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Armel Musi
Mainski fakultet
Fakultetska 1,72 000 Zenica
Zenica, Bosna i Hercegovina
SUMMARY
In this paper,the heat transfer in welding process, which is one of the main factors in welding process
today, is shown. This factor is one of the main factors in welding process because of the efficency of
the process and because of the quality of the final products. Today, two-dimensional and numerical
model of unsteady heat transfer in welding, are developed. The model allows the calculation of the
dimensions of the joint, as well as time parameters, like time of cooling in critical interval from 800 to
500 degrees. The heat transfer by conduction, its term and purpose, as well as temperature gradients
and temperature fields, are described too. The basic laws of conduction, its basic equations, and usage
are described in this paper.
SAETAK
U radu je prikazan je prenos toplote pri procesu zavarivanja koji je danas jedan od glavnih
faktora pri procesu zavarivanja zbog same efikasnosti procesa,kao i kvaliteta njenih
proizvoda. Danas su razvijeni dvodimenzionalni i numeriki model nestacionarnog prenosa
toplote pri zavarivanju. Model omoguava proraun dimenzija spoja, kao i vremenskih
parametara, kao to je vreme hlaenja u kritinom intervalu od 800 do 500 C. Takodjer je
opisan prenos toplote kondukcijom,njen pojam i namjenu kao i temperaturni gradijenti i
temperaturna polja. Opisani su i osnovni pojmovi o zakonu kondukcije,osnovne njegove
jednacine kao i za sta se koristi.
Kljune rijei:zavarivanje,kondukcija, dvodimenzionalni model, numeriki model, temperaturni
gradijent, temperaturno polje, zakon kondukcije.
The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
1. INTRODUCTION
All welding processes are conducuted in conditions of very high temperature changes in a wide span.
The temperature of the basic material in welding can reach from -30 (welding in winter conditions) up
to 3000 oC (metal evaporation). The following processes occur in these temperature intervals:
To correctly control these processes it is required to know the influence of all these welding
parameters and the influence of the heat sources.
There are various approaches to determining the distribution of thermal fields in fusion welding.
They may be divided into experimental, numerical and analytical methods.
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The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
Analytical models obtained on the basis of the Fouriers heat conduction differential equation, applied
in common solid models and heat source models in arc fusion welding, in addition to quantitative data
on the thermal field distribution in welding, provide the possibility of a clear qualitative insight into
mutual influence of individual essential variables that affect the thermal field distribution in welding.
2. CONDUCTION
The heat distribution in welding as well as in other types of heating is characterized by a non-uniform
and non-stationary temperature distribution.
That kind of a distribution is unstable and in a certain time interval the warmer sections pass heat on to
the colder sections according to the first law of thermodynamics.
Conduction can he easily monitored in solid bodies, and in further considerations we will be based on
conduction in solid, unmolten, metal parts.
All theory is based on the Fourier's heat conduction law:
dQ (
t
) dFd
n
Temperature field
A field is a physical quantity that has a value for each point in space and time.For example, in a
weather forecast, the wind velocity is described by assigning a vector to each point in space.
Each vector represents the speed and direction of the movement of air at that point (Figure 1).
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The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
A field can be classified as a scalar field, a vector field, a spinor field or a tensor field according to
whether the value of the field at each point is a scalar, a vector, a spinor or a tensor, respectively.
A temperature field is a collection of all temperatures in a given moment in all points of space, and it
can be described by coordinates (cartesian, cylindrical and spherical).
The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
t1 t2
,
n
t t
t
t
lim 1 2
gradt
n0
n
n
n0
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the
temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location.
dQ (
t
) dFd
n
The temperature drop in the given direction is taken as negative because the temperature is decreasing.
In the equation above individual elements are:
dQ - elementary heat,
t
n - temperature gradient,
dF - elementary surface,
d - time and
- thermal conductivity (often denoted k, , or ) is the property of a material to conduct
heat.
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The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
It can also be defined as the amount of heat which can pass through a given surface in one second
of time where the temperature drop is 1 oC.
This coefficient is a physical unit and is dependent of the material type and its ability to conduct
heat.
The previous equation integrated by time and surface area ultimately gives us the equation for the
heat flux or thermal flux which is the rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface.(Figure
6)
4. CONCLUSION
Analytical solutions of the Fouriers heat conduction differential equation, as applied to common solid
models and heat source models in arc fusion welding processes, result in practical solutions that
provide the possibility of a qualitative insight into mutual influences between individual variables and
individual influence of each variable on the thermal field distribution in welding.
The accuracy of analytical models presented in this paper is reduced as one approaches the middle of
the welded joint, i.e. the origin of the coordinate system. However, simplified formulae for calculating
The 1st Student Conference Content and English Language Integrated Learning
CLIL 2016 Zenica, B&H, Juni 2016
thermal input and cooling time from 800 to 500 C are very practical, so they are relatively frequently
used in specialist literature.
Such models are suitable for combining with numerical methods that, in addition to appropriate
boundary conditions, may result in more precise calculations of thermal field distribution in welding.
5. LITERATURE
[1] Heat flow in weldingT. DebRoy, Chair The Pennsylvania State University
[2]Lukaevi, Z. Zavarivanje. Strojarski fakultet u Slavonskom Brodu, Sveuilite u Osijeku, 1996
[3] http://webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/bk3/c11/Heat%20conduction.pdf(accessed 23.04.2016)
[4] https://people.rit.edu/pnveme/MECE409/fielddesp/HeatTransfer_1.html (accessed 23.04.2016)