Supersonic - BANAL 2013

Howtoughisthisgonna get?
Justhavetherightattitude,youllbefine.
Coverage
CompressibleFlow
SupersonicFlow
NormalShockWaves
ObliqueShockWaves
ExpansionWaves
CompressibleFlowThroughNozzles,Diffusers
andWindTunnels
CompressibleFlow
PerfectGas
Aperfectgasisquite,discreetanddefinitelyjustagas.
PerfectGas
pressure
p = RT
density
temperature
specificgasconstant
R=287J/(kgK)=1716(ftlb)/(slugR)
forair
InternalEnergy
Mathematically,
But,
Thus,
e
e
dT + dv
de =
T
v
e = f (T ) f (v)
e
de =
dT = cv dT
T
Enthalpy
h = e + pv
Enthalpy
Mathematically,
But,
Thus,
h
h
dh =
dp +
dT
T
p
h = f (T ) f ( p )
h
dh =
dT = c p dT
T
SpecificHeats
Previously,
e
de =
dT = cv dT
T
Alternativeview:
e
cv =
T
constantvolume
specificheat
h
dT = c p dT
dh =
T
h
cp =
T
constantpressure
specificheat
SpecificHeats
de = cv dT
dh = c p dT
e = cvT
h = c pT
CaloricallyPerfectGas:cv andcp areassumedconstant.
RelationBetweenSpecificHeats
h = e + pv
c pT = cvT + RT
c p = cv + R
c p = cv + R
cp
cv R
= +
cp cp cp
cp
cv
R
1= +
cp
R
cp =
1
c p = cv + R
R
= cv + R
1
R
cv =
1
SpecificHeatsRatio
cp
cv
= 1.4 for air
FirstLawofThermodynamics
q + w = de
Processes
AdiabaticProcess.
Oneinwhichnoheatisaddedtoortakenawayfromthesystem.
ReversibleProcess.
Oneinwhichnodissipativephenomenaoccur,thatis,wheretheeffects
ofviscosity,thermalconductivityandmassdiffusionareabsent.
IsentropicProcess.
Onethatisbothadiabaticandreversible.
Work
Forareversibleprocess,closedsystem
w = pdv
TheFirstLawbecomes,
q pdv = de
Entropy
qrev
ds =
T
q
ds =
+ dsirrev
T
SecondLawofThermodynamics
q
ds
T
ds 0
Entropy
q pdv = de
dh = de + pdv + vdp
Tds pdv = de
q = dh vdp
Tds = pdv + de
Tds = dh vdp
Entropy
Tds = pdv + de
cv dT pdv
ds =
+
T
T
cv dT Rdv
+
ds =
T
v
Tds = dh vdp
c p dT
vdp
ds =
T
T
c p dT Rdp
ds =
T
p
Entropy
cv dT Rdv
ds =
+
T
v
T2
v2
s = cv ln + R ln
T1
v1
ds =
c p dT
T
Rdp
T2
p2
s = c p ln R ln
T1
p1
IsentropicProcess
Lets=0inthepreviousequations.
p2 2 T2
= =
p1 1 T1
/( 1)
Tattoothisexpressiononyourminds.
Example
1) A perfect gas is expanded adiabatically from 5 to 1 bar
by the law pV1.2 = constant. The initial temperature is
200C. Calculate the change in specific entropy. R = 287.15
J/kgK, =1.4
Example
1) Consider a point in a flow where the velocity and
temperature are 230m/s and 375K respectively.
Calculate the total enthalpy at this point.
2) An airfoil is in a freestream where P = 0.75 atm,
= 0.942 kg/m3 and V = 325 m/s. At a point on
the airfoil surface, the pressure is 0.62 atm.
Assuming isentropic flow, calculate the velocity at
the point.
Example
ConsideraBoeing747flyingatastandardaltitudeof36,000ft.The
pressureatapointonthewingis400Ib/ft2.Assumingisentropicflow
overthewing,calculatethetemperatureatthispoint.
At a standard altitude of 36,000 ft, p = 476 lb/ft 2 and T = 391 R.
p T
=
p T
p
T = T
p
( 1) /
/( 1)
400
= 3.91
476
0.4 / 1.4
= 372 R
Compressibility
Measureoftherelativevolumechangewithpressure
p
1 d
=
dp
p+dp
Compressibility
Isothermalcompressibility
1 d
T =
dp T
Isentropiccompressibility
1 d
s =
dp s
Compressibility
1 d
=
dp
1 d
=
dp
d = dp
Wheneverafluidexperiencesachangeinpressure,
thereisacorrespondingchangeindensity.
Compressibility
d = dp
forsolidsandliquidsissmall;
thusd issmallforeverydp
( ispracticallyconstant)
foragasinlowspeedflowmaybelarge,
butasmalldp dominates
Compressibility
p
IncompressibleFlow
p +dp
CompressibleFlow
p +dp
ContinuityEquation
dV + V dS = 0
t V
S
+ V = 0
t
MomentumEquation
V
d
V
+
(
d
S
)
V
=
pd
S
+
f
d
V
t
V
S
S
V
Du
p
= + f x
Dt
x
p
Dv
= + f y
Dt
y
Dw
p
= + f z
Dt
z
EnergyEquation
V2
V2
e + dV + e + V dS = q&dV pV dS + ( f V )dV
t V 2
2
S
V
S
V
D ( e + V / 2)
= q& pV + ( f V )
Dt
2
Dontpanic,thingsdonthavetobethishard.
OtherEquations
p = RT
e = cvT
StagnationProperties
Propertiesthatwouldexistatapointinaflow
IF(inourimagination)thefluidelement
passingthroughthatpointwerebroughtdown
torestadiabatically.
Everypointinaflowhasbothstaticand
stagnationproperties.
Total(Stagnation)Conditions
Apoint(orpoints)intheflowwhereV=0.
a)Fluidelementadiabaticallyslowdown
V1
b)Aflowimpingesonasolidobject
V2 =0
Thesamething
TotalPressure
StagnationPressure
Pitot Pressure
ReservoirPressure
ImpactPressure
HeadPressure
NosePressure
TotalEnthalpy
Totalenthalpyisconstantinasteadyadiabaticinviscid flow.
V
h0 = constant = h +
2
Thisistheenergyequationforsteadyadiabaticinviscid flow.
TotalTemperature
Totaltemperatureisconstantinasteadyadiabaticinviscid flow
foracaloricallyperfectgas.
h0 = c pT0
T0 = constant
TotalEnthalpyandTotalTemperature
TotalPressureandTotalDensity
Totalpressureandtotaldensitycanalsobedefined
inaflowsimilartohowtotalenthalpyortotal
temperatureisdefined,butthereisanadditional
requirementtotheprocessofbringingaparticleto
rest,thatis,theprocessmustalsobereversible,in
otherwords,theprocesshastobeisentropic.
p0
TotalPressureandTotalDensity
Totalpressureandtotaldensityareconstantinanisentropicflow.
FlowRegimes
FlowRegimes
FlowRegimes
SubsonicFlow
TransonicFlow
FlowRegimes
TransonicFlow
FlowRegimes
BowShockWave
BowShock
M>1
Hyperbolicregion
M<1
M >1
Bluntnosed
body
Elliptic
region
Sonic
Line
FlowRegimes
SupersonicFlow
FlowRegimes
HypersonicFlow
WhatisaShockWave?
Shockwave:Alargeamplitudecompression
wave,suchasthatproducedbyanexplosion,
causedbysupersonicmotionofabodyina
medium.
FromtheAmericanHeritageDictionary
oftheEnglishLanguage,1969
WhatisaShockWave?
Ashockwaveisanextremelythinregion,
typicallyontheorder105 cm,acrosswhich
theflowpropertiescanchangedrastically.
NormalShockWaves
ObliqueShockWaves
ObliqueShockWave
Whatwediscussedsofar
Taketimetochewtheinformation.
NormalShockWaves
NSWEquations
assumptions
1]Theflowissteady
2]Theflowisadiabatic
3]Therearenoviscous
effectsonthesidesofthe
controlvolume.
4]Therearenobody
forces
NSWEquations
continuity
zero
dV + V dS = 0
t
V
S
V dS = 0
S
1u1 = 2u2
NSWEquations
momentum
zero
zero
V dV + ( V dS )V = pdS + fdV
t
V
S
S
V
( V dS )V
S
= pdS
S
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u2
2
NSWEquations
energy
zero
zero
zero
V2
V2
e
d
V
q&dV pV dS + ( f V )dV
+
+
S e + 2 V dS =
2
t
V
V
S
V
V2
e + 2 V dS = pV dS
S
u
u
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
NSW:5equations,5unknowns
continuity 1u1 =
momentum
2u 2
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u2
2
energy
enthalpy
equationofstate
u1
u2
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
h2 = c pT2
p2 = 2 RT2
Whatissoundandhowdoesittravel?
SpeedofSound
SpeedofSound
p
a =
s
p
a=
a = RT
Thespeedofsoundina
caloricallyperfectgasisa
functionoftemperatureonly.
Atsealevel,a=340.9m/s
ora=1117ft/s.
SpecialFormsoftheEnergyEquation
2
V1
V2
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
u1
u2
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
2
u1
u2
c pT1 +
= c pT2 +
2
2
2
a1
u1
a2
u2
+
=
+
1 2 1 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
a
u
a
u2
+
=
+
1 2 1 2
2
a0
a
u
+
=
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
1
2
a
u
a
u2
+
=
+
1 2 1 2
a
u
+ 1 *2
+
=
a
1 2 2( 1)
2
2
u1
u2
= c pT2 +
c pT1 +
2
2
2
u
c pT +
= c pT0
2
T0
1 2
= 1+
M
T
2
p0 1 2
= 1 +
M
p
2
( 1)
1 ( 1)
0 1 2
= 1 +
M

