Anna University of Technology,Madurai

B.E./B.Tech. Degree Programme Regulations 2010

Raja College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai 625 020
Department of Science & Humanities

Syllabus
Year & Semester : I/II
10ACPL02

COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY II

L T P C
0 1 2 2

Basic Commands in UNIX

Working with files
- Files and File types
- Sorting the contents of a file
- Counting the number of words in a file
Working with Directories
UNIX Editor
Pipes
Simple Filters
Command line parameters with simple UNIX commands
Shell Programming Fundamentals
- Shell Variables
- Conditional Statements
- Testing and Loops
- Simple shell Programs
- Grep and Sedcommands
- Awk filter
- Security commands
UNIX C
- Simple C programs to simulatethe basic UNIX commands (Fork, Signal)
- File handling
HARDWARE / SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS
Hardware
1 UNIX Clone Server
33 Nodes (thin client or PCs)
Printer 3 Nos
Software
OS-UNIX clone (33 user license or License free Linux)
Compiler- C

Raja College of Engineering and Technology

Page 1 of 41

Department of Science & Humanities

Laboratory Manual 2010-2011(Even)
Computer Practice Laboratory II
Class: 02nd Sem. B.E./B.Tech.
Branch:
List of Experiments
I. UNIX COMMANDS

15

1. Basic Shell Commands (6 Hrs)

2. Unix Editor (3 Hrs)
II. SHELL PROGRAMMING

15

3. (a) Shell Script to swap values in two variables x and y

(b) Shell script to concatenate to two Strings and display the resultant string along with its string
length.
4. Shell Script to Simulate a Simple Calculator
5. Shell script to read 3 numbers and find the greatest of the three
6. Shell script to find whether an input number is palindrome or not
7. Shell script to find whether an input number is Armstrong or not
8. Shell script to print Fibonacci series

III. C PROGRAMMING ON UNIX

15

9. Write a C Program to find Prime No.

10. Write a C Program to Sort n Numbers
11. Write a C Program to Swap two Numbers using Pointer
12. Write a C Program to demonstrate Dynamic Memory Allocation
13. Write a C Program to demonstrate File Handling using getc and putc Functions.

Page 2 of 41

Ex.No.1
1)

Study of Basic Unix Commands

Command : cat
a) To Create a New File:
Synatax : cat > filename
[it@rcet ~]$ cat > one.txt
Hi
Welcome to IT Lab
Raja College of Engineering & Technology
Madurai

Pressing Ctrl+z to save the file

[2]+ Stopped

cat >one.txt

[it@rcet ~]$
b) To Display the Contents of the File :
Syntax : cat filename
[it@rcet ~]$ cat one.txt
Hi
Welcome to IT Lab
Raja College of Engineering & Technology
Madurai
[it@rcet ~]$
2) Command : mkdir
Syntax : mkdir filename
[it@rcet ~]$ mkdir programs
[it@rcet ~]$ ls
a.out

college.txt fir.sh

new.txt second.sh

col1.txt

coll.txt

firs.sh

one

one.txt

programs`

college2.txt file.txt

pgms

[it@rcet ~]$
Page 3 of 41

3) Command : cd (change directory)

Syntax : cd directory name
[it@rcet ~]$ cd programs
[it@rcet programs]$ cd ..
[it@rcet ~]$ cd programs
[it@rcet programs]$ mkdir shellprogram
[it@rcet programs]$ cd shellprogram
[it@rcet shellprogram]$ cd
[it@rcet ~]$
4) Command : pwd (Print Working Directory)
[it@rcet shellprogram]$ pwd
/home/it/programs/shellprogram
[it@rcet shellprogram]$ cd
[it@rcet ~]$ pwd
/home/it
[it@rcet ~]$
5) Command : ls (List Files and Directories)
a) ls
[it@rcet ~]$ ls
a.out

college2.txt coll.txt fir.sh new.txt one.txt programs

col1.txt college.txt file.txt firs.sh one

pgms

second.sh
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[it@rcet ~]$
b) ls l : Lists Files and Directories in Long Listing Mode
[it@rcet ~]$ ls -l
total 112
-rwxrwxr-x 1 it it 5890 Jan 29 15:16 a.out
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 300 Feb 23 09:55 col1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 603 Feb 23 10:10 college2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 300 Feb 23 09:55 college.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it

0 Feb 27 12:43 coll.txt

-rw------- 1 it it 129 Feb 19 10:18 file.txt

-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 132 Mar 6 09:50 fir.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 222 Mar 6 10:16 firs.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 59 Feb 23 09:47 new.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 95 Feb 14 09:46 one
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 81 Apr 15 11:44 one.txt
drwxrwxr-x 4 it it 4096 Jan 29 15:45 pgms
drwxrwxr-x 3 it it 4096 Apr 15 11:59 programs
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 236 Mar 6 10:05 second.sh
[it@rcet ~]$
c) [it@rcet ~]$ ls -a
.

