Atoms and

Electronic Structure

Atomic Structure and

Subatomic Particles

Protons and neutrons in

nucleus

Electrons move about

is the remaining space
of the atom.

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Relative
Charge
Proton

+1

Neutron

Electron

-1

Charge
(C)
+1.602181019
0
1.602181019

Mass
(amu)
1.00727

Mass
(g)
1.672611024

1.00866

1.674931024

0.00055

0.000911024

Note:

atomic mass unit (amu)

Elements: Defined by their

number of protons
Atomic number (Z)
This number identifies the element. (See the
numbers on the periodic table.)
Mass number (A)
So, if given the Z and A, how will you determine
the number of neutrons?

Some questions.
What is the atomic number of Chlorine?

How many protons does chlorine have?

1
1A
1
H

18
8A
2
He

3
Li

2
2A
4
Be

13
3A
5
B

14
4A
6
C

15
5A
7
N

16
6A
8
O

17
7A
9
F

6.941

9.012

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

11
Na

12
Mg

7
7B
25
Mn

10

12
2B
30
Zn

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.06

35.45

39.95

28
Ni

11
1B
29
Cu

18
Ar

8
26
Fe

9
8B
27
Co

17
Cl

20
Ca

6
6B
24
Cr

16
S

24.31

5
5B
23
V

15
P

19
K

4
4B
22
Ti

14
Si

22.99

3
3B
21
Sc

13
Al
31
Ga

32
Ge

33
As

34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.69

63.55

65.39

69.72

75.59

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

37
Rb

38
Sr

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

43
Tc

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag

48
Cd

49
In

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
I

54
Xe

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.96

(98)

101.1

102.9

106.4

107.9

112.4

114.8

118.7

121.8

127.6

126.9

131.3

55
Cs

56
Ba

57
La

72
Hf

73
Ta

74
W

75
Re

76
Os

77
Ir

78
Pt

79
Au

80
Hg

81
Tl

82
Pb

83
Bi

84
Po

85
At

86
Rn

132.9

137.3

138.9

178.5

180.9

183.8

186.2

190.2

192.2

195.1

197.0

207.2

209.0

(209)

(210)

(222)

114
Fl

115

116
Lv

117

118

1.008

200.6

204.4

87
Fr

88
Ra

89
Ac

104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
Bh

108
Hs

109
Mt

110
Ds

111
Rg

112
Cn

113

(223)

(226)

(227)

(261)

(262)

(266)

(264)

(269)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(285)

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

58
Ce
140.1

(289)

4.003

10
Ne
20.18

(292)

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu

64
Gd

65
Tb

66
Dy

67
Ho

68
Er

69
Tm

70
Yb

71
Lu

140.9

144.2

(145)

150.4

152.0

157.3

158.9

162.5

164.9

167.3

168.9

173.0

175.0

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr

232.0

231.0

238.0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

If the mass number is 37, how

many neutrons does the atom
have?

37
17
20
27
30

How many electrons does an atom of chlorine

have?

What element has an atomic number of 12?

Isotopes
Isotopes
Most elements have two or more isotopes.
Symbols can be used to distinguish the different
isotopes:

Isotope symbols
A
Z

11
5

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Determine the number of

protons, neutrons and electrons.

p=5, n=6, e=6

p=5, n=6, e=5
p=6, n=5, e=5
p=5, n=11, e=5
p=6, n=5, e=5

Example

11
5

Is the 5 necessary ?

More about isotopes:

Hydrogen is the only element in which the
different isotopes has their own names.
1H
2H
3H

Ions: Losing and Gaining

Electrons
Ions -

Cation - positive charged ion.

Anion - negative charged ion.