2
SonicConditions
Similartotheideaofastagnationcondition.
Howeverinsteadofbringingaparticletorest,
itisacceleratedordeceleratedtoMach1.
Everypointinaflowhasanassociatedstatic,
stagnationandsonicproperties.
p T*
*
SonictoStagnationRatios
2
T*
=
= 0.833
T0 + 1
p 2
=
p0 + 1
*
( 1)
= 0.528
1 ( 1)
=
0 + 1
*
= 0.634
Characteristic(reference)MachNumber
u
M =
= *
*
a
RT
*
M&M*
M2 =
a2
u2
+ 1 *2
+
=
a
1 2 2( 1)
(a / u ) 2 1
+ 1 a*

+ =
1 2 2( 1) u
(1 / M ) 2
+1 1 1
=
*
1
2( 1) M 2
2
2
( + 1) / M *2 ( 1)
*2
( + 1) M 2
=
2 + ( 1) M 2
Example
ConsiderapointinanairflowwherethelocalMachnumber,static
pressure,andstatictemperatureare3.5,0.3atm,and180K,respectively.
Calculatethelocalvaluesofp0,T0,T*,a*,andM*atthispoint.
p0 1 2
M
= 1 +
2
p
T0
1 2
= 1+
M
T
2
( 1)
1.4 (1.4 1)
p 0 1.4 1 2
3.5
= 1 +
0.3
2
p0 = 22.9 atm
T0
1 .4 1 2
= 1+
3 .5
180
2
T0 = 621 K
Example
2
T*
=
= 0.833
T0 + 1
T*
= 0.833
621
T * = 517.5 K
a * = RT * = 1.4( 287)(517.5) = 456 m/s
Example
*2
( + 1) M 2
=
2 + ( 1) M 2
(1.4 + 1)3.52
M* =
= 2.06
2
2 + (1.4 1)3.5
Example
Consideranairfoil inafreestream whereM =0.6andP=1atm,as
shownbelow.Atpoint1ontheairfoil thepressureisP1=0.7545atm.
CalculatethelocalMachnumberatpoint1.Assumeisentropicflowover
theairfoil.
Example
theairfoil.
Thefreestream totalpressureis,
p0 1 2
M
= 1 +
p
2
( 1)
1.4 (1.4 1)
p0 1.4 1 2
0.6
= 1 +
2
1
p0 = 1.276 atm
Thisisalsothetotalpressureatpoint1because
totalpressureisconstantinanisentropicflow.
Example
theairfoil.
Atpoint1,
p0 1 2
M
= 1 +
p
2
( 1)
1.4 (1.4 1)
1.276 1.4 1 2
= 1 +
M
0.7545
2
M 1 = 0.9
Example
Calculatethevelocityatpoint1whenthefreestream temperatureis59oF.
Assumeisentropicflowovertheairfoil.
V1=?
Example
Calculatethevelocityatpoint1whenthefreestream temperatureis59oF.
Assumeisentropicflowovertheairfoil.
T = 460 + 59 = 519 R
p1 T1
=
p T
( 1)
p
T1 = T 1
p
( 1) /
0.7545
= 519
(1.4 1) / 1.4
a1 = RT1 = 1.4(1716)(478.9) = 1072.6 ft/s
V1 = M 1a1 = (0.9)(1072.6) = 965.4 ft/s
= 478.9 R
Whenisaflowcompressible?
Ruleofthumb:
M > 0 .3
Why?BecauseChuckNorrissaysso?
Thisguydontthinkso.
14
Stagnation to Static Density Ratio
Cp/Cv=1.4
12
0 1 2
= 1 +
M

