15

Energy Balances on Non-Reactive Process

hg

Manolito E. Bambase Jr
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering
CEAT, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines

15.1 Energy Balance on a Closed System

Q
W

Closed System
E=K+P+U

DE = Q W
DK + DP + DU = Q W
D(mv2/2) + D(mgh) + DU = Q W
m/2Dv2 + mgDh + DU = Q W
1

15.2 Energy Balance on an Open System

Mass In

Mass Out

E1

E2

DE = Q W
E2 E1 = Q W
If there are multiple inlets and outlets,
SE2 SE1 = Q W
2

15.2 Energy Balance on an Open System

The work appearing in the equation is the combined flow work

and shaft work:
W = WF + WS
WF

= flow work; work that is necessary to get mass into and

out of the system

WS

= shaft work; work produced or required beside getting

mass into and out of the system.

Hence,

SE2 SE1 = Q (WF + WS)

3

15.2 Energy Balance on an Open System

The net flow work is determined as

WF = (WF)2 (WF)1
The flow work is usually expressed in terms of pressure and
volume:
WF = (PV)2 (PV)1
For multiple inlets and outlets,
WF = S(PV)2 S(PV)1

15.2 Energy Balance on an Open System

The energy balance becomes

SE2 SE1 = Q [(S(PV)2 S(PV)1) + WS]
Since E = K + P + U, then
S(K + P + U)2 S(K + P + U)1 = Q [(S(PV)2 S(PV)1) + WS]
Rearranging the terms,
S(K + P + U + PV)2 S(K + P + U + PV)1 = Q WS
S(K + P + H)2 S(K + P + H)1 = Q WS
5

Example 15-1. Compression of an Ideal Gas in a Cylinder

A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00 liters of a gas at

300C and 5.00 bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the
gas to 8.00 bar.
(a) If the compression is carried out isothermally, and the work
done on the gas equals 7.65 L-bar, how much heat (in joules)
is transferred to or from (state which) the surroundings.
(b) Suppose instead that the process is adiabatic, what will
happen to the temperature of the gas.

Example 15-1. Compression of an Ideal Gas in a Cylinder

(a) Isothermal Compression

1

4.00 L
300C
5.00 bar

Isothermal
Compression
W = 7.65 L-bar

V2
300C
8.00 bar

This is a closed system and the energy balance is

DK + DP + DU = Q W
Since the system is stationary, DK = DP = 0
Since the process is isothermal, DT = 0 and DU = 0

Example 15-1. Compression of an Ideal Gas in a Cylinder

The energy balance is simplified to

0=QW
Solving for Q:

8.314 J
Q W 7.65L bar
765J

0.08314 L bar
(b) Adiabatic Compression
The energy balance reduces to DU = W = (765 J) = 765 J
Since DU is positive, DT must also be positive. Hence, the
temperature of the gas will increase.
8

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

A piston-fitted cylinder with a 6-cm inner diameter contains 1.40

g of nitrogen. The mass of the piston is 4.50 kg, and a 20-kg
weigh rests on the piston. The gas temperature is 300C and the
pressure outside the cylinder is 1.00 atm.
(a) Calculate the pressure and volume of the gas inside the
cylinder if the piston-weight is at equilibrium.
(b) Suppose the 20-kg weigh is abruptly lifted and the piston rises
to a new equilibrium position in which the gas returns to
300C. Calculate the work done by the gas.

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

(a) Pressure of the gas inside the cylinder

If the piston-weight is at equilibrium, then
FU = FD
Calculate FD:

FD Pext A piston Wpiston W20 kg

The cross-sectional area of the piston is

A piston

1m
3
2
r ( 3cm )

2.83

10
m

100cm

10

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

The force due to external pressure:

Fext Pext A piston

101325 N / m 2
3
2
1.00atm
2.83

10
m

1.00atm

Fext 287 N

The force due to piston and 20-kg mass:

FP = (4.50 kg + 20.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 240 N
The total downward force is
FD = (240 + 287) N = 527 N = FU
11

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

Pgas = FU/Apiston = 527 N/(2.87 10-3 m2) = 1.86 105 N/m2

Assuming the gas is ideal:

nRT
mRT
V

0.677 L
P
( MW )( P )
(b) Work done by the gas when 20-kg mass is removed
Upon removal of the 20-kg mass, the downward force is reduced
to:
FD = 287 N + (4.50 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 331 N

12

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

If the piston must attain a new equilibrium position, then

FD = FU = 331 N
The final pressure of the gas:
P2 = FU/Apiston = 331 N/(2.87 10-3 m2) = 1.16 105 N/m2
And the new volume of the gas is:

1.86 105
P1
V2 V1 0.677 L
1.08L
5
P2
1.16 10
Change in volume: DV = V2 V1 = (1.08 0.677)L = 0.403 L
13

Example 15-2. Nitrogen Gas in a Piston-Fitted Cylinder

The change in volume can also be determined as:

DV = ApistonDx
Therefore, the displacement Dx can be computed as:
Dx = DV/Apiston = 0.142 m
Computing for work:
W = FDx = (331 N)(0.142 m) = +47 J
Since DK = DP = DU =0, this work must be accompanied by heat
transfer to the gas equal to +47 J.

