /fd|f] 5 . Tolt /fd|f] Jojxf/df x'g ;s]g . ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]zxdf o;n] k[[yd k[ys k|efj kfof] . o;sf] cjwf/0ffut ljz]iftfsf] kdf h] a'lemPsf] lyof] cGttM k|efj To:t}
/x\of] . kl/0ffdtM wlg emg\ wlg eP ul/j emg\ emg\ ul/j . ul/jL leq klg x:tIf]k / clf>tkgsf] 8/nfUbf] dxfdf/L g}
b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkLs/0fsf nfeflGjt x'g g;Sg'df b]xfosf sf/0fx lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
!_

g]kfnsf] e"agf]6, e"kl/j]li7t cj:yf

@_

pTkfbgzLntfsf] cefj .

#_

bIf / ;Lko'Qm dfgj ;|f]tsf] cefj .

$_

sdhf]/ cfwf/zLnf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] cefj .

%_

uxg cfly{s cl:y/tf .

^_

/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, gLltut cl:y/tf / c;Ifdtf

&_

:jfy{k/s, JolQmk/s, b[li6sf]0f .

K"fj{ cy{ dGqL 8f= /fdz/0f dxtsf] ljrf/df cfhsf] e"d08nLs[t ljZjdf Pp6f /fi6sf] ;d[l4 p;n] bIftfk"js
{
s;/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;S5 / ljZjJofkL ahf/df ljlqm ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf lge{/ ub{5 . g]kfn h:tf]
;Lldt cfGtl/s ahf/ /x]sf] ;fgf] / ul/j /fi6sf nflu /fli6o cfo / cfly{s ;d[l4 a9fpg lgof{t If]qnfO{ ;'b0[ f u/fpg'
emg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds / pTkfbgzLn ag]/ dfq of] ;Dej x'G5 . pTkfbg Ifdtf eg]sf] sf/f]jf/ nfut, k|ljlw,
Joj:yfkg, >d ;Ifdtf / ;du| Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f nufotsf ljleGg tTjxsf] kl/0ffd xf] . 15 of] ;Ifdtf clej[l4
gu/] ; Dd g] k fn ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ljsl;t Joj:yfaf6 nfeflGjt x' g ;Sg] cj:yf /x] s f] 5} g .

pk;+xf/M
ljZjJofkLs/0f ;fF3'/f] 3]/faf6 v'nf / km/flsnf] ljZj Joj:yf tkm{ kfGt/0f x'g] dxTjk"0f{ k|oTg xf] . o;n]
;LdfljxLg kf/:kl/stf / cGt/lge{/tfsf] kIfdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofpb5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] km}nfj6, uxgtf, ult / k|efjf/f
;fdflhs cfly{s ;+/rgfdf kfGt/0fsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . zLt o'4sf] cGTo, ;fDojfbL zf;g Joj:yfsf] c;kmntf, lj1fg
/ k|ljlwsf] If]qdf EfPsf] pRrtd ljsf; / ;fdflhs cfly{s ;DjGw / ;F:s[ltdf cfPsf] pbf/jfbL kl/jt{gn] ljZjJofkLs/0f
wgL ul/j ;a}sf] ;femf ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ pbfpbf] ljZjJoj:yfsf] pkh 16 sf] kdf lng] ul/G5 . t/ o;n] ;a}
b]zdf ;a} If]qdf ;w}F ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg ;Sb}g egL cfnf]rgf klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] cfkm}df hl6n lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
/ ax'cfoflds rl/qsf] x'g] tL cfnf]rsxsf] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgZro g} ljZjJofkLs/0fn] gsf/fTds k|efj dfq
kfg] { xf] O g, o;sf ;sf/fTds kIfx klg /x] s f 5g\ . t/ Tof] pkef] Q mfsf] ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x' G 5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] km}nfj6 ljB'tLo ultdf 5 / o;sf] k|efjaf6 zf;g Joj:yfsf x/]s kIfx Kf|efljt ag]sf
5g\ . k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxL / lhDd]jf/Ldf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] ;+/If0fjfbL e"ldsf cj
;xhstf{, pTk|/] s / lgodssf] kdf kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . t/ hlt;'s} v'nf Joj:yfsf] jsfnt ul/Psf] eP klg ;'zf;g
13 8f= l8NnL/fh vgfn,g]kfndf gjpbf/jfbsf] gLltsf] cjnDjg / g]kfnL cy{tGq, k/fu -/fh:j ljz]iff+s_, g]kfn /fli6o sd{rf/L ;+u7g, lghfdtL ljefuLo ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, @)^^.^& k[i7 $.%
14 P]hg k[i7 &

!@@

jf c;n zf;gsf] :yfkgfaf6 s'g} klg /fHo k5fl8 x6\g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
pRrtd kl/rfng,sdhf]/ lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{Gf tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf ;fy;fy}
;fj{hlgs If}qsf] :fIfdtf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj cem} klg /fHo ;Fu} /x]sf] 5 , rfx] tL ljsl;t x'g\ jf ljsf;f]Gd'v
.hgtfsf] clwstd lxt x'g] sfo{df /fHosf] ;+nUgtfsf] s'g} e/kb]f{ ljsNksf]\ ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf]
k|aGw,cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yosf] k|Tofe"lt, ;dflhs ;'/Ifsf] Joj:yfkg, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg / /fli6o df}lns ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0f ug]{ tyf /fli6o lxtsf] pGgog ug]{ sfo{af6 s'g} klg /fHo jf ;/sf/ k5fl8 ;g{ ldNb}g . To;}u/L hgtfsf
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ / /fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt s'g} klg ;Eo /fi6sf] k|fylds st{Jo g} xf] . k|hftflGqs
kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; / ;dGoflos ljt/0f o;sf] Pp6f lj;{g} gldNg] kf6f]sf] Kfdf /x]sf]5 . csf]{ tkm{ ;jn gful/s ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu pgLxsf] ;zQmLs/0f / ;jnLs/0f tyf ;Ifd lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xhLs/0f To;s} csf]{ kf6f]
xf] . 17
rfx]/ jf grfx]/ klg cj g]kfn ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxaf6 aflx/ /xg ;Sb}g . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]
;b:o e};s]sf] / v'nf tyf pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf c+lusf/ ul/x]sf] kl/b[Zodf cjsf] g]kfnn] cfkm"nfO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{sf
kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/nfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGt;Fu d]n vfg] u/L
clws pkof]u u/L cfkm"nfO{ ;Dd[4 agfpg ;Sg] cgGt ;Defjg /x]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf] ;DefjgfnfO{ oyfy{df kdfGt/0f
ug{ k|f/lDes lbgxdf cfkm"nfO{ ;jn ;Ifd pTkfbglzntf u'0f:t/Lo / k|ltkwL{sf] kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf]
k"j{zt{sf] kdf >d ahf/sf] k|j4{g, ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g, /fi6k|ltsf] ;+/If0f, ug{ ;Sg'
kb{5 . /fhgLlt l:y/tf a]u/ cfly{s :yfloTj cfpg ;Sb}g . cfly[s :yfloTj gcfO{ cfly{s ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . cfly{s
ljsf; geO{ u'0f:t/Lo / k|lt:kwL{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFbg} . ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg ;lsb}g . k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ljZjJofkLs/0fsf]
k|jfxdf hfg] k|fylds cfjZostf xf] . oL cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1.

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x, ;f]kfg dfl;s sf7df8f,}+ @)^^

2.

8f= ef]nfgfy rfln;], g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df v'nf Pjd\ pbf/ gLltx ck|sflzt sfo{kq

3.

8f= /fdz/0f dxt, nf]stGqsf] kIfdf g]kfnsf] cy{/fhgLltsf r/0f / r'gf}tL, dsfn' k|sfzg u[x, sf7df8f},+
@)^#

4.

gjLgtd k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fx, -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^$

5.

Gofok|zf;gsf cfofdx, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^!, k[= ^&$

6.

k/fu -/fh:j ljz]iff+s_, g]kfn /fli6o sd{rf/L ;+u7g, lghfdtL ljefuLo ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, @)^^.^&

7.

Madan K. Dahal (ed.), Impact of Globalization in Nepal., Nepal Foundation for Advanced
Studies (NEFAS) and Friendrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)

8.

Dennis a Ronadenell and G. Shabbir Chemma(eds.) Reinventing Government for the Twenty
First century, State Capacity in a Globalize Society, Kumarian Press inc. 2003

9.

CAMAD, vol. 6, issue 11, Centre for Administration, Management and Development, Kathmandu,
2060

10.

