HARVESTING ENERGY

THROUGH YOGA MAT

Sudipto Ghosh

Submission for CSIR Innovation Award for School Children-2016

Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Background............................................................................................................................................. 4
Working Principle ................................................................................................................................... 4
Advantages of Using Piezoelectric Materials ..................................................................................... 5
Existing Energy Harvesters ..................................................................................................................... 6
Electromagnetic Generator ................................................................................................................ 6
Electrostatic Generator ...................................................................................................................... 6
Piezoelectric Generator/Transducer .................................................................................................. 6
Storage device .................................................................................................................................... 7
Energy storage density comparison ............................................................................................... 7
Piezoelectric System Description ....................................................................................................... 7
Piezoelectric Transducer (Sensor) .................................................................................................. 7
Description of Piezoelectric Transducer ......................................................................................... 8
Output Stage of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System .............................................................. 9
Advantages ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Limitation........................................................................................................................................ 9
Review on Implementation Piezoelectricity......................................................................................... 10
Power Generating Sidewalk ............................................................................................................. 10
Power Generating Boots or Shoes ................................................................................................... 10
Gyms and Workplaces ...................................................................................................................... 10
People Powered Dance Clubs ........................................................................................................... 11
Description of the Project .................................................................................................................... 11
Components used: ........................................................................................................................... 11
Experimental Design: ....................................................................................................................... 11
Experimental Results ........................................................................................................................ 12
Economic Feasibility ............................................................................................................................. 13
Environmental Effects .......................................................................................................................... 14
Future Scope......................................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 14
References ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Papers: .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Sites .................................................................................................................................................. 16

Page 1 of 16

Abstract
The main concept behind this proposed project is to harvest mechanical energy
generated while doing yoga practices, which is usually lost, can be used through
conversion into electrical energy to extend the lifetime of any small systems
power supply. The manufacture of this type of a product will help in the
awareness of Yoga among the new generation.
There is an interesting method for obtaining this energy by using piezoelectric
materials. A variety of energy harvesting techniques exists but mechanical
energy harvesting happens to be the most outstanding. This technique utilizes
piezoelectric components where deformations produced by different means are
directly converted to electrical charge via piezoelectric effect. Subsequently the
electrical energy can be regulated or stored for further use.
The proposed work in this research is to make a prototype of the concept and
recommend Piezoelectricity as an alternate energy source. The object of this
research is to obtain a pollution-free energy source and to utilize the energy
being wasted in optimized way. In this paper modern techniques are discussed
upon to harness the energy generated from piezoelectric transducers.
Piezoelectric transducers have structure that provides a unique ability to
convert an applied mechanical strain into an electrical potential or vice versa.
These two properties allow the piezoelectric transducers to function as a power
harvesting medium. In most cases the piezoelectricity is strained through the
ambient vibration around the structure, thus allowing a frequently unused
energy source to be utilized for the purpose of powering small electronic system.
Keywords: Piezoelectric materials, Piezoelectric transducers, Mechanical
energy, Piezoelectricity, Mechanical strain, Electrical potential, Pollution-free
energy.

Introduction
With the ever increasing and demanding energy needs, unearthing and exploiting
more and more energy sources has become a need of the day. Energy harvesting
based on piezoelectric transducers has been a topic of discussion and research since
three decades. Energy harvesting is the process by which energy is derived from
external sources and utilized to drive the user-friendly systems directly, or the
energy is captured and stored for future use. With the advent of technology,
utilization of energy sources has increased by leaps and bounds. With the
introduction of many handheld portable electronic gadgets, energy harvesting has
become one of the fascinating subjects of interest to provide portable electrical
power. The commonly used sources are: solar power, wind energy and
piezoelectricity.
Page 2 of 16

