Complex Theorems

2009-2010

Cauchys Theorem (Homotopy Version).

Power series expansion for holomorphic functions (state).
Liouvilles Theorem.
Argument Principle (state).
Rouches Theorem (state).
Inverse Function Theorem.
Montels Theorem.
Every memomorphic function on the riemann sphere is rational.
Riemann Mapping Theorem (state).
Mittag-Leflers Theorem.

2007-2008

Cauchys Theorem (Homotopy Version).

Laurent Series Expansion of a Holomorphic Function (state).
Moreras Theorem.
Schwarz Reflection Principle (prove using Morera).
Global Maximum Modulus Theorem.
Liouvilles Theorem.
Mobius Transformations define Meromorphic Functions on the Riemann Sphere..

2005-2006

Cauchys Theorem (any version).

Cauchy Integral Formula.
Power series expansion theorem for holomorphic functions (state).
Identity Principle.
Weirerstrass Theorem (state).
Montels Theorem (state).
Riemann Extension Theorem (state).
Argument Principle (state).
Rouches Theorem (state).
Open mapping theorem (deduce from Rouche).
Riemann Mapping Theorem (idea of proof).
Schwarz Lemma.

Cauchy Theorem (Homotopy Version)

Let 1 , 2 : [a, b] . Assume aRhomotopyR between 1 , 2 relative to {a, b}

If f : C is holomorphic, then 1 f dz = 2 f dz
Proof

Cauchy Theorem (Homology Version)

Let f : C be holomorphic and let c be a 1-cycle which is a boundary in .

{c =
Rc : c is a 2-chain in }
Then c f dz = 0
Proof
R
P
P
We have c =
c = j nj [j ] where c = j nj [j ]. We want [j ] f dz = 0
Let
j : C
[j ] = [ 1 ] + [ 2 ] + [ 3 ]
: [a, b] C
[] = [1 ] + [2 ] + [3 ]
0 (t) = z0
So, we have a homotopy (t, s) = (1 s)(t) + s0 (t)
(t, s)
Now ((t, s)) is homotomy in between and 0 = constant
is null-homotopic
So the homotopy version of Cauchy gives
Z
f dz = 0

Z
[j [f dz = 0
Z
X Z
f dz =
nj
f dz = 0
[j ]

Moreras Theorem (Converse of Cauchy)

Assume
1. f continuous in
:
2. triangle

f dz = 0

Then f is holomorphic in

Proof
Z

f d = 0

=
=

f d = 0
[a,z]

f d
[a,z0 ]

f d
[z,z0 ]

= F (z) F (z0 )
Z
F (z) F (z0 )
1
=
f d
z z0
z z0 [z0 ,z]
Z
Z
1
1
=
f (z0 )d +
(f () f (z0 ))d
z z0 [z0 ,z]
z z0 [z0 ,z]
Where I = f () f (z0 )


 1
 sup|f () f (z0 )|


I
|z z0 |
 z z0 
z z0
0 as z z0
So
1
F (z) F (z0 )

z z0
z z0
= f (z0 )

f (z0 )d
z,z0

f (z) = F 0 (z)
F holomorphic
Locally expands in Taylor Series
f expands in power series
f holomorphic

Liouvilles Theorem

Every function f which is holomorphic in C and is bounded is constant, i.e. for f O(C)
and |f (z)| c, for some constant c, then f=const.
Proof
f is holomorphic in C f is holomorphic in some ball = BR (0). The Cauchy Estimate
for f gives us
n!c
|f (n) (0)| n
R
where c = sup |f |
We already know that c : |f (z)| c so
c c
|f (n) (0)|
3

n!
c
n
R

for all R. Now we take the limit as R

lim |f (n) (0)| = 0

for all n > 0. For n = 0 we have

|f (0)| c
If we consider the power series expansion of f (z),
f (z) =

cn z n

n=0

X
f (n) (0)
n=0

n!

zn

= f (0)
So f (z) = const.

Identity Principle

Let f, g be holomorphic in with connected and f (z) = g(z) z subset A

A has unit points in
f g in
Proof
Let h = f g h|A = 0. We want h 0.
To show this use factorisation lemma: z0 unit points of A. Assume d = ordh (z0 ) < inf
h(z) = (z z0 )d g(z), g(z0 ) 6= 0 where g(z0 ) has no zeros near z0
z0 is isolated zero of h
z0 cannot be unit point of A, h|A 0
d = inf h 0 in neighbourhood of z0
Use open closed arguement. Set U = {a : h 0 in some neighbourhood of a}
U open
To show U closed: let z0 be unit set of U z0 U by the first part of the proof
U is opan and closed, U 6= U =
h0

Rouch
es Theorem

and F, f be holomorphic in with |f (z)| < |F (z)| on D = . Then # of zeros

Let D
of F in D = # of zeros of F + f in D
Proof
F + tf has no zeros on gamma

Rightarrow(t) N t
is continuous in (z, t) x{0, 1}
(t) is continuous
= constant
# of zeros of F in D = # of zeros of F + f in D

F 0 (z)+tf 0 (z)
F (z)+tf (z)

10

Montels Theorem

Let fn be holomorphic in .
Assume k compact C(k), |fn (z)| C(k), z k, n
Proof
Choose a disk BR(z0 ) with z0 being any fixed point
We want to prove that (|fn |BR(z0 ) ) is equicontinuous.
Let
Z
fn ()
1
bn (z) =
d
2i BR+ (z0 ) ( z)
with  such that BR(z0 )
1
fn (z) fn (w) =
2i
where w BR(z0 )
Now:

fn ()d
BR+ (z0 )

1
1

z w

1
zw
1

=
z w
( z)( = w)

BR+ (z0 )
| z|, | w| 
And so

Also




 |z w|
z

w


 ( z)( w)  2
|fn (z) fn (w)| 2(R + )
=

1
|z w|
sup |fn
|, n
2 BR+
2

R+
sup |fn ||z w|
2

Take k = BR+(z0 )
(fn |K ) is uniformly bounded by assumption
C(K) > 0; sup |fn | C(K), n
C(K)|z w|
|fn (z) fn (w)| R+
2
R+

Let 2 C(K) = M > 0, say,  > 0, take = 2M
Then |z w| < |fn (z) fn (w)| M = 2 < 
fn |Br (z0 ) equicontinuous
5

11

Schwarz Reflection Principle

+ is an interval and we have the following assumptions:

Let f : + I C where I R
1. f O(+ ) C(+ I)
2. f (I) R
Then f has a holomorphic extension f: + I C and, moreover, it is given by
(
f (x) if z + I
f(z) =
z if z
f ()
Proof
Firstly, we need to check that f O( ). We have
z
z 7 z 7 f (
z ) 7 f ()
z are both anti-holomorphic maps and z 7 f (
where z 7 z and f (
z ) 7 f ()
z ) is a holomor
phic map. This implies that f ()
z is holomorphic in z
Now we wish to show that f is holomorphic at I. We have
lim f(z) = f(x0 )

zx0 I

since f = f|+ I where z x0 I and f C(+ I).

z , z x0
z + , z x0 = x0
f (
z ) f (x0 ), by our second assumption

0 ) = f (x0 )
f ()
z f (x

f (z) f (x0 ) = f (x0 )

f C( I)
f is continuous in + I
Now we use the Removability Lemma for = I + and f. The lemma states that if
f C() O(\R) f O(). Therefore, by the lemma, we have
f C()f O(+ )
where + = \R. By the lemma, f is holomophic in . This proves the reflection
principle.