CHEMISTRY XII Model Test Paper

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CBSE - SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - CHEMISTRY
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EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPER-1

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Four
2. (i) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
~~~n 2SO (g)

NO(g)
(ii) CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l)
HCl (l)
ZZZZZ
X
YZZZZ
Z
CH 3COOH(l) + CH3OH(l)
3. 2,2Dimethylpropan-1-ol
4. CH3CH 2 C CH 2 CH 2 C H
||
||
O
O
5. Antipyretics substances
(Tf) than pure solvent (T 0f ) , because the vapour pressures of solid
water and liquid water become equal at a lower temperature. This
is illustrated in the figure shown.
Vapour Pressure
6. Solution containing non-volatile solute freezes at a lower temperature
t
en
olv
s
uid
ion
Liq
lut
So
Solid
t
solven
%T
Tf
Tf
Temperature/K
7. Rate constant is the rate of reaction when the concentration of reactants are unity.
Units for k :
(a) For zero order reaction : mol L1 s1.
(b) For a first order reaction : s1.
8. (a) SbCl3 + H2O SbOCl o
2HCl
Antimony
oxychloride
(White ppt.)
(b) 3SCl2 + 4NaF
~~~~n S Cl
CH3CN
350K
+ SF4 + 4NaCl
9. (a) Molecular equation :

K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 7H2O
Ionic equation :
2+ + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H O
Cr2 O2
2
7 + 6Fe
(1)
e-mail : epildelhi@gmail.com

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(b) Molecular equation :

8KMnO4 + 3Na2S2O3 + H2O 3K2SO4 + 8MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
Ionic equation :
8MnO 4 3S2 O32 H 2 O 8MnO 2 6SO 2

4 2OH
10. Sequence of reaction explained as under :
C2 H5 OH
Ethanol
~~~~~~n CH CH HBr ~~n CH CH Br

Conc.H 2SO 4
2
A
11. (a) E2 value for Cr3+/Cr2+ is negative ( 0.41 V), whereas E2 value for Mn3+/Mn2+ is positive (+1.57V).
Hence, Cr2+ ions can easily undergo oxidation to give Cr3+ ions and, therefore, acts as strong reducing
agent. On the other hand, Mn3+ can easily undergo reduction to give Mn2+ and hence acts as oxidising
agent.
(b) Co(III) has greater tendency to form coordination complexes than Co(II). Hence, in the presence of
ligands, Co(II) changes to Co(III), i.e., is easily oxidized.
(c) The ions with d1 configuration have the tendency to lose the only electron present in d-subshell to acquire
stable d 0 configuration. Hence, they are unstable and undergo oxidation or disproportionation.
12. Two primary alkyl halides having the molecular (formula, C4H9Br are possible. These are CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 Br
n Butyl bromide
CH3
|
and CH3 CH CH 2 Br
Isobutyl bromide
Thus, compound (a) is either n-butyl bromide or isobutyl bromide. Since compound (a) when reacted with
Na metal gave a compound (d) with molecular formula C8H18 which is different from the compound obtained
when n-butyl bromide is reacted with Na metal, therefore, (a) must be isobutyl bromide and compound
(d) must be 2,5-dimethylhexane.
2CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 Br 2Na

n Butyl bromide (1)
CH3
|
CH3 CH CH 2 Br + 2Na
Isobutyl bromide (a) (1)
~~~~~~n
Wurtz reaction
~~~~~~n
Wurtz reaction
CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 CH 2 CH 2CH 2 CH3 2NaBr

n Octane
CH 3
CH3
|
|
CH3 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH CH3 2NaBr
2,5-Dimethylhexane (d )
Reaction of (a) with alc.KOH (elimination) to give (b) followed by reaction with HBr (addition) to give
(c) is an isomer of (a) is given below.
CH 3
|
CH3 CH CH 2 Br
Isobutyl bromide (a )
~~~~~~n
alc. KOH
KBr, H 2O
CH3
|
CH3 C = CH 2
Isobutylene (b)
~~~~~n
HBr
M.addition
CH3
|
CH3 C CH3
|
Br
tert-Butyl bromide (c )
[Isomer of (a )]
(2)

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13. It is given that k2/k1 = 10

Applying Arrhenius equation and substituting the values, we get
log
Ea 1 1
k2

=
2.303R T1 T2
k1
log
Ea
1
1
10

=
2.303 t 8.314 350 400

1
or
or
Ea =
2.303 t 8.314 t 350 t 400

t log10
50 t 1000
or
Ea =
19.147 t 14
t1
5
or
Ea =
268.058
5
14. (a)
(b)
(c)
15. (a)
(b)
= 53.61 kJ mol1
It is due to the fact that more force of attraction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium exist
in lyophilic colloid than lyophobic colloid.
Fe(OH)3 sol is positively charged which is coagulated by negatively charged Cl present in sodium chloride
solution.
The path of light becomes clearly visible due to scattering of light by colloidal particles i.e., Tyndall effect.
Pig iron is converted into steel by adding carbon and some other elements.
Metallic zinc is obtained from zinc oxide by reduction with coke.
~~~n
Heat
Zn + CO
ZnO + C
(c) Impure titanium is heated from iodine to form volatile complex Til4 which on further heating decomposes
to give pure titanium.
16. Z = 4 for fcc unit cell.
As we know
d =
Z M
N A t a3
Z M
4 t 63.5