Mike Featherstone (ed), Global Cultute, Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, Sage
Publications, London, 2000

15 8f= /fd z/0f dxt, nf]stGqsf] kIfdf g]kfnsf] cy{/fhgLltsf r/0f / r'gf}tL, dsfn' k|sfzg u[x, sf7df8f}+, @)^# k[i7 #*!
16 offshoot of evolving global political economy
17lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf]; Dennis a Ronadenell and G.shabbir Chemma(eds.) Reinventing Government for the Twenty First century, State Capacity in

a Globalize Society, Kumarian Press inc. 2003

!@#

k|zf;gdf ;~rf/ M ;d;fdoLs d'2fx?

*emns/fd clwsf/L

;f/f+z

zf;sLo lqmofsnfkxsf] ;+rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ;Dj4 ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] cEof; ;f/e"t kdf k|zf;g
xf], h;n] ;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] pTkfbg ljt/0f Pj+ k'gljt/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfxs]f Joj:yfkg
ub{5, o;/L x]bf{ k|zf;g k|so[ f, k4tL ;+/rgf ;Dj4 l;4fGt gLlt Jojxf/ xf] . k|zf;sLo lqmofsnfkxnfO{ k|efjsf/L
jgfpg], sfo{s'zntf j[l4 ub}{ ;/nLs[t ug]{ / cGtt ;fj{hlgs nIonfO{ k|fKt ug]{ k|zf;gsf] /QmjflxgL gnL (The
blood stream of administrative organization) jf Joj:yfkgsf] d'6' (The Heart of Management) sf] kdf ;~rf/
/x]sf] x'G5 . c;n, j}1flgs / k|efjsf/L ;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;dod} nlIft ju{;Dd k'ofpg] /
nlIft ju{sf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 / jf:tjdf ;~rf/ ;/sf/ / hgtf aLrsf] ;+jGw :yfkgf ug]{ ;]t'
xf], h;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfaf6 Policy evaporation, policy elimination / policy dead sf] cj:yfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
;lsG5, ;fj{hlgs cEof;df ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cy{k0" f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5, zf;sLo
lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dod} ;Dkfbg Pj+ Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;du| lqmofsnfkxsf] s'zntf bIftf a9fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . ;~rf/s}
dfWodaf6 ;+u7gdf cfGt/Ls Pj+ jfXo tyf cGt/j}olQms kf/:k/Lstf, cGt/lge{/tf / cGt/;+jGwnfO{ zzQm /
sfdofj jgfpg ;lsG5 . oxL sf/0fn] ;+rf/nfO{ k|zf;gsf] Go'lSnc;sf] kdf a'g / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] xf] .
!=

kl/roM

;~rf/ jf:tjdf p2]Zo, lqmofsnfk, ;/sf/ / gful/snfO{ hf]8\g] Linking Philosophy xf] h;n] lg0f{o /
lgb]z
{ gnfO{ ;xfos ;dIf jf ;DalGwt kIf ;Fu k'ofpg] dfq} xf]Og csf]{ kIfsf ljrf/, efjgf, ;+jb] gf hfgsf/L, cg'kf]if0f
Pj+ tYoxnfO{ cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt jf cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . ;~rf/df tL ;a} lrh ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 h;sf] dfWodaf6
s'g} JolQm jf lgsfon] bf];f| ] JolQm jf lgsfo;Fu cfkm\gf] a'emfO{ (Understanding) nfO{ k'ofpF5 . of] eGg], ;'Gg] / a'emfpg]
lg/Gt/ k|so[ f xf] (Louis A Allen) o;/L x]bf{ ;~rf/n] ;dfrf/ jf a'emfO{ (Facts, Ideas, attitudes, opinion) Ps JolQmaf6
csf]{ JolQm aLr cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ k|s[ofsf] JofVof ub{5, tfls ltgLxt /fd|/L a'em\g ;s'g\, (M.W. Cunning)
t;y{ ;+rf/,

;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;femf a'emfO{

;femf ljifodf b'O{ kIfsf] dl:tissf] ldng

b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L JolQm cfkm\gf] ljrf/, efjgf, ;Ddlt, / ts{sf] kf/:kl/s ljrf/ ljlgdo h;sf]
kmn:jk ;Da4 kIfxdf ;fdfGo a'emfO{ Common Understanding) pTkGg x'G5 .

;"rgf jf hfgsf/L k|jfxsf] ;+oGq h;af6 kf/:kl/s cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{ ;lsG5.

Transmission of information between two among more subject using certain Place & Using
communication media.

@= ;+rf/ Ps k|s[ofsf] kdfM

;+rf/ vfnL k|]ifs / k|flKtstf{sf] aLrdf ljifoxsf] k|jfx dfq xf]Og, of] t ljrf/xsf] cGt/lqmof / cfbfg
k|bfg sfo{ xf], h;n] dfgjLo / ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/sf] kIfnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ of] Pp6f k|s[of klg
xf] . h;nfO{ ;~rf/sf] rlqmo ;+jGwsf] cfwf/df x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;+f/ k|s[ofdf b]xfosf txx jf kIfx ljBdfg /xG5g\ .

k|]ifs

ljrf/ tyf ;+b]z

;f]lts/0f

dfWod

(Sender: who intend to make contact)

(Ideas: subject matter of communication)

(Encoding: language or symbols)

(Channel: Media)

!@$

k|flKtstf{

(Receiver: Person to whom the massage is sent)

kfGt/0f

(Decoding: Conversion of symbols received from the sender)

k[i7kf]if0f

(Feedback: ensuring that receiver has got the massage and understood it properly)

Sender

Communication Channel

Receiver

Start with meaning

written, paper, verbal,

recive

massage sent

spoken, image, visual

decode (convert to

encode (verbal non-verbal)

Send Massage
#=

meaning)
feed back

respond

Noise
k|sf/ ;~rf/sf t/Lsf Types)M ;~rf/sf tl/sf jf k|sf/nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_

cleJolQmsf] cfwf/ (Expression basis)

df}lvs ;+rf/ M ;Gb]z lbg] JolQmn] d'vn] pRrf/0f u/L k|]lift ug]{ sfd . h;sf] nflu k|ToIf ;Dks{ :yflkt x'g'k5{ .
efif0f, ;ef, k/fdz{ ;fIffTsf/, k|lzIf0f, ljB'tLo dfWod, JolQmut e]6 cflbnfO{ df}lvs ;~rf/sf]
kdf lng ;lsG5 .
lnlvt ;~rf/M

lnlvt kd} ul/g] ;~rf/ h:t} kq k/kq klqsf, a'n]l6g, k|ltj]bg, a|f];/, 8fo/L ;'emfj k'l:tsf cflb .

v_ ;+u7gfTds ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ (Organizational relation basis)

cf}krfl/s ;~rf/M cf}krfl/s ;+u7gsf] 9fFrfdf kb;f]kflgs l;4fGtsf] dfWodaf6 k7fpg] ;~rf/ .
cgf}krfl/s ;~rf/M ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf eGbf kIfx aLr cgf}krfl/s jf d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGwsf] cfwf/af6 x'g] k|jfx . h;sf]
lgdf{0f g} JolQmut ljleGgtf / ;fdflhs ;+aGwsf] cfwf/af6 x'G5 .
u_ k|jfxsf] cfwf/ (Flow Basis)
tnlt/ (Downward) : pRr clwsf/Laf6 clwg:ynfO{ x'g] k|jfx . cfb]zdf jf lgb]{zg dfyLaf6 tnlt/ k|jflxt
ePsf] x'G5 .
dfly lt/(Upward): ;~rf/ tnaf6 dfly lt/ x'g] k|jfx, ;'emfj jf k[i7kf]if0f tnaf6 dflylt/ k|jflxt ePsf] x'FG5 .
b'O{lt/

(Two way)

;dtn

M Ps} txsf sd{rf/L jLr x'g] cfb]zgfds eGbf ;dGjofTds / ;'emfjgfds k|s[ltsf] k|jfxnfO{
;dtn ;+rf/sf] kdf a'g ;lsG5 .

(Horizontal)

3_ If]qsf] cfwf/
cfGtl/s
afXo

M pk/f]Qm b'j} cj:Yfsf] ljBdfgtfnfO{ b'O{tkmL{ ;+rf/ elgG5 .

(Area basis)

Pp6} ;+:yfleq ljleGg tx aLr x'g] dflylt/, tnlt/ b'j} jf ;dtn k|jfx . cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg
;Da4 k|jfx o; cGt/ut kb{5 .

(Internal)

(External)

;+:yf ;+u7g jf jfXo kIf;Fu x'g] ;dfrf/sf] k|jfx, ;+u7g jf ;/f]sf/ jfnf ljr jf cGt/ ;+u7gdf
x'g] k|jfxnfO{ jfXo k|sf/sf] kdf a'g ;lsG5 .