.bashrc

.emacs.d

..

col1.txt

file.txt

a.out

new.txt
one

college2.txt fir.sh

.bash_history college.txt firs.sh

.swn

.swo

one.txt
pgms

.xemacs
.zshrc

.swp
.viminfo

.bash_logout coll.txt

.five.sh.swp programs .viminfo.tmp

.bash_profile .emacs

.gtkrc

second.sh .viminfz.tmp

[it@rcet ~]$
d) [it@rcet ~]$ ls x
a.out

col1.txt college2.txt college.txt coll.txt file.txt fir.sh

firs.sh new.txt one

one.txt

pgms

programs second.sh
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[it@rcet ~]$
6) Command : mv (Move)
a) mv (Move a File to Directory)
Syntax : mv SourceFile DestinationDirectory
[it@rcet ~]$ mv coll.txt programs
[it@rcet ~]$ cd programs
[it@rcet programs]$ ls
coll.txt

shellprogram

[it@rcet programs]$
b) mv (Move Contents of one File to Another File)
Syntax : mv SourceFile DestinationFile
[it@rcet ~]$ cat one.txt
Hi, Welcome to IT Lab
Raja College of Engineering & Technology
[it@rcet ~]$ mv one.txt new.txt
[it@rcet ~]$ cat new.txt
Hi, Welcome to CSE Lab
Raja College of Engineering & Technology
[it@rcet ~]$
7) Command : rm (Remove a File)
Syntax : rm filename
[it@rcet ~]$ ls
a.out

college2.txt file.txt firs.sh one programs

col1.txt college.txt fir.sh

new.txt pgms second.sh

[it@rcet ~]$ rm new.txt

[it@rcet ~]$ ls
a.out

college2.txt file.txt firs.sh pgms

second.sh
Page 6 of 41

col1.txt college.txt fir.sh

one

programs

[it@rcet ~]$

8) Command : rmdir (Remove a Diretory)

Syntax : rmdir Directoryname
[it@rcet programs]$ ls
coll.txt shellprogram
[it@rcet programs]$ rmdir shellprogram
[it@rcet programs]$ ls
coll.txt
[it@rcet programs]$
9) Command : rm -rf (Remove a Diretory which is not Empty)
Syntax : rm rf Directoryname
[it@rcet programs]$ ls
coll.txt
[it@rcet ~]$ rm -rf programs
[it@rcet ~]$ ls
a.out

college2.txt file.txt firs.sh pgms

col1.txt college.txt fir.sh

one

second.sh

[it@rcet ~]$
10) Command : echo (Prints the Given String)
a) Syntax : echo String
[it@rcet ~]$ echo "Raja College of Engineering & Technology"
Raja College of Engineering & Technology
[it@rcet ~]$
b) Syntax : echo n String (Dont Print a New Line)
[it@rcet ~]$ echo -n "Raja College of Engineering &Technology"
Raja College of Engineering & Technology [it@rcet ~]$
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11) Command : head (Prints required no. of lines in the File Counting from
the Beginning of the File)
Syntax : head n filename
n : Number of Lines to be displayed
[it@rcet ~]$ cat one.txt
Welcome to Raja College of Engineering
Madurai
IT Dept
Computer Practices Laboratory
[it@rcet ~]$ head -2 one.txt
Welcome to Raja College of Engineering
Madurai
[it@rcet ~]$
12) Command : tail (Prints required no. of lines in the File Counting from
the End of the File)
Syntax : tail n filename
n : Number of Lines to be displayed
[it@rcet ~]$ cat one.txt
Welcome to Raja College of Engineering
Madurai
IT Dept
Computer Practices Laboratory
[it@rcet ~]$ tail -2 one.txt
IT Dept
Computer Practices Laboratory
[it@rcet ~]$

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13) Command : who (Displays the Users Who Logged into the System)
[it@rcet ~]$ who
cse

pts/2

it

Apr 15 13:34 (192.168.1.21)

pts/1

Apr 15 15:10 (192.168.1.69)

[it@rcet ~]$
Command : who am i (Displays the Name of the Current User of this
System)
[it@rcet ~]$ who am i
it pts/1

Apr 15 15:10 (192.168.1.69)

[it@rcet ~]$
14) Command : date (Displays the Current Date and Time)
[it@rcet ~]$ date
Wed Apr 15 15:25:49 IST 2009
[it@rcet ~]$
15)Command : cal (Displays the Calendar)
[it@rcet ~]$ cal
April 2009
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
5

