Communication

is the process of conveying information between two

or more people.
a process concerning exchange of facts or ideas
between persons holding different positions in an
organisation to achieve mutual harmony. The
communication process is dynamic in nature rather
than a static phenomenon.
the process of transmitting information and common
understanding from one person to another. The word
communication is derived from the Latin word,
communis, which means common. The definition
underscores the fact that unless a common
understanding results from the exchange of
information, there is no communication.
is simply the act of transferring information from one place to

another.
Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone,
radio or television and other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how
we dress or act - even our scent.
Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines,
the Internet or via other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other
visualizations can communicate messages.

Communication Process
is the steps we take in order to achieve a successful
communication.
Communication process as such must be considered a
continuous and dynamic inter-action, both affecting
and being affected by many variables.

Process of Communication
(1) Sender:

The person who intends to convey the message with the

intention of passing information and ideas to others is known
as sender or communicator.
(2) Ideas:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be
an opinion, attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and
intangible, its further passing requires use of certain symbols
such as words, actions or pictures etc. Conversion of subject
matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.
(4) Communication Channel:
The person who is interested in communicating has to
choose the channel for sending the required information,
ideas etc. This information is transmitted to the receiver
through certain channels which may be either formal or
informal.
(5) Receiver:
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for
whom the message is meant for. It is the receiver who tries
to understand the message in the best possible manner in
achieving the desired objectives.
(6) Decoding:
The person who receives the message or symbol from the
communicator tries to convert the same in such a way so
that he may extract its meaning to his complete
understanding.
(7) Feedback:

Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has

received the message and understood in the same sense as
sender meant it.

Research simply means a search for facts answers to

questions and Solutions to Problems. It is a Purposive
investigation. It is an Organized inquiry (It seeks to find
explanations to unexplained phenomenon, to classify the
doubtful propositions and to correct the misconceived facts).

Characteristic of research
1. Research is a Systematic and critical Investigation, into a
Phenomenon.
2. It adopts Scientific method.
3. It is Objective and Logical.
4. It is based up on Observable Experience or empirical
evidence.
5. Research is directed towards finding answers to pertinent
questions and solutions to Problems.
6. It emphasizes the development of generalization,
principles or theories.

The
The
The
The

goal is inference
procedures are public
conclusions are uncertain
content is method

Process of Research
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:

IDENTIFY AND DEVELOP YOUR TOPIC

FIND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
USE CATALOGS TO FIND BOOKS AND MEDIA
USE INDEXES TO FIND PERIODICAL ARTICLES
FIND INTERNET RESOURCES
EVALUATE WHAT YOU FIND
CITE WHAT YOU FIND USING A STANDARD FORMAT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Observation
Initial data gathering
Theory formulation
Hypothesis formulation
Further data gathering

6. Data analysis
7. Deduction
Ethics in Research

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality

Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for

publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

Responsible Publication

Objectivity

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or selfdeception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them
to make their own decisions.

Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of

Respect for colleagues

thought and action.

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Carefulness

Social Responsibility

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research,

and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data

public education, and advocacy.

collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Non-Discrimination
Openness
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.

Respect for Intellectual Property

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special
precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and
burdens of research fairly.

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used

to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and
opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data
collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured
techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group
discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations.
The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to
fulfill a given quota.
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into
useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,

behaviors, and other defined variables and generalize results

from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses
measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in
research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more
structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative
data collection methods include various forms of surveys online
surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-toface interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
Qualitative Methods

Quantitative Methods

Methods include focus groups, in-depth

interviews, and reviews of documents
for types of themes

Surveys, structured interviews &

observations, and reviews of records or
documents for numeric information

Primarily inductive process used to

formulate theory or hypotheses

Primarily deductive process used to

test pre-specified concepts, constructs,
and hypotheses that make up a theory

More subjective: describes a problem

or condition from the point of view of
those experiencing it

More objective: provides observed

effects (interpreted by researchers) of
a program on a problem or condition

Text-based

Number-based

More in-depth information on a few

cases

Less in-depth but more breadth of

information across a large number of
cases

Unstructured or semi-structured
response options

Fixed response options

No statistical tests

Statistical tests are used for analysis

Can be valid and reliable: largely

depends on skill and rigor of the
researcher

Can be valid and reliable: largely

depends on the measurement device or
instrument used

Time expenditure lighter on the

planning end and heavier during the
analysis phase

Time expenditure heavier on the

planning phase and lighter on the
analysis phase

Less generalizable

More generalizable

Kinds of Research

a. Basic or Pure it is done for the development of

theories and principles. It is conducted for intellectual
pleasure of learning.
b. Applied the application of pure research. This is
testing the efficiency of theories and principles.

3. According to the Level of Investigation

a. Exploratory the researcher studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation.
b. Descriptive the researcher studies the relationships
of the variables.
c. Experimental the researcher studies the effects of
the variables on each other

4. According to the Types of Analysis

a. Analytic Approach the researcher attempts to
identify and isolate the components of the research
situation.
b. Holistic Approach this begins with the total
situation, focusing attention on the system first and on
its internal relationships.

1. According to Purpose
5. According to Scope
a. Predictive or Prognostic it has the purpose to
determine the future operation of the variables under
investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting
such for the better.
b. Directive it determines what should be done based
on the findings.
c. Illuminative it is concerned with the interaction of
the components of the variable being investigated.

2. According to Goal

Action Research
This involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems.
This type of research is done on a very limited scope
to solve a particular problem which is not so big.

6. According to Choice of Answers to Problems

a. Evaluation research All posible courses of action
are spescified and identified and the researcher.
b. Developmental research the focus is on finding or
developing a more suitable instrument or process than
has been available.

7. According to Statistical Content

a. Quantitative or Statistical Research is one in
which inferential statistics are utilized to
determine the results of the study.
b. Non-quantitative Research this is research in
which the use of the quantity or statistics is practically
not utilize.

8. According to Time Element

a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what will be.
References:
http://wikieducator.org/
http://www.indiana.edu/
http://www.saylor.org/
http://sydney.edu.au/
http://www.snapsurveys.com/
http://www.orau.gov/
http://www.xavier.edu/
http://www.slideshare.net/
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/