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Class
Introduction to Trigonometry
Chapter
Learning
Objective
Students should have the knowledge of the concept of ratio and know that Previous
division is not commutative. Students should have studied Pythagoras Knowledge
Theorem and know the meaning of the term hypotenuse.
Trigonometric Ratios
Topic
You have already studied about triangles, and in particular right triangles,
in your earlier classes. Let us take some examples from our surroundings
where right triangles can be imagined to be formed. Suppose, if you are
looking at the top of an electrical pole, a right triangle can be imagined
Introductio
n
between yourss eye and the top of the pole Can you find out the height of
the pole, without actually measuring it?
pole
observer
Give some examples for objects you find around you which are in the shape
of a right angled triangle
In all the situations given above, the distances or heights can be found by
using some mathematical techniques, which come under a branch of
mathematics called trigonometry. The word trigonometry is derived from
the Greek words tri (meaning three), gon (meaning sides) and metron
(meaning measure). In fact, trigonometry is the study of relationships
between the sides and angles of a triangle. The earliest known work on
trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon. Early astronomers used it
to find out the distances of the stars and planets from the Earth. Even today,
most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and
Physical Sciences are based on trigonometrical concepts.
In this chapter, we will study ratios of the sides of a right triangle with
Content
respect to its acute angles, called trigonometric ratios of the angle. We will
restrict our discussion to acute angles only. However, these ratios can be
extended to other angles also. We will also define the trigonometric ratios for
angles of measure 0 and 90. We will calculate trigonometric ratios for
some specific angles and establish some identities involving these ratios,
called trigonometric identities.
The three sides of a right triangle are called
1. Perpendicular,
2. Base ( the side on which perpendicular stands)
3. Hypotenuse (the side opposite to the right angle).
me
Short
form
sin Y
ne Y
cos Y
gent Y
tan Y
ecant Y
ant Y
cosec
Y
sec Y
angent
cot Y
Ratio of sides
In the
Figur
e
Perpendicular/ =PX/
Hypotenuse
YX
Base/Hypotenu =YP/
se
YX
Perpendicular/ =PX/
Base
YP
Hypotenuse/Pe =YX/
rpendicular
PX
Hypotenuse/ba =YX/
se
YP
Base/perpendic =YP/
ular
PX
Remarks
(PH)
(BH)
=sin Y /cos Y,(PB)
=1/sin Y
=1/cos Y
=1/tanY=cosY/sinY
*CosecA =1
*SecA =1
*CotA =1
you need to memorize this simple mnemonic Some people have curly brown hair turned permanently black
Thats all you need to memorize to register the trigonometrical ratios in
your mind forever. So here you go,
Some People Have
S = P/H
Sin = Perpendicular / Hypotenuse
Curly Brown Hair
C = B/H
Cos = Base/Hypotenuse
Turned Permanently Black
T = P/B
Tan = Perpendicular/Base
There are 3 more ratios: Cosec, Sec and Cot. For these, just remember that Cosec is the reciprocal of Sin; or Cosec = 1/Sin = H/P
Sec is the reciprocal of Cos; or Sec = 1/Cos = H/B
Cot is the reciprocal of Tan; or Cot= 1/Tan = B/P
.
To remember the above values:
(a) divide the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 by 4,
(b) take the positive square roots,
(c) these numbers given the values of sin 0, sin 30, sin 45, sin 60 and sin
90 respectively.
(d) write the values of sin 0, sin 30, sin 45, sin 60 and sin 90 in reverse
order and get the values of cos 0, cos 30, cos 45, cos 60 and cos 90
respectively.
If be an acute angle, the values of sin and cos lies between 0 and 1 (both
inclusive).
The sine of the standard angles 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 are respectively the
positive square roots of 0/4,1/4, 2/4,3/4 and 4/4
Therefore,
sin 0 = (0/4) = 0
sin 30 = (1/4) =
sin 45 = (2/4) = 1/2 = 2/2
sin 60 = 3/4 = 3/2;
Cos 90 = (4/4) = 1.