2 3 4

9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
16) Command : wc (Counts the No. of Chars, Bytes, lines, Chars in the
Longest Line)
[it@rcet ~]$ wc -m college.txt
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300 college.txt
[it@rcet ~]$ wc -c college.txt
300 college.txt
[it@rcet ~]$ wc -l college.txt
11 college.txt
[it@rcet ~]$ wc -L college.txt
44 college.txt
[it@rcet ~]$
17) Command : grep (Displays a Line from the file Containing the Given
String)
Syntax : grep String filename
Syntax : grep i String filename
i Ignore Case of the Given String
[it@rcet ~]$ cat one.txt
Welcome to Rcet College of Engineering
Madurai
IT Dept
Computer Practices Laboratory
[it@rcet ~]$ grep "Rcet" one.txt
Welcome to Rcet College of Engineering
[it@rcet ~]$
18) Command : Sort (Sorting the Contents of the File)
The sort command is used to order the lines of a file. Various options can
be used to choose the order as well as the field on which a file is sorted.
Without any options, the sort compares entire lines in the file and outputs them
in ASCII order (numbers first, upper case letters, then lower case letters).
Syntax
sort filename
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sort r filename (sort in the reverse order)

Example
users.txt
jdoe
John Doe
4/15/96
lsmith
Laura Smith
3/12/96
pchen
Paul Chen
1/5/96
jhsu
Jake Hsu
4/17/96
sphilip
Sue Phillip
4/2/96
[it@rcet ~]$ sort users.txt
jdoe
John Doe
jhsu
Jake Hsu
lsmith
Laura Smith
pchen
Paul Chen
sphilip
Sue Phillip

4/15/96
4/17/96
3/12/96
1/5/96
4/2/96

19) Command : uniq (Simple Filter to remove duplicates)

uniq filters duplicate adjacent lines from a file.
Syntax
uniq file [file.new]
Example
Consider the following file and example, in which uniq removes the 4th
line from file and places the
[it@rcet ~]$ cat > fi
1236
4536
7890
7890
[it@rcet ~]$ uniq file file.new
[it@rcet ~]$cat file.new
1236
4536
7890
20) Command: pipes ( | - redirect the output to one command to Another
Command)
The Unix system allows you to effectively connect two commands
together. This connection is known as a pipe, and it enables you to take the output
from one command and feed it directly into the input of another command. A pipe
is effected by the character |, which is placed between the two commands.
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Example
To make a pipe between the who and wc -l commands,
[it@rcet ~]$ who | wc l
5 (number of users logged in the system)
The standard output from the first command is connected directly to the standard
input of the second command.

Ex.No.2

UNIX Editor

General Information:
About vi:
vi (pronounced vee-EYE, short for visual) provides basic text editing capabilities. Three
aspects of vi make it appealing.
1. vi is supplied with all UNIX systems.
2. vi uses a small amount of memory, which allows efficient operation when the
network is busy.
3. vi uses standard alphanumeric keys for commands.
You can use it on virtually any terminal or workstation in existence without having to worry
about unusual keyboard mappings. As a point of interest, vi is actually a special mode of another
UNIX text editor called ex. Normally you do not need to use ex except in vi mode.
vi commands are case-sensitive, which means that upper-case and lower-case commands are
not the same command. For example, j moves the cursor down, but J combines two lines into one
line.
The word RETURN represents the action of pressing RETURN key. ESC indicates pressing
the ESCAPE key. Also, sometimes you will see a keystroke like CTRL-F. CTRL-F means you hold
down the key marked CONTROL or CTRL, and press F. The CTRL key acts in a manner similar to
the SHIFT key.
A Brief vi Session:
Starting vi:
To start vi, enter:
vi filename RETURN
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Where filename is the name of the file you want to edit. If the file does not exist, vi will create it for
you. You can also start vi without giving any filename. In this case, vi will ask for one when you quit
or save your work.
Example:
Start vi in preparation for some tutorial exercises; throughout this document, the exercises
will use the file, sample. In an xterm, type:
vi sample RETURN
The window clears and displays the contents of the file, sample. Since it is a new file, it does not
contain any text. vi uses the tilde (~) character to indicate lines on the screen beyond the end of the
file.
Command Mode and Input Mode:
vi has two modes,
1. command mode
2. input mode
In command mode, characters you type perform actions like moving the cursor, cutting or
copying text, or searching for some particular text. In input mode, you type to insert or overwrite
text. When you start vi, it is in command mode.
To switch from command to input mode, press the i key (you do not need to press
RETURN)

