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Unit-1

Planning:- Pre-thinking & pre-arranging things before

an event takes place, so as to achieve good results in
health, convenience, comfort and happiness of all
living beings.
Town :- Town or city is a place of urban living.
Urban :- An environment in which natural
surroundings have been dominated by artificial or
mane made things, which man builds for himself for
his living, working and recreation.

As per Indian census, a place became urban if1) it has more than 5000 population, more than 75%
of which are engaged in non-agricultural occupation..
2) Density more than 1000/sq.km.

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Town Planning

It is an art of s h a pi n g and guiding the physical growth

of the town creating buildings and environments to
meet the various needs such as social, cultural,
economic, etc.

Objectives of Town planning

According to Town planning act, main objectives are-

Health- To create and promote healthy conditions &

environments for all the people rich and poor, to live,
to work, to play, etc.

To make right use of land for right purpose by proper

zoning, like Residential, commercial, Industrial,
Institutional and recreational, etc

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Objectives of Town planning

According to Town planning act, main objectives are Convinience:- It mans that to fulfill various needs of community
such as social, economic, cultural, etc.
To provide ample amount of land for various amenities.

viz;
open space, parks, bazaars, administrative offices, bus stand,
cinema house, etc.

Beauty:- To preserve the individuality of the town by developing it

on its most suited natural conditions.

To preserve aesthetic view of town, which include preservation of

trees, greenery, etc.

Principles of Town planning

There should be no haphazard (great carelessness)
method of planning.
Allow to develop housing accommodation to
various classes of people.
Civic amenities like shopping centre,
dispensaries, school, nursery, etc should be
provided to all the residencies.

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Principles of Town planning

Adequate open spaces should be reserved for
public recreation centers.
Public & semi public building should distributed
& grouped nearly throughout the town.
The system of zoning should be strictly
followed. Like commercial, industrial,
educational, etc.

Necessity of Town planning

Increased suburban sprawl .

Large time consummation for small distance

travel.
Increasing traffic congestion, resulting accidents.
Noisy traffic has almost disturb peace of social
life.
Increase of uncontrolled industrialization.
Increase of slum area.
Insufficient open spaces, parks, playgrounds
resulting unhealthy conditions of living.

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The Great town planners of

Modern Age

Sir Patrick Geddes :- (2 October 1854 17 April 1932)

He was a Scottish biologist,

sociologist, geographer, town planner,

having innovative thinking in town
planning.
He was the founder of the
international teaching establishment
in France.
Studied Royal college of Mines in
London between 1874-1878.
Came India in 1915 on invitation of
Lord Pentland, governor of Madras.
Give expert advice for development of
eighteen major towns in India.

Principles of planning by Sir

Patrick Geddes
1. The town planning primarily meant establishing
organic relationship among Folk, place and work.
Accordingly that the city came to looked upon , as
a social utility, living organism which are all
governed by definite laws of growth.
2. The city is no longer a mere (to cover, to dress up)
physical structure, but it is meant the people . There
families and communities they formed, there places
to live, to work an play. Hence human need are more
important than physical aspect.

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The Great town planners of

Modern Age

Sir Ebenezer Howard :- (29 January 1850 May 1, 1928)

He was born in City of London, the

son of a shopkeeper.

He is also well-known sociologist.

After education in Britain, he gave the

concept of Garden city, which is land

mark in history of town planning.
He wrote the book titled To-morrow,
published in 1898 which is
republished under the title of Garden
city, by an impressive diagram of
three Magnets.
It made deep impression in the field
of town planning.
Letchworth (England) ,Welwyn
(England)

Concept of Garden city

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Some images of Garden city- Letchworth (England) , Welwyn (England)

Some images of Garden city- Letchworth (England) , Welwyn (England)

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Main features of Garden City :1. The dwellings for all classes of people should be distributed
about a large central point area in which the public building
would be located.
2. Shopping centre is located on the edge of the town.
3. Industries to be located on the outskirt of the town.
4. City should have maximum population of 30,ooo-35,ooo people
in an area of 1000 acres.
5. City should be surrounded by permanent belt of agricultural
land of 3000-5000 acres.
6. City should have advantages of rural life like fresh air, greenery,
open fields, cottages, etc. and amenities of urban life such as
schools, theaters, hospitals, recreation centers, etc.

