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Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are several types of botulinum toxin which can cause illness in humans and other animals. Early symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, dry mouth, and difficulty swallowing and speaking, which can progress to paralysis. The symptoms are caused by the toxin rather than the bacterium itself. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antitoxin and respiratory support are needed to prevent the 5-10% mortality rate associated with botulism.
Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are several types of botulinum toxin which can cause illness in humans and other animals. Early symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, dry mouth, and difficulty swallowing and speaking, which can progress to paralysis. The symptoms are caused by the toxin rather than the bacterium itself. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antitoxin and respiratory support are needed to prevent the 5-10% mortality rate associated with botulism.
Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are several types of botulinum toxin which can cause illness in humans and other animals. Early symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, dry mouth, and difficulty swallowing and speaking, which can progress to paralysis. The symptoms are caused by the toxin rather than the bacterium itself. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antitoxin and respiratory support are needed to prevent the 5-10% mortality rate associated with botulism.
Botulism is a rare but can be life-threatening disease. This disease is caused by
Clostridium botulinum, is a worldwide bacterium that inhibits rivers, soil and the guts of mammals, fish and shellfish. Its not an organism that normally makes its living by attacking humans. Clostridium botulinum produces dangerous toxins (botulinum toxin) under low-oxygen condition. Clostridium botulinum produces spores that are heat-resistant and exist widely in the environment, and they will germinate in the absence of oxygen, grow then excrete toxins. Botulinum toxins are one of the most lethal substances known. There seven distinct forms of botulinum toxin, types A-G. These four (types A, B, E and rarely F) cause human botulism. Types C, D and E cause illness in other mammals, birds and fish (World Health Organization, 2013). In October 2013, scientists released news of the discovery of type H, the first new botulism neurotoxin found in 40 years. However, further in formation about type H has not been disclosed because of its potential for abuse as a lethal bioweapon and lack of a known antitoxin. When the bacteria are under stress, they develop spores, which are inert. Their natural habit are in the silt that comprises the bottom sediment of streams, lakes, coastal water and ocean. The spores can survive in their inert form for many years (Ward, BQ; Carroll, BJ; Garrett, ES; Reese, GB (1967). Early symptoms are marked fatigue, weakness usually followed by blurred vision, dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and abdominal swelling may also occur. The disease can progress to weakness in the neck and arms, after which the respiratory muscles and muscles of the lower body affected. The paralysis may make breathing difficult. There is no fever and no loss of consciousness. The symptoms are not caused by the bacterium itself but by the toxin produced by the bacterium. Symptoms usually appear within 12 to 36 hours after exposure. Incidence of botulism is low, but the mortality rate is high if prompt diagnosis and appropriate, immediate treatment (early administration of antitoxin and intensive respiratory care) are not given. The disease can be fatal in 5% to 10% cases (World Health Organization, August 2013).
Diagnosis is usually based on clinical history and clinical examination followed by
laboratory confirmation including demonstrating the presence of botulinum toxin in serum, stool or food, or a culture of Clostridium botulinum from stool, wound or food. Misdiagnosis of botulism sometimes occurs as it is often confused with stroke, GuillainBarr syndrome or myasthenia gravis. Antitoxin should be administered as soon as possible after a clinical diagnosis. Early administration is effective in reducing mortality rates. Severe botulism cases require supportive treatment, especially mechanical ventilation, which may be required for weeks or even months. Antibiotics are not required (except in the case of wound botulism). A vaccine against botulism exists but it is rarely used as its effectiveness has not been fully evaluated and it has demonstrated negative side effects (Stephanie Brunner B.A., September 2014).
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