Vi lets you insert text beginning at the current cursor location. To switch back to

command mode, press ESC. You can also use ESC to cancel an unfinished command in command
mode. Unfortunately, vi does not normally indicate which mode you are in. The next exercise turns
on a mode indicator. If you are uncertain about the current mode, you can press ESC a few times.
When vi beeps, you have returned to command mode.
To Know the Current Mode:
Before you start typing text, the command below activates the modeline indicator. You are
not required to use it, but it tells you whether you are in command or input mode.
Type:
:set showmode RETURN
Nothing appears to change. When you are in command mode, there is no indicator, but if you
enter input mode, one will appear in the bottom right-hand corner of the window.
Line Numbers:
Many vi commands use line numbers, which simply count the number of RETURN
characters in a file. You can cut and copy text by line number or jump to a certain line. Line numbers

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can be useful when you ritive error messages during program compilation. Frequently compilers will
print the line number, so you can use vi to jump to the appropriate line and look for the error.
Exercise to display the line numbers, enter the following command:
:set number RETURN
This command will immediately display the line numbers in the left margin of your vi window. It
may cause long lines to wrap around the right edge of the window, but they will not be damaged. The
G movement command lets you jump to any line within a file. First type the line number, followed
by G. If you do not type any line number, vi jumps to the end of the file. Thus, 1G takes you to the
beginning, and G takes you to the end.
Vi Commands A Quick View:
Command

Meaning

vi File Name

Open or Create File

vi

Open New File To Be Named

vi -r File Name

Recover Crashed File

view File Name

Open File Read-Only

vipw

Edit the /etc/passwd file, setting locks and doing appropriate

processing.

There are three modes of

operation:

Command Mode
Insert Mode
Last Line Mode
Vi Commands A Quick Review

Vi Commands Used To Edit Files Positioning The Cursor:

Command

Meaning

Move left one character

Move down one line

Move up one line

Move right one character

Move right one word

Move right one word (Past Punctuation)

Move left one word

Move left one word (Past Punctuation)

Move to end of current word

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Return

Move down one line

Backspace

Move left one character

Move to top of screen

Move to middle of screen

Move to bottom on screen

Control-f

Scroll forward one screen

Control-d

Scroll forward one-half screen

Control-b

Scroll backward one-half screen

Go to last line of file

1G

Go to first line of file

21G

Go to 21st line of file

Table Vi Commands to Edit Files

Appending Commands:
Command

Meaning

Append text after cursor

Append text at line end

Insert text before cursor

Insert text at beginning of line

Insert line below cursor

Insert line above cursor

Table: Appending Commands

Example 1:
To enter input mode, press: i
Note that in the bottom right-hand corner, vi indicates that you are in input mode. Then
enter the following text, and remember to press RETURN at the end of each line.
You can use the special keystrokes if you make a mistake. We scrambled to strike camp.
Water crashed down upon us, far too slow in foot and hands to do it. Oh, no, I said. Our heavens
darkened grimly. Thunder echoed overhead and shook the clouds, even the ground rumbled as each
clap loudly exploded.
Glancing back, I saw an ocean rising behind us. It just wouldnt stop raining. Our weathered tent was
a poor shelter tonight. As a lightning bolt flashes over the hills, we made out a small cave on the
mountainside. A safe haven, thought I.Our heavens fell down, but just up ahead lay safety.
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After entering this text, press ESC to return to command mode. Notice that the
mode line clears, too
Example 2:
Move to the line Our heavens fell... and press A to append text at the end of the line. Then
type (the symbol -- means a space character):
--We crawled in, and wept. ESC
Next go to the line in foot and hand... and open a new line below it. Press: o to start open mode, and
observe that vi creates a new line for text. Type: Take a step and fall. ESC
Deleting Text:
Command

Meaning

Delete Character at the cursor

Delete character to the left of the cursor

dw

Delete word (or part of word to right of cursor)

dd

Delete line containing the cursor

Delete part of line to right of cursor

dG

Delete to end of file

d1G

Delete from beginning of file to cursor

:5,10d

Delete lines 5 through 10

Commands to Delete Text

Examples:
Try using the cursor movement keys to place the cursor on the word hands. Move the cursor onto
the s. Press x to delete it. Now lets delete the word loudly. Move to the beginning of the word.
Although you could press x seven times to delete the word and its trailing space, it is quicker to delete
it by typing dw. Finally, remove the line It just wouldnt stop raining. Move the cursor anywhere on
that line, and type dd. The line vanishes.
Changing Text:
Command