_ dfu{sf] cfwf/df (Pirection or route basis)

rqm g]tfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' dfgL x'g] Ps tkmL{ ;~rf/

!@%

;f]kflgsM ;fkfgsf] cfwf/df x'g] PstkmL{ ;~rf/

j[Q M k|To]s ;b:o aLr x'g] k|jfx vf;u/L sfo{bndf k|of]u x'g] .

%=

k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf l;4fGtx

(Principles for Effective Communication)

;~rf/ k|s[ofdf cfOkg]{ afwf jf cj/f]wxnfO{ x6fO{ k|jfsf/L agfpg ckgfOg] tl/sfnfO{ ;~rf/sf] l;4fGt elgG5 .
h;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfkgsf k"j{zt{sf] kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
:ki6tfsf] l;4fGtM

(clarilty)

;~rf/ k|jfxsf] efiff efj :ki6 x'g'k5{, tfls jf/Djf/ :ki6 u/fpg gk/f];\

cg's'ntfsf] l;4fGtM (Adoptation) ;"rgfsf] k|jfx k|To]s ;+:yfsf] gLlt tyf p2]Zo cg'k x'g'k5{ . s'g} ljz]if
kl/l:yltdf p2] Z o jf gLlt k| l ts" n ;Gb] z k| j fx ug' { kbf{ :kli6s/0f klxn] g} lbg' k5{ .
kof{Kttfsf] l;4fGt (Adequacy) ;Gb]z kof{Kt x'gk' 5{, ckof{Kt ;Gb]zn] lj/f]wfef; lgDTofpg] cfk;L ;DaGwdf ;d]t
k| l ts" n k| e fj kfg] { x' F b f ;Gb] z sf] dfqf, lj:tf/ jf lgwf{ / 0f ljj] s zLn 9+ u af6 x' g ' k 5{ .
Wofgfsif{0fsf] l;4fGtM (Attention) ;~rf/ k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] ;fwg xf], ;fWo xf]Og ctM o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo
sd{rf/L tyf ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .
;dosf] l;4fGtM

(Timely)

nrstfsf] l;4fGtM
k|;f/0fsf] l;4fGtM

;~rf/ plrt ;dodf k|]lift ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ tfls o;sf] ;fGble{stf ;dfKt gxf];\ .

(Flexibility);~rf/k|0ffnL
(Broadcast)

;+u7gfTds kl/jt{g;Fu ;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .

;"rgf plrt ;dod} plrt jf nlIft ju{;Dd u/L kl/l:ylt ;fk]If x'g'k5{ .

:jLs[ltsf] l;4fGtM (Approval) h'g ju{ jf JolQm pk/ ;Gb]zsf] k|jfx x'G5 h;n] :jLsf/ ug]{ x'g'k5{, tfls ;f]
cg's"n sfo{ ug]{ / ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t xf];\ .
k|fkssf] cj:yfsf] 1fgsf] l;4fGtM (Knowledge) ;Gb]z k|fKt ug]{ k|fkssf] of]Uotf, ;+u7gfTds cj:yf, lzIff,
efiff cflbsf] Wofg /fv]/ ;f] cg'ksf] efiff z}nL k|of]u u/L ;Gb]z k|jfx ul/g' k5{ .
k/fdz{sf] l;4fGtM (Consultation) ;Gb]z k|jfx k"j{ k|fkssf] cg'el" t, cg'kf]if0f ;xeflutf, Pj+ k|ltlqmofsf] /0fgLlts
k"jf{g'dfg u/L k|jfx ug'{k5{
k|ToIf ;+rf/sf] l;4fGtM (Deirect Contact) ;~rf/sf] nflu ;s];Dd k|ToIf kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{ kb{5 . tfls cgfjZos
dWo:ysf] sf/0f s'g} l9nfO{ gxf];\ .
lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGtM
ug{ ;lsof];\ .

(Continuty) lkIfLo

lx;fjn] lg/Gt/ cfk|jfx eO/xg' k5{ h;af6 kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf] clej[l4

cg'kf]if0fsf] l;4fGtM (Feedback) ;Gb]z k|jfxaf6 k|fkssf] k|ltlqmof a'emfO{ :jLsf/f]lSt c:jLsf/f]QmL cflb kIfsf]
ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfkgsf] dfkg eg]s} cg'kf]if0f xf] .
cj/f]wx lgk0fsf] l;4fGtM (Constraints avoiding) cljZjf;, dgf]j1} flgs ef}lts, ;f+u7lgs / eflifs cj/f]wxsf]
klxrfg Pj+ Go"gLs/0f ul/g' k5{ .

%=

;~rf/sf jfwfx / ;dfwfgsf pkfox

;~rf/sf k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ Device or tool xf] . h;af6 k|zf;sLo lqmofsnfkxnfO{
s'zntfk"js
{ ;+rfng ug{ lg0f{o k|so[ fnfO{ j:t'ut / dfkgof]Uo agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] k|of]unfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpFb} ;]jf k|jfxdf ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zo k|fKt x]t' k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, t/
Jojxf/df ;+rf/sf] k|efjsf/Ltf ljleGg 36sxaf6 k|efljt x'g] x'Fbf ljleGg k|sf/sf cj/f]wx ;[hgf x'G5g\ . oL
cj/f]wx e|d, ;+u7g, JolQmsf] a'emfO{ ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{ cflb sf/0fxaf6 ;[hgf x'G5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/
!@^

Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ ;+rf/sf] qmddf cfOkg]{ jf cfOkg{ ;Sg] jfwfxsf] cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f ub}{ /0fgLlts tof/L ug'k{ b{5
. ;+ r f/sf] qmddf cfOkg] { afwfx / ;dfwfgx pkfoxnfO{ o;k| s f/ pNn] v ug{ ;lsG5 .

!@&

*=

k|zf;gdf ;+rf/sf] dxTjpkof]lutf

Without communication there can be no organization " Herbert Simon"

Modern communication was one of the factor of growth of the bur can organization of social life" "Max. Weber"
The heart of Management "Piffner"

o;n] ;du| /fhgLlts k| z f;gsf] ;+ / rgfnfO{ cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df hf] 8 \ 5 .
cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfwf/ tof/ ub{5, ;+rf/ Joj:yfkgsf]
sf/0f e-governance , It governance sf] k|of]u ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
nlIft ;d'bfodf nf]stGqsf nfexsf] ljt/0f ug],{ zf;sLo lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutfsf] k|a4{g ug],{ cfw'lgs
k|zf;lgs l;4fGtxnfO{ sfo{k|s[of ;+/rgfdf k|of]u ug]{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;fj{hlgs p2]Zo k"/f ug]{, sfo{df
k|zf;gnfO{ Ifdtfjfg / ;Ifd agfpF5 .
sfo{ ;/nLs/0f sfo{df zL3|tf / nfut sd ub{5 .
;Ifd ;f+u7lgs tyf k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] dfWodaf6 gful/s / ;/sf/ ljrsf] cGt/;DjGwnfO{ ljsf; ub{5 .
nlIft ju{sf] Voice choice, right nfO{ k|j4{g, ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Daf]wg u5{ .
cgfjZos sfo{df x'g] bf]xf]/f]kgf / Pp6} sfo{sf] vl08s[t cj:yfnfO{ x6fpF5 .
;] j f k| j fxnfO{ hjfkmb] x Lk" 0 f{ / nlIft ju{ s f] cfjZostf cg' ; f/ ug] { u/L ;xhLs/0f ub{ 5 .
k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfkxnfO{ ;'rgf cg'kf]if0f hfgsf/L, k|ltlqmofsf] dfWodaf6 ;xeflutfsf] lglDt zzlQms[t
ub{5 .
jf/Djf/ ;[hgf eO/xg] G, c;Gtf]if, u'gf;f] c:jLsf/f]QmL cflbnfO{ ;dod} Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;+u7g leq ;xsfo{,
;befj, / ;fd'lxs sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .
of] To:tf] k|zf;sLo pks/0f xf] h;n] lg/Gt/ cg'udg d"Nof+sg , ;'kl/j]If0f af6 sfd / glthfnfO{ p2]Zo
;Fu Tie up ub{5
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] th'd
{ f sfof{Gjog , ljZn]if0f, cg'udg d"Nof+sg sf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L tYof+s pknAw
u/fpF5 .
;/sf/ / gful/s jLr ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] k|of]unfO{ hgtfs]lGb|t, ;dfj]zL k|hftGq agfpg cfk;L 5nkmnnfO{
k|a4{g ub{5 .
!@*

pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]xLtfsf] ;jfnnfO{ Address ug]{ sfo{sf] k|+a4{g ub{5.

;fj{hlgs ;+u7g leq / aflx/sf] ;+rf/nfO{ ;+ej agfpF5 .
k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/sf] kdf /x]sf] lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ j}1flgs j:t'ut, ;fy{s, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ljs]Gb|Lt
ub{5, lsgls Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ eg]em} ;xL lg0f{o xf] , ;xL lg0f{osf] ;f/ eg]s} pko'Qm ;+rf/ Joj:yfkg xf] .