Symbol

electrons

protons

neutrons

24Mg
23Na+
35Cl
35Cl56Fe3+
15N
16O227Al3+

Give the number of electrons and

neutrons for 35Cl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

e = 16, n = 20
e = 18, n = 18
e = 17, n = 20
e = 18, n = 20
None of the above

The Periodic Law

and the Periodic Table
Elements with
similar
properties have
a repeating
pattern and are
aligned in
columns

1
1A
1
H
3
Li

2
2A
4
Be

6.941

9.012

1.008

11
Na

12
Mg

22.99

24.31

19
K

10

8
26
Fe

9
8B
27
Co

54.94

55.85

43
Tc

44
Ru

(98)

101.1

20
Ca

3
3B
21
Sc

4
4B
22
Ti

5
5B
23
V

6
6B
24
Cr

7
7B
25
Mn

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

37
Rb

38
Sr

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.96

13
3A
5
B

14
4A
6
C

15
5A
7
N

16
6A
8
O

17
7A
9
F

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

18
8A
2
He
4.003

10
Ne
20.18

13
Al

14
Si

15
P

16
S

17
Cl

18
Ar

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.06

35.45

39.95

31
Ga

32
Ge

33
As

34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

65.39

69.72

75.59

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

48
Cd

49
In

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
I

54
Xe

112.4

114.8

118.7

121.8

127.6

126.9

131.3

28
Ni

11
1B
29
Cu

12
2B
30
Zn

58.93

58.69

63.55

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag

102.9

106.4

107.9

55
Cs

56
Ba

57
La

72
Hf

73
Ta

74
W

75
Re

76
Os

77
Ir

78
Pt

79
Au

80
Hg

81
Tl

82
Pb

83
Bi

84
Po

85
At

86
Rn

132.9

137.3

138.9

178.5

180.9

183.8

186.2

190.2

192.2

195.1

197.0

200.6

204.4

207.2

209.0

(209)

(210)

(222)

87
Fr

88
Ra

89
Ac

104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
Bh

108
Hs

109
Mt

110
Ds

111
Rg

112
Cn

113

114
Fl

115

116
Lv

117

118

(223)

(226)

(227)

(266)

(264)

Lanthanide series
Actinide series

(261)

(262)

(269)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(285)

(289)

(292)

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu

64
Gd

65
Tb

66
Dy

67
Ho

68
Er

69
Tm

70
Yb

71
Lu

140.1

140.9

144.2

(145)

150.4

152.0

157.3

158.9

162.5

164.9

167.3

168.9

173.0

175.0

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr

232.0

231.0

238.0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

Understanding Light
Classical Physics viewed energy as
continuous.ie. Any amount of energy could be
released.
This was found to be false by Max Planck when
concerning the radiation emitted by a heated solid.

Properties of Waves
Waves - a vibrating disturbance by which energy
is transmitted.
Waves are characterized by

Wavelength ()
Amplitude

Properties of Waves

Frequency ()

The speed (u) of the wave =

Visible light consists of electromagnetic waves.

Electric field component

Electromagnetic
radiation

Energy
Magnetic field component

Units Joule
1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

For electromagnetic radiation:

c =

Speed of light in a vacuum: 3.00 10 8 m/s

A photon has a frequency of 3.5 105 Hz.

Convert this frequency into wavelength (nm).
Does this frequency fall in the visible region?

What is the frequency (in Hz) of

light with a wavelength of 490 nm?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.12 1023
6.12 105
6.12 1014
1.63 10-15
1.63 10-6

Interactions of Waves
Interference
Constructive Interference

 Destructive Interference

Wave versus particle behavior

Diffraction -

Slit must be a
comparable size to
the wavelength

Interference Pattern

10

Plancks Quantum Theory

When solids are heated they emit electromagnetic
radiation.
It was determined that the amount of radiation
energy emitted was related to its wavelength.
Classical physics could not account for this fact.
Planck solved the problem...

Plancks Quantum Theory

Plancks assumption: atoms and molecules could
emit (or absorb) energy only in discrete quantities.
These bundles of energy were called quantum the smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted.

E = h

11

The Particle Nature of Light

Planck did not know the why of his discovery.
Einstein used Plancks Quantum Theory to help
explain something called the photoelectric effect
and then explained the why of Plancks theory.

The Photoelectic Effect

Light strikes the metal and ejects electrons.

What They Found

There was a certain
frequency where
below this frequency
no electrons were
ejected, no matter
how intense the light
was.

12

What They Found

What They Found

Einsteins Explanation of the

Photoelectric Effect
Light is made of a stream of particles (called
photons).
Each photon has energy Each photon, if it has enough energy, can knock
off one electron. (It must overcome the binding
energy ( BE ) of the electron.)