The Great town planners of

Modern Age

Clarence Stein:- (June 19, 1882 February 7, 1975)

He was an American
planner, architect, writer.

urban

He was Born, raised and educated

in New York.
He worked as chief designer on
several
large-scale
projects,
including the Panama Canal(1915)
in Southern California.
He was much influenced by
concept of Garden City of Sir
Ebenezer Howard.

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Principles of planning by Clarence Stein

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

No Grid road pattern be provided in the road system. As per

his opinion, it is the greatest enemy of traffic and road users.
Express ways/park ways for high speed traffic with limited
access to neighborhoods.
Footpath for pedestrian should be safe and segregated from
other vehicular traffic.
Houses to be turned in side. For this reason the working
areas like store , kitchen, bath, etc. should face the front
roads whereas living areas like drawing, dining, bed rooms
should be on the rear side of the roads. This is known as
Radburn idea.
Community park spreading on whole area of the town in
stead of providing one big at some distance which may not
be used by all.

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Thank You !!!

Unit-2
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Types of Town
Factors affecting one town from another town-

1. Location:- Hill station, river banks, sea fronts, etc

2. Function:-pilgrim town, health resort, education,
industrial, commercial, political, etc

3. Size:-

size of town determined by the population such

as, a community with more than five thousand but not
more than about one lakh may be called Town. And one
to ten lakh a city. Population more than ten lakh may be
called metropolitan city.

Stages of Growth of town : As per Sir Patrick Gedde three categery citys

1. Primary :- town which produces necessities of

human

2. Secondary :- town as centre of exchange such

marketing centre

3. Tertiary :- town which provides residential,

educational, etc.

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Methods of external growth : The growth of town can be classified in two waysi. Growth according to Origin:- The growth of town

further divided intoA. Natural growth : Here the town is result of evolution,

rather than pre-thought/ pre-planned development. The

town have developed as a matter of chance than design.
Here the primary factors are availability of water, rich
soil, immediate comfort an convenience of people rater
than other amenities like school, playground, hospital,
theaters, etc.
There are four types natural growth such asa.
b.
c.
d.

Concentric spread
Satellite Growth
Ribbon development
Scattered growth

Methods of external growth :-

Satellite growth have following features :i. Satellite town is also a full town in true sense but depends to the
certain extent on the parent city for higher education , employment,
etc.
ii. It is independent in its economic, social and cultural activity.
iii. It is pure residential unit with civic amenities like small shopping
centers, dispensary, primary or nursery school, etc.
iv. Here no industries are developed, hence the people will totally
depend on parent city for workshop work and employment facility.
v. It must me linked with parent city with easy transport facilities like
bus, local trains, etc.
vi. It may or may not consist of zoning.
vii. It is generally situated in an open area beyond green belt of the
parent city.
viii. Its size and development should be controlled and not allowed to
grow more than parent city, otherwise it would grow to become a
rival to the parent city and create problems.

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Methods of external growth :c. Ribbon Development :- In this type development is in the form

of Ribbon/ line ( single row of houses) along the highway, bus

route, railway line, etc.

Generally this development will happen in especially new

developing towns where rules and regulations have not

enforced strictly.
In this type of development the buildings includes like shops,
fuel stations, hotels, banks, factories, residential buildings, etc
This development is more dangerous from traffic point of view.

Methods of external growth :-

Following disadvantages of ribbon development : Everybody wants to take advantage of the frontage of main road.
Therefore the interior is left undeveloped, causing wastage of
valuable land.
Streets become narrow because overcrowding on the road side and

give rise to accidents.

All types of building crowd in, at road frontage , such as school,

factories, bus stops, fuel stations, etc with no regard to zoning

regulations.

The town spread far and wide which is costly to maintain. So its

improvement is very difficult.

Hence it is necessary to nip it in the bud, or check its
development in early stages.

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Methods of external growth :B. Planned Growth:- In this type of growth, town develops on

pre-determined plan as maid by the town planner. The

development is in orderly fashion.

The following point should considered for the planned growth

of town :- (points to keep in mind at the time designing ne

town)
1. Availability of good surroundings, climatic conditions,
contours of the area, streams and lakes, fertile land, etc.