N A t d 6.023 t 1023 t 8.93
or
a3 =
or
a 3 = 4.722 1023 cm3
or
a 3 = 47.22 1024 cm3
or
a = 3.614 108 cm
= 361.4 pm
Now,
4r =
2a
(3)

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or
r=
a
2 2
361.4
2 t 1.414
= 127.7 pm
17. The following data is provided :
Kf = 4.9 K kg mol1, WB = 3.26 g, DTf = 0.112 C, WA = 226 g
We know
DTf = K f t
WB 1000
t
MB
WA
Substituting the values, we get

0.112 =
or
MB =
4.9 t 3.26 1000

t
MB
226
4.9 t 3.26 t 1000 15974

0.112 t 226
25.312
= 631.084 g mol1
Atomicity of Selenium =
Molecular weight
Atomic weight
631.084
78.8
= 8.00
=
Selenium exists as Se8 molecule.

18. (a) Aniline to Bromobenzene
N2+ Cl
NH2
Br
Cu, HBr
NaNO2, HCl
273 K
Aniline
Bromobenzene
(b) Nitrobenzene to phenol
NO2
N2+ Cl
NH2
H2, Pt
Nitrobenzene
NaNO2, HCl
OH
H2O
Warm
Aniline
Phenol
(c) Aniline to nitrobenzene
HBF 4
NaNO2, HCl
273 K
Aniline
N2+ BF4
N2+ Cl
NH2
NO2
NaNO2
Cu, Heat
Benzene diazonium
chloride
Nitrobenzene
(4)

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19. (a) Due to extensive network of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Carboxylic acid exists as dimer structure
in the vapour phase and aprotic solvent.
(b) Aldehydes and ketones are polar molecules. They get associated only due to weak dipole-dipole
interactions. Corresponding acids get associated due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which are
comparatively stronger in nature. They usually form the dimer as shown below :
O ........H O
RC
CR
O H ........ O
Dimer
Therefore, boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than those of corresponding carboxylic acids.
(c) In the addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon atom,
which has a slight positive charge due to more electronegative oxygen.
C+ O
Due to the positive charge on carbon nucleophilic addition reactions with HCN, NaHSO3, Grignard reagent,
alcohol, ammonia and its derivatives take place.
20. (a) Two good sources of Vitamin E are wheat and Green vegetables, oil.
(b) Nucleotides are the monomer units of nucleic acid present in the nucleus of living cells.
(c) Vitamin C is essential for us as it is needful for healthy gums and teeth. Its deficiency causes scurvy.
It cannot stored in body.
Sources of Vitamin C Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables.
21.
Polymer
Monomer
Polystyrene
Styrene
Urea formal-
1. Urea
dehyde
2. Formaldehyde
High density
polythene
Ethylene
Structure
C 6 H5
|
( CH 2 CH
)n
Uses
As insulator, wraping
material, manufacture of toys,
radio and television cabinets
( NH CO NH CH 2
)n
For making unbreakable cups

and laminated sheets
( CH 2 CH 2
)n
Manufacturing of buckets,
dustbins, bottles.
22. (a) Bithional is used in the soap to reduce the odours produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic
matter.
(b) Paracetamol is used to bring down body temperature.
(c) Streptomycin is used for curing tuberculosis.
23. (a) Iron is present in +3 oxidation state as Fe(III).
(b) Fe(III)EDTA complex.
(c) Fe(III)EDTA complex is readily absorbed by the soil as it is water soluble while Fe(OH)3 is insoluble
in water and is therefore, not assimilated in the soil.
(d) Use of chemistry knowledge for higher yield, helps to others.
(5)