13

h = KE + BE

Dual Nature of Light

1. Waves
2. Particles
Depending on the experiment, light behaves one
way or the other.
We will see later that matter has this nature also.

Calculations
So now you have these two equations:
c=
E=h
With these two equations if you know one of the
following, you can calculate the other two:

14

When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X rays

are emitted. Calculate the frequency and energy (in joules)
associated with the photons if the wavelength of the X rays is
0.154 nm.
Frequency
1.
2.
3.
4.

Energy

1.96
1.96 109 1/s
4.62 107 1/s
4.62 10-2 1/s
10181/s

1.29 10-15 J
1.29 10-24 J
3.03 10-26 J
3.06 19-34 J

Bohrs Model of the

Hydrogen atom

Emission Spectra
The continuous or line spectra of radiation emitted
by substances.
Obtained by
energizing a sample until it produces light
the light is passed through a prism
the rainbow produced is the spectrum
The spectrum is not necessarily in the visible region
of electromagnetic radiation.

15

Bohrs Model of the Atom (1913)

1. e- can only have specific (quantized) energy values
2. light is emitted as e- moves from one energy level to
another

16

The Dual Nature of Electrons

Electron only occupies certain fixed
distances.Why?
Louis de Broglie provided a solution.

Expected behavior of particles

Actual electron behavior

17

h
mv

This equation is typically used to calculate the

wavelength
of a particle when the mass and velocity are
known.
Watch your units!

What is the de Broglie wavelength (in nm)

associated with a 2.5 g Ping-Pong ball traveling at
15.6 m/s?

h
mv

The Uncertainty Principle

We know electrons
have a wave nature.
We know electrons
have a particle
nature.

18

Heisenbergs Uncertainty
Principle

x mv

h
4

Uncertainty in position = x
Uncertainty in velocity = v

Quantum Mechanics and the

Atom
Electrons do not move as orbits about the nucleus.
Due to Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle we can
only define regions in space where we have a high
probability of finding an electron.

Schrdinger equations -

These equations take into account the particle and

wave nature of the electron
These equations launched quantum mechanics.

19

Solutions to the Schrdinger

Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
Complex mathematical functions but they give us
quantum numbers which define the orbitals.
The four quantum numbers:
The principal quantum number (n)
The angular momentum quantum number (l)
The magnetic quantum number (ml)
The spin quantum number (ms)

Principal Quantum number, n

n = 1, 2, 3, 4

The farther out the electron is, the larger, higher in

energy and more unstable the orbital.
All electrons with the same n value are in the same
(principal) shell.

Energy of an electron in hydrogen:

1
En RH 2
n
RH = 2.181018 J
Rydberg constant
for Hydrogen

20

The Angular Momentum Q.N., (l)

l = 0, 1, .(n-1)

Usually we call the subshells by the following

names.

Orbital or subshell names

l

Name of
Orbital/Subshell

0
1
2
3
4
Note: Each principal quantum number has its own
allowable values of (l) because l goes up to (n-1)

In the shell n=4, what are the

names of the subshells it has?
1.
2.
3.
4.

s only
s and p
s, p and d
s, p, d and f

21

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

ml = -l, .0..+l

All electrons with the same n, l, ml are said to be

in the same orbital.
Lets stop and derive a table of quantum numbers
[n, l, ml].

Connections between Q.N.s

n

ml

Which of the following is not an

allowable set of quantum numbers
[n, l, ml]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

[1,0,0]
[2,2,-2]
[3,2,0]
[4,1,-2]
Both 1 and 2
Both 2 and 4

22

Which set of quantum numbers

will identify an electron in a 4p
subshell?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

[4, 3, 2]
[4, 1, 0]
[4, 1, -1]
[4, 2, 0]
Both 2 and 3

Atomic Spectroscopy Explained

Atom absorbs energy, electron promoted to
higher energy level. (Excited state.)
Electron emits photon of light. (Returns to
the ground state.

23

For
Hydrogen

Notice how the levels

get closer together as
they go farther away
from the nucleus.