2
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Mach Number
2.5
1 ( 1)
0 1 2
M
= 1 +
2

14
Cp/Cv=1.4
1.2
12
Cp/Cv=1.4
10
8
6
4
0 1 2 1
= 1 +
M

2
1.15
1.1
1.05
0.95
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Mach Number
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Mach Number
2.5
CompressibilitySensitivitywith
30
Cp/Cv=1.4
Cp/Cv=1.2
25
20
15
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
Mach Number
2.5
NormalShockWaves
NSW:5equations,5unknowns
continuity 1u1 =
momentum
2u 2
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u2
2
energy
enthalpy
equationofstate
u1
u2
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
h2 = c pT2
p2 = 2 RT2
Prandtl Relation
a = u1u 2
*2
MachNumbersRelation
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 1
=
M 12 ( 1) / 2
a = u1u 2
*2
1 = M 1* M 2*
M *2
( + 1) M 2
=
2 + ( 1) M 2
M2
MachNumbersRelation
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 1
=
2
M 1 ( 1) / 2
M2
DensityRatio
1u1 = 2u 2
2 u1 u12 u12
*2
=
=
= *2 = M 1
1 u2 u2u1 a
M *2
( + 1) M 2
=
2 + ( 1) M 2
2
( + 1) M 1
=
1 2 + ( 1) M 12
2
DensityRatio
2
( + 1) M 1
=
2
1 2 + ( 1) M 1
2
PressureRatio
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u2
2
u2
p2 p1 = 1u1 2u2 = 1u1 (u1 u 2 ) = 1u1 1
u1
2
2
p2 p1 1u1 u 2 u1 u 2
u2
2
1 = 2 1 = M 1 1
=
p1
p1 u1 a1 u1
u1
2
2
(
1
)
p2 p1
M
2
1
= M 1 1
2
p1
( + 1) M 1
PressureRatio
p2
2
2
= 1+
M1 1
p1
( + 1)
TemperatureRatio
T2 p2 2
=
T1 p1 1
2 + ( 1) M 1
T2
2
2
= 1 +
M1 1
2
T1 + 1
+
M
(
1
)
TemperatureRatio
2 + ( 1) M 1
T2
2
2
= 1 +
M1 1
2
T1 + 1
( + 1) M 1
EntropyChange
WhymustM11?
Theequationsdescribingtherelationship
betweenupstreamanddownstream
propertiesdonotexplicitlyrestrictthevalue
fortheupstreamMachnumber.
Whathasthe2ndLawofThermodynamics
gottosayaboutthis?
EntropyChange
T2
p2
s = c p ln R ln
p1
T1
2 + ( 1) M 1
2
2
M1 1
s = c p ln 1 +
+1
( + 1) M 1
2
2
M1 1
R ln 1 +
( + 1)
EntropyChange
2 + ( 1) M 1
2
2
2
2
M1 1
R
M
s = c p ln 1 +
ln
1
+
( + 1) 1
2
+
1
M
+
(
1
)
The2ndLawstatesthat s 0
If M 1 = 1 then s2 = s1 or s = 0
If M 1 > 1 then s > 0
Butif M 1 < 1 then s < 0

whichviolatesthe2ndLaw
WhathappenstothetotalpropertiesacrossaNSW?
TotalTemperatureChange
BecausetheflowacrossaNSWisadiabatic,
totaltemperatureisconserved.
T0,1 = T0, 2
TotalPressureChange
p
T2 a
R ln 2 a
p1a
T1a
p0 , 2
T0, 2
s2 s1 = c p ln
R ln
T0,1
p0,1
p
s2 s1 = R ln 0, 2
p0,1
s2 a s1a = c p ln
p0 , 2
p0,1
= e ( s2 s1 ) / R
TotalPressureChange
p0 , 2
p0,1
= e ( s2 s1 ) / R
Since s2 s1 0
p0, 2 < p0,1 Thatis,totalpressuredecreases

acrossaNSW.
NormalShockWave
NormalShockWave
Example
Consideranormalshockwaveinairwheretheupstreamflowproperties
areu1 =680m/s,T1 =288K,andp1 =1atm.Calculatethevelocity,
temperature,andpressuredownstreamoftheshock.
a1 = RT1 = 1.4(287)(288) = 340 m/s
M 1 = u1 / a1 = 680 / 340 = 2
p2
2
2
= 1+
M1 1
p1
( + 1)
p2
2(1.4) 2
= 1+
2 1
(1.4 + 1)
1
2 + ( 1) M 1
T2
2
2
= 1 +
M1 1
2
T1 + 1
( + 1) M 1
p2 = 4.5 atm
T2 = 486 K
Example
Consideranormalshockwaveinairwheretheupstreamflowproperties
areu1 =680m/s,T1 =288K,andp1 =1atm.Calculatethevelocity,
temperature,andpressuredownstreamoftheshock.
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 1
=
M 12 ( 1) / 2
M2
1 + [(1.4 1) / 2]2 2
M2 =
= 0.5774
1.4(2) 2 (1.4 1) / 2
a2 = RT2 = 1.4( 287)(486) = 442 m/s