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting is a new and innovative concept in the direction of

energy harvesting. Piezoelectric transducers can be utilized to obtain voltages of
very small values and hence can drive low voltage devices. Hence, Piezoelectric
Energy Harvesting comes under the category of Micro scale energy harvesting
scheme.
Not many researchers have been carried out till date in this field; hence it is a
challenging job to extract energy from piezoelectric transducers. Piezoelectric
transducers are a type of electro-acoustic transducer that converts the electrical
charges produced by some forms of solid materials into energy. The word
"piezoelectric" literally means electricity caused by pressure. In this research paper,
the idea of combining electrical energy from a number of piezoelectric transducers
to obtain higher voltages is proposed.
This new innovative type of Yoga Mat aims on converting the vibrations caused
when doing Yoga or workout to electricity with the help of piezoelectric transducers
that can charge mobile phones, power the speakers and many more devices.
This paper focusses on the Yoga activities on a special mat. So, the background of the
foot pressure, which effects on the PZT need to be reviewed. The foot is one of the
most important weight bearing and shock absorbing structures in the human body
during various activities as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, the need to
understanding the biomechanics associated with the normal foot.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. When a solid object at rest on a surface is
considered, as someone standing with both feet on the mat, it is easy to see that the
pressure between the shoe and the floor is the weight of the person divided by the
area of his /her feet in contact with the mat. Making the area of contact with the
ground smaller will increase the local pressure.
The measurement of pressure can be extremely valuable in assessment and
monitoring the effects on the output voltage generated by PZT. Research showed
that pressure is a form of mechanical stress, which is equal to the magnitude of the
force-applied perpendicular to a specific surface area.
Similar types of products which used piezoelectric elements to harvest electricity
were found to generate enough electricity to charge a Li-ion battery, though after a
considerable amount of time. The manufacture of this type of a product will help in
the awareness of Yoga among the new generation. It would also provide an efficient
way of harvesting electricity that does not have any scope of causing pollution. The
product can definitely be improved to a great extent where the piezoelectric
transducers could be merged with the base material making it user-friendly and less
cumbersome.

Page 3 of 16

Background
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electrical potential in
response to applied mechanical stress. This may take the form of a separation of
electric charge across the crystal lattice. If the material is not short circuited, the
applied charge induces a voltage across the material.
The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'. Piezo electricity is the electric
charge that accumulates in certain solid materials like crystals in response to
applied mechanical process.
When stress is applied on a piezo-electric element, its static structure gets
deformed. The ions of the element cancel out each other in a specific arrangement
but when this arrangement gets deformed electric charge are formed. The electricity
fluctuates too much when pressure is applied unevenly. Pierre Curie discovered the
piezoelectric effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use
the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications.
Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection
of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation,
microbalances, to drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and ultrafine focusing of optical
assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with
atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM,
etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters,
push-start propane barbecues, and quartz watches.
The conversion of mechanical energy into electrical one is generally achieved by
converters alternator type or commonly known dynamo. But there are other
physical phenomena including piezoelectricity that can also convert mechanical
movements into electricity. The phenomenon that produces an electric charge when
a force is applied to piezoelectric material is known as the piezoelectric effect.
This research paper introduces a new concept of recycling of mechanical energy to
electrical energy using the piezoelectric transducer. This method can be the best
utilization for efficient recycling of energy.

Working Principle
The piezoelectric effect is a special material property that exists in many single
crystalline materials like Quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline, Cane sugar,
Berlinite (AlPO4), Bone, Tendon, Silk, Enamel, Dentin, Barium Titanate (BaTiO3),
Lead Titanate (PbTiO3), Potassium Niobate (KNbO3), Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) etc.