;fj{hlgs gLltxnfO{ nlIft ;d'bfo;Dd k|jflxt ub}{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, gLltsf] j}wtf :yflkt ug]{,
gLlt cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug],{ k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu hfgsf/L k|ltlqmof :jLsf/f]QmL, c:jLsf/f]QmLsf]
nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 cfjZos ;Dks{ jf ;DaGw :yflkt ug],{ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] j}wtf :yflkt ug{, glthfsf]
kl/If0f ug]{, kl/jlt{t d"No / dfGotfnfO{ cg's"n ug{sf] lgldQ cfjZos bjfj ;[hgf ug]{, Address ug{
k|]l/t ug]{, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] cEof;sf] nflu glthf, k|fKtL c;/, k|efj cg'kf]if0f k|fKt ug]{ ;f/df th'{df
ul/Psf gLltx Evaporation x'g glbg ;+rf/ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . h;df ;/sf/L sfo{sf] ;kmntf /
k|efjsf/Ltf c8]sf] x'G5 .
(= g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+rf/ Joj:yfkgsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

;"rgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ kIf clt sdhf]/

clen]v Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fn] sd k|fyldstf kfpg]

vf]Hbf gkfpg] kfpFbf grflxg] cj:yfn] ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]

;/sf/n] NofPsf gLltx sfof{Gjog txdf gk'Ub} x/fpg] k|j[lQ

;/sf/L ;]jfxsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] cefj

k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwxsf] af/]df ;]jfu|fxLx cgle1, pko'Qm ;+rf/ tl/sf Pj+ dfWodsf] 5gf}6 gx'g'

cgfjZos uf]Kotf, sd{rf/Lsf kbLo cx+, kf/bzL{tf grfpg] k|j[lQ xfjL

7"nf] / ;fgf] sd{rf/Lsf] efjgf, Pp6f zfvfsf] kmfOn csf]{ zfvfdf k'ofO{ lbg sfof{no ;xof]uL gx'bf klg
sfd /f]lsg] cj:yf

Psf/ k2lt, Ps sd{rf/L k2lt sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 gful/sn] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf

k|zf;g / sd{rf/LaLr bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/sf] cefj

Computer Networking gx'g',

cfGtl/s ;~rf/sf] nflu lnlvt df}lvs a}7s, uf]i7L cflb x'g] u/]sf], 6]lnkmf]g, ofS;, Od]n OG6/g]6nfO{ sfg"gL
k|df0fsf] kdf dfGotf glbPsf] cj:yf

dftxtsf sfof{nonfO{ kl/kq cfb]z ;dod} hf/L gx'Fbf ;fGble{stf g/xg] cj:yf

;~rf/sf] bf]xf]/f]kgf gx'g] cfb]z lgb]{zgk|jfx x'g] t/ hfgsf/L cg'kf]if0fk|lt j]jf:tf ug]{

;+:yfut eGbf JolQmut cfwf/df ;~rf/ x'g]

ef}uf]lns cj/f]wsf sf/0f ;dod} ;~rf/ gx'g]

;"rgf OsfO{ k|jQmf jf Focal Person h:tf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] Jojxf/Ls sfof{Gjogdf pbfl;gtf

;~rf/nfO{ k|d'v Joj:yflksLo sfo{sf] kdf cfTd;ft} gug]{ k|j[lQ cflb

;~rf/ ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg / Ifdtf ljsf; k|lt gLltut Joj:yfsf] cefj

;+u7g ;+/rgf ;+rf/ d}qL gx'g' s7f]/ kl/jt{g ug}{ g;lsg] k|j[lQ
!)= lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;~rf/
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 lg0f{o M
Fact base x'G5, h;df Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ c8]sf] x'G5 .
dfkgof]Uo x'G5
!@(

sfof{GjogzLntfdf j9f]Q/L x'G5 .

cg'udg d"Nof+sg k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
;Dj4 kIfxaLr ;xsfo{, ;b\efjnfO{ j9fjf lb+b} ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t jgfpF5 .
zf;g k|lqmodf hgtf / nlIft ju{sf] ;xeflutf j9fpF5 . h;n] ubf{ j}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
j}1flgs / tYout x'G5, efjk/s x'Fb}g, h;af6 ;du| ;+u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 x'G5 .
!!= ;~rf/sf ;d;fdlos d'2fx (Issues)

dlxnf / k'ifaLr pko'Qm / ;Gt'lnt ;~rf/ sfod ug]{ ljifo

k|zf;sLo ;+u7gdf ljljwtf jl9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df pko'Qm ;+rf/ dfWod, ;+rf/ t/Lsf tyf ;j{dfGo efiffsf]
rog ug]{ ljifo

k|zf;sLo lqmofsnfkdsf j9\b} uPsf] hl6ntfsf] sf/0f ;[hgf x'g] lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ljifonfO ;d]6g\ ] u/L pko'Qm
;~rf/ k|0ffnL ;+:yfut ug]{ ljifo

pko'Qm kl/l:yltnfO{ j0f{g ug]{, pko'Qm zAb rog / ;fGble{s k|:t'tLnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpFb} hfg] ljifo .

;f:s[lts, eflifs, IfqLo, lnlo h:tf kIfxnfO{ Address ug]{ vfnsf] ;~rf/ k|s[of Jojl:yt ub}{ hfg]
ljifo / oL k|efjxnfO{ ;~rf/df ;sf/fTds kdf k|of]u ub}{ hfg] ljifo

cGt/;f:s[lts j]d]naf6 ;~rf/df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ glbg] ljifo

ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf] pko'Qm k|of]u ug]{ ljifo

;~rf/ k|efjsf/Ltfsf] nflu ;Dj4 kIfxsf] Ifdtf / u|x0fzLntf j9fpFb} hfg] ljifo

;~rf/nfO{ k|zf;sLo ;+u7gsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+:s[ltsf] kdf :yflkt ub}{ hfg] ljifo

k|zf;sLo ;+u7g / ;/f]sf/aLr cgt/;DjGw, cGt/lqmof a9fpFb} zf;gdf clwsflws ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;'zf;g
k|j4{g ug]{ / nf]stGqsf nfexsf] ljt/0f ug]{ ljifo .
!!= lgisif{ M
;~rf/ k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t Pj+ ckl/xfo{ kIf xf] . k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] k|efjsf/Ltf ;~rf/ Joj:yfkgdf
e/ kb{5 . k|zf;sLo ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxn] ;]jfsf p2]Zo, nIo, d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f cflbnfO{ /fd|/L j'em]df
;fy} nlIft ju{;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLltxsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;lsPdf dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkgdf gful/ssf]
;xeflutf a9\b} hfg] x'gfn] ;~rf/s} dfWodaf6 k|zf;sLo lgsfoxsf] nf]stflGqs/0fnfO{ ;'b9[ ub}{ nf]stGqsf nfexsf]
ljt/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;g k|j4{g Pj+ zf;g k|s[ofsf] j}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf d'2fxn] k|fyldstf
kfO/xbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cj ljleGg hft, hflt, efiff, ;Dk|bfo, If]q, ln, wd{, cflbsf] k|ltlglwTj jl9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ j}1flgs / ;f] cg'sn
" sf] ;j{:jLsfo{ ;~rf/ k|0ffnL clt cfjZos x'G5 . zf;sLo
;'wf/ (Governance reform) nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;~rf/ clt dxTjk"0f{ t 5b}5, pko'Qm ;~rf/ ;+oGq k|0ffnL :yfkgf
ug{ ;Sbf o;n] ;/sf/ / nlIft ju{sf] b'/LnfO{ ;d]t sd ub{5 . t;y{ ;/sf/L ;]jfxsf] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf]
k|of]u Pj+ cEof;sf] ;kmntf Pj+ ;fy{stf tj b]lvG5 hj pko'Qm ;~rf/ Joj:yfkgnfO{ j9\tf dxTj lbOPsf] x'G5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL

cu|jfn uf]ljGb/fd, Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx

clwsf/L emns/fd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;f/e"t kIfx

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] klRr; jifL{o u'of]hgf, ;f=k|= dGqfno,