u2 = M 2 a2 = 0.5774(442) = 255 m/s
Example
T2 = ? and p 2 = ?
M = 2
p = 2.65 x 10 4 N/m 2
T = 223.3 K
isentropic
M 2 = 0. 2
TheSolutionPlan
Compute total pressure behind NSW p0,1 =
p0,1
p0 ,
p0 ,
p
1
2
= 1 +
M
2
1 2
M1
= 1 +
p1
2
p0,1
( 1)
( 1)
M = 2
T = 223.3 K
p = 2.65 x 10 4 N/m 2
Given:
Required: p2 and T2
p0,1
p0 ,
p0 ,
p0,1 p p1
p1 p0, p
1 + [( 1) / 2]M
M1 =
M 2 ( 1) / 2
p1
2
2
= 1+
M 1
p
( + 1)
TheSolutionPlan
p = 2.65 x 10 4 N/m 2
Given:
Required: p2 and T2
T = 223.3 K
M = 2
ComputethetotaltemperatureinfrontofandbehindtheNSW.
T0,
1
2
= 1+
M
T
2
ThetotaltemperaturesinfrontofandbehindtheNSWarethesame
becausetheflowacrossaNSWisadiabatic;also,totaltemperatureand
totalpressuresremainconstantinanisentropicflow,thus,
T0,1 = T0, 2 = T0,
p0,1 = p0, 2 p0,
TheSolutionPlan
p = 2.65 x 10 4 N/m 2
Given:
Required: p2 and T2
M = 2
T = 223.3 K
Computethepressureandtemperatureatpoint2using,
1 2
M2
=
= 1 +
p2
p2
2
p0,1
p0 , 2
( 1)
T0,
T2
T0, 2
T2
= 1+
1
2
M2
Example
Given:
p = 2.65 x 10 4 N/m 2
T = 223.3 K
M = 2
M 2 = 0. 2
Thefreestream totalpressureandtotaltemperatureare,
p0 ,
p
1
2
M
= 1 +
2
T0,
T
= 1+
1
2
( 1)
1.4 (1.4 1)
1.4 1 2
2
= 1 +
2
26500
p0 ,
T0,
233.3
= 1+
1 .4 1 2
2
2
p0, = 2.07 x 105 N/m 2
T0, = 401.9 K
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
T = 223.3 K
5
2
Computed: p0, = 2.07 x 10 N/m
M = 2
T0, = 401.9 K
TheMachnumberbehindtheNSWis,
1 + [( 1) / 2]M
M1 =
M 2 ( 1) / 2
1 + 0. 2( 2) 2
M1 =
= 0.577
2
1. 4( 2) 0. 2
M 2 = 0. 2
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
T = 223.3 K
5
2
M 2 = 0. 2
M = 2
T0, = 401.9 K
M 1 = 0.577
Thepressureratiosare,
p0 ,
p
1
2
= 1 +
M
2
( 1)
= 7.824
1 2
= 1 +
M1
p1
2
p0,1
p1
2
2
= 1+
M 1 = 4 .5
p
( + 1)
( 1)
= 1.253
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
5
2
p1
= 4 .5
p
p0 ,
p
M = 2
T = 223.3 K
T0, = 401.9 K
= 7.824
p0,1
p1
M 2 = 0. 2
M 1 = 0.577
= 1.253
ThetotalpressurebehindtheNSWis,
p0,1
p0 ,
p0,1 =
p0,1 p p1
= (1.253)(1 / 7.824)(4.5) = 0.7209
p1 p0, p
p0,1
p0, = (0.7209)(2.07 x 105 ) = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2
p0 ,
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
5
2
p1
= 4 .5
p
p0 ,
p
= 7.824
M = 2
T = 223.3 K
p0,1
p1
T0, = 401.9 K
= 1.253
M 2 = 0. 2
M 1 = 0.577
p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2
ThetotaltemperaturesinfrontofandbehindtheNSWarethesame,
T0,1 = T0, = 401.9 K
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
T = 223.3 K
5
2
p1
= 4 .5
p
p0 ,
p
= 7.824
p0,1
p1
M = 2
M 1 = 0.577
T0, = 401.9 K
= 1.253
M 2 = 0. 2
p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2
T0,1 = T0, = 401.9 K
Theflowbetweenpoints1and2isisentropic,thus,thetotalpressureand
thetotaltemperatureareconstant.
1 2
M2
= 1 +
p2
2
p0 , 2
( 1)
149000
= 1 + 0.2(0.2) 2
p2
3. 5
p2 = 1.42 atm
Example
4
2
Given: p = 2.65 x 10 N/m
T = 223.3 K
T0, = 401.9 K
5
2
p1
= 4 .5
p
p0 ,
= 7.824
p0,1
p1
M = 2
= 1.253
M 2 = 0. 2
M 1 = 0.577
p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2
T0,1 = T0, = 401.9 K
Theflowbetweenpoints1and2isisentropic,thus,thetotalpressureand
thetotaltemperatureareconstant.
T0, 2
T2
= 1+
1
2
M2
401.9
= 1 + 0.2(0.2) 2 T2 = 399 K
T2
SCRAMJET
Theresultsofthepreviousexampleare,
p2 = 1.42 atm
T2 = 399 K
If M = 10 instead of the original M = 2,

p2 = 32.7 atm
T2 = 4653 K
Theseresultsdescribeanextremeenvironmentthatisverydifficultto
handleforaramjet.
Thesolutionis,DONOTslowtheflowtoM2=0.2.
Keeptheflowsupersonicallthroughout.
SubsonicCompressibleFlow
SubsonicCompressibleFlow
p0 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
p
( 1)
( 1)
p
2
2
0
M =
1

1 p
( 1)
p0
2a
1
V=

1 p
SupersonicCompressibleFlow
p0 , 2
p1
p0 , 2 p 2
p2 p1
1 2
M2
= 1 +
2
p2
p0 , 2
( 1)
p2
2
2
= 1+
M1 1
p1
( + 1)
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 1
=
M 12 ( 1) / 2
M2
( + 1) M 1
=
2
p1 4M 1 2( 1)
p0 , 2
( 1)
1 + 2M 1
+1
RayleighPitot TubeFormula
Example
APitot tubeisinsertedintoanairflowwherethestaticpressureis1atm.
CalculatetheflowMachnumberwhenthePitot tubemeasures(a)1.276
atm,(b)2.714atm,(c)12.06atm.
First,determinethetotalpressurethatdividessubsonicandsupersonicflow.
p0 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
p
( 1)
1.4 (1.4 1)
1. 4 1 2
p0 = p 1 +
1
2
When p0 < 1.893 atm, the flow is subsonic.
When p0 > 1.893 atm, the flow is supersonic.
= 1.893 p
Example
atm,(b)2.714atm,(c)12.06atm.
(a)Flowissubsonic
( 1)
p
2
0
M2 =
1
1 p
(1.4 1) 1.4
2 1.276
1
M=
1.4 1 1
M 1 = 0.6
Example
atm,(b)2.714atm,(c)12.06atm.
(b)Flowissupersonic
( + 1) 2 M 12
=
p1 4M 12 2( 1)
p0 , 2
5.76 M 12
=
p1 5.6 M 12 0.8
p0 , 2
3 .5
( 1)
1 + 2M 1
+1
( 0 . 4) + 2 . 8 M 1
2.714
=
2.4
1
2
M 1 = 1. 3
Example
atm,(b)2.714atm,(c)12.06atm.
(c)Flowissupersonic
( + 1) 2 M 12
=
p1 4M 12 2( 1)
p0 , 2
5.76 M 12
=
p1 5.6 M 12 0.8
p0 , 2
3.5
( 1)
1 + 2M 1
+1
(0.4) + 2.8M 1 12.06