2. Facilities of drainage, sewage disposal, etc. land availability

for garbage dump.

3. Availability of water sources, electric power, means of

communication, transport, etc.

Methods of external growth : (Features to be embedded in plan of town)

Area for residence, public, commerce, and industry based
on zones.
Essential public services like water supply, drainage,
electricity, telephone, gas service, etc
Public amenities like post offices, police station, fuel
station, fire brigade, dairies, dhobi ghat, etc.
Educational institutes like school, colleges, etc.
Recreational amenities like parks, gardens, play grounds,
stadiums, etc.
Good network of roads.
Provision for future expansion.

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Methods of external growth : The growth of town can be classified in two waysii.

Growth according to Direction:- The growth of

town further divided intoA. Horizontal growth : In this type the city can grow
horizontally in all horizontal directions, to
accommodate the growing population.

Horizontal growth is economical at places where

the land is cheap.

Methods of external growth : Advantages of horizontal growth:a) It does not require high technical person to plan.
b) It is possible to have roof ventilation and maximum use
of roof lighting.
c) There is lot of economy in space since there is no need
of lift or supporting columns in structure, resulting
economy in cost.
d) Density of population is generally low.
e) The marginal space surrounding the building can be
used for recreational purpose like gardening.

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Methods of external growth : Disadvantages of horizontal growth:a) It requires more land for the same space area.
b) Foundation cost per unit area used is more.
c) It is uneconomical where land is costly.
d) There is absence of group living.

Methods of external growth :A. Vertical growth : In this type city grows
vertically which is done by adding more floors
to the existing buildings or constructing high
rise or multi-storied building .
This type of growth is suitable where the land is
costly.
Advantages of vertical growth:a) Since the foundation is common for number of
floors, the foundation cost per unit area is within
reasonable limit .
b) Because of multi-storied construction, there is lot of
saving in land up to great extent where land is costly.
c) It leaves plenty of land for public amenities like
gardens, playgrounds, etc.

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Methods of external growth :

Advantages of vertical growth:-

d) As the building goes above, the landscape goes

through occupants enjoy the beauty of the
surrounding country.
e) Number of people utilize the common amenities of
same building, it develops a sense of group living.

Methods of external growth :

a)

Disadvantages of vertical growth:Difficulty in Getting up and down movements, in case of

lift failure of lift.

b)

In case of fire an earthquake the occupants staying in upper

floors find it difficult to escape.

c)

Due to wind, terrific down drafts sometimes develop which

knocks the pedestrians off there feet . So these should be
checked through wind tunnel tests be fore construction.

d)

Population density is very high.

e)

Now a days, construction of skyscrapers is more popular, it

requires large construction cost.

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Zoning

It is defined as a regulation by, law of the use of land and (or)

buildings in specific areas for the purpose of securing

convenience, health, safety of community.

The term zoning in town planning sense used to include two

aspect-

i. Allocation of land for specific purpose.

ii. Control on the use ,height and construction of the

building.

The zoning has been adopted by most of the countries of

world such as, West Germany, England, America, Russia,
Japan, Sweden, France, etc.
In India also some authorities enjoy zoning facilities.

Zoning
Importance of zoning
Zoning is an important adjunct of any town planning.
It plays important role in town planning such way that, the
industrial area is located away from the residential area so
it is not affected by dangerous gases, smoke etc.
Business or commercial areas are also separately located
from residential areas such as residential areas are free
from noise, bustle(heavy movement),etc .
The population is also distributed through out the town by
zoning regulation, so there is no concentration of
population in one particular area.

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Zoning
Importance of zoning
In height zoning area, high rise building will not be
allowed to construct near small houses.
Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public
amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity,
transport, etc.
In short zoning secures orderly growth of the town,
health, safety, et.
It increases utility, beauty, efficiency of the town in
general.

Classification of Zoning : Generally zoning is classified as under :-

i.

Use Zoning

ii.

Height Zoning

iii. Density zoning

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Classification of Zoning :i.

Use Zoning :- The main principal of use zoning is , to

divide the city into different sections / zones and utilize
each of zone for right purpose and in correct location
with respect to others , so as to avoid encroachment of
one zone upon another.
Use zoning of town is further divided into various
sections:1. Residential Zone

4. Civic zone

2. Commercial zone

5. Institutional zone

3. Industrial Zone

6. Recreational zone

Classification of Zoning :-

Residential Zone :- This is the zone where the people of the town live

together in large number.