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bz jlif{o ;f]r kq, k|=d= tyf d=k= sf] sfof{no

cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g@)%*, ;f=k|= dGqfno

!#)

j}b]lzs ;xfotf M cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u

*OGb|axfb'/ b]jsf]6f

cfGtl/s ahf/af6 dfq ljQLo ;xof]u k|fKt gePdf csf]{ b]zaf6 jf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfaf6 lnOg] ;xof]unfO{ j}b]lzs
;xfotf elgG5 . kf}/fl0fs sfndf ;dfhsf] Ps efuaf6 csf{] efudf ;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g] k|rng /x]sf] s'/f
ljleGg ;Gbe{xdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ cfw'lgs j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] yfngL eg] k|yd tyf bf]>f] ljZjo'4kZrft\
Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu lbOPsf] ;xof]uaf6 ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf ;g\ !(%! -lj=;+=@))*_ df cd]l/sf;usf]
$ a'b+] ;Demf}tf -4 Point Agreement) cGtu{t cd]l/sL ;/sf/af6 lnPsf] k|fljlws ;xof]ug} klxnf] cflwsfl/s j}bl] zs
;xof]u xf] .j]b]lzs ;xof]u u|x0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 bzs k"/f ePklg g]kfndf o;nfO{ gsfg]{ :yLlt alg;s]sf] 5}g .
k| : t' t n] v df j} b ] l zs ;xof] u sf] k| f /De, k| s f/, kl/rfng / k| e fjsfl/tf jf/] laZn] i f0f ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ k|r/' dfqfdf ljQLo ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . sdhf]/ /fi6xdf k"jf{wf/sf]
ljsf; ug{nfO{ o:tf] ljQLo ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf emg\ a9L x'g hfG5 . /fHon] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljQLo
;|f]t s/ tyf u}/s/sf] dfWodaf6 h'6fpg] k|of; u5{ t/ h'g b]z sd ljsl;t 5, To; b]zsf gful/ssf] s/bfg Ifdtf
Go"g /xg] x'gfn] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf nflu j}slNks pkfo cjnDag ul/G5 . o:tf] j}slNks pkfosf kdfdf /fHon] C0f
tyf ;xof]udf ljQLo ;|ft] kl/rfng ub{5 . cfGtl/s ahf/af6 dfq ljQLo ;xof]u k|fKt gePdf csf]{ b]zaf6 jf cGt/f{li6o
;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u lnOG5 . o;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng eGg] ul/G5 .
j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] ;'jftnfO{ x]bf{ cfw'lgs /fHosf] k|fk tof/ gx'b } klg kf}/fl0fs sfndf ;dfhsf] Ps efuaf6
csf{] efudf ;xof]usf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g] k|rng /x]sf] s'/f ljleGg ;Gbe{xdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ cfw'lgs j}bl] zs
;xfotfsf] yfngL eg] k|yd tyf bf]>f] ljZjo'4kZrft\ Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu lbOPsf] ;xof]uaf6 ePsf]
dflgG5 . ctM cfw'lgs j}b]lzs ;xfotf yfngLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo o'4u|:t d'n'ssf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ zlQm /fi6xn] cfkm\gf
ljrf/sf cg'ofoL d'n'sxsf nflu ef}lts, k"hLut / k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{' lyof] . ltLo ljZjo'4kl5 o"/f]k Wj:t eof] .
o;sf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug{sf nflu hh{ df;{nn] ;g\ !($& df df;{n Knfg NofP . cfw'lgs j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;'jft
o;}af6 eof] . ljsl;t /fi6n] cljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] Henery Truman sf] ;g !($( sf] $
a'+b] ;Demf}tf (Point IV Agreement), u/Lj tyf cNkljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu kl/rfng ePsf] a|]6g
p8\; ;+:yfxsf] ;xof]u, ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffkZrft\ cNkljsl;t /fi6nfO{ Ifdtf a9fpg -k|zf;gsf] ljsf;
Pjd\ ljsf;sf] k|zf;g_ kl/rfng ePsf] ;xof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ng Pj+ 3f]if0ffkq cflb af6 cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g
tyf ljsl;t /fi6xn] cNkljsl;t /fi6sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ltj|tf lbgsf nflu kl/rfng u/]sf] ;xfotf cflbaf6
j}b]lzs ;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

@= j}b]lzs ;xfotf
j}bl] zs ;xfotf xfn cNkljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/
ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf wgL cy{tGq ePsf d'n's jf cGt/f{li6o Pjd\ If]qLo:t/sf ;+:yfn] u/La /fi6xsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f,
dfgjLo ljsf;, ah]6 ;xof]u cflbsf nflu pknAw u/fpg] ef}lts, k|fljlws Pjd\ cfly{s ;xof]u g} j}b]lzs ;xfotf xf]
. o;nfO{ Transfer of resource from upper income countries to lower income countries, Conventional resource transfer for
the betterment of the poor world, Part and parcel of global economic integration cflb eg]/ klg a'lemG5 . ;fdfGotof Ps
b]zaf6 csf{] b]zdf x'g] >f]tsf] :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ g} j}b]lzs ;xfotf elgG5 .
s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+

!#!

cfly{s ;xof]u / ljsf; ;+:yf (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development : OECD)
n] Ps b]z jf ;+:yfaf6 csf{] b]zdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] >f]tdf lgDg tLg ;t{ k"/f ePdf To;nfO{ cflwsfl/s kdf j}bl] zs
;xfotf dflgg] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5
s_ ;/sf/L If]qn] lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .
v_ cfly{s ljsf;sf] clej[l4 tyf hgsNof0f d'Vo p2]Zo x'g'k5{ .
u_ Concessional ljQLo zt{ x'g'k5{ .
ljlnod O:6nL{n] cg'bfg / C0f dfq geP/, Jofkf/, gLlh nufgL, cfly{s ;DjGw / cGo ;xof]unfO{ klg j}bl] zs
;xfotfsf] kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
To:t} s;}s;}n] jrt / nufgL tyf ;/sf/L cfo / Joo aLrsf] cGt/nfO{ k"lt{ ug{] dfWod j}b]lzs ;xfotf xf]
egL kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Pp6f ;/sf/af6 csf{] :jtGq ;/sf/nfO{, u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ jf cGt/f{li6o ;+u7gnfO{ lbPsf] ;fj{hlgs >f]tsf]
:j]lR5s :yfgfGt/0f j}b]lzs ;xfotf xf] h;sf] Pp6f p2]Zo ;xof]u k|fKt ug{] b]zsf hgtfsf] dfgjLo hLjg:t/nfO{
;'wfg{' xf] egL Sof/f]n n]gr]:6/n] j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . (Voluntary transfer of public resources

from a government to another independent government, to an NGO, to an international organisation with at least a 25
percent grant element, one goal of which is to better the human condition in the country receiving the aid.)

oL ljleGg kl/efiffxaf6 sd cfo ePsf b]zdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs k|ult k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs
>f]tsf] x:tfGt/0f g} j}bl] zs ;xfotf xf] egL a'g'kg]{ x'G5 . j}bl] zs ;xfotfn] u/La b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ ;fwg;|f]tsf] k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ u5{ .

#= b[li6sf]0f
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ePb]lv g} o; ljifodf ljleGg b[li6sf]0f /flvb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg ljfg\xn]
oL b[ l i6sf] 0 fnfO{ d' V otof rf/ kIf (Dimensions) af6 ljZn] i f0f u/] s f 5g\ h' g lgDgfg' ; f/ 5g\

j}bl] zs ;xfotfn] ljleGg bzsdf ljleGg ;Gbe{kIf (Issues) nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;bf;otf Pjd\ ;xof]u
k|j4{gb]lv jt{dfgdf nf]stGq :yfkgf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, zflGt lgdf{0f Pj+ k|fKt nf]stGqsf] kmn (providend of Democracy)
hgtfnfO{ af8\g] ;+oGq lgdf{0f, Ifdtf j[l4 h:tf ljljw kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
!#@

bzs

hf]8 lbOPsf If]q

;g\ !(%)

;bf;otf / ;xof]u j[l4

;g\ !(^)

;+:yf lgdf{0fsf nflu k"hLut nufgL

;g\ !(&)

u|fdL0f ljsf;u/LjL lgjf/0f

;g\ !(*)

j[xt cfly{s :yfloTj

;g\ !(()

dfgjLo / ;fdflhs kIfx?sf] ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g

;g\ @)))

dfgj clwsf/, ;'zf;g, n}ls d'2f cflbsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g

;g\ @)!)

cft\sjfb lgoGq0f, G lgoGq0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f, zflGtlgdf0f{ cflb .

$= j}b]lzs ;xfotf;DjGwL l;4fGt

%= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf p2]Zo

u/La b]zn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng' / wgL b]zn] ;xof]u lbg'sf p2]ZonfO{ kf}/fl0fs p2]Zo / Jofjxfl/s p2]Zo u/L
x]g{ ;lsG5 .
kf}/fl0fs p2]ZoM j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'lbg'sf kf}/fl0fs p2]Zo o;k|sf/ 5g\

wgL b]zn] u/La b]z jf u/La b]zsf hgtfsf] ;jf{\uL0f lxt / ljsf; ug{] .

;fDojfbsf] ;Defljt lj:tf/nfO{ /f]Sg] .