=
2.4
1
2
M 1 = 3.0
Example
Consider a hypersonic missile
flying at Mach 8 at an
altitude of 20,000 ft, where
the pressure is 973.3 Ib/ft2.
The nose of the missile is
blunt and is shaped like that
shown below. Calculate the
pressure at the stagnation
point on the nose.
Example
M = 8
Required: p0 = ?
Given:
p = 973.3 lb/ft 2
2
p0 5.76 M
=
p 5.6 M 2 0.8
3.5
5.76(8) 2
p0 = p
2
5
.
6
(
8
)
0
.
8
( 0 . 4 ) + 2 . 8 M
2.4
3.5
(0.4) + 2.8(8) 2
2. 4
p0 = (973.3)(82.87) = 8.07 x 10 4 lb/ft 2
p0 = 38.1 atm
Whatwediscussed
ObliqueShockWave
ExpansionWave
PropagationofDisturbance
Thephysicalgenerationofwavesina
supersonicflowisduetothepropagationof
informationviamolecularcollisionsanddue
tothefactthatsuchpropagationcannot
workitswayintocertainregionsofthe
supersonicflow.
Whydoesithavetobeoblique?
MachWave
sin =
at a 1
= =
Vt v M
1
= sin
M
1
Machangle
OSWvs MachWave
ObliqueShockWaves
ObliqueShockWaves
OSW
deflectionangle
waveangle
ContinuityEquation
zero
dV + V dS = 0
t
V
S
V dS = 0
controlvolume
1u1 = 2u2
MomentumEquation
zero
zero
t
V
S
S
V
( V dS )V
S
tangentialcomponent
= pdS
controlvolume
( V dS )w = ( pdS )
S
tangential
w1 = w2
MomentumEquation
zero
zero
t
V
S
S
V
( V dS )V
S
normalcomponent
= pdS
( V dS )u = ( pdS )
S
controlvolume
normal
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u 2
2
EnergyEquation
zero
e +
t V 2
V
dV + e +
2
e +
S
zero
zero
V dS = q&dV pV dS + ( f V )dV
V
S
V
V2
V dS = pV dS
2
S
controlvolume
u
u
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
Summary
continuity
momentum
1u1 = 2u 2
w1 = w2
p1 + 1u1 = p2 + 2u 2
2
energy
u1
u2
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
Summary
1u1 = 2u2 w1 = w2 p1 + 1u12 = p2 + 2u2 2
u
u
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
TheseequationsaresimilartotheNSWequations.
Theonlydifferenceisthatuhereisnotthetotal
velocityasinaNSW,butratherthenormalvelocity
oftheOSW.
Summary
1u1 = 2u2 w1 = w2 p1 + 1u12 = p2 + 2u2 2
u
u
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
Hencesimilarresultscanbeexpected.
OSWEquations
M n,2 =
2
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n ,1
M n ,12 ( 1) / 2
( + 1) M n ,1
2
=
1 2 + ( 1) M n ,12
2
p2
2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1
p1
( + 1)
2 + ( 1) M n ,1
T2
2
2
M n ,1 1
= 1 +
2
T1 + 1
( + 1) M n ,1
M n ,1 = M 1 sin
2
M2 =
M n,2
sin( )
MRelation
M 1 sin 1
tan = 2 cot
2
M 1 ( + cos 2 ) + 2
2
MRelation
MRelation
Whatdoesthegraphortheequationsay?
Thereexistsamaximumdeflection
angleforeveryupstreamMachnumber.
Thereexistsamaximumdeflection
angleforeveryupstreamMachnumber.
Thereisaweakshockandastrongshock
solutioncorrespondingtothetwovaluesof
thewaveangle.
If =0, then =90o or =. These
correspond to a NSW and a Mach
wave. In both cases, there is no flow
deflection.
Ingeneral,forattachedshockswithafixed
deflectionangle,thewaveangledecreases
astheupstreamMachnumberincreases
andtheshockwavebecomesstronger.The
reverseisalsotrue.
Ingeneral,forattachedshockswithafixed
upstreamMachnumber,asthedeflection
angleincreases,thewaveangleincreases
andtheshockbecomesstronger.
Example
Consider a supersonic flow with M = 2, p = 1 atm, and T = 288 K. This flow
is deflected at a compression corner through 20o. Calculate M, p, T, p0,
and T0 behind the resulting oblique shock wave.
M=2
p = 1 atm
T = 288 K
M=?
p = ?, p0 = ?
T = ?, T0 = ?
20o
Example
M 1 sin 2 1
tan = 2 cot
2
M 1 ( + cos 2 ) + 2
2
For M 1 = 2 and = 20, = 53.4
M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 2 sin 53.4 = 1.606
p2
2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1 = 2.82
p1
( + 1)
p
p2 = 2 p1 = 2.82(1) = 2.82 atm
p1
2 + ( 1) M n ,1
T2
2
2
M n ,1 1
= 1 +
= 1.388
2
T1 + 1
( + 1) M n ,1
M n,2 =
2
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n ,1
M n ,1 ( 1) / 2
2
T
T2 = 2 T1 = 1.388(288) = 399.7 K
T1
= 0.6684
M2 =
M n,2
sin( )
0.6684
= 1.21
sin(53.4 20)
Example
p2 = 2.82 atm
T0,1
T1
= 1+
1
2
M 2 = 1.21
T
T0, 2 = T0,1 = 0,1 T1
T1
T0, 2 = 1.8(288) = 518.4 K
M 1 = 1.8
2
1 2
= 1 +
M2
p2
2
p0 , 2
T2 = 399.7 K
( 1)
= 2.457
p
p0, 2 = 0, 2 p2
p2
p0, 2 = 2.457(2.82) = 7 atm
Example
Consider an oblique shock wave with a wave angle of 30o. The upstream
flow Mach number is 2.4. Calculate the deflection angle of the flow, the
pressure and temperature ratios across the shock wave, and the Mach
number behind the wave.
p2/p1 =?
T2/T1 =?
M2 = ?
M1 = 2.4
=?
= 30o
Example
Given:
M1 = 2.4
= 30o
M 1 sin 2 1
= tan 2 cot 2
= 6.5
M
(
+
cos
2
)
+
2
1
M n, 2 =
2
M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 2.4 sin 30 = 1.2
p2
2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1 = 1.513
p1
( + 1)
M2 =
2 + ( 1) M n ,1
2
T2
2
= 1 +
= 1.128
M n ,1 1
2
T1 + 1
( + 1) M n ,1
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n ,1
M n,12 ( 1) / 2
M n,2
sin( )
= 0.8422
0.8422
= 2.11
sin(30 6.5)
Whatdoestheexampletellus?
Thewaveisweak.
Producedonly51%increaseinpressure.
Thisisbecausedeflectionangleissmall.
Also,waveangleissmall;closetoMachwaveangleof
= sin 1 M 1 = sin 1 2.4 1 = 24.6 30
Only2propertiesneedtobespecifiedtocompletely
describe(solve)agivenOSW.
Inthisexample,thesepropertieswereM and.
Inthefirstexample,itwasM and.
Example
Consider an oblique shock wave with = 35o and a pressure ratio
p2/p1 = 3. Calculate the upstream Mach number.
p2/p1 =3
M1 = ?
= 35o
Example
Consider an oblique shock wave with = 35o and a pressure ratio
p2/p1 = 3. Calculate the upstream Mach number.
2
p2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1 = 3
( + 1)
p1
p
( + 1)
M n ,1 = 2 1
+ 1 = 1.6475
2
p
M n ,1 = M 1 sin M 1 =
M n ,1