Page 4 of 16

Piezoelectric effect works in two ways: (1) direct piezoelectric effect and (2) inverse
piezoelectric effect.
The direct piezoelectric effect is derived from materials generating electric potential
when mechanical stress is applied and the inverse piezoelectric effect implies
materials deformation when an electric field is applied. The energy harvesting via
Piezoelectricity uses direct piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric when it has this ability to transform electrical energy into mechanical
strain energy, and likewise transform mechanical strain energy into electrical
charge. The piezoelectric materials that exist naturally as quartz were not
interesting properties for the production of electricity, however artificial
piezoelectric materials such as PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) present advantageous
characteristics.
Piezoelectric materials belong to a larger class of materials called ferroelectrics. One
of the defining traits of a ferroelectric material is that the molecular structure is
oriented such that the material exhibits a local charge separation, known as an
electric dipole.
Throughout the artificial piezoelectric material composition, the electric dipoles are
orientated randomly, but when a very strong electric field is applied, the electric
dipoles reorient themselves relative to the electric field; this process is termed
poling. Once the electric field is extinguished, the dipoles maintain their orientation
and the material is then said to be poled. After the poling process is completed, the
material will exhibit the piezoelectric effect.
When the material is deformed or stressed an electric voltage can be recovered
along any surface of the material (via electrodes). Therefore, the piezoelectric
properties must contain a sign convention to facilitate this ability to recover electric
potential.
Advantages of Using Piezoelectric Materials

Small size
Broad frequency range
Light weight
2-wire operation
Ultra-low noise
Wide dynamic range
Wide temperature range
Simple signal conditioning
Cost-effective implementation

Page 5 of 16

Existing Energy Harvesters

In this paper only vibration based energy generators are considered and the
proposed work is also on the same principle. Vibration based energy generators that
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy that have been successfully
developed are in three categories (a) Electromagnetic, (b) Electrostatic, and (c)
Piezoelectric generators.
Electromagnetic Generator
Whenever a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil occurs, an
electromagnetic force (emf) is generated across the coil in an electromagnetic
generator. The relationship is determined by number of turns of the coil, length of
the coil, area of the coil and magnetic field intensity.
Electrostatic Generator
It consists of a capacitor whose capacitance changes as a function of displacement
electrons (current). Where, the voltage is developed across the capacitor when the
capacitor is fully charged. The polarization of the capacitor can be achieved by using
piezoelectric transducers.
Piezoelectric Generator/Transducer
Lead zirconate titanate is an intermetallic inorganic compound with the chemical
formula Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 (0x1). Also called PZT, it is a ceramic perovskite material
that shows a marked piezoelectric effect, meaning that the compound is used in a
number of practical applications in the area of electroceramics. PZT is a white solid
that is insoluble in all solvents.

Being piezoelectric, PZT develops a voltage (or potential difference) across two of its
faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), or physically changes shape
when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications).
The dielectric constant of PZT can range from 300 to 3850, depending upon
Page 6 of 16

orientation and doping. The material features an extremely large dielectric constant
at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near x = 0.52.[2]
Storage device
The load that is used for storing the harvested electrical energy is primarily a
capacitor. For power storage it is better to use rechargeable battery than a super
capacitor as rechargeable battery has high energy stored per unit weight and a
slower discharge response.
Energy storage density comparison
Energy harvester working principle:
Energy storage density
Electromagnetic
Electrostatic
Piezoelectric

(mJ/cm3)
24.8
4
35.4

The piezoelectric materials are natural and also of artificially made. Quartz is a
natural piezoelectric material while Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is an artificial
piezoelectric material.
Piezoelectric System Description
Energy harvesting involves harvesting electrical power and storing of the harvested
power. The reason for choosing piezoelectricity is because of its higher energy
storage density as it has been justified earlier. In piezoelectric energy harvesting,
piezoelectric sensor is used as a harvesting element and the storage element is a
battery.
Piezoelectric Transducer (Sensor)
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Usually a
transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (i.e. detect) some characteristic
of its environs; it is used to detect a parameter in one form of energy and report it in
another, often an electrical signal.
It converts the mechanical stress to electric charge. When the mechanical stress is
applied to the sensor, electrical charge is accumulated on the crystal surface that can
be extracted using a wire. In order to get maximum output from the sensor, it has to
be set in its self-resonant frequency range. Piezoelectric sensor can be considered as
an electrical equivalent of combination of resistance R, capacitance C and an
alternating current source I connected in parallel as shown in figure below.