;fd|fHojfbsf] k|efjnfO{ sfod /fVg] .

Jofjxfl/s p2]ZoM j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'lbg'sf Aoaxfl/s p2]Zo o;k|sf/ 5g\

;fwg kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .

ljsf; lqmofsnfknfO{ ult k|bfg ug{] .

j}b]lzs nufgL / gLlhIf]qsf] nufgL cfsif{0f ug{] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{] .

cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg Pjd\ pTkfbsTj a9fpg] .

Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{] / e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] sfo{df ;3fpg] .

k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .

cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|ltj4tf hgfPsf If]qdf pQm k|ltj4tf sfof{Gjog ug{ >f]t h'6fpg] .

nufgL / art, cfoft / lgof{t tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u jLrdf ePsf] c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] .
ljfg\ Sof/f]n n]Gr]i6/n] cfgf] k':ts Foreign Aid : Diplomacy, Development and Domestic Politics
df j}b]lzs ;xfotf lsg lbOG5 eGg] ;Gbe{df o;k|sf/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] p2]Zosf kdf
x]g{ ;lsG5 .
!##

^= j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng] sf/0f

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] e"ldsf kl/jt{g ePtf klg cem} /fHon] hgtfnfO{ ;Dj[l4 af8g\ ljljw sfo{
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . zflGt;'/Iff :yfkgf, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, lghLIf]qsf] ljsf;;Ddsf sfo{b]lv ablnbf] hl6n ljZj kl/l:yltn]
l;h{gf u/]sf r'gf}tLxsf] ;fdgf ug{ /fHon] ljljw ultljlw ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . o:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ /fHonfO{
kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf k5{ / j}b]lzs ;xof]u lnG5 . d'Votof /fHon] j}b]lzs ;xof]u lng] sf/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
s_
;Lk tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] ;Lldttf u/La b]zdf cfw'lgs ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg bIfkof{Kt hgzlQm x'b}g .
To;}n], bIf / kof{Kt hgzlQm agfpg j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnOG5 .
v_
artsf] ;Lldttf /fHon] hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu ug{'kg{] c;Lldt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cy{tGq;+u kof{Kt art
x'b}+g . ctM art / nufgLaLrsf] vf8n k"/f ug{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'k5{ .
u_
j}b]lzs d'b|f-Jofkf/_sf] ;Lldttf /fHon] lgof{tsf] t'ngfdf cfoft a9L u/]df j}b]lzs d'b|f ;Lldt x'+b} hfG5 .
j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g / vr{ aLrsf] vf8n k"/f ug{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
3_
ljZj efOrf/fafWofTds ;Demf}tfx ljZjdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ;DjGw a9fpg / ljZjJofkLs/0f;+u}
l;h{gf ePsf cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ug{ Pjd\ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ yk sfo{ ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] To;sf nflu klg
;xof]u lng'k5{ . To:t}, cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|ltj4tf hgfOPsf sfo{ k"/f ug{ klg j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnOG5 .

&= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf k|sf/

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf k|sf/nfO{ d'Votof C0f ;xfotf, cg'bfg ;xfotf, ck|fljlws ;xof]u, k|fljlws ;xof]u,
lkIfLo ;xof]u / ax'kIfLo ;xof]u u/L laleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/] tfklg ;xof]usf] k|s[lt, k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/ cflbsf
b[li6sf]0fn] ;xof]usf ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
s_ cfof]hgf ;xof]u (Project Aid) s'g} lglZrt cfof]hgfsf nflu lbOg] ;xof]u .
v_ sfo{qmd ;xof]u (Programme Aid) s'g} lglZrt If]qsf nflu lbOg] ;xof]u .
u_
ah]6sf nflu ;xof]u (Budgetory Support) ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljQLo k|0ffnLdf cfj4 eO{
cfpg] Ps k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd ;xof]u .
3_
vfB ;xof]u (Food Aid) vfB ;+s6sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfpg] ;xof]u .
_
:jtGq ;xof] u (Untied Aid) k| f Kt ug] { /fi6 s f] 5gf} 6 cg' ; f/ vr{ ug{ lbOg] ;xof] u .
r_
jGwgo'Qm ;xof]u (Tied Aid) ;xof]u lbg] b]z jf s'g} lglZrt ;d"xaf6 j:t';]jf vl/b ug]{ u/L lbOPsf]
;xof]u .
5_
k| f ljlws ;xfotf (Technical Assistance) k| f ljlws 1fg, ;Lk, k| l jlwsf] kdf lbOg] ;xof] u .
h_
lkIfLo ;xof] u (Bilateral Aid) s' g } Pp6f b] z n] csf] { b] z nfO{ ;f] e m} lbg] ;xof] u .
em_ ax' k IfLo ;xof] u (Multitateral Aid) cGt/f{ l i6 o ;7gsf] dWo:ytfdf lbOg] ;xof] u .
To:t}, j}b]lzs ;xof]unfO{ Economic Aid, Turnkey, Commodity, Built-operate-transfer, Built-owned-operatetransfer cflb h:tf k|sf/df klg juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
!#$

*= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf If]q

s= ;+:yfut ljsf;
v= dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;
u= hg;+Vof lgoGq0f
3= u/LjL lgjf/0f
= jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / ;+/If0f

r= ;'zf;g Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/

5= ;fdflhs ljsf;
h= n}ls d'2f
em ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
`= dlxnf ;zlQms/0f

(= j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L agfpg cGt/f{li6o:t/sf kl5Nnf k|of;

j}bl] zs ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ /fi6df pQm ;xof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L ;xof]usf] p2]Zo cg';f/ nlIft ju{nfO{
nfeflGjt u/fpg o;nfO{ gLltut, ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut Joj:yf ug{ ljleGg k|of;x ePsf 5g\ . tL k|of;xnfO{ ;+If]kdf
o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5

!#%

!)= g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotf

cgf}krfl/s kdf g]kfnn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf klxn]b]lv g} lnPsf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+:yfut cyf{t
cfw'lgs k|s[ltsf] j}b]lzs ;xof]u cfpg yfn]sf] cfwf ztfAbLsf] xf/fxf/L eP klg ;xof]usf] Oltxf; cem} nfdf] 5 .
;j{ky| d kmlk{ hnljB't cfof]hgfsf nflu a]nfotn] ;g\ !(!! df ;xfotf lbPsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] klg kfOG5 . lj=;+=
@))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs gLltdf kl/jt{g cfof] . g]kfnn] klg cGt/f{li6o hutdf k|j]z
kfPsf]n] oxfsf] ;d:of, j:t':yLlt tyf cy{tGqsf] :jkaf/] cn] hfGg]a'g] cj;/ kfP . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o hutdf
k|j]z ePs} a]nf bf];|f] ljZjo'4af6 Ift\ljIft\ ePsf /fi6xsf] k'glgdf{0fsf nflu ljsl;t /fi6af6 ;xof]u kl/rfng
ePsf] cj:yf lyof] . ltLo ljZjo'4sf] w|j' Ls/0fn] zlQm /fi6xsf] /fhgLlts cfsf+Iff ljZjhgdt cfkm'lt/ tfGg] /x]sf]n]
o'4af6 Iflt\ljIft\ ePsf /fi6sf cltl/Qm ljkGg /fi6xnfO{ cfkm'lt/ cfslif{t ug{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf gfddf
j} b ] l zs ;xfotf lbg yfn] . o:t} qmddf g] k fndf klg j} b ] l zs ;xfotfn] k| j ] z kfPsf] b] l vG5 .
cflwsfl/s kdf eg] ;g\ !(%! -lj=;+=@))*_ df cd]l/sf;usf] $ a'b+] ;Demf}tf -4 Point Agreement) cGtu{t
cd]l/sL ;/sf/af6 k|fljlws ;xof]u lnPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf; -lj=;+=@)!# ;fnkl5_ kZrft\ ljsf;
vr{sf nflu j}bl] zs ;xfotf lng yflnPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] k|yd of]hgfdf ljsf; vr{ zt\kl| tzt j}bl] zs ;xfotfdf lge{/
/x]sf] lyof] eg] ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfdf ljsf; vr{sf] 7"nf] lx:;f j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] k"/f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] kfOG5 .
ljleGg of]hgfdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] of]ubfg o; k|sf/ 5