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24. Using the following relations and substituting the values, we get
-cm
-cm
a =
k t 1000
Molarity
(7.896 t 105 Scm 1 ) t 1000cm3 L1

0.00241 molL1
= 32.76S cm2 mol1
-cm 32.76
-0m 390.5
= 8.4 102
Degree of dissociation may be obtained as under :
Ka =
CB 2
1 B
0.00241 t (8.4 t 102 ) 2
1 0.084
= 1.86 105
25. The order of change of the property under different serial numbers are given below :
(a) MF > MCl > M Br > MI (Decreasing ionic character)
(b) Ga2O3 < GeO2 < As2O3 < ClO2 (Increasing acidity)
(c) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te (Increasing acid strength)
(d) HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3 (Increasing acid strength)
(e) HOI < HOBr < HOCl (Increasing acid strength)
CH3 O
|
||
26.(a) (i) CH CH C Cl H
3
2
(A)
~~~~~n
Pd/BaSO4
CH3
|
(ii) 2CH3 C C CH3 NaOI
|
||
CH3 O
CH 3 O
|
||
CH3 CH C H + HCl
~~~~n
NaOH
CH3
|
2CH3 C C ONa 2CHI3
|
||
(C)
CH3 O
(B)
(b) (i) Acetaldehyde to butane-1,3-diol

CH3 CHO
~~~~n CH
NaOH
3 CHCH 2 CHO
|
OH
~~~~n CH CH CH
LiAlH 4
(ii) Acetone to propene

CH3 C CH3
||
~~~~n
LiAIH 4
CH 3 CH CH 3
|
OH
~~~~
n CH
%
H 2SO4
ooooo
(6)
|
OH
2 CH 2
|
OH
3 CH = CH 2
Propene

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CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. 4
2. NH3, Because, it adsorbed at a faster rate and to a large extent.

3. Leaching
4. CH3 CH 2 C= CH C CH3
|
||
CH3
O
5. Methylcarbylamine or Methyl Isocyanide.
6. Doping of NaCl with 2 103 mol per cent of SrCl2 means 100 moles of NaCl are doped with 2 103 moles
of SrCl2 or 1 mole of NaCl is doped with 2 105 mole of SrCl2.
Each Sr2+ will occupy the place of Na+ and displace one Na+ from crystal lattice to create cation vacancies.
Cation vacancies = Number of Sr2+ ion added
= 2 105 mol
= 2 105 6.023 1023
= 12.046 1018
= 1.2046 1019 vacancies.
7. (a) The electrode reaction for 1 mol of H2 is represented as :
1
H2O H 2 + O2
2
1
O 2 2e
2
O2
i.e.,
\
Quantity of electricity required = 2F

= 2 96500 C = 193000 C
(b) The electrode reaction for 1 mol of FeO is represented as :
FeO
1
Fe O
2 2 3
i.e., Fe2+ Fe 3+ + e
\ Quantity of electricity required = 1F
= 96500 C.
P
8. (a) P 4
Lone pair
(b)
N
P
F
F
F
P
Tetrahedral
Pyramidal
(7)

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9 (a) (i)
They show variable oxidation state.
(ii)
They are used as catalyst.
(iii)
They can formed complex compounds.
(b) (i)
They are hard.
(ii)
They have high melting and boiling points.
(iii)
They are malleable and ductile.
10. (a) Add Fehling's solution to each of them separately. Acetaldehyde gives brick red precipitate whereas /
acetophenone does not.
Alternatively, add I2 and NaOH to each of them separately. Acetaldehyde gives yellow precipitate of
iodoform whereas acetophenone does not.
(b) Add NaHCO3 to each of them separately. Phenol does not react whereas acetic acid gives brisk
effervescence due to formation of CO2.
Alternatively, add neutral ferric chloride. Phenol gives violet colour whereas acetic acid does not give
violet colour.
11. For fcc structure Z = 2, d = 8 g cm3
a = 250 pm = 250 1010 cm,
M = ?,
Apply the following relation :
d =
ZtM
N A t a3