Similarly cosine of the above standard angels are respectively
the positive square roots of 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 0/4
x2 + y2 = r2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1)
Therefore, on dividing both sides by r2,
2
x
2
r
y
2
r
=1
That is,
1 + tan2 = sec2.
And if we divide by sin2, we have
That is,
1 + cot2 = cosec2.
.
2. Draw PT perpendicular to QR
3. QT = TR = 2cm
4.Find PT using Pythagoras theorem
5. Calculate TPQ
6. Using PTQ, determine the value for
Sin600, Cos 600 and Tan 600
Determine the Sin300, Cos 300 and Tan 300 using the same triangle
Observation:
Sin450 =1/2 , Cos450 =1/2 and Tan450 = 1
Sin600 =3/2, Cos600 =1/2 and Tan600 = 3
Sin300 =1/2 , Cos300 =3/2and Tan300 =1/ 3
Marks allotted
Is regular
Listen , observes
attentively
*Performance of
Activity
10
Complete
and
Correct
task
Tries to
make
effort but
incomplete
task
Just begin
the task
10
Recapitulati
1. Give some examples for objects you find around you which are in the on
shape of a right angled triangle.
2. Why is it necessary to have only right angled triangle as the basis for
computing trigonometric ratios?
3.How are the three fundamental ratios sine, cosine and tangent defined In a
right angled triangle?
Assignments
LEVEL -1
1. If triangle ABC is right angled at B and AB = 12 cm , BC = 5 cm ,
3
4
sin A +cos A
2 COSA sin A
LEVEL -2
1. If 5 cos A 12 sin A = 0 ,find the value of
tan A
3. If cot
3
= 4
, prove that
sin A +cos A
2 COSA sin A
2
4
cosec 2 cot 2
sec 2 1
7
3
5. If cotA =4/3
c heck
1 + tan2A
6. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 6 cm. Find its
side.
7. Find the value of Tan 600 geometrically.
8. If Cos - Sin = 1, Show that Cos + Sin =1 or -1
9. Prove that Tan 10 Tan 20 Tan 30. Tan 890 = 1
10 Prove that ( Sin A + Sec A)2 + (CosA + CosecA)2 = ( 1 + SecA .
CosecA)2.
LEVEL -3
1. If Tan (A + B) = 1 and Sin (2A B) =1, Find A and B.
2. If 2 Cos - Sin = x and Cos - 3 Sin = y prove that
2x2 + y2 2xy = 5
3. If Sec + Tan = p, prove that Sin
p 2+1
= p2 1
4.Compare the area of the right angled triangles ABC and DEF in which
DE= 4cm
5.If tan + sin = m and tan - sin = n ,show that
(m2 n2 )2 = 16 mn
1
sec +cosec
9. Prove that
2 sec2 - sec4 -2 cosec2 + cosec4 = cot4 - tan4
10. Prove that
Sin6A + Cos6A = 1- 3 Sin2 A Cos2A
Remediation
) with in
brackets.
2 Some students draw other types of triangles instead of right angled
triangles for calculating trigonometric ratios Instruct the students that only
right angled triangles are to be used and hypotenuse is related to right
triangles only.
3 Some students do not mention the angle along with the trigonometric
ratio.
Ex
sin
cos
sufficient practice.
4 Students consider Sin2 + cos2 = 1 and take its square root as Sin + cos
= 1 Instruct the students that square root is taken only for whole term i.e.
not with + and sign
5 Use of trigonometric ratios to prove geometrical results, is not very
common with students while this method becomes very useful in some of the
To observe a relation between sum of squares of sine and cosine ratios of an Hands on
angle in a right angled triangle.
METHOD:
activity
ABC
Sin C =
Cos C =
Sin2 C + Cos2 C=
DEF
Sin F =
Cos F =
Sin2 F + Cos2 F =
PQR
Sin R =
Cos R =
Sin2 R + Cos2 R=
Observation:
Sin2 + Cos2
=1
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