E = RH

( n1 n1 )
2

This equation can only be used for

the Hydrogen atom

Connection between energy of the

electron and energy of the photon.

E photon h
c

24

Calculate the E of the electron of a hydrogen

atom as the electron drops from the n = 5 state to
the n = 3 state.
1.
2.
3.
4.

+2.91 x 10-20
-2.91 x 10-20
+1.55 x 10-19
-1.55 x 10-19

Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon

emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron
drops from the n = 5 state to the n = 3 state.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

323
456
646
811
1280

Atomic Orbitals
Orbitals are defined by
the Schrdinger
equations.
Regions in space where
there is a high
probability of finding
an electron.

25

p orbital

l=1

d orbitals l = 2

f orbitals l = 3

26

The Phase of Orbitals

Phase
Two dimensional waves.

Three dimensional waves

Energy Levels in a Hydrogen Atom

Energy Levels in a Multi-electron Atom

4d
4p
4s

4p

4d

3s

3p

3d

2s

2p

3d

4s

1s

Energy

Energy

3p
3s

2s

2p

1s

10

Orbital Diagram
Shows what subshells (orbitals) are occupied by
electrons.
Ground state

27

Electron Spin and the Pauli

Exclusion Principle
Electrons spin, either one way or the other.
All electrons have the same amount of spin.
Spin Quantum number (ms)
Example of an orbital diagram for hydrogen
Arrow shows the spin
Up arrow = +; down arrow =
1s

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
Result
Helium has two electrons in the atom
Orbital diagram:

1s

Quantum Numbers and

Orbital Diagrams
Each electron has a set of four quantum numbers
associated with it.
The first three, give the electrons location
The forth gives the spin

1s

28

Electron Configuration for

Multielectron atoms

11

We will learn to write the configuration for

ground state atoms.
Electrons are in their lowest energy state
possible.
Aufbau principle building up from lowest to
highest energy

Energy Levels in a Hydrogen Atom

Energy Levels in a Multi-electron Atom

4d
4p
4s

4p

4d

3s

3p

3d

2s

2p

3d

4s

1s

Energy

Energy

3p
3s

2s

2p

1s

For a many electron atom:

E(s orbital) < E(p orbital) < E(d orbital) < E(f orbital)

It will be necessary for you to know the

order of orbitals from lowest in energy to
highest energy.
The following is one way to learn the order.

29

Element Orbital Diagram Electron Config. Q.N.

H
He
Li
Be
B

What are the quantum numbers

of the last two electrons of Be
electron configuration?
1.
2.
3.
4.

[2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 1, ]
[2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 0, ]
[2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 0, -]
[2, 0, 0, ] [3, 0, 0, ]

Hunds Rule
The most stable arrangement of electrons in
subshells is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins.
Result:

30

Element Orbital Diagram Electron Config. Q.N.

C
N
Q

O
F
Ne

k3

Which Q.N.s are different for the

last two electrons placed in
oxygen?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

n
l
ml
ms
l and ms
ml and ms

1
1A
1
H

18
8A
2
He

3
Li

2
2A
4
Be

13
3A
5
B

14
4A
6
C

15
5A
7
N

16
6A
8
O

17
7A
9
F

6.94
1

9.01
2

10.8
1

12.0
1

14.0
1

16.0
0

19.0
0

11
Na

12
Mg

7
7B
25
Mn

10

12
2B
30
Zn

26.9
8

28.0
9

30.9
7

32.0
6

35.4
5

39.9
5

28
Ni

11
1B
29
Cu

18
Ar

8
26
Fe

9
8B
27
Co

17
Cl

20
Ca

6
6B
24
Cr

16
S

24.3
1

5
5B
23
V

15
P

19
K

4
4B
22
Ti

14
Si

22.9
9

3
3B
21
Sc

13
Al
31
Ga

32
Ge

33
As

34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

39.1
0

40.0
8

44.9
6

47.8
7

50.9
4

52.0
0

54.9
4

55.8
5

58.9
3

58.6
9

63.5
5

65.3
9

69.7
2

75.5
9

74.9
2

78.9
6

79.9
0

83.8
0

37
Rb

38
Sr

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

43
Tc

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag

48
Cd

49
In

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
I

54
Xe

85.4
7

87.6
2

88.9
1

91.2
2

92.9
1

95.9
6

(98)