M =
12. (a)
d t N A t a3
Z
8 t 6.023 t 1023 t (250 t 1010 )3 cm3

2
8 t 6.023 t 1023 t 15625 t 10 27

2
75.28
= 37.64 g mol1
2
Vapour Pressure
Vapour pressure
of solution
p1
p2
X1= 0
X2= 1
Mole fraction
X1
X2
X1= 1
X2= 0
(8)

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(b) This is due to the force of attraction between the two components (say A and B) is more than the
attractions A A and B B. So, fewer molecules leave the surface and go to the vapour phase.
(c) Examples : Phenol aniline, chloroform acetone.
13.
-pm NH 4 Cl = M m NH +4 Mpm Cl 129.8 Scm 2 mol 1
...(i)
-pm NaOH = Mpm Na + Mpm OH 217.4 Scm 2 mol 1
...(ii)
-pm NaCl = Mpm Na + MpmCl 108.9 Scm 2 mol 1

According to Kohlrausch law :
...(iii)
Adding (i) and (ii) and subtracting (iii), we get
-pm NH 4 OH
= Mpm NH +4 Mpm OH
-pm NH 4 Cl + -pm NaOH -pm NaCl
=
-pm NH 4 OH
= 129.8 + 217.4 108.9

= 238.3 S cm2 mol1
Degree of dissociation may be obtained as under :
-cm
-em
a =
9.33Scm2 mol 1
238.3Scm2 mol 1
= 0.039
or a = 3.9%
14. (a) Adsorption arises because of the unbalanced forces on the surface of the solids and liquids. These
molecules remain only on the surface and do not penetrate into the bulk. Therefore, adsorption is a surface
phenomenon.
(b) (i) In Tyndall effect, a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, the path becomes illuminated
as bluish light. This is due to the scattering of light by the colloidal particles.
(ii) In electrophoresis, the colloidal particles move towards oppositely charged electrodes under in influence
of electrical field.
15. Chemical equations for the processes are given as under :
(a) 6NaOH + 3Cl2 5NaCl +
NaClO3
Sodium chlorate
3H 2 O
(b) Orthophosphorus acid on heating disproportionates into orthophosphoric acid and phosphine.
4H3PO3
~~~n
Heat
3H 3PO4
Orthophosphoric
acid
PH3
Phosphine
(c) PtF6 + Xe Xe+ + PtF6

(9)

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16. (a) Bidentate ligand has two donor atoms and can form two bonds whereas monodentate ligand has only
one donor atom and can form only one bond with the metal ion.
(b) Diamminedichloridoplatinum(IV) chloride.
(c) Structures of geometrical isomers are given below :
+
NH3
H3N
Cl
H3N
Cl
Co
NH3
Co
H3N
Cl
H3N
NH3
Cl
NH3
cis-tetraamminedichloridocobalt(III) ion
trans-tetraamminedi-chlorido
cobalt(III) ion
17. (a) Addition of H2O to Ethenylbenzene in presence of dil. H2SO4 gives 1-Phenylethanol.
CH = CH2
+ H OH
Ethenylbenzene
CHCH3
|
OH
Dil. H2SO4
Markovnikov
addition
1-Phenylethanol
(b) Hydrolysis of cyclohexylmethyl bromide by aqueous NaOH gives cyclohexylmethanol.

CH2Br
+ NaOH
Cyclohexylmethyl
bromide
CH2OH
+ NaBr
Hydrolysis
Cyclohexylmethanol
(c) Hydrolysis of 1-Bromopentane by aqueous NaOH gives Pentan-1-ol.

%
CH3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br NaOH (aq) ~~~~~
n
Hydrolysis
1-Bromopentane
CH3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH NaBr
Pentan-1-ol
18. (i) The organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H16O2 upon hydrolysis with dil.H2SO4 gives
carboxylic acid (B) and the alcohol (C), therefore (A) must be an ester. Further, oxidation of (C) with
chromic acid produces the acid (B), therefore, both the carboxylic acid (B) and the alcohol (C) must
contain the same number of carbon atoms.
(ii) Since ester (A) contains eight carbon atoms, therefore, the carboxylic acid (B) and the alcohol (C) must
contain four carbon atoms each.
(iii) Since the alcohol (C) on dehydration gives but-1-ene, (C) must be a straight chain alcohol, i.e.,
butan-1-ol.
(10)

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(iv) If (C) is butan-1-ol, then the acid (B) which it gives oxidation must be butanoic acid and the ester (A)
must be butyl butanoate.
(v) The reactions can now be explained as follows :
O
||
CH3CH 2 CH 2 C OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2CH 3
Butylbutanoate (A)
(Molecular formula = C8H16 O2 )
~~~~~n
Dil.H 2SO 4
Hydrolysis
O
||
CH3CH2CH2 C OH + CH3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Butan-1-ol(C)
Butanoic acid (B)
CH3 CH 2 CH = CH 2
But-1-ene
l~~~~~
Oxidation
19. (a) Nitrobenzene to aniline