Page 7 of 16

Figure: Electrical model of piezoelectric sensor

The sensor used in this work is made of piezoceramic material Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT). It is circular in shape and it is commercially available at cheap rate.
Individual sensor when tested using Multi-meter, generates a variable voltage of 46V. The piezoelectric crystal bends in different ways at different frequencies and
this bending is called the vibration mode.
Description of Piezoelectric Transducer
A piezoelectric material is made up of both positively and negatively charged
particles arranged in such a way that all the positively-charged particles and all the
negatively-charged particles are grouped about the same central point. If two
opposite faces of a crystal are placed under pressure, the crystal can be slightly
flattened and distorted, and the charged particles making up the crystals are pushed
together and spread out sideways. The change is such that the average position of
the negatively-charged particles shifts slightly with respect to the average position
of the positively-charged particles. This means there is, in effect, a separation of
positive and negative charges and a potential difference is therefore created
between two faces of the crystal.
Output voltage and power is directly proportional to the pressure applied or in
other words the weight of the person walking on it and the time the person is
standing on it. The energy harvesting via Piezoelectricity uses direct piezoelectric
effect. The phenomenon will be clear from the following figure.

The output voltage obtained from a single piezoelectric crystal generally is in milli
volts range, which is different for different crystals. And the wattage is in microwatt
range. So in order to achieve higher voltages, the piezoelectric crystals can be
arranged in parallel manner, which can generate output voltage more than milli
volts range. The energy thus obtained is stored in capacitors. This is the working
principle behind piezoelectric energy harvesting system.
Page 8 of 16

Now the extreme engineering lies in optimization of piezoelectric energy, which is

done in various ways. A lot of studies are being carried out in order to know which
crystal will be the best to obtain maximum output voltage, what should be the
structure of piezoelectric component, which type of circuit should be used at the
output terminals of piezoelectric crystal in order to have maximum wattage.
Output Stage of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System
The output of a piezoelectric crystal is Alternating Current (AC). In order to use this
voltage for low power consuming electronic devices, it has to be first converted into
Direct Current (DC). It is done with the help of AC to DC converter.
This is followed by a capacitor, which gets charged by the rectifier up to a predecided voltage, at which the switch to be off and the capacitor discharges through
the low-power application. In this way, the energy can be stored in the capacitor,
and can be discharged when required.
Advantages

This method gives rise to efficient recycling of energy.

There is no loss in energy
It can be used in situations in case of power failure or any emergency
conditions
This method reduces electricity expenditures.
This method of recycling can be used in many low power home appliances, it
is also used in devices which produce noise and vibration while they are
operating.

Limitation
Each piezoelectric material has a particular operating limit for temperature, voltage,
and stress. The particular chemical composition of the material determines the
limits. Operating a material outside of these limitations may cause partial or total
depolarization of the material, and a diminishing or loss of piezoelectric properties.
Temperature Limitations
As the operating temperature increases, piezoelectric performance of a material decreases, until
complete and permanent depolarization occurs at the material's Curie temperature.
The Curie point is the absolute maximum exposure temperature for any piezoelectric ceramic. Each
ceramic has its own Curie point. When the ceramic element is heated above the Curie point, all
piezoelectric properties are lost. In practice, the operating temperature must be substantially below the
Curie point.

Page 9 of 16

Voltage Limitations
A piezoelectric ceramic can be depolarized by a strong electric field with polarity
opposite to the original poling voltage. The limit on the field strength is dependent
on the type of material, the duration of the application, and the operating
temperature.
Mechanical Stress Limitations
High mechanical stress can depolarize a piezoelectric ceramic. The limit on the
applied stress is dependent on the type of ceramic material, and duration of the
applied stress.
Power Limitations
The acoustic power handling capacity of a radiating transducer is limited by the
following factors.
(1) Dynamic mechanical strength of the ceramic
(2) Reduction in efficiency due to dielectric losses
(3) Reduction in efficiency due to mechanical losses
(4) Depolarization of the ceramic due to electric field
(5) Depolarization of the ceramic due to temperature rise
(6) Instability resulting from the positive feedback between dielectric losses and
internal heating