101.
1

102.
9

106.
4

107.
9

112.
4

114.
8

118.
7

121.
8

127.
6

126.
9

131.
3

55
Cs

56
Ba

57
La

72
Hf

73
Ta

74
W

75
Re

76
Os

77
Ir

78
Pt

79
Au

80
Hg

81
Tl

82
Pb

83
Bi

84
Po

85
At

86
Rn

207.
2

209.
0

(209)

(210)

(222)

114
Fl

115

116
Lv

117

118

1.00
8

200.
6

204.
4

87
Fr

88
Ra

89
Ac

104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
Bh

108
Hs

109
Mt

110
Ds

111
Rg

112
Cn

113

(223)

132.
9

(226)

137.
3

(227)

138.
9

(261)

(262)

(266)

(264)

(269)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(285)

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu

64
Gd

65
Tb

66
Dy

140.
9

144.
2

(145)

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

178.
5

140.
1

180.
9

183.
8

186.
2

190.
2

150.
4

192.
2

152.
0

195.
1

157.
3

197.
0

158.
9

162.
5

(289)

67
Ho
164.
9

68
Er
167.
3

4.00
3

10
Ne
20.1
8

(292)

69
Tm
168.
9

70
Yb
173.
0

71
Lu
175.
0

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr

232.
0

231.
0

238.
0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

Be able to duplicate this breakdown of the Periodic Table and

you can do the configuration of any element.

31

Slide 92
k3

diagram used for the question has points to the the two paramagnetic electrons of oxygen
kwoodru, 10/29/2007

Procedure for writing the

Electron Configuration
Find the nearest noble gas which comes before the
element.
Place the noble gas symbol in square brackets.
This is called the noble gas core.
Example: [He]
Now use the breakdown of the periodic table that
you learned to add electron in until you have
reached the element of interest.

Write the electron configuration of Cl.

1
1A
1
H

18
8A
2
He

3
Li

2
2A
4
Be

13
3A
5
B

14
4A
6
C

15
5A
7
N

16
6A
8
O

17
7A
9
F

6.94
1

9.01
2

10.8
1

12.0
1

14.0
1

16.0
0

19.0
0

11
Na

12
Mg

7
7B
25
Mn

10

12
2B
30
Zn

26.9
8

28.0
9

30.9
7

32.0
6

35.4
5

39.9
5

28
Ni

11
1B
29
Cu

18
Ar

8
26
Fe

9
8B
27
Co

17
Cl

20
Ca

6
6B
24
Cr

16
S

24.3
1

5
5B
23
V

15
P

19
K

4
4B
22
Ti

14
Si

22.9
9

3
3B
21
Sc

13
Al
31
Ga

32
Ge

33
As

34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

39.1
0

40.0
8

44.9
6

47.8
7

50.9
4

52.0
0

54.9
4

55.8
5

58.9
3

58.6
9

63.5
5

65.3
9

69.7
2

75.5
9

74.9
2

78.9
6

79.9
0

83.8
0

1.00
8

4.00
3

10
Ne
20.1
8

37
Rb

38
Sr

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

43
Tc

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag

48
Cd

49
In

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
I

54
Xe

85.4
7

87.6
2

88.9
1

91.2
2

92.9
1

95.9
6

(98)

101.
1

102.
9

106.
4

107.
9

112.
4

114.
8

118.
7

121.
8

127.
6

126.
9

131.
3

55
Cs

56
Ba

57
La

83
Bi

84
Po

85
At

86
Rn

132.
9

137.
3

138.
9

178.
5

180.
9

183.
8

186.
2

190.
2

192.
2

195.
1

197.
0

200.
6

204.
4

207.
2

209.
0

(209)

(210)

(222)

87
Fr

88
Ra

89
Ac

104
Rf

72
Hf

105
Db

73
Ta

106
Sg

74
W

107
Bh

75
Re

108
Hs

76
Os

109
Mt

77
Ir

110
Ds

78
Pt

111
Rg

79
Au

112
Cn

80
Hg

113

81
Tl

114
Fl

82
Pb

115

116
Lv

117

118

(223)