sin
1.6475
= 2.87
sin 35
Example
Consider a Mach 3 flow. It is desired to slow this flow to a subsonic speed.
Consider two separate ways of achieving this:
(1) the flow is slowed by passing directly through a normal shock wave;
(2) the flow first passes through an oblique shock with a 40 wave angle,
and then subsequently through a normal shock.
Calculate the ratio of the final total pressure values for the two cases.
Comment on the significance of the result.
Example
p0 , 2
p0,1
=?
p0 , 3
p0,1
=?
CaseI
p0 , 2
p0,1
p p
= 2 0, 2
p1 p2
p0,1
p1
( 1)
1 2
= 1 +
M1
= 36.7327
p1
2
p2
2
2
= 1+
M 1 1 = 10.3333
p1
( + 1)
p0,1
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 1
= 0.4752
M2 =
2
M 1 ( 1) / 2
2
1 2
M2
= 1 +
p2
2
p0 , 2
( 1)
= 1.1672
p0 , 2
p0,1
= (10.3333 1.1672 ) 36.7327
p0 , 2
p0,1
= 0.3283
CaseII
p0 , 2
p0,1
p p
= 2 0, 2
p1 p2
M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 3 sin 40 = 1.9284
p0,1
p1
( 1)
1
2
M n ,1
=7
= 1 +
p1
2
2
p2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1 = 4.1717
( + 1)
p1
p0,1
M n, 2 =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n ,1
M n ,12 ( 1) / 2
1 2
M2
= 1 +
p2
2
p0 , 2
= 0.5902
( 1)
= 1.2658
p0 , 2
p0,1
= (4.1717 1.2658) 7
p0 , 2
p0,1
= 0.7544
CaseII
p0 , 3
p0 , 2
p p
= 3 0,3
p2 p3
p0 , 2
p2
M2 =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 2
= 0.5937
M 2 2 ( 1) / 2
2
1 2
M3
= 1 +
p3
2
p0 , 3
sin( )
0.5902
= 1.91
sin( 40 22)
( 1)
1 2
= 1 +
M2
= 6.805
p2
2
2
p3
2
= 1+
M 2 1 = 4.089
( + 1)
p2
p0 , 2
M3 =
M n,2
( 1)
= 1.2692
p0 , 3
p0 , 2
= (4.089 1.2692 ) 6.805
p0 , 3
p0 , 2
= 0.7626
CaseII
p0 , 3
p0,1
p0 , 2 p0 , 3
p0,1 p0, 2
= (0.7544)(0.7626) = 0.58
p0 , 2
= 0.33
p
0,1 CASE I
p0 , 2
p
0,1 CASE I
p0 , 3
= 0.58
p
0,1 CASE II
p0 , 3
= 1.76
p
0,1 CASE II
Case II is the more efficient flow with less reduction in total pressure.
Application
Design of supersonic inlets for jet engines.
Scramjet
Scramjet
Scramjet
Supersonicflowoverwedgesandcones
Supersonicflowoverwedgesandcones
(1)theshockwaveontheconeisweaker,
(2)theconesurfacepressureisless,and
(3)thestreamlinesabovetheconesurfacearecurved
ratherthanstraight.
ShockReflections
MachReflection
IntersectionofLeftandRightRunningWaves
IntersectionofLeftandRightRunningWaves
Example
Consider an oblique shock wave generated by a compression corner with
a 10 deflection angle. The Mach number of the flow ahead of the corner
is 3.6; the flow pressure and temperature are standard sea level
conditions. The oblique shock wave subsequently impinges on a straight
wall opposite the compression corner. Calculate the angle of the
reflected shock wave relative to the straight wall. Also, obtain the
pressure, temperature, and Mach number behind the reflected wave.
Example
=?
T1 = 519 R
p1 = 2116 lb/ft 2
M 1 = 3 .6
= 10
Example
M 1 sin 2 1
tan = 2 cot
2
M 1 ( + cos 2 ) + 2
2
For M 1 = 3.6 and = 10, 1 = 24.
M n ,1 = M 1 sin 1 = 3.6 sin 24 = 1.464
p2
2
2
= 1+
M n ,1 1 = 2.32
p1
( + 1)
2 + ( 1) M n ,1
T2
2
2
M n ,1 1
= 1 +
= 1.294
2
T1 + 1
M
(
+
1
)
n ,1
M n,2 =
M2 =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n ,1
M n ,1 ( 1) / 2
2
M n,2
sin( 1 )
= 0.7175
0.7157
= 2.96
sin(24 10)
Example
For M 1 = 2.96 and = 10, 2 = 27.3.
= 2 = 27.3 10 = 17.3
M n , 2 = M 2 sin 2 = 2.96 sin 27.3 = 1.358
p3
2
2
= 1+
M n , 2 1 = 1.991
p2
( + 1)
2 + ( 1) M n , 2
T3
2
2
= 1 +
= 1.229
M n,2 1
2
T2 + 1
(
+
1
)
n,2
M n ,3 =
M3 =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M n , 2
M n , 2 ( 1) / 2
2
M n ,3
sin( 2 )
= 0.7572
0.7572
= 2.55
sin( 27.3 10)
Example
p2
= 2.32
p1
T2
= 1.294
T1
p3 =
p3
= 1.991
p2
T3
= 1.229
T2
p3 p2
p1 = (1.991)(2.32)(2116) = 9774 lb/ft 3
p2 p1
T3 =
T3 T2
T1 = (1.229)(1.294)(519) = 825 R
T2 T1
Example
T3 = 825 R
= 17.3
p3 = 9774 lb/ft 3
M 3 = 2.55
T1 = 519 R
p1 = 2116 lb/ft 2
M 1 = 3 .6
T2 = 671.6 R
p2 = 4909 lb/ft 2
M 2 = 2.96
= 10
BluntBody
BluntBody
LudwigPrandtl
TheodorMeyer
PrandtlMeyerExpansion
(centered expansionwaves)
PrandtlMeyerExpansion
d = M 2 1
dV
V
ThePrandtlMeyerFunction
M 2 1
dM
=
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 2 M
M1
M2
M 2 1
dM
(M ) =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 2 M
(M ) =
+ 1 1 1 2
tan
( M 1) tan 1 M 2 1
1
+1
= (M 2 ) (M 1 )
Computingdownstreamproperties
1.
2.
3.
4.
Compute v(M1).
Compute v(M2) = v(M1) + .
Obtain M2 corresponding to v(M2).
Use appropriate isentropic equations
to relate upstream and downstream
properties.
Example
AsupersonicflowwithM1 =1.5,P1 =1atm,andT1 =288K isexpanded
aroundasharpcornerthroughadeflectionangleof15o.CalculateM2 ,
P2,T2 ,P0,2 ,T0,2 andtheanglesthattheforwardandrearwardMach
linesmakewithrespecttotheupstreamflowdirection.
M1 =1.5
P1 =1atm
T1 =288K
15o
Example
1. Compute v(M1).
v(1.5) = 11.91o
2. Compute v(M2) = v(M1) + .
v(M2) = 11.91o + 15 = 26.91o
3. Obtain M2 corresponding to v(M2).
M2 = 2.0 (rounding to nearest entry in table)
Example
4. Use appropriate isentropic equations to
relate upstream and downstream
properties.
For M1 = 1.5,
p 0,1
For M 2 = 2.0,
p 0,2
p1
p2
= 3.671 and
T0,1
= 7.824 and
T1
= 1.45
T0,2
T2
= 1.8
Example
properties.
Since the flow is isentropic, p 0,1 = p 0,2 and T0,1 = T0,2
p0, 2 = p0,1 =
p0,1
p1
T0, 2 = T0,1 =
p1 = 3.671(1 atm) = 3.671 atm
T0,1
T1
T1 = 1.45(288) = 417.6 K
Example
properties.
Since the flow is isentropic, p 0,1 = p 0,2 and T0,1 = T0,2
p2 =
p 2 p 0,2 p 0,1
1
p1 =
(1)(3.671)(1 atm) = 0.469 atm
p 0,2 p 0,1 p1
7.824
T2 =
T2 T0,2 T0,1
1
T1 =
(1)(1.45)(288) = 232 K
T0,2 T0,1 T1
1.8
Example
properties.
Angle of forward Mach line :
1 = sin 1 M 11 = sin 1 1.51 = 41.81