NO2
NH2
Sn/HCl
Nitrobenzene
Aniline
(b) Ethanoic acid to methanamine
CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid
~~~n CH CONH ~~~~~n

NH 3
Heat
Br2 / KOH
3
2
Ethanamide
CH3 NH 2
Methanamine
O
NH C CH3
NH2
(CH 3CO) 2O
(c)
Aniline
N-Phenylethanamide
20. (a) Weak inter molecular hydrogen bonding.

(b)
Fibrous protein
1.
Globular protein
It refers to the primary structure
1. It refers to the tertiary structure of
of protein.
protein.
2.
It has thread like structure.
2. It has ball shaped spherical structure.
3.
Water insoluble.
3. Water soluble.
480 K, 150 atm
n
21. (a) nCH 2 CH 2 ~~~~~~
0.1% oxygen
( CH 2 CH 2
)n
ethylene
CH = CH2
( CH
polyethylene
)n
CH2
(C6H5)2 O
(b) n
Styrene
Polystyrene
(11)

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~~~~~n
Al(C2H 5 )3
TiCl4
(c) nCH3 CH = CH 2
Propylene
CH3
|
( CH CH 2
)n
Polypropylene

+
22. (a) CH3 [CH 2 ]10 CH 2 O SO3 Na
Hydrophobic part
Hydrophilic part
(b)
(c)

CH3 [CH 2 ]15 N(CH3 )3 Br

Hydrophobic
part
Hydrophilic
part

CH3 [CH 2 ]16 COO [ CH 2 CH 2 O ]n CH 2 CH 2OH

Hydrophobic or
non-polar part
Hydrophilic
part
23. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
To place cotrell smoke precipitator on chimney.

Electrophoresis.
Correct principle of electrophoresis.
Environmental concerns.
Because oxygen forms multiple bonds with transition metals but fluorine does not form multiple bonds.
Cu has lower hydration enthalpy which is unable to compensate sum of first and second ionisation enthalpy.
4f electrons of lanthanides is less effectively shielded by nuclear charge than 5f electrons of actinides.
Because dichromate ions get reduced to chromium ions in acidic medium.
The actinides show more number of oxidation states than lanthanides because in actinides 5f, 6d and
7s levels have comparable energies.
25. (a) (i) (b)
(ii) a + b
(b)
Ea = 94.14 kJ/mol = 94140 J/mol
T = 313 K,
k = 1.8 105 sec1,
A = ?
Arrhenius equation is k = Ae Ea / RT , Take log
ln k = ln A
Ea
RT
2.30 log k = 2.303log A
Ea
RT
log k = log A
Ea
2.303RT
log A = log k +
Ea
2.303RT
(12)

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5
log A = log (1.8) t 10 +
94140
2.303 t 8.314 t 313
log A = log (1.8) 5 + 15.7082

log A = 0.2553 5 + 15.7082 = 10.9635
A = antilog 10.9635 = 9.194 1010 collisions/sec.
S N 2 Mechanism
26. (a)
S N1 Mechanism
1. Follows a bimolecular reaction rate i.e.,

it is completed in single step.
Follows first order reaction rate i.e., it is completed

in two steps.
2. No carbocation intermediate is formed.
A carbocation intermediate is always formed.
3. Nucleophile always attacks from the
Both front and back attack can take place though
the back or rear.
back attack dominates.
4. Steric hindrance is noticed due to size
There is no steric hindrance involved because of
of the alkyl group.
the size of the alkyl group.
5. It is favoured by high concentration of
It is favoured by the low concentration of the
the nucleophile.
nucleophile.
6. The order of reactivity in alkyl halide is : The order of reactivity is the reverse. It is :
Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
Tertiary > Secondary < Primary.
7. Non-polar solvents generally favour
Polar solvents generally favour SN1 mechanism.
S N 2 mechanism.
SN1 mechanism : Example

CH3Cl + OH CH3OH + Cl
~~~~~n
Hetrolytic
Fission
CH 3 + Cl
Step I :
CH3Cl
Step II :
CH 3 OH CH3OH
Rate = K[CH3Cl]1 first order kinetics