(226)

(227)

(261)

(262)

(266)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(285)

(264)

(269)

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu

64
Gd

65
Tb

66
Dy

67
Ho

68
Er

69
Tm

140.
1

140.
9

144.
2

(145)

150.
4

152.
0

157.
3

158.
9

162.
5

164.
9

167.
3

168.
9

173.
0

175.
0

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr

232.
0

231.
0

238.
0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

3
Li

2
2A
4
Be

13
3A
5
B

14
4A
6
C

15
5A
7
N

16
6A
8
O

17
7A
9
F

6.94
1

9.01
2

10.8
1

12.0
1

14.0
1

16.0
0

19.0
0

11
Na

12
Mg

7
7B
25
Mn

10

12
2B
30
Zn

26.9
8

28.0
9

30.9
7

32.0
6

35.4
5

39.9
5

28
Ni

11
1B
29
Cu

18
Ar

8
26
Fe

9
8B
27
Co

17
Cl

20
Ca

6
6B
24
Cr

16
S

24.3
1

5
5B
23
V

15
P

19
K

4
4B
22
Ti

14
Si

22.9
9

3
3B
21
Sc

13
Al
31
Ga

32
Ge

33
As

34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

39.1
0

40.0
8

44.9
6

47.8
7

50.9
4

52.0
0

54.9
4

55.8
5

58.9
3

58.6
9

63.5
5

65.3
9

69.7
2

75.5
9

74.9
2

78.9
6

79.9
0

83.8
0

37
Rb

38
Sr

39
Y

40
Zr

41
Nb

42
Mo

43
Tc

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag

48
Cd

49
In

50
Sn

51
Sb

52
Te

53
I

54
Xe

85.4
7

87.6
2

88.9
1

91.2
2

92.9
1

95.9
6

(98)

101.
1

102.
9

106.
4

107.
9

112.
4

114.
8

118.
7

121.
8

127.
6

126.
9

131.
3

55
Cs

56
Ba

57
La

72
Hf

73
Ta

74
W

75
Re

76
Os

77
Ir

78
Pt

79
Au

80
Hg

81
Tl

82
Pb

83
Bi

84
Po

85
At

86
Rn

207.
2

209.
0

(209)

(210)

(222)

114
Fl

115

116
Lv

117

118

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

(289)

(292)

70
Yb

71
Lu

Sn:

V:

1
1A
1
H
1.00
8

200.
6

204.
4

87
Fr

88
Ra

89
Ac

104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
Bh

108
Hs

109
Mt

110
Ds

111
Rg

112
Cn

113

(223)

132.
9

(226)

137.
3

(227)

138.
9

(261)

(262)

(266)

(264)

(269)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(285)

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61
Pm

62
Sm

63
Eu

64
Gd

65
Tb

66
Dy

140.
9

144.
2

(145)

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

178.
5

140.
1

180.
9

183.
8

186.
2

190.
2

150.
4

192.
2

152.
0

195.
1

157.
3

197.
0

158.
9

162.
5

(289)

67
Ho
164.
9

68
Er
167.
3

18
8A
2
He
4.00
3

10
Ne
20.1
8

(292)

69
Tm
168.
9

70
Yb
173.
0

71
Lu
175.
0

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr

232.
0

231.
0

238.
0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

32

The electron configuration of

Antimony is
1.
2.
3.
4.

[Kr]5s25d105p6
[Kr]5s24d105p3
[Xe]5s24d105p3
[Xe]5s25d105p2

A few other points to know.

Transition metals - have incompletely filled d
subshells or readily give rise to cations that have
incompletely filled d subshells.
Exception to learn:

This is due to the stability achieved with half filled

or filled subshells.

Examples of the Exceptions

chromium
[Ar] 4s23d4

silver
[Kr]5s24d9

33

 Lanthanides (rare earths) - incompletely filled

4f subshells or readily give rise to cations that
have incompletely filled 4f subshells.
Actinide series - most of these not found in nature
but have been synthesized.

34