Chapter 9

Power Electronics
and Clean Energy

Introduction to Modern Power Electronics, 3rd Ed., John Wiley 2015

by
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski

CONTENT
9.1 Why Is Power Electronics Indispensable in Clean Energy
Systems? 411
9.2 Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems 413
9.2.1 Solar Energy Systems 413
9.2.2 Wind Energy Systems 417
9.3 Fuel Cell Energy Systems 422
9.4 Electric Cars 424
9.5 Hybrid Cars 426
9.6 Power Electronics and Energy Conservation 430

Chapter 9

Voltage and power as functions of current

drawn from a solar array

Fig. 9.1

Chapter 9

PV array-to-grid interface with a voltage-source inverter

PV ARRAY
FILTER

GRID

DC LINK

Fig. 9.2

Chapter 9

PV array-to-grid interface with a dc-to-dc boost

converter and voltage-source inverter

BOOST CONVERTER

INVERTER
FILTER

GRID

PV ARRAY

Fig. 9.3

Chapter 9

PV array-to-grid interface
with a boost current-source inverter

PV ARRAY

INVERTER
FILTER

GRID

DC LINK

Fig. 9.4

Chapter 9

PV array-to-grid interface with a three-phase threelevel neutral-clamped inverter (one leg shown only)

PV ARRAYS

INVERTER

to other two phases

FILTER

GRID

Fig. 9.5
Chapter 9

PV array-to-grid interface
with a single-phase cascaded H-bridge inverter
INVERTER

PV ARRAYS

FILTER

GRID

Fig. 9.6
Chapter 9

Power coefficient versus tip-speed ratio

of a typical wind turbine

Fig. 9.7

Chapter 9

Output power of a typical wind turbine

as a function of the wind speed

Fig. 9.8

Chapter 9

10

Wind turbine system with an induction generator

(soft-starter not shown)

SQUIRREL-CAGE
INDUCTION GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
GEARBOX

GRID

TURBINE

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATOR

Fig. 9.9

Chapter 9

11

Wind turbine system with an induction generator

and a frequency changer

S QU IRR E L-CA GE
IND U CT ION GE N ER A T OR
T RA N SF OR MER
GEA R BOX

AC

DC
DC

AC

GRID

T UR B IN E

Fig. 9.10

Chapter 9

12

Wind turbine system with an electrically excited

synchronous generator and a frequency changer

S YN C HR ONOU S GEN E RA T OR

T RA N SF OR MER

GEA R BOX

AC

DC
DC

AC

GRID

T UR B IN E

DC
AC

Fig. 9.11

Chapter 9

13

Wind turbine system

with a doubly-fed induction generator

D OU B LY -F ED
IND U CT ION GE N ER A T OR

T RA N SF OR MER

GEA R BOX

GRID

T UR B IN E

AC

DC
DC

AC

Fig. 9.12

Chapter 9

14

Wind turbine system with a permanent-magnet

synchronous generator and a matrix converter

PERMANENT-MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

3 x 2 MATRIX CONVERTER

AC
AC

GRID

TURBINE

Fig. 9.13

Chapter 9

15

FC-powered drive system of a vehicle

W H E EL S

FU E L CE LL

FC

MOT OR

DC

DC
DC

T RA N SMISS ION

AC

B AT T ER Y

DC
DC

Fig. 9.14

Chapter 9

16

FC power system with a boost converter

for distributed generation

FUEL CELL

BOOST CONVERTER

INVERTER
FILTER

GRID

FC

Fig. 9.15

Chapter 9

17

FC power system with transformer isolation

for distributed generation

FU EL CELL

I NVE RTE R

TR ANS FO RM ER

FI LTE R

GR ID

FC

CY CLO CO NVE RTE R

Fig. 9.16

Chapter 9

18

Powertrain of electric car

WHEELS

BATTERY

BRAKING
RESIST OR

MOTOR

DC

TRANSMISSION

AC

Fig. 9.17

Chapter 9

19

Powertrain of electric vehicle with in-wheel motors

DC

DC

AC

AC

AC

DC
AC

DC

Fig. 9.18

Chapter 9

20

Series electric hybrid powertrain

DC
DC

ENGINE

MOTOR

GENERATOR

AC

DC
DC

AC

Fig. 9.19

Chapter 9

21

Parallel electric hybrid powertrain

DC
AC

COUPLING

Fig. 9.20

Chapter 9

22

Series-parallel electric hybrid powertrain

MOTOR

AC
DC

POWER SPLIT
DEVICE

AC
DC
GENERATOR

Fig. 9.21

Chapter 9

23

Operation modes of Chevy Volt

GAS ENGINE
75 hp
GENERATOR

BATTERY

INVERTER
160 hp
MOTOR

M
EV MODE
(first 40 miles)

M
ER MODE
(recovery)

ER MODE
(normal driving)

ER MODE
(accel. or uphill)

M
EV MODE
(braking)

M
ER MODE
(braking)

Fig. 9.22

Chapter 9

24

STATCOM: (a) block diagram, (b) constituent H-bridge

Vcon

Vbus

TO GRID

C
R

(b)

(a)

Fig. 9.23

Chapter 9

25