SN2 mechanism
~~~~~~n
....
.
HO ......... C......... Cl
~~~~~n
Step II
Fast reaction
CH3OH + Cl
..
....
....
.
Step I
Slow reaction
....
...
OH
H..
..
Intermediate
complex
Rate = K[OH] [CH3Cl] second order kinection
(13)

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(b) (i)
Propene to 1-nitropropane
CH3CH = CH2
AgNO
~~~~n CH3CH2CH2Br ~~~~
n
HBr
organic
peroxide
(ii)
Ethanol to ethyl fluoride
(iii)
SOCl 2
C2H5Cl
C2H5OH
Benzene to diphenyl
~~~~n
~~~n C H F
Br2
FeBr3
Br
AgF
CH3CH2CH2NO2
2 5
2Na
Dry ether
wurtz reaction
+ 2NaBr
ooooo
(14)

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CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the calculated value of
the colligative property.
2. Coordination isomerism.
3.
CH2 CH CH3
OH
4. Antipyretic substances are used to reduce fever.

5. Thermosetting Bakelite
Strong electrolyte
Thermoplastic Polyethylene
6. Molar conductivity increases sharply for weak electrolyte
with decrease in concentration as shown in diagram because
both number of ions as well as mobility of ions increases
with dilution, i.e., decrease in concentration. In case of
strong electrolyte,
-m
Weak electrolyte
increases slightly on dilution because
number of ions do not increase much whereas mobility of

ions increases.
7. Let the order w.r.t. to A be x and that w.r.t. B be y.
dx
= k[A]x [B]y
dt
From experiments (1) and (2)
2.1 103 = k[0.10]x [1.00]y
8.4
103
k[0.20]x
...(i)
[1.00]y
...(ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
1
=
4
or
1

2
or x = 2
From experiments (2) and (3)

8.4 103 = k[0.20]2 [1.00]y
8.4
103
k[0.20]2[1.00]y
...(i)
...(ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
1
1
= y or 2 y 20 or y = 0
1
2
The overall order of reaction is 2 + 0 = 2.
(15)

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8. Equations for the two reactions are given below :

(a) Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH 3
(b) XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF.
9. (a) Sc, It loses all the three electrons (3d, 4s2) to show +3 oxidation state and has stable inert gas configuration.
(b) Actinoid exhibits greater range of oxidation state. This is perhaps due to the fact that 5f, 6d and 7s
subshell are of comparable energies.
10. (a) Chlorobenzene to diphenyl
dry
ether fitting
reaction
Cl + 2Na + Cl
Chlorobenzene
+ 2NaBr
Diphenyl
(b) Bromobenzene to pnitrophenol
Br
OH
+ NaOH
623 K
300 atm
OH
+ dil. HNO 3
Phenol
bromobenzene
NO2
p-Nitrophenol
11. Applying the following relation and substituting the values; we get
d =
7.80 =
Z=
ZM
a t NA
3
Z56
(290) t 10
3
30
cm3 t 6.02 t 1023
7.80 t (290)3 t 1030 t 6.02 t 1023

56
114.52
56
= 2.04 2.00
=
Thus, it has a bcc structure.

12. The electrode reactions may be represented as :
Mg (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e

2Ag + (aq) + 2e 2Ag(s)
Mg(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Ag(s)
Thus,
n =2
2
Ecell = E cell
0.0591
[Mg 2+ ]
log
2
[Ag + ]2
(16)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
2
= (E
Ag + / Ag
0.80
E2
Mg 2+ / Mg
)
V ( 2.37 V)
0.0591
0.2
log
2
(10 3 ) 2
0.0591
log (2 t 105 )
2
= 3.17 V
0.0591
[log 2 + log 105 ]