The buildings coming in this zone are detached single family houses, semi-

detached houses, group housing, chawl, sky-scrapers, etc.

This zone covers an area of 40% to 50% of the total land.

This zones are located in peaceful surroundings and as far as possible away

from business/ industrial zones, so the planning of residential zone should

be done with the at most care.

It should have a certain amount of privacy and therefore separated from

other zones by means of green belt; which contain park, garden.

It should have easy communication facilities like railway, roadways,

telephone, etc

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Classification of Zoning :-

Commercial Zone :- This covers an area of 2% to 5% of total area.

This zone consist markets, ware-houses, godowns, business offices, banks

and residential buildings employees there.

This zones are located near to the traffic area.

Industrial Zone :- This zone covers an area an area of 5% to 20%.

This zone next to the residential zone in importance. Hence great care
should be taken in fixing location of industrial zone.

As a rule; this zone should planned leeward side of the town, so that no

dangerous gases enter in city.

Minor industries like bakeries, dairies, laundries may be grouped together

and located near to the residential zone.

Classification of Zoning :Industrial Zone :-

Light industries and factories like manufactures of glass ,

porcelain, ice, etc which use only electric power and do

not cause any air pollution may be located anywhere on
periphery of the town.

Medium industries such as cotton mills, oil mils, sugar

factories create noisy atmosphere and undesirable waste.

Heavy industries which manufacture cement, steel and

such other materials gives obnoxious gases and fumes.

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Classification of Zoning : Civic Zone :- This covers an area of 2% t 3% of total land.

This zone contains all public buildings like townhall, court, public libraries,

post office, museum, auditorium, bank, shoe-rooms, etc.

Institutional Zone :- This covers an area of 1% t 2% of total land.

This contains schools, collages, institutes, private coaching classes, etc.
Recreational Zone :- This zone planned in the remaining area of the town,

generally 15% to 20%.

This is also an important zone because it provides healthy environment for

people.

This contains mainly parks, gardens, cinema hall, community centers, etc.

Classification of Zoning :ii. Height Zoning :- In this method the height of building
is keep in control. It is done by means of height zoning.
There are various methods to control the heights of
high rise building.
In first method, the height of the building is restricted
by the width of the street in front or the minimum width
of space at rear side
Generally in this method, 450 and 63.50, air plane rules
are adopted.
The rule states that no part of the tall building should
cut the plane drawn from the boundary of plot at an
angle of either 450 or 63.50 to the horizontal .

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Classification of Zoning :i.

Height Zoning :-

Classification of Zoning :ii. Height Zoning :- The second method is called bulk
volume method.

In this case the volume of the building is made equal to

the volume of the prism with plinth area as a base and
height is equal to the width of the road

i.e.
volume of bldg. = 1/3 x Area x Height

But now a days floor space index (FSI) is used to control

height of building and the total floor area in relation
with plot area.

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Classification of Zoning :-

iii. Density Zoning :In this method the town is

controlled with respect to population density.

The population per unit area or acre is defined as density

of population. This density may be either Gross or net
density.

Gross density :- It is the average density of population per

unit area of the residential zone, including open spaces,
and area under non-residential such as schools, shops,
and other public institutions.

Net density :- It is the average density per unit of the

housing area including local roads only.

Classification of Zoning :iii. Density Zoning :-

The town planner has to fix certain standards of gross

and net densities for various areas.
To control the population density, following points are noted:i.

Minimum size of the plot for each house is fixed.

ii.

The number of houses per unit area is specified.

iii. The ratio of total plot area to the total built up area is

fixed. (FSI)

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Surveys

Its mean to collect the data and information based on

spot survey.
To draw a mental picture of the region/ town and its
elements like residential and working areas.

In other words, survey gives a broad canvas picturing,

the present state of the town and to provide proper means
for its development in future.
Survey before plan the principal advocated by Sir Patrick
Geddes, which is emphasized by many town planners.
The survey data so collected can be analyzed and
prepared in the form of maps, charts, tables, and models.