Angle of rearward Mach line :
2 = sin 1 2.0 1 = 30 15 = 15
ShockExpansionTheory:FlatPlate
R ' = ( p3 p2 )c
L' = ( p3 p2 )c cos
D' = ( p3 p2 )c sin
ShockExpansionTheory:DiamondShapedAirfoil
Schlieren Photograph
SAEPLogo
ShockExpansionTheory:DiamondShapedAirfoil
D' = 2( p2l sin p3l sin ) = 2( p2 p3 )(t / 2)

D' = ( p2 p3 )t
Example
Calculatetheliftanddragcoefficientsforaflatplateata50o angleof
attackinaMach3flow.
M=3.0
= =50o
Example
( M 1 ) = (3.0) = 49.76
( M 2 ) = ( M 1 ) + = 49.76 + 5 = 54.76
M 2 = 3.27
p0,1
p1
p0 , 2
p2
= 36.73
= 55
p2 p0,1
=
p1
p1
p0, 2 36.73
=
= 0.668
p2
55
Example
For M 1 = 3 and = 5, = 23.1
M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 3 sin 23.1 = 1.177
p3
= 1.458
p1
L' = ( p3 p2 )c cos
L'
L'
2 p3 p2
cos
=
=
q1S ( / 2) p1M 12 c M 12 p1 p1
2
(1.458 0.668)cos 5 = 0.125
CL =
2
(1.4)(3)
CL =
Example
D' = ( p3 p2 )c sin
D'
2 p3 p2
sin
=
q1S M 12 p1 p1
2
(1.458 0.668)sin 5 = 0.011
CD =
(1.4)(3) 2
CD =
CD
= tan
CL
C D = C L tan = 0.125 tan 5 = 0.011
Roadmap
QuasiOneDimensionalFlow
GoverningEquations
Continuity
1u1 A1 = 2u2 A2
Momentum
p1 A1 + 1u1 A1 +
2
Energy
2
A2
pdA = p A
2
+ 2u2 A2
2
A1
2
u
u
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
Foracaloricallyperfectgas
p2 = 2 RT2 and h2 = c pT2
Differentialforms
Continuity
d ( uA) = 0
Momentum(EulersEquation)
dp = udu
Energy
dh + udu = 0
AreaVelocityRelation
dA
du
= M 2 1
A
u
SubsonictoSupersonic
SupersonictoSubsonic
Whatisanozzle?
deLavalNozzle
Nozzle
Thisisarocketnozzle.
NozzleFlow
*u * A* = uA
A * a* * 0 a*
=
=
*
A
u 0 u
1 /( 1)
* 2
=
0 + 1
1 /( 1)
0 1 2
= 1 +
M
2

(
[
+ 1) / 2]M 2
u
*2
* =M =
1 + [( 1) / 2]M 2
a
2
AreaMachRelation
1 2 1 2
A
M
* = 2
1 +
M +1
2
A
( +1) /( 1)
Misafunctionoflocaltothroatarearatio:M=f(A/A*)
Localtothroatarearatio,A/A*1
TherearetwoMsforeachA/A*,asubsonicandasupersonicvalue.
ForM<1,asMincreasesA/A*decreases(convergentduct).
ForM>1,asMincreasesA/A*alsoincreases(divergentduct).
ForM=1,A/A*=1.
IsentropicSupersonicFlow
1 2 1 2
A
M
* = 2
1 +
A
M
2