Meaning

CW

Change word (or part of word) to right of cursor

cc

Change line

Change from cursor to end of line

Substitute string for characters from cursor forward

Replace character at cursor with one other character

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r Return

Break line

Examples:
Lets correct some words. To maintain proper verb tense, flashes should be flashed.
Move the cursor to the last s in flashes. To enter replace mode, type: r and notice that the mode
line says, REPLACE 1 CHAR. Next type the letter: d to make the change. Notice that you do not
need to press ESC or RETURN when replacing just one character. Next change safety to
sanctuary. Move to the beginning of the word safety, then type: CW vi shows a dollar sign ($)
indicating the end of the text being corrected. Type: sanctuary ESC
To finish the exercise, move the cursor to do. Well change all the text from do to the
end of the line. Start the correction by pressing: C Again vi shows a dollar sign (this time at the end
of the line). Make the change by typing: reach that island. ESC
Insert Mode Commands:
Command

Meaning

Join current line and line below

xp

Transpose character at cursor and character to the right

Change case of letter (upper or lower )

u or :u

Undo previous command

Commands in Insert Mode

Example 1:
Move to the line flashed over the hills... and delete it by typing:
dd
Bring back the line by pressing:
u
which undoes the last text change. Press u a few more times, and watch what happens. When you
undo something, you change the text, so your undo becomes the last text change! That explains why
undoing appears to flip between two displays. Leave the line flashed over... on the display.
Example 2:
Move to the blank line just after in foot and hand. Press:

i
and insert the following text: I saw everything spinning wildly. RETURN
Press ESC to return to command mode. Now move to the line in foot and hand and press:

J
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to join it with the line you just typed.

Copying and Pasting:
Command

Meaning

Yank or copy line

Yank or copy line

Put yanked or deleted line below current

Same as above
Commands to Copy Text and Paste Text

General:
vi has its own terminology for cut and copy: delete and yank, respectively. Note
that the delete command is the same one you have already used; every time you delete text, vi
changes the automatic buffer and pushes the previous delete into the next numbered buffer. When
you delete or yank, the desired text enters a buffer. If you do not specify a named buffer, vi uses the
automatic buffer (buffer 1).
The delete and yank commands take the following form:
1. Move the cursor to one end of the desired text.
2. If desired, specify a named buffer by typing letter where letter is a letter from a through
z. If you do not give a named buffer, vi uses the automatic buffers 1-9.
3. Type a repetition number, if needed. (To copy 5 words or 8 lines, for example.)
4. Type d to delete text, or type y to yank text.
5. Type a cursor movement key to determine the text unit; if you type d or y instead, vi uses
the line unit. The cursor key completes the delete or yanks and stores the text in the
desired buffer.
Using Markers:
Markers also let you specify a range of text for cutting or copying without having to
count words or lines. The next procedure shows you how to delete or yank text by using markers.
1. Move the cursor to one end of the selection.
2. Type mletter to set a marker.
3. Move the cursor to the other end.
4. If desired, specify a named buffer by typing letter If you do not give a named buffer, vi
uses the automatic buffers.
5. Type d or y to delete or yank text, respectively.
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6. Using letter from the marker, type letter to delete or yank the text between the marker
and the cursor. You may instead type letter to delete or yank the text by line.
Example:
This exercise performs a standard copy-and-paste. It uses the automatic buffer and does not use any
markers. Move to the first line of text, then yank three lines of text by typing:
3yy
Nothing appears to happen, but vi has put the first three lines into its automatic buffer. The message
3 lines yanked appears at the bottom of the screen. Now move to the line A safe haven and paste
the lines in place. To do so, just press:
p
Saving Changes and Quitting:
Command

Meaning

:w

Save changes (write buffer)

:w new file

Write buffer to named file

:wq

Save changes and quit Vi

:q!

Quit without saving changes

Commands to Save and Quit

Displaying and Hiding Line:

Command

Meaning

:set nu

Show line numbers

:set nonu

Hide line numbers; setting is case sensitive

:set ic

Searches should ignore case

:set noic

Searches should be case sensitive

:set list

Display invisible characters

Commands to Hide and Display a Line

Search and Replace:

Command

Meaning

/string

Search for string

?string

Search backward for string

Find next occurrence of string in search direction

Find previous occurrence of string in search direction

Page 19 of 41

:%s/old/new/g

Search and replace

Commands to Search and Replace

Refresh the Screen and Including Files:

Command

Meaning

Control-1

Clear (refresh) scrambled screen

:r file name

Insert (read) file after cursor

:34r file name

Insert file after line 34

Commands for Screen Refreshing

Repeating a Command:
Often you will want to act on more than one character, word, or line. For example, suppose
you want to delete three words. Rather than type dw three times, you can type 3dw, and vi will
execute the command three times. Many vi commands can be repeated in this manner.
Just type a number (it can be more than one digit), then type the command. If you want to
abandon the number, press ESC to cancel it.
Example:
Start vi with the sample document by typing:
vi sample RETURN
Once vi starts, turn on the modeline with:
:set showmode RETURN
Move to the e in echoed overhead and, then type:
3dw
and notice that vi deletes three words at once. (Then press u to undo the deletion.)

