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Project Consideration;
and Geometric Design
PW Lesson 4
RM Chapter 2: Sections 2.6 to 2.8
Article 10.4.2
(AASHTO, 2007)
Laboratory testing
Mechanical properties, grain size, index tests
Strength properties, shear (frictional)
Electrochemical properties, pH, resistivity, etc.
150 ft
100 ft
200 ft
Typical
Boring
Layout
Wall boring
1-2H
Reinforced Zone
Retained
Retained
Backfill
Backfill
Natural Soil
Limits of
Excavation
Foundation
Soil
Drainage
Primary Causes of
Substructure Movement
Post construction settlement
of approach embankment or
foundation soils
Instability of foundation soils
Loss of support due to
lateral squeeze
Foundation Improvement
Techniques
Normal consolidation
Surcharging w/ or w/o wick drains
Stone columns
Dynamic compaction
Ground
Improvement
Lightweight fill
Deep foundations (e.g., piles &
drilled piers)
OWNER/AGENCYS RESPONSIBILITY!
Testing
Identify & classify
Mechanical properties, grain size,
index tests
Shear strength
Drained, undrained
Consolidation
Electrochemical
Gradation
Reinforced fill top size
Plasticity
Moisture density relations
Shear strength
Soundness
Corrosion/Degradation
Electrochemical (metals)
Durability (geosynthetics)
Gradation
Plasticity
Moisture density relations
Shear strength
Selection Factors
Subsurface conditions
bearing capacity
settlement considerations
Aesthetics
type of structure, MSEW or RSS
Environmental conditions
aggressiveness of site
Size of structure
ROW, technical limitations
Risk
Cost
Performance Criteria
Load Factors
Resistance Factors
Lateral Deflection
Embedment
Design Life
Joint Width
Other (see manual)
Typical Deformation
for 0.7H & H = 10
Metallic reinf.
Geogrids reinf. 1.5
Geotextiles 3
Project Criteria
Limits of
Excavation
Wall Embedment
Slope in Front of Wall
Horizontal (walls)
Minimum to Top
of Leveling Pad
H / 20
Horizontal (abutments)
H / 10
3 Horiz : 1 Vert
2 Horiz : 1 Vert
3 Horiz : 2 Vert
H / 10
H/7
H/5
H is the total height of wall (for slopes can use H = hexposed + 2 ft)
For sloping ground provide a bench 4 ft bench in front of wall
Embed at least 2 ft below anticipated scour depth
Embed below frost depth
Facing
4 ft min.
Reinforcement (typ.)
Retained
Backfill
Reinforced Fill
ds
Reinforced Zone
dh
dh-min = 2 ft
Leveling
Pad
Permanent structures
75
100
<3
Limiting Differential
Settlement
1 / 100
Joint
Width
-inch
Precast
1 / 200
-inch
Precast Full-height
1 / 500
-inch
Drycast MBW
1 / 200
N/A
Welded Wire
1/50
N/A
10