+ 1
2
( +1) /( 1)
p* 2
=
p0 + 1
( 1)
= 0.528
2
T*
=
= 0.833
T0 + 1
ThedistributionofM,and
theresultingdistributionof
pandT,dependonlyonthe
localarearatioA/A*.
Foranisentropic
supersonicflowtohappen,
thepressuredifference
betweentheinletandexit
hastobejustrightforthe
geometryoftheduct.
IsentropicSubsonicFlow
Whathappenswhenthereisan
inletexitpressuremismatch?
Freezesatchokedflow.
For1and2,A* isareferenceareanot
equaltoAt.ForsubsonicflowA*<At.
Freezesatchokedflow.
p* 2
=
p0 + 1
( 1)
= 0.528
Theresaninfinitenumberofisentropic
subsonicsolutionandonlyoneisentropic
supersonicsolution.
ChokedFlow
m& = uA
Chokedthroat
Aconditioninaconvergent
divergentductwhereinsonic
conditionhasbeenachievedat
thesectionofminimumarea,the
throat,andinformationisno
longerpropagatedfromthe
convergentportiontothe
divergentportionoftheduct.
IsentropicSupersonicFlowwithNSW
NSWmoves
furtheraftupon
exitpressure
decrease
DiffuserFlow
IdealVSRealDiffuser
Nozzleexhaustingtoatmosphere
Nozzleexhaustingintoaconstantareaduct
SupersonicWindTunnel
SupersonicWindTunnel
Example
Considertheisentropicsupersonicflowthroughaconvergentdivergent
nozzlewithanexittothroatarearatioof10.25.Thereservoirpressure
andtemperatureare5atm and600R,respectively.CalculateM,p,andT
atthenozzleexit.
2
1
Ae
* =
2
Me
A
2 1 2
+ 1 1 + 2 M e
/( 1)
( +1) /( 1)
p 1 2
= 0 = 1 +
Me
= 142
pe
pe
2
T0,e T0
1 2
= = 1+
M e = 4.12
Te Te
2
p0 , e
= 10.25
pe = p0
Te = T0
M e = 3.95
p0
= 5 / 142 = 0.035 atm
pe
T0
= 600 / 4.12 = 145.6 R
Te
Example
Considertheisentropicflowthroughaconvergentdivergentnozzlewith
anexittothroatarearatioof2.Thereservoirpressureandtemperature
are1atm and288K,respectively.CalculatetheMachnumber,pressure,
andtemperatureatboththethroatandtheexitforthecaseswhere
(a) theflowissupersonicattheexit,and
(b)theflowissubsonicthroughouttheentirenozzleexceptatthethroat,
whereM=1.
Given:
Ae
=2
*
A
p0 = 1 atm
T0 = 288 K
Example:(a)
Atthethroat,
M * =1
p*
pt = p =
= 0.528(1) = 0.528 atm
p0
*
T*
Tt = T =
= 0.833(288) = 240 K
T0
*
Example:(a)
Attheexit,
2
1
Ae
* =
2
Me
A
p0 , e
pe
T0,e
Te
2 1 2
+ 1 1 + 2 M e
p0
2
= 1 + 0.2 M e
pe
3.5
= 10.69
T0
1 2
= 1+
M e = 1.968
Te
2
( +1) /( 1)
=2
pe = p0
Te = T0
M e = 2.2
p0
= 1 / 10.69 = 0.0935 atm
pe
T0
= 288 / 1.968 = 146 K
Te
Example:(b)
Atthethroat,
Mt = M * =1
p*
pt = p =
= 0.528(1) = 0.528 atm
p0
*
T*
Tt = T =
= 0.833(288) = 240 K
T0
*
Example:(b)
Attheexit,
2
1
Ae
* =
2
Me
A
p0 , e
pe
T0,e
Te
2 1 2
+ 1 1 + 2 M e
p0
2
= 1 + 0.2 M e
pe
3.5
= 1.064
T0
1 2
= 1+
M e = 1.018
Te
2
( +1) /( 1)
=2
p e = p0
Te = T0
M e = 0.3
p0
= 1 / 1.064 = 0.94 atm
pe
T0
= 288 / 1.018 = 282.9 K
Te
Example
Consider the isentropic flow through a convergentdivergent nozzle
with an exittothroat area ratio of 2. The reservoir pressure and
temperature are 1 atm and 288 K, respectively. The exit pressure is
0.973 atm. Calculate the Mach number at both the throat and the exit
for the cases where
(a) the flow is supersonic at the exit, and
(b) the flow is subsonic throughout the entire nozzle except at the
throat, where M = 1.
Given:
Ae
=2
*
A
p0 = 1 atm
T0 = 288 K
pe = 0.973 atm
Example:
Frombefore,theexitpressurecorrespondingtoasubsonicflow
throughoutthenozzle(exceptatthethroat), pe = 0.94 atm
p0
1
=
= 1.028
pe 0.973
At At Ae
=
= 0.5(2.964) = 1.482
*
*
A
Ae A
M t = 0.44
p 1/ 3.5
M e = 5 0
1 = 0.2
p
e
1
Ae
* =
2
Me
A
2 1 2
+ 1 1 + 2 M e
( +1) /( 1)
= 2.964
Example
For the preliminary design of a Mach 2 supersonic wind tunnel,
calculate the ratio of the diffuser throat area to the nozzle throat area.

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Howtoughisthisgonna get?

CaloricallyPerfectGas:cv andcp areassumedconstant.

= 1.4 for air

a * = RT * = 1.4( 287)(517.5) = 456 m/s

a1 = RT1 = 1.4(1716)(478.9) = 1072.6 ft/s

V1 = M 1a1 = (0.9)(1072.6) = 965.4 ft/s

Stagnation to Static Density Ratio

Stagnation to Static Density Ratio

Stagnation to Static Density Ratio

If M 1 > 1 then s > 0

Butif M 1 < 1 then s < 0

p0, 2 < p0,1 Thatis,totalpressuredecreases

a1 = RT1 = 1.4(287)(288) = 340 m/s

a2 = RT2 = 1.4( 287)(486) = 442 m/s

T0,1 = T0, 2 = T0,

p0,1 = p0, 2 p0,

p0, = 2.07 x 105 N/m 2

p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2

p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2

T0,1 = T0, = 401.9 K

p0,1 = 1.49 x 105 N/m 2

T0,1 = T0, = 401.9 K

If M = 10 instead of the original M = 2,

When p0 < 1.893 atm, the flow is subsonic.

When p0 > 1.893 atm, the flow is supersonic.

(0.4) + 2.8M 1 12.06

p0 = (973.3)(82.87) = 8.07 x 10 4 lb/ft 2

For M 1 = 2 and = 20, = 53.4

M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 2 sin 53.4 = 1.606

M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 2.4 sin 30 = 1.2

= (10.3333 1.1672 ) 36.7327

M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 3 sin 40 = 1.9284

= (4.089 1.2692 ) 6.805

Design of supersonic inlets for jet engines.

For M 1 = 3.6 and = 10, 1 = 24.

M n ,1 = M 1 sin 1 = 3.6 sin 24 = 1.464

M n , 2 = M 2 sin 2 = 2.96 sin 27.3 = 1.358

p1 = 3.671(1 atm) = 3.671 atm

1 = sin 1 M 11 = sin 1 1.51 = 41.81

D' = 2( p2l sin p3l sin ) = 2( p2 p3 )(t / 2)

p2 = 2 RT2 and h2 = c pT2

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