Ex.No.3 (a) Shell Script to swap values in two variables x and y

Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Read the Value of X and Y
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3. Using temporary variable Z interchange the values of X and Y

4. Display the result after Swapping
5. Stop the Program

Ex.No.3 (b) Shell script to concatenate to two Strings given as input and
display the resultant string along with its string length.

Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Read Two Strings as Arguments
3. If Number of Arguments less than two exit the Program
4. Concatenate two strings and store the result
5. Using Length Function find the length of the result string
6. Display the Concatenated String with its length
7. Stop the Program

Ex.No.4 Shell Script to Simulate a Simple Calculator

Algorithm:
1. Start the program
2. Read a, b, op
3. Check for no. of inputs and if it is less than three exit the program
4. Use case statement for op
a. If op is + add a, b
b. If op is subtract a, b
c. If op is / divide a, b
d. If op is x multiply a, b
e. Else print error
5. Display the result
6. End the program

Ex.No.5 Shell script to read 3 numbers and find the greatest of the three
Algorithm:
1. Start the program
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2. Read a, b, c
3. Using If Statement Check the condition to find the biggest value
a. If value of a is greater than b and c print a as biggest
b. If value of b is greater than a and c print b as biggest
c. If value of c is greater than a and c print c as biggest
d. If values of a, b and c are equal Print all the numbers are equal
e. Else Print Cannot guess greatest of three numbers
4. End the program

Ex.No.6 Shell script to find whether an input number is palindrome or not

Algorithm
1. Start the Program
2. Read the value of n
3. Initialize sd to zero, empty the string variable rev
4. Assign the value of n to variable on
5. While the value of n is greater than zero
a. Using MOD operator, separate each digits of n and store value in sd
b. Divide n by 10 to get new value of n
c. Concatenate value of sd with variable rev
6. If the value of rev is equal to the original input value n
a. Print the number is Palindrome
7. Else Print Number is not a Palindrome
8. Stop the Program

Ex.No.7 Shell script to find whether an input number is Armstrong or not

Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Read the Value of n
3. Initialize sd=0,sum=0
Page 22 of 41

4. Assign the value of n to the variable no

5. While value of n is greater than zero
a. Using MOD operator, separate each digits of n and store value in sd
b. Calculate the Cube value of sd and store it in variable ar
c. Divide n by 10 to get new value of n
d. Add the Value of sum and ar
6. If the value of sum is equal to the value of no
a. Print the Given number as Armstrong Number
7. Else print the Given number is not Armstrong Number
8. Stop the program

Ex.No.8 Shell script to print Fibonacci series

Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Initialize i=1,a=0,b=1
3. Read the value of n
4. Print the Value of a
5. While value of i is not equal to value of n
a. Add the values of a ,b and store it in variable b
b. Print the value of b
c. Using Variable c, Interchange the values of a and b
d. Increment the value of i
6. Stop the Program

Ex.No.9 C Program to find Prime No.

Aim
To write a C Program to check whether the given number is Prime or Not
Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Declare Variables no, i as Integer Type
Page 23 of 41

3. Read the value of no and Initialize i = 2

4. While i is less than or equal to no - 1
a. Using MOD Operator Check the remainder after no / i
b. If the remainder is equal to zero
i. Print the Number is not Prime
c. Exit the Program
d. Increment the value of i by 1
5. If the value of no is equal to the value of i
a. Print the Number is a Prime number
6. Stop the Program
Result
Hence the Given number is verified as Prime or not Using C Program.
Ex.No.10 C Program to Sort n Numbers
Aim
To write a C Program to Sort n Numbers in Ascending Order.
Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Declare variables x, n, i, j as Integer type
3. Declare variable a as Integer array of 100 elements
4. Read the no. of elements to be stored in the array in variable n
5. Using For Loop, till the value of i is less than n
a. Read the Elements of the array
6. Using For Loop, till the value of i is less than n
a. Using For Loop, till the value of j is less than n-1
i. If Value of a[j] is greater than a[j+1]
1. Interchange the values of a[j] and a[j+1]
7. Using For Loop, till the value of i is less than n
a. Print the Elements of Array
8. Stop the Program
Result
Hence the Given n Numbers are sorted in Ascending Order using C Program.
Ex.No.11 C Program to Swap two Numbers using Pointer
Aim
Page 24 of 41

To write a C Program to Swap two numbers using pointer.

Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Declare two variables a, b as Integer type
3. Read the Values of a and b to be swapped
4. Call Swap Function by passing the address of Variable a and b
5. In the Swap Function, Interchange the values of a and b using temporary
variable
6. Print the swapped values
7. Stop the program
Result
Hence the Given two numbers are swapped using Pointer in C Program.
Ex.No.12 C Program to demonstrate Dynamic Memory Allocation
Aim
To write a C Program to demonstrate the Concept of Dynamic Memory
Allocation
Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Declare two variables number, i as Integer type
3. Declare variable ptr as Integer Pointer
4. Read the Number of Integer values to be stored and Store it in Variable
number
5. Using malloc function , Allocate Memory to the Pointer Variable ptr
6. If variable ptr is Not Null
a. Using For Loop, till the value of i is less than value of number
i. Store the value of i in the pointer variable ptr
b. Using For Loop, till the value of i is greater than 0
i. Print the Stored values of Pointer Variable ptr
7. Using Free Function, Clear the contents of the variable ptr
8. Stop the Program
Result
Page 25 of 41

Hence the Concept of Dynamic Memory Allocation is demonstrated using C

Program
Ex.No.13 C Program to demonstrate File Handling using getc and putc Functions
Aim
To write a C Program to demonstrate the Concept of File Handling using getc
and putc functions
Algorithm:
1. Start the Program
2. Initialize the file pointer f1
3. Initialize variable c as Character type
4. Using fopen, open a text file for writing
5. Using getchar, get the characters as input till the new line
6. Using putc, Put the characters in the file through file pointer f1
7. Close the file
8. Using fopen, open the text file for reading
9. Using getc, get the characters in the file till the EOF
10.Print the Characters then Close the file .
11.Stop the Program
Result
Hence the Concept of File Handling using getc and putc is demonstrated using
C Program.

Programs

Ex.No.3(a)
Program: Shell Script to to Swap Values in two Variables x and y
echo -n "Enter Value for X:"
read x
Page 26 of 41

echo -n "Enter Value for Y:"

read y
echo "Before Swap, X=$x and Y=$y"
z=$x
x=$y
y=$z
echo "After Swap, X=$x and Y=$y"
Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh nine.sh
Enter Value for X:26
Enter Value for Y:15
Before Swap, X=26 and Y=15
After Swap, X=15 and Y=26
[it@raja ~]$

Ex.No.3(b)
Program: Shell script to concatenate two strings given as input and display
the resultant string along with its string length.
str1=$1
str2=$2
OUT="$str1$str2"
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$0 string1 string2"
exit 1
fi
len=$(expr length $OUT)
echo "Before Concatenation String1 is $str1 & String2 is $str2"
echo "Concatenated String is - $OUT"
echo "String Length is - $len"
Page 27 of 41

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh six.sh Beautiful INDIA
Before Concatenation String1 is Beautiful & String2 is INDIA
Concatenated String is - BeautifulINDIA
String Length is - 14
[it@raja ~ ]$
Ex.No.4
Program: Shell script To simulate a simple calculator.
a=$1
op=$2
b=$3
if [ $# -lt 3 ]
then
echo "$0 num1 opr num2"
echo "opr can be +,-,/,x"
exit 1
fi
case "$op" in
+) echo $(( $a + $b ));;
-) echo $(( $a - $b ));;
/) echo $(( $a / $b ));;
x) echo $(( $a * $b ));;
*) echo "Error";;

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh one.sh 10 + 5
15
[it@raja ~]$ sh one.sh 10 - 5
Page 28 of 41

5
[it@raja ~]$ sh one.sh 10 x 5
50
[it@raja ~]$ sh one.sh 10 / 5
2
[it@raja ~]$ sh one.sh 10 * 5
Error

Ex.No.5
Program: Shell script To find largest among 3 integers (Numbers) given as
arguments.
a=$1
b=$2
c=$3
if [ $# -lt 3 ]
then
echo "$0 n1 n2 n3"
exit 1
fi
if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ]
then
echo "$a is largest number"
elif [ $b -gt $a -a $b -gt $c ]
then
echo "$b is largest number"
elif [ $c -gt $a -a $c -gt $b ]
then
echo "$c is largest number"
else
echo "Sorry cannot guess number"
fi

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh two.sh 10 15 20
Page 29 of 41

20 is largest number
[it@raja ~]$ sh two.sh 10 10 20
sorry cannot guess number
[it@raja !~]$ sh two.sh 10 10 10
Three are equal
[it@raja ~]$

Ex.No.6
Program: Shell script To find Whetherr an input is palindrome or not.
echo -n "Enter Number:"
read n
sd=0
rev=""
on=$n
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
sd=$(( $n % 10 ))
n=$(( $n / 10 ))
rev=$(echo ${rev}${sd})
done
if [ $on -eq $rev ]
then
echo "Number is Palindrome"
else
echo "Number is not a Palindrome"
fi