!!= g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsf

j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] b]zsf] ljsf;df s:tf] e"ldsf v]N5, ;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ jf kfb}{g eGg] ljifo ljjfbf:kb
/x]sf] 5 . xfnsf w]/} cfly{s cWoogn] b]z ljsf;sf] ultdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] s'g} k|efj kfg{ g;s]sf] s'/f cf}+NofPsf
5g\ eg] csf]{ yl/ cWoogn] b]z ljsf;df j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] k|efj ;sf/fTds /x]sf] s'/f cf}N+ ofPsf 5g\ . j}bl] zs ;xfotfn]
s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg lbg] jf s'g} k|efj gb]vfpg] eGg] ljifo pQm b]zsf] /fhgLlts :yfloj,
;'zf;g, sfof{Gjog ;+oGq, gLltlgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf, pko'Qm If]qsf] 5gf}6, ;xfotf kl/rfng Ifdtf cflbdf e/ kg]{
s'/f xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] nfdf] Oltxf;df b]zsf] ljsf; ah]6 j}b]lzs ;xof]udf lge{/ ;xb}
cfPsf] ePtf klg j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] s'g} k|efj kfg{ g;s]sf] Ps yl/n] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . c;dfg ljsf;, ul/aL
h:tf kIfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L gePsf] s'/f :ki6 k|df0fsf] kdf lng] ul/G5 . csf]{
yl/n] cTofjZos cfly{sljQLo ;f]tsf] kdf /xL ljsf; lgdf{0fsf If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'ofPsf] s'/f cufl8 NofPsf
5g\ . ;8s, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;~rf/ h:tf IF]qdf ePsf] ljsf;sf cfwf/df j}bl] zs ;xof]u k|efjsf/L ePsf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf
5g\ .
hjfkmb]lxtf Pj+ pQ/bflojsf] sdL, ;xof]u kl/rfng ul/g'kg]{ jf:tljs ju{;u ;~rf/sf] cefj, hxf;'s} Pp6}
tl/sf pko'Qm x'g] (One-site-fits-all) wf/0ff, gLlt lgdf{0fdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] cefj (Top-down approach),
!#^

tNnf] txsf ;d:ofnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ (Ignorning the issues at the growed levels) k|j[lQ cflbsf sf/0f g]kfndf
j} b ] l zs ;xfotfsf] k| e fjsfl/tf a9\ g g;s] s f] s' / f ljleGg cWoogcg' ; Gwfgn] cf} + N ofPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g (Structural change) ug'{kg]{ cTofjZos
ePsf] s'/f ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn] cf}NofPsf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bgn] ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gsf
cnfjf tNnf] txsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Gg]Wofg lbg] (Listening the issues of ground level), gLltlgdf{0f tyf lg0f{odf
:yfgLosf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] (Involving the locals in decision making), lkIfLo ;~rf/ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{
(Establishing two way communication) / tTsfn k[i7kf]if0f ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;+oGq (Immediate feeback loop
analysis mechanism) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ h:tf pkfox l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
pko'Q
{ m ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf j}bl] zs ;xfotfn] ;f]rh
] lt glthf xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf ePtf klg ljleGg cWoog
cg';Gwfgn] cf}NofPsf tYo tyf Jofjxfl/s k|of]hgaf6 o;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . j}b]lzs ;xfotf
;DaGwL ul/Psf s]xL cWoogn] o;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5

k|fljlws / Jofj;flos Ifdtfsf] ljsf; .

;]jfu|fxLsf] b[li6sf]0f a'em\g], Customerorientation x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf .

ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;d"ns aGg ;xof]u .

cGt/f{li6o:t/df ;Dks{ a9]sf] .

ljsf;sf nflu nufgL h'6fpg ;xfos ePsf] .

ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfk"lt{ / ;~rfngdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] .

u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu >f]t kl/rfng ug{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] .

k|fyldstf If]qdf ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ d2t k'u]sf] .

ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg] / gLlhIf]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ d2t k'u]sf] .

d'n'ssf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'ofPsf] .

;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{ ;xof]uL ePsf] .

gof k|ljlw, d"No dfGotf / vf]hL cjnDjg ug{ ;xh ePsf] .

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{, cy{tGqsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{, cGt/f{li6o lrgf/L / klxrfg a9fpg tyf zf;sLo Joj:yfdf
;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]uL ePsf] .

ljb]zL ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{, ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ / ljsf;d'vL k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]uL
e"ldsf v]n]sf] .

cfly{ s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsf; ub{ } ;du| hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ dfly psf:g ;xof] u k' ofPsf] .

nufgL / artsf] b/ a9fO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'ofPsf] .

k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'ofPsf] .

zf] w gfGt/ l:yltdf ;' w f/, d' b | f l:kmltdf /f] s / cfly{ s l:y/tfnfO{ k| f ] T ;fxg ug{ ;xh agfPsf] .

/f]huf/Ldf j[l4, hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;xh ePsf] .

j} b ] l zs ;xfotf " cfly{ s j[ l 4sf nflu OlGhg " (Engine of Economic Growth) ePsf] .

cfly{ s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf; ub{ } ;du| hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof] u k' ofPsf] .
!#&

!@= j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L

g]kfndf xfn;Dd kl/rfng ePsf] j}bl] zs ;xfotfn] hgck]Iff k"/f gug'd
{ f cyjf o;sf] kl/rfngaf6 :ki6 dfkg
ug{ ;lsg] glthf gb]lvg'df ljleGg ;d:ofx /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df bftf ;d"x / sfof{Gjog ug]{ kIfn] km/s km/s
sf/0fx b] v fPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L bft[ k If / /fli6 o kIfn] cf} + N ofPsf ;d:ofx lgDgfg' ; f/ 5g\ .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L tj/af6 kl/rfng x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] o;af6 ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g g;sg'df
ljleGg ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u @)^& sf] k|ltj]bgn]
b]zsf] gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ut / jftfj/0fLo kl/l:yltn] ubf{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngdf ;d:of / r'gf}tL ljBdfg
/x]sf] s'/f cf}+NofPsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgcg';f/ j}b]lzs ;xfotf;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] sdL, ;xfotfsf] k|ltj4tf,
k|flKt / pkof]lutfdf ulx/f] leGgtf, sfof{Gjog txdf c;xhtf, k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] pkof]lutf Go"g /xg', ljQLo cg'zf;gsf]
sdL x'g' / cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgfTds sdhf]/L /xg' h:tf ljljw ;jfnxnfO{ ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf] kdf lnPsf] 5 .
;+If]kdf eGbf j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngdf lgDg sdLsdhf]/L /x]sf] kfOG5

;xfotf lng] If]qdf c:ki6tf tyf k|fyldsLs/0f gx'g'

bft[kIfsf] ;s[otf a9L

;dGjo ug{] lgsfosf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf

pkof]u Pjd\ k|zf]wg Ifdtfsf] sdL

Counter Part Fund sf] cefj

emGeml6nf] cfly{s k|0ffnL

;'zf;gsf] cefj Pjd\ a9\bf] e|i6frf/

/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sdhf]/ vr{ 9frf

sdhf]/ jftf{ Ifdtf

Jofks u/LjL
!#*


:jfldTj g]t[Tjsf] cefj

ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, e"kl/j]li7ttf

;xeflutfsf] cefj

sdhf]/ cg'udg / d"Nofg k|0ffnL

zf]wegf{ lng] k|lqmof lgs} hl6n -sl/a ## cj{ afsL_

To:t} g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L gx'g'df kl5Nnf of]hgf b:tfj]hn] lgDg kIfnfO{ cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5 .
tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$.)^%@)^^.)^&_

;dfj] z L, ;Gt' l nt, lbuf] Pjd\ u/LjL lgjf/0fd' v L sfo{ q mddf ck] I ffs[ t ;kmntf gkfpg' .

;xfotf kl/rfng / pkof]udf ;/sf/sf] lg0ff{os Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g' .

;Dk"0f{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;/sf/sf] jh]6dfkm{t kl/rfng x'g g;Sg' .

;xfotf Joj:yfkgdf bft[ kIf tyf ;Dj4 kIfaLr plrt ;fd~h:o / ;dGjo :yflkt x'g g;Sg' .
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&.)^*@)^(.)&)_

If]qLo ;Gt'ngsf] k|j4{g, ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ;dfhsf] lgdf0f{df d2t k'Ug] If]qdf ck]lIft dfqfdf j}bl] zs
;xfotf vr{ x'g g;Sg' .

pRr k|ltkmn lbg] cfof]hgfxdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f gx'g' .

If]qut cjwf/0ffsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gx'g' .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf u|x0f / pkof]u ug{] Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g' .

7" n f ef} l ts k" j f{ w f/ lgdf{ 0 fsf If] q df j} b ] l zs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng ck] I ffcg' k a9\ g g;Sg' .

cfof]hgfsfo{qmdsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;Demf}tf ug{' k"j{tof/L gx'g' .

;a} k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotf /fli6o jh]6 k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z x'g g;Sg' .

