Assignment 1

Computer Networks Lab

Submitted By:
BSEF12M014
BSEF12M025
BSEF12M038
BSEF12M054
BSEF12M061

OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI Model) is a
conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the internal
functions of a communication system by partitioning it into
abstraction layers. The model is a product of the Open Systems
Interconnection project at the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC
7498-1.
An open system is a set of protocols that allow any two different
systems to communicate regardless of their underlying structure.
The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate
communication between different systems without requiring
changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software. The
OSI model isn't a protocol; it is a model for understanding and
designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable.

1- Layers and their Functions

Layer 7 The application layer: This is the layer at which
communication partners are identified, quality of service is
identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and
any constraints on data syntax are identified. (This layer is not the
application itself, although some applications may perform
application layer functions). It represents the services that directly
support applications such as software for file transfers, database
access, email, and network games.
Layer 6The presentation layer: This is a layer, usually part of
an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data
from one presentation format to another (for example, from a text
stream into a popup window with the newly arrived text). This
layer also manages security issues by providing services such as

data encryption and compression. Its sometimes called the

syntax layer.
Layer 5The session layer: This layer allows applications on
different computers to establish, use, and end a
session/connection. This layer establishes dialog control between
the two computers in a session, regulating which side transmits,
and when and how long it transmits.
Layer 4The transport layer: This layer handles error
recognition and recovery, manages the end-to-end control (for
example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and errorchecking. It ensures complete data transfer.
Layer 3The network layer: This layer handles the routing of
the data, addresses messages and translates logical addresses
and names into physical addresses. It also determines the route
from the source to the destination computer and manages traffic
problems (flow control), such as switching, routing, and controlling
the congestion of data packets.
Layer 2The data-link layer: This layer package raw bit from
the Physical layer into frames (logical, structures packets for
data). It is responsible for transferring frames from one computer
to another, without errors. After sending a frame, it waits for an
acknowledgment from the receiving computer.
Layer 1The physical layer: This layer transmits bits from one
computer to another and regulates the transmission of a stream
of bits over a physical medium. This layer defines how the cable is
attached to the network adapter and what transmission technique
is used to send data over the cable.

2- Protocol data unit

PDUs are relevant in relation to each of the first 4 layers of the
OSI model as follows:

 The Layer 1 (Physical Layer) PDU is the bit or, more

generally, symbol (can also be seen as "stream")
The Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) PDU is the frame
The Layer 3 (Network Layer) PDU is the packet
The Layer 4 (Transport Layer) PDU is the segment for TCP, or
the datagram for UDP
The Layer 5-6-7 (Application Layer) PDU is the message

3- Protocols

4- Network Components and Hardware

Layer 7 The application layer: Gateway

Layer 6The presentation layer: Gateway, Redirector
Layer 5The session layer: Gateway
Layer 4The transport layer: Gateway, Advanced Cable Tester
BRouter
Layer 3The network layer: BRouter, Router, Frame Relay
Device, ATM Switch, Advanced Cable Tester
Layer 2The data-link layer: Bridge, Switch, ISDN Router,
Intelligent, Hub NIC, Advanced Cable Tester
Layer 1The physical layer: Repeater, Multiplexer, Hubs, TDR
Oscilloscope Amplify

The OSI Model

TCP/IP

The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and

set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar
computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its
most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols
defined in this standard. Often also called the Internet model, it
was originally also known as the DoD model, because the
development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an
agency of the United States Department of Defense.
TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data
should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and
received at the destination. This functionality is organized into
four abstraction layers which are used to sort all related protocols
according to the scope of networking involved.[1][2] From lowest
to highest, the layers are the link layer, containing communication
technologies for a single network segment (link); the internet
layer, connecting hosts across independent networks, thus
establishing internetworking; the transport layer handling host-tohost communication; and the application layer, which provides
process-to-process application data exchange.

1- Layers and their Functions

Layer 4. Application Layer
Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model.
Application layer is present on the top of the Transport layer.
Application layer defines TCP/IP application protocols and how
host programs interface with Transport layer services to use the
network.
Layer 3. Transport Layer
Transport Layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model.
The position of the Transport layer is between Application layer
and Internet layer. The purpose of Transport layer is to permit
devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a

conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and

status of the connection used when transporting data.
Layer 2. Internet Layer
Internet Layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model.
The position of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer
and Transport layer. Internet layer pack data into data packets
known as IP datagrams, which contain source and destination
address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to
forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. The
Internet layer is also responsible for routing of IP datagrams.

Layer 1. Network Access Layer

Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP
model. Network Access Layer defines details of how data is
physically sent through the network, including how bits are
electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that
interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable,
optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.

2- TCP/IP Protocols

3- TCP/IP PDU
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer PDU is the bit or, more generally, symbol
(can also be seen as "stream")
Data Link Layer PDU is the frame
Network Layer PDU is the packet
Transport Layer PDU is the segment for TCP, or the
datagram for UDP
Application Layer PDU is the message

4- Network Components and Hardware

Layer 4The Application layer: Gateway, Computers

Layer 3The Transport layer: Gateway, Advanced Cable Tester

BRouter
Layer 2The Internet layer: BRouter, Router, Frame Relay
Device
Layer 1The Network access layer: Bridge, Switch, ISDN
Router, Intelligent Hub, NIC, Advanced Cable Tester

Physical addresses

A physical address is the hardware-level address used by the

Ethernet interface to communicate on the network. Every device
must have a unique physical address. This is often referred to as
its MAC (Media Access Control) address. An Ethernet physical
address is six bytes long and consists of six hexadecimal
numbers, usually separated by colon characters (:). For example:

Typically, a hardware manufacturer obtains a block of physical

address numbers from the IEEE and assigns a unique physical
address to each card it builds. The vendor block of addresses is
designated by the first three bytes of the six-byte physical
Ethernet address. In this way, Ethernet physical addresses are
generally distinct from each other, although some networks and
protocols will override this built-in mechanism with one of their
own.
Logical addresses

A logical address is a network-layer address that is interpreted by

a protocol handler. Logical addresses are used by networking
software to allow packets to be independent of the physical
connection of the network, that is, to work with different network

topologies and types of media. Each type of protocol has a

different kind of logical address, for example:

an IP address (IPv4) consists of four decimal numbers

separated by period (.) characters, for example:
130.57.64.11
an AppleTalk address consists of two decimal numbers
separated by a period (.), for example:
2010.42
368.12
Depending on the type of protocol in a packet (such as IP or
AppleTalk), a packet may also specify source and destination
logical address information, either as extensions to the physical
addresses or as alternatives to them.
For example, in sending a packet to a different network, the
higher-level, logical destination address might be for the
computer on that network to which you are sending the packet,
while the lower-level, physical address might be the physical
address of an inter-network device, like a router, that connects
the two networks and is responsible for forwarding the packet to
the ultimate destination.