2
= 3.17 V
0.0591
t 5.3010
2
= + 3.17 V 0.1566 V = 3.0134 V

EMF of the cell = 3.0134 V.
13. Radioactive decay follows first order kinetics,
0.693
0.693
= 2.466 102 years1
Decay constant of 90Sr (k) =

28.1 years
t1/2
Amount left after 10 years

a = 1 mg, t = 10 years,
k = 2.446 102 years1
Substituting the values in the first order equation
k =
or
or
or
2.466 102 =
2.303
a
log
t
ax
2.303
1
log
10
(a x )
log (a x) = 0.1071
(a x) = Antilog 1.8929
= 0.7814 mg.
14. (a) Role of NaCN in the extraction of silver is to do the leaching of silver ore in the presence of air from
which the silver is obtained later by replacement.
4Ag(s) + 8CN (aq) + 2H2O + O2(g) 4[Ag(CN)2] (aq) + 4OH
[Ag(CN)2] (aq) + Zn(s) [Zn(CN)4]2 (aq) + Ag(s)
(b) Iodine is heated with titanium to form a volatile compound which on further heating decompose to give
pure titanium as shown :
Ti(impure) + 2I2 TiI4
TiI4 Ti(pure) + 2I2
(c) Cryolite lowers the melting point of mixture of alumina in the extraction of aluminium as well as increase
the conductivity of mixture.
15. (a) The process is known as electrolytic reduction.
(b) The function of adding Na3AIF6 is to lower the melting point and to increase conductivity.
(c) 2Al2O3 + 3C 4Al + 3CO2
(17)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
16. (a) 2MnO 2

4 O3 H 2 O
~~n 2MnO 2OH O
(b) 2MnO4 5C2 O42 16H+ ~~

n 2Mn 2+ 10CO2 8H2O
+
(c) 2CrO 2
4 2H
~~n Cr O H O
2
2 7
17. (a) P4 + 10SO2Cl2 4PCl5 + 10SO2

(b) 6XeF4 + 12H2O 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
(c) I2 + 10HNO3 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O
18. The reactivity for SN1 reactivity follows the order :
(a) CH3 C CH CH 2 CH3 CH 3 CH == CH CH 2 CH 2Cl
|
II
Cl
I
ClCH 2 CH == CH CH 2 CH3 CH3 CH == CH CH CH3

|
Cl
III
IV
IV shows maximum reactivity because the carbocation is stabilised by resonance (conjugation from double
bond). I is least reactive because the carbocation is least stable, being linked to double bond directly.
(b) CH2=CHBr < CH3CH2Br < CH3 CH CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH3
|
|
Br
Br
This is again based upon the stability of the carbocation.
Cl
|
(c) CH3CH2CH2Cl < (CH3)2CHCl < (CH3)3CCl < C6 H5 C CH3
|
CH3
19. We can identify A, B and C from the following sequence of reactions :

OH
|
H 2SO4
CH3 CH = CH CH3 H 2 O ~~~~
n CH3 CH CH 2 CH3
A
But-2-ene
B
Butan-2-ol
~~~~~n
ZnCl2
Conc. HCl
Cl
|
CH3 CH CH 2 CH3
CH3 CH == CH CH3
A
But-2-ene
C
2-Chlorobutane
Dehydrohalogenation
l~~~~~~~
~
C H ONa
2
Sodium ethoxide being a strong base brings about dehydrohalogenation.

Thus,
A = But-2-ene
B = Butan-2-ol
C = 2-Chlorobutane.
(18)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
20. Steps involved in the different conversions are given below :

(a) Ethanoic acid methanamine CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid
~~~~~n CH COCl ~~~~~~n

SOCl2
SO 2 HCl
NH3 (excess)
NH 4Cl
3
Ethanoyl
Chloride
CH3CONH 2
Ethanamide
~~~~~~~~~n
Br2 /KOH
(Hoffman bromoamide
reaction)
CH3 NH 2
Methanamine
(b) Hexanenitrite to 1 aminopentane

CH3 (CH 2 ) 4 CN
Hexanenitrile
~~~~~n
H + /H 2O
Hydrolysis
~~~~~n
SOCl2
SO2 HCl
CH3 (CH 2 ) 4 COOH