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh eight.sh
Enter Number:121
Page 30 of 41

Number is Palindrome
[it@raja ~]$ sh eight.sh
Enter Number:153
Number is not a Palindrome
[it@raja ~]$

Ex.No.7
Program: Shell script To verify whether the given number is Armstrong
number or not.
echo -n "Enter the number:"
read n
sd=0
sum=0
no=$n
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
sd=$(($n % 10))
ar=`expr $sd*$sd*$sd`
n=$(($n / 10))
sum=$(($sum + $ar))
done
if [ $sum -eq $no ]
then
echo "$no is armstrong number."
else
echo "$no is not armstrong number."
Fi

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh arm.sh
Page 31 of 41

Enter the number:153

153 is armstrong number.
[it@raja ~]$ sh arm.sh
Enter the number:121
121 is not armstrong number.
[it@raja ~]$

Ex.No.8
Program: Shell script To print fibonacci series.
i=1
a=0
b=1
echo -n "Enter the No. of Terms you want:"
read n
echo ${a}
while [ $i != $n ]
do
b=`expr $a + $b`
echo $b
c=$a
a=$b
b=$c
i=`expr $i + 1`
done

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ sh seven.sh
Enter the No. of Terms you want:5
0
1
Page 32 of 41

1
2
3
[it@raja ~]$

Ex.No.9
Program: C Program to find Prime No.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int no,i;
printf("Enter the number you want to check:");
scanf("%d",&no);
i=2;
while(i<=no-1)
{
if(no%i==0)
{
printf("\n%d is not a Prime No.\n",no);
break;
}
i=i+1;
}
if(no==i)
printf("\n%d is a prime no.\n",no);
getchar();
}

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ cc four.c
Page 33 of 41

[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out

Enter the number you want to check:12
12 is not a Prime No.
[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out
Enter the number you want to check:13
13 is a prime no.

Ex.No.10
Program: C Program to Sort n Numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[100],x,n,i,j;
printf("Enter the Number of Elements in the Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Elements:");
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-1;j++)
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
x=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=x;
}
}
printf("Sorted Array in ascending order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
Page 34 of 41

printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}

Ex.No.10
Output: Program to Sort n Numbers.
[it@raja ~]$ cc two.c
[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out
Enter the Number of Elements in the Array:5
Enter the Elements:
8
5
9
6
11
Sorted Array in ascending order
5
6
8
9
11
[it@raja ~]$

Page 35 of 41

Ex.No.11
Program: C Program to Swap two Numbers using Pointer
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void swap(int *x,int *y)
{
int temporary=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temporary;
}
int main(void)
{
int a;
int b;
printf("Enter Two Values to be Swapped;\n");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("Before Swap: a=%d,b=%d\n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("After Swap: a=%d,b=%d\n",a,b);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ cc one.c
Page 36 of 41

[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out

Enter Two Values to be Swapped:
100
50
Before Swap: a=100,b=50
After Swap: a=50,b=100

Ex.No.12
Program: C Program to demonstrate Dynamic Memory Allocation.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
main()
{
int number;
int *ptr;
int i;
printf("How many integers would you like to store:");
scanf("%d",&number);
ptr=malloc(number*sizeof(int));
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
for(i=0;i<number;i++)
{
*(ptr+i)=i;
}
for(i=number;i>0;i--)
{
printf("Number %d is stored at Location %d\n",*(ptr+(i-1)),(ptr+(i-1)));
}
free(ptr);
return 0;
Page 37 of 41

Ex.No.12
Output: C Program to demonstrate Dynamic Memory Allocation.
[it@raja ~]$ cc five.c
[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out
How many integers would you like to store : 5
Number 4 is stored at Location 148471832
Number 3 is stored at Location 148471828
Number 2 is stored at Location 148471824
Number 1 is stored at Location 148471820
Number 0 is stored at Location 148471816
[it@raja ~]$

Page 38 of 41

Ex.No.13
Program: C Program to demonstrate File Handling using getc and putc
Functions
#include<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
main()
{
FILE *f1;
char c;
printf("Data Input:\n");
f1=fopen("Input.txt","w");
while ((c=getchar())!='\n')
putc(c,f1);
fclose(f1);
printf("\nData Output\n");
f1=fopen("Input.txt","r");
while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF)
printf("%c",c);
printf("\n");
fclose(f1);
}

Output:
[it@raja ~]$ cc six.c
Page 39 of 41

[it@raja ~]$ ./a.out

Data Input:
Raja College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai
Data Output
Raja College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai
[it@raja ~]$

Page 40 of 41

Page 41 of 41