;xof] u /fli6 o k| f yldstfsf If] q df kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoLk" 0 f{ 9+ u n] kl/rfng x' g g;Sg' .

k]l/; 3f]if0ffn] Joj:yf u/]sf k|fjwfgsf] cg'udgsf nflu cy{ dGqfnof/f ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] g]kfndf j}bl] zs
;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /x]sf] tYo cf}N+ ofPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))* df OECD sf] cg'/f]wdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] "k]l/; 3f]if0ff
@))%" sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfndf Aid Effectiveness sf] l:ylt s:tf] 5, ;xfotf cfj4tf (Aid Alignment) s:tf]
5 eGg] ;Gbe{df pQm Survey u/]sf] lyof] h;sf] glthf o;k|sf/ 5

!#(

!#= j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfndf ePsf k|of;

g]kfnn] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] lnPsf] j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L kdf kl/rfng ug{ tyf
;xfotf Joj:yfkg ug{ kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljleGg gLltut k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL k|of;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;+If]kdf pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5
s_ cfjlws of]hgfx
j}bl] zs ;xfotf Joj:yfkg ug{ ljleGg of]hgfdf gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf
a9fpg], k|fyldstf tf]Sg], Ifdtf a9fpg], cg'udg d"Nof\sg Ifdtf a9fpg] h:tf gLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L cGtl/d
of]hgf -@)^$^%@)^^^&_ n] j}b]lzs ;xfotf :yfgLo ;Lk, bIftf j[l4 / k|ljlw ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L :jLsf/
ul/g], :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] pQ/bfoL e"ldsf :yflkt ul/g], k"jf{wf/df kl/rfng ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg] / cfly{s, s"6gLlts
;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g] gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} cfufdL cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_ sf]
cjwf/0ffkqdf /fli6o k|fyldstf tyf lxtsf cfwf/df ;xfotf k|:tfj ug]{, ;xfotf kl/rfng Ifdtf a9fpg], ;xfotf
kl/rfngdf kf/bzL{tf Pj+ pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ug]{ / k'hL k|jfx x'g ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt lnOg]
s'/f cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .
v_ ah]6
ljleGg cfly{s jif{sf ah]6 jStJoxdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ul/g], ;xfotf cfjZostf x]/L lng],
cg' u dg Pj+ d" N of\ s g k| 0 ffnLnfO{ k| e fjsf/L agfpg] h:tf gLltut Joj:yf u/] s f] kfOG5 .
u_ cWoogcg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg tyf k|ltj4tf
zf;sLo Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g ;'wf/, vr{ Joj:yfkg h:tf ljljw ljifodf u7g ePsf cfof]u, cWoogcg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bg dfkm{t klg j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L kn] kl/rfng ug{ gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfx ug]{ ;'emfj
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u -@)%&_, ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL
k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -@)^&_ n] ;xof]u Joj:yfkg ug{ gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut ;'emfj lbPsf] kfOG5 . To:t}
g]kfnn] cfkm' ;xefuL ePsf] cGt/f{li6o ;ef ;Dd]ngx / g]kfn ljsf; d~rsf j}7sxdf ;xof]usf] k|efjsf/Ltf
a9fpg k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] kfOG5 .
3_ j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%(
u/LaL lgjf/0f, ;dli6ut gLltsf] cleGg efu, ;dli6ut If]q / cy{tGq;+u ;DjlGwt, kf/blz{tf k|j4{g, cfTdlge{/tf
pGd'v h:tf l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L th'{df ul/Psf] j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%( n] /fli6o :t/sf p2]Zo;+u ;dGjo,
;xfotfsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / bIftf clej[l4, pRr cfly{s j[l4 / Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ;fem]bf/Lsf]
ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] .
C0f ;xof]usf] /sdaf6 k/fdz{bftf tyf ljb]zL ljz]if1sf] ;]jf sd ug]{, C0f :jLsf/ ubf{ k|efj ljZn]if0f ug]{,
pRr kmnk|fKt x'g] cfof]hgf / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ug]{ / C0feGbf cg'bfgdf hf]8 lbg] h:tf
gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] o; gLltdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg cGt/f{li6o:t/df ePsf kl5Nnf k|of;x
k]l/; 3f]if0ff, cfqmf sfo{of]hgf, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf l;4fGtk|fjwfgnfO{ ;dfof]hg x'g g;s]sf]n] ;dsfnLg ;Gbe{xnfO{
;Djf]wg ug]{ u/L gof gLltsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

!$= ;dfwfgsf pkfox

j} b ] l zs ;xfotfsf] k| e fjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDgcg' ; f/sf pkfox cjnDag ug' { k g] { b] l vG5 .

/fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ ;an / ;Ifd agfO{ zf;sLo ;+oGqnfO{ dha't agfpg] .

;xdtLo k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L ;f}bfafhL Ifdtf a9fpg] .

k]l/; l;4fGt, cfqmf k|:tfj -sfo{of]hgf_, ;fdflhs ljsf;;DaGwL 3f]if0ff cflbsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ gof j}b]lzs
!$)

;xfotf gLlt th'{df ug]{ .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng / sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ .

lhDd]jf/LnfO{ nfut s]Gb|;u hf]8]/ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg] .

Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;+:yfut ljsf;df nufgL ug]{ .

/fli6o k|fyldstf tyf lxtsf cfwf/df ;xfotf k|:tfj ug{] .

;xfotf kl/rfngsf] kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj j[l4 ug{] .

;"rgf k|ljlw, cf}iflw lj1fg h:tf If]qdf cfpg] ;xfotfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] .

cg'bfg nlIft j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf hf]8 lbg] .

;'zf;gsf] k|j4g{ ug{] .

sfo{k|0ffnLdf kf/blz{tf Nofpg], vr{ k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug]{ / kf/bzL{ agfpg] .

Buttom-up Approach df cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ .

cg'udg / d"Nof\sg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L a9fpg] .

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] nufgLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] .

;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u -@)^&_ sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;'wf/sf kIfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

!$!

!%= pk;+xf/
ljZjsf sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo ;xof]u :jk j}bl] zs ;xof]u
kl/rfng x'g yfn]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;s]sf] 5 . k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{, ;fdflhs ljsf; ug]{, cNkljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ljZj
k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt ug{ IFdtf ljsf; ug],{ ljZj ahf/df ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'r
sf] ;'lglZrttf lbg] / ljZj efOrf/fsf] ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zo;fy kl/rfng ePsf] j}b]lzs ;xfof]usf] kl/rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf NofO{ To;sf] jf:tljs kmn nlIft ju{;Dd
k'ofpg gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{ cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{
k| e fjsf/L agfpg gLltut tyf ;+ : yfut ;+ o Gqdf ;' w f/ Nofpgsf] nflu ljleGg k| o f;x eO/x] s f 5g\ .
g]kfndf klg cfly{s;fdflhs nufot k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] kdf kl/rfng ul/g] j}b]lzs
;xfotfnfO{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{, ljsf;sf ultljlw ;Grfng ug{, Ifdtf ljsf; ug{, dfgjLo k'hL lgdf{0f ug{ k|of]u u/L
o;sf] kmn ;a} nlIft ju{;Dd k'ofpg] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ . j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug{ gLltut, sfo{ut,
;+:yfut / jftfj/0fLo kIfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . ljZjdf ePsf k|of;sf glthfxnfO{ ;dflxt
u/L j}bl] zs ;xfotf Joj:yfkg ug{ gof j}bl] zs ;xfof]u gLlt Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;d'Ggt /fi6 lgdf{0fdf
7"nf] ;xof]u k'ofpg] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!=

yfkf, xl/axfb'/ -@)^!_ M ljb]zL ;xfotfsf lj;+ult, g]kfn a's ;]G6/, sf7df8f}+ .

@=

1jfnL, s[i0f -@)^$_ M Managing Foreign Aid, Foreign Investment for Nepal's Development,
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx, ;]ld8 g]kfn .

#=

l3ld/], dfwjk|;fb -@)^%_ M j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL, ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ax'cfoflds kIfx,
;]ld8 g]kfn .

$=

l3ld/], nfnz+s/ -@)^^_ M g]kfnL cy{tGqdf j}bl] zs ;xfotf M e"ldsf tyf kl/rfng, k/fu, g]=/f=s=;=, cy{ ljefu

%=

l3ld/], 8'08'/fh -@)^&_ M j}b]lzs ;xfotf tyf nufgL M e"ldsf, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf
ljljw cfofdx, ;f]kfg dfl;s

&=

Pyakuryal, Bishwamber & Others (2008) : Is Foreign Aid Working, Mandala Book Point,
Kathmandu.

*=

William Easterly (2006) : The White Man's Burden, Oxford University Press

(=

Lanchaster, Carol (2006) : Foreign Aid, Diplomacy, Development and Domestic Politics, The
University of Chicago Press.

!)=

Easterly, William : Reinvenling Foreign Aid, The MIT Press, Cambridge, London.

!!=

ljleGg j]j;fO6x

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