Surveys

Fully illustrated and clearly documented survey is helpful

and advantageous in following way : It helps to provide the data of the existing town and
confirmatory evidence for the concerned authority, which
helps to become planning work easy.
It helps to know exact what is lacking and what is needed
for the development of the town.
It helps to know the evils from which the town suffers and
provides a proper treatment for that.
It helps to buildup public opinion and appreciation in
favors of town planning scheme.

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Surveys

Data collection :- Collection of data is necessary to

forming the planning proposals. In data collection process
basic information is collected likei.

Present land use

ii. Population growth

iii. Traffic system
iv. Industrial position
v.

Economic growth

vi. Origin, history and importance of town

Surveys

Types of survey :- These are broadly classified as_

A. Town or City survey
B. Regional survey
C. National Survey
D. Civic Survey

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Surveys

A. Town Survey :- Under the town survey, necessary data is

collected to prepare base map in the scheme of town
planning.
i.

Physical survey

ii.

Social survey

iii. Economic survey

i. Physical Survey:- In this type the data is to be collected
either by Land Survey or Arial Survey.
a. Natural Features :- Location, topography, type of
soil, rock, contours of land, rain fall, humidity,
temperature, etc

Surveys
I.

Physical Survey:b. Land Use:- use of the land / plot specified in the
town. These are further classified as like; residential,
commercial, open spaces, agricultural, watersheds,
vacant, etc
c. Conditions of building :- In this gradation of the
buildings done on its future life, like very good,
good, moderate, poor, very poor.
d. Communication :- Highways connecting to the
town, Railway connectivity, Parking survey, origin &
destiny survey, accident survey, future trends in road
traffic, etc

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Surveys

II. Social Survey:a. Population :i. Trends in population growth.

ii. Characteristics of present population.
iii. Future growth of population
iv. Gender ratio.
v. Distribution and density of population.
b. Housing :- Type of housing, density of accommodation,

height of building, material used in construction, etc.

c. Community facility :- Educational facility, health facility,

recreational facility, etc.

Surveys

III. Economic Survey:a. Occupational condition:- people (worker) classified

according to the nature of employment.
People employed in- House hold industry,
Construction
work,
Agriculture
,Manufacturing
industry, quarrying, etc
b. Survey of industry :-Type, location, availability of raw

material, quality of material produced.

c. Financial

position of local
expenditure, taxation, etc.

authority :-

income,

d. Utility services :- water supply, drainage arrangement,

electricity, telephone, fire protection, street lighting, etc

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Surveys
B. Regional Survey :- The regional survey carried out on
much larger unit than a town called Region which may
consist of number township and villages.

The surveys are carried out are of general nature

such as Regional highways, regional transport, regional
water supply system, etc. It helps to develop the whole
region in co-ordinated manner.
C. National Survey :- It helps to collect information
regarding natural resources potentialities to locate the
heavy industries in different region, fixing the railway
alignment, planning irrigation project, etc.

Surveys
D. Civic Survey : This type of survey conducted at local level for
redevelopment scheme, like slum improvement, etc.
Here house to house survey conducted for socioeconomic purpose.
In this survey town planner can make a correct
diagnosis for ills from which town suffering and
prescribe the correct remedies for that.
It is the diagnostic approach enumerated by Sir
Patrick Geddes.

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Unit-2
Housing

Housing is next to the food & clothing, among primary

need of every human.

ie :- Roti, Kapada, Makan

Humans are loves to live in community or socity.

Housing does not mean a covered roof for every family.
It is a social unit, planned on neighborhood or

community principals.

Housing means nothing but, it is the layout and

development of residential units in which people can

live in pleasant, peaceful and healthy surroundings.

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Housing
Important points to be considered in the planning of
residential units : Houses should be designed in different types with
pleasing elevations.
They should be planned in harmony with
surroundings like lake, stream, greeneries, etc.

the

Houses should properly oriented to get maximum natural

advantages like sunshine, wind, topography, etc.
Houses for different income groups should be grouped
together to built the sprit of neighborhood.

Housing
Neighborhood Unit :- It is the small unit which serves the
local community and encourages them to live with
neighborhood sprit which seems to be lost in the modern
city.
Now a days all the residential unit are planned on the
principal of neighborhood.

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Thank You !!!

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