Nama : Billy Shan J.Y.T.

NPM : 1415061011
Bab 6 Orako Problems
1.

It will be useful to keep the following representation of the N tracks of a disk in mind:
a. Let us use the notation Ps [j/t] = Pr [seek of length j when head is currently positioned
over track t]. Recognize that each of the N tracks is equally likely to be requested.
Therefore the unconditional probability of selecting any particular track is 1/N. We
can then state:
1
Ps[j / t] = N if t - 1 OR t N- j
2
N

Ps[j / t] =

if j-1 < t < N j

In the former case, the current track is so close to one end of the disk (track 0 or
track N 1) that only one track is exactly j tracks away. In the second case,
there are two tracks that are exactly j tracks away from track t, and therefore
the probability of a seek of length j is the probability that either of these two
tracks is selected, which is just 2/N.
b. Let Ps [K] = Pr [seek of length K, independent of current track position]. Then:
N 1
K
Ps
Pf [current track is track t]
Ps[K] =
t
t=0

[ ]

1
N

N 1

Ps
t=0

[ ]
K
t

From part (a), we know that Ps[K/t] takes on the value 1/N for 2K of the tracks, and
the value 2/N for (N 2K) of the tracks. So
Ps[K] =
c.

1
N

2 K 2 ( N 2 K )
+
] =
N
N

2 K +2(N 2 K )
N2

2 2K

N N2

d. This follows directly from the last equation.

2. Ta = Ts +

1
2r

b
+ rN

3. Consider a magentic disk drive with 8 surfaces, 512 tracks per surface, and 64 sectors per
track. Sector size is 1kB. The average seek time is 8 ms, the track-to-track access time is
1.5 ms, and the drive rotates at 3600 rpm. Successive tracks in a cylinder can be read
without head movement.
a. What is the disk capacity? 1024bytes / sector. 64 sectors per track, 512 tracks per
serface, 8 surfaces. 65536 bytes / track. 512 * 65536 = 33554432 bytes per surface (32
mB per surface). 33554432 bytes * 8 = 268435456 bytes / 1024 / 1024 = 256 mB. The
disk can hold 256 megabytes.
b. What is the average access time? Assume this file is stored in successive sectors and
tracks of successive cylinders, starting at sector 0, track 0, of cylinder i. Seek time +
rotational delay + track to track. 8ms + 8.3 + 1.5ms = 17.8ms
c. Estimate the time required to transfer a 5-MB file. 5MB = 5242880 bytes.
5242880
65536

= 80 tracks. 80 * 64 = 5120 sectors. So 80 tracks, 5120 sectors, 10 cylinders

(80 tracks / 8 surfaces).

d. What is the burst transfer rate? Bytes/track / time for one rotation.
66536/8.3 ms = 8016.4 bytes / ms.
4.

a. If we assume that the head starts at track 0, then the calculations are simplified. If the
request track is track 0, then the seek time is 0; if the requested track is track 29,999, then
the seek time is the time to traverse 29,999 tracks. For a random request, on average the
number of tracks traversed is 29,999/2 = 14999.5 tracks. At one ms per 100 tracks, the
average seek time is therefore 149.995 ms.
b. At 7200 rpm, there is one revolution every 8.333 ms. Therefore, the average rotational
delay is 4.167 ms.
c. With 600 sectors per track and the time for one complete revolution of 8.333 ms, the
transfer time for one sector is 8.333 ms/600 = 0.01389 ms.
d. The result is the sum of the preceding quantities, or approximately 154 ms. Each sector
can hold 4 logical records. The required number of sectors is 300,000/4
= 75,000

sectors. This requires 75,000/96 = 782 tracks, which in turn requires 782/110 = 8
surfaces.
5. Each sector can hold 4 logical records. The required number of sectors is 300,000/4
= 75,000 sectors. This requires 75,000/96 = 782 tracks, which in turn requires 782/110 =
8 surfaces.
6.

Consider a disk that rotates at 3600 rpm. The seek time to move the head between
adjacent tracks is 2 ms. There are 32 sectors per track, which are stored in linear order
from sector 0 through sector 31. The head sees the sectors in ascending order. Assume the
read/write head is positioned at the start of sector 1 on track 8. There is a main memory
buffer large enough to hold an entire track. Data is transferred between disk locations by
reading from the source track into the main memory buffer and then writing the data from
the buffer to the target track.
a. How long will it take to transfer sector 1 on track 8 to sector 1 on track 9? Read/write
speed = 16.67ms / 32 = .52ms a sector (16.67 ms being the time for one rotation). There
is .52ms to read the sector, 2ms to switch from track 8 to track 9 along with 16.15ms
(16.67-0.52ms) rotational delay (to get the disk back to sector 1). After which another
0.52ms to write the sector on track 9.
0.52 + 16.15 + 0.52 = 17.19ms.
b. How long will it take to transfer all the sectors of track 8 to the corresponding sectors
of track 9? 16.15 rotational delay (need to get to sector 0) + 16.67ms to read all the
sectors + 16.67ms rotational delay which includes 2ms head move + 16.67ms to write all
the sectors on track 9.
16.15 + 16.67 + 16.67 + 16.67 = 66.16 ms.

7.

It depends on the nature of the I/O request pattern. On one extreme, if only a single
process is doing I/O and is only doing one large I/O at a time, then disk striping improves
performance. If there are many processes making many small I/O requests, then a
nonstriped array of disks should give comparable performance to RAID 0.

8. RAID 0: 800 GB
RAID 3: 600 GB
RAID 5: 600 GB

RAID 1: 400 GB
RAID 4: 600 GB
RAID 6: 400 GB

9. With the CD scheme, bit density improves by a factor of 3, but there is an increase in the
number of bits by a factor of 14/8. Net improvement factor is 3 (8/14) 1.7. That is,
the CD scheme has a data storage density 1.7 times greater than the direct recording
scheme.

10. a. Assume you have 1 TB (1000 GB) of data to back up. How much would a disk backup
system cost? 500GB disk = $150. $150 * 2 = $300. It would cost $300 per media set.
With 3 sets of backup media, it would cost $900.
b. How much would a tape backup system cost for 1 TB? Tape drive: $2500. 1 set of
tapes 400GB X 3 = 50 * 3 = $150. 3 sets = $450. Complete cost: $2950.
c. How large would each backup have to be in order for a tape strategy to be less
expensive? 4.6 TB. At 4.6 tb, 11 tapes per set would be needed, or $550 per set, with the
3 being $$1650 The cost of the tape drive along with the backups is $2500+$1650=4150.
For a disk system, each set would require 10 500GB disks, or $1,500 per set. The cost
would be $4500 for the system.
d. What kind of backup strategy favors tapes? One that involves full backups once a
week, and then intermediate backups of new daily data throughout the week to decrease
the downtime when restoring data.