Review on Implementation Piezoelectricity

Power Generating Sidewalk
The piezoelectric crystal arrays are laid underneath pavements, sidewalks, and
speed breakers for maximum voltage generation. The voltage thus generated from
the array can be used to charge the chargeable Lithium batteries, capacitors etc.
These batteries can be used as per the requirement.
Power Generating Boots or Shoes
In United States Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA) initiated an
innovative project on Energy harvesting which attempts to power battlefield
equipment by piezoelectric generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these
energy harvesting sources put an impact on the body. DARPA's effort to harness 1-2
watts from continuous shoe impact while walking were abandoned due to the
discomfort from the additional energy expended by a person wearing the shoes.
Gyms and Workplaces
Researchers are also working on the idea of utilizing the vibrations caused from the
machines in the gym. At workplaces, while sitting on the chair, energy can be stored in the

Page 10 of 16

batteries by laying piezoelectric crystals in the chair. Also, the studies are being carried out
to utilize the vibrations in a vehicle, like at clutches, gears, seats, shock-ups, foot rests.
People Powered Dance Clubs
In Europe, certain nightclubs have already begun to power their night clubs,
strobes and stereos by use of piezoelectric crystals. The crystals are laid underneath
the dance floor. When a bulk of people use this dance floor, enormous amount of
voltage is generated which can be used to power the equipments of the night club.

Description of the Project

This paper describes on the use of piezoelectric transducers in special mats
during the Yoga practice period, which will help the mat users to charge their lowpower appliances. This project demonstrates the generation of electricity using
piezoelectric transducers which are arranged beneath a platform. Yoga or workout
can be done on this platform which would cause the transducer beneath to bend and
cause a sudden shot of electricity. This electricity will then be rectified by the bridge
diode and stored in an electrolytic capacitor. Then this electricity can be used for
recharging the batteries. The electrical recharge of a mobile is working as an
example of storing the electricity.
Components used:

Piezoelectric Transducers
Rectifier Diodes (1N4007)
Electrolytic Capacitor (400V, 1000F)
Connecting Wires
Cardboard & Tape
Multimeter

Experimental Design:
The proposed work portrays the concept of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and the
results obtained after the implementation are very encouraging.
The base platform of the experimental design is a mat. A series of piezoelectric
transducers laid in a specific design on the mat, which will be used for the positions
of feet specially the toe and heal positions places. The output energy will be
gathered from the conversion of mechanical stress into electricity from particular
places on the mat.
The electrodes of the piezoelectric transducers are connected and tested in both
series and parallel circuit design. The both the final electrodes are connected with
bridge rectifiers. The output voltage is tested with the help of multi-meter
instrument. The results are tested and the method of connections in the circuit
which generates more voltage is taken for final model. Based on the final model the
Page 11 of 16

open ends are connected with a high voltage electrolytic capacitor for storing the
output voltage. The storage device like mobile can be connected with this capacitor
for recharging at a stable voltage.
At the start of operation of the model, the capacitor needs to be totally discharged to
get an accurate output voltage. So, before experimenting on the mat, the net charge
in the capacitor should be zero.
The analysis of the voltage stored in the capacitor with respect to the force applied
can be done and the efficiency of this work can be calculated. Efficient storage of the
generated voltage can be achieved by using the circuit shown in the following figure.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting can be used as a cleanest form of alternate energy