14

Example 15-3. Methane Flowing in a Pipe

Methane enters a 3-cm ID pipe at 300C and 10 bar with an

average velocity of 5.00 m/s and emerges at a point 200 m lower
than the inlet at 300C and 9 bar.
Calculate the DK and DP assuming the methane behaves as an
ideal gas.
Solution:
Mass flow must be the same at the inlet to attain steady-state
condition.
DK = m/2(v22 v12) and DP = mg(h2 h1)
15

Example 15-3. Methane Flowing in a Pipe

Determine the mass flow:

Volumetric flow at the inlet = v1A
If methane behaves as an ideal gas:
mRT
V v1A
( MW )( P )

Solving for mass flow:

v1A )( MW )( P1 )
(
m
0.0225kg / s
RT1

16

Example 15-3. Methane Flowing in a Pipe

Solving for DP:

kg
m

DP mg ( h 2 h1 ) 0.0225 9.81 2 ( 200m )

s
s

J
DP 44.1 44 W
s
Determine v2:
P1V1 = P2V2
P1(v1A) = P2(v2A)

17

Example 15-3. Methane Flowing in a Pipe

Solving for v2:

P1
m 10bar
v 2 v1 5.00
5.555m / s

s 9 bar
P2

Solving for DK:

2

m 2
1
kg
m

2
2
2
DK
v 2 v1 0.0225 5.555 5.00 2
2
2
s
s

J
DK 0.0659 0.0659 W
s

18

Example 15-4. Heating of Water in Boiler Tubes

A fuel oil is burned with air in a boiler furnace. The combustion

produces 813 kW of heat of which 65% is transferred as heat to
boiler that pass through the furnace. Water enters the boiler tubes
as a saturated liquid at 200C and leaves the tubes as saturated
steam at 20 bar absolute.
Calculate the mass flow rate (in kg/h)and volumetric flow rate
(in m3/h)at which the saturated steam is produced

19

Example 15-4. Heating of Water in Boiler Tubes

Q = 0.65 (813 kW)
H2O (saturated liquid)
T = 200C

Boiler Tubes

H2O (saturated steam)

Pabs = 20 bar

Using the energy balance for an open system,

S(K + P + H)2 S(K + P + H)1 = Q WS
Assuming DK = DP = W = 0, then
SH2 SH1 = Q = 0.65 (813 kW) = 528 kW
20

Example 15-4. Heating of Water in Boiler Tubes

In terms of specific enthalpy, (kJ/kg)

m22 m11 = 528 kW
where m = mass flow rate of water
If the process is under steady-state condition, then m1 = m2 = m
Hence,
m(2 1) = 528 kW
Solving for m:

528kW
m
H

H
2
1
21

Example 15-4. Heating of Water in Boiler Tubes

From saturated steam table,

1 = 83.9 kJ/kg and 2 = 2797.2 kJ/kg
And the mass flow rate is:
3600s
528kJ / s
m
701kg / h

( 2797.2 83.9 ) kJ / kg 1h
Calculating for the volume flow rate:
3
3

kg
m
m
701 0.0995
V mV
69.7
h
kg
h

from steam table

22

Example 15-5. Mixing and Heating of Propane-Butane Mixtures

Three hundred L/h of 20 mole% C3H8-80% n-C4H10 gas mixture

at 00C and 1.1 atm and 200 L/h of a 40 mole% C3H8-60% nC4H10 gas mixture at 250C and 1.1 atm are mixed and heated to
2270C at constant pressure. Calculate the heat requirement of the
process. Enthalpies of propane and n-butane are listed below.
Assume ideal gas behaviour.
T ( C)

Propane
(J/mol)

Butane
(J/mol)

25

1772

2394

227

20,685

27,442

23

Example 15-5. Mixing and Heating of Propane-Butane Mixtures

n1 (mol/h)
20% C3H8
80% C4H10
00C, 1.1 atm, 300 L/h

Heating at
Constant
Pressure

n2 (mol/h)
40% C3H8
60% C4H10
250C, 1.1 atm, 200 L/h

24

Mixture 3
A (mol C3H8/h)
B (mol C4H10/h)
2270C

Example 15-5. Mixing and Heating of Propane-Butane Mixtures

Simplified energy balance for open system:

Q = SHout SHin
Q = (HP3 + HB3) (HP2 + HB2 + HP1 + HB1)
Since mixture 1 is at 00C, then
Q = (HP3 + HB3) (HP2 + HB2)
The total enthalpy of each component is determined as:
HP3 = AP3
HP2 = 0.40n2P2

HB3 = BB3
HB2 = 0.60n2B3

25

Example 15-5. Mixing and Heating of Propane-Butane Mixtures

Find n1, n2, A, and B

n1 and n2 can be obtained from V1 and V2 using the ideal gas
equation:
n1 = 14.7 mol/h ; n2 = 9.00 mol/h
A and B can be obtained using material balances for propane and
butane:
Propane:

A = 0.20n1 + 0.40n2 = 6.54 mol C3H8/h

Butane:

B = 0.80n1 + 0.60n2 = 17.16 mol C4H10/h

26

Example 15-5. Mixing and Heating of Propane-Butane Mixtures

Solving for the total enthalpies of the components:

HP3 = (6.54 mol/h)(20.865 kJ/mol) = 136.5 kJ/h
HB3 = (17.16 mol/h)(27.442 kJ/mol) = 470.9 kJ/h
HP2 = 0.40(9.00 mol/h)(1.772 kJ/mol) = 6.38 kJ/h
HB2 = 0.60(9.00 mol/h)(2.394 kJ/mol) = 12.93 kJ/h
Solving for the heat requirement of the process:
Q = (136.5 + 470.9 6.38 12.93) kJ/h
Q = 587 kJ/h

27