source in future. This work is an example illustrating one of its applications. It can
also be used as an energy source for wearable electronics.
When standing on the mat, the feet put force on mat and experience opposite action
from earth surface. As ones foot pushes against the ground, the ground pushes back,
propelling you stand. So this action acts as a vector quantity that has both
magnitude and direction. This can be called as contact force. The basis for the
contact force is the electromagnetic force between atoms. The contact force is also
known as the normal or reaction force. During jogging and jumping, mechanical
stress that is applied on the mat is converted to electrical voltage which is measured
using an electronic multi-meter.
Experimental Results
The necessary voltage required for charging a low-level power application is
successfully generated. The output current that is generated from the piezoelectric
transducer may be less, but may increase the time taken for charging. But it can be
used for charging a low-power application device for emergency purpose where
there is no direct source of electricity. This can be used as an efficient source for
portable electric power for portable devices. This work is a low cost approach to
demonstrate the application of piezoelectric sensor to meet the need for portable
electric power.
The output voltage of piezoelectric transducers is measured through the multimeter during the jogging on the special mat (herein called as Yoga Mat). The results
Page 12 of 16

measured in two positions (toe and heel) of feet and shown in the following Chart
showing the voltage stored in capacitor when mat is pressed by toe and when it is
pressed by heel.
1.6

1.51

1.4

1
0.8
0.6

0.4

0.73
0.58
0.47
0.38

0.39

0.42

0.2

0.5

1.35

1.14
0.94

1.02

0.93

0.8
0.51

0.57

0.63

0.7

0.74

4.5

0.81

Time (s) --->

0.1

1.29

Voltage-toe (V)

0.36

0.2

Voltage-heel (V)

Voltage (V) --->

1.2

1.5

2.5

3.5

5.5

The output voltage generated from the pressure of the foot on the mat. There is a
scope of research to find out the relationship between the magnitude of foot
pressure and output voltage of PZT.
Limitations

The setup has to be flexible so that the circuit components do not get broken
There is possibility that if even pressure is not applied to the piezoelectric
elements, they can cancel each others output when they get rectified by the
bridge diode.
The circuit at times does not produce enough current to power an appliance but
may produce voltage that is enough to fry a circuit.

Economic Feasibility
The assembly developed using series and parallel combination of piezo-crystals is
very cost effective. A single crystal costs around 16 Rupees, and hence the cost of
whole assembly is very less. It is very encouraging to get a good voltage and current
at such a low cost at the same time utilizing the waste energy. So, the assembly
improves on the concern of cost effectiveness to a great extent and we are working
on it to further improve upon the results of the system.

Page 13 of 16

Environmental Effects
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric materials are well known for their
excellent piezoelectric properties. However, considering the toxicity of lead and its
compounds, there is a general awareness for the development of environmental
friendly lead-free materials as evidenced in this effect. Some lead-free compositions
show stable piezoelectric responses even though they do not match the overall
performance of PZT.
Lead-free materials are of interests as new candidates to replace the widely used
lead-based ceramics because of their pollution free environmental friendly
character during the preparation process.

Future Scope
The proposed work portrays the concept of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and the
results obtained after the implementation are very encouraging. Future work of the
proposed idea encompasses further amplification of the crystal output to a greater
extent. A study could be carried out from the variety of piezoelectric crystals and
after comparing the results, the choice of the optimum material for the best
performing crystal could be devised.

Conclusion
A non-conventional, nonpolluting form of energy can be harvested, maintaining the
economic standards of common laymen. The electricity is produced from the
mechanical stress on the crystals due to piezoelectric effect and thus it generates the
energy needed for charging low-power applications.
The method used to perform power harvesting is to use PZT materials that can
convert the ambient vibration energy surrounding them into electrical energy. This
electrical energy can then be used to power other devices or stored for later use.
The assembly developed using series and parallel combination of piezo-crystals is
very cost effective. It is very encouraging to get a good voltage and current at such a
low cost at the same time utilizing the waste energy.
The manufacture of this type of a product will help in the awareness of Yoga among
the new generation. It would also provide an efficient way of harvesting electricity
that does not have any scope of causing pollution. The product can definitely be
improved to a great extent where the piezoelectric transducers could be merged
with the base material making it user-friendly and less cumbersome.
Page 14 of 16

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http://www.instructables.com/id/Electricity-from/walking/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity
http://www.bvicam.ac.in/bijit/Downloads/pdf/issue 4/010.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/piezo.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/house-musicenergy-crisis1.htm

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