Hexanoic acid
CH3 (CH 2 )4 COCl

Hexanoyl chloride
~~~~~~n CH (CH ) CONH ~~~~~n

NH3 (excess)
NH 4Cl
2 4
Br2 / KOH
CH3 (CH 2 )4 NH 2
1 Aminopentane
(c) Methanol to ethanoic acid

CH3OH
Methanol
21. (a)
(b)
(c)
~~~~n CH Cl ~~~~~n
PCl5
POCl3
KCN(alc.)
CH3CN
Ethanenitrile
~~~~~n CH COOH
H+ / H2O
(Hydrolysis)
3
Ethanoic acid
a-Helix Structure
b-Pleated Sheet Structure
It is a spiral structure which is formed by

coiling of polypeptide chain formed through
hydrogen bonding between >NH and
> C = O groups of the same chains.
This structure is formed by the side by side

arrangement of different polypeptide chains which are
held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds
between > NH and >C = O groups of the
neighbouring chains.
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
1. It shows the sequence how the

constituent amino acids are arranged in
protein molecule.
2. It remains unaffected during
denaturation.
It shows how the polypeptide chains of the primary

structure get folded due to the intermolecular
hydrogen bond formation.
It undergoes a change during denaturation.
Enzymes
Coenzymes
Enzymes are globular proteins produced by

living cells which catalyse the biochemical
reactions in the living systems. On the other
hand, an enzyme molecule may contain a nonprotein component called prosthetic group.
These prosthetic group which gets attached to the

enzyme at the time of reaction are known as
coenzymes.
22. (a) HDP or high density polyethene contains linear chain.

(b) Biodegradable polymers contain functional groups similar to the functional groups present in biopolymers
and as such are quickly biodegraded by the microorganisms present in the environment. An important
(19)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
example of biodegradable aliphatic polymer is poly b-hydroxybutyrate-co-b-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV)

HO CH CH 2 COOH HO CH CH 2 COOH
|
|
CH 2CH3
CH3
C -Hydroxyvaleric acid
(3-Hydroxypentanoic acid)
C-Hydroxybutyric acid
(3-Hydroxybutanoic acid)
O CH CH 2 C O CH CH 2 C
|
CH3
|
||
CH 2 CH3 O n
||
O
PHBV
23. (a) Aspartame, Saccharine,

(b) Artificial sweetners are chemical substances but not carbohydrates and do not give extra calories to
the body. However, these are more sweet than the sucrose.
(c) Caring of parents, use of knowledge of chemistry.
24. (a)
(i) LiAlH4/H3O+
(ii) PCC
(iii) PCC
(b)
(iv) Sodalime
(i) Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal < Methanal
(ii) Acetone < Acetaldehyde < Formaldehyde
(iii) Acetophenone < p-Tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde < p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
25. (a)
(i) When the solute does not dissociate or associate in solution.

(ii) When the solute is an electrolyte and undergoes dissociation in solution.
(iii) When the solute undergoes association in solution.
(b) Let w B g of the glucose be dissolved in one litre of solution. Applying
(Given : p = 8.21 atm,V = 1 litre, M B = 180 g mol1 , R = 0.0821 litre atm K1 mol 1 and
T = 37 + 273 = 310 K)
pV = nRT
=
26. (a)
or
wB =
wB =
wB
RT
mB
QVmB
RT
8.21 t1 t 180
0.0821 t 310
= 58.06 g
(i) Benzene to o-nitrochlorobenzene
Cl
Cl
Anhy.AlCl3
Benzene
conc. HNO3 + conc. H2SO4
Chlorobenzene
NO2
o-nitrochlorobenzene
(20)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(ii) Benzene to m-nitrochlorobenzene
NO 2
Anhy. AlCl3
Benzene
Nitrobenzene
NO2
Cl
m-nitrochlorobenzene
(b)
(i) By unpairing of one paired orbital, two singly occupied orbital come into existence. Thus, either
two or four or six singly occupied orbitals can be formed instead of one, three or five singly occupied
orbitals. Hence XeF, XeF3 or XeF5 are not formed.
(ii) Noble gases have very low boiling points due to weak dispersion forces.
(iii) In OF2, fluorine is more electronegative so it is called oxygen fluoride; while in Cl2O, oxygen is
more electronegative so it is called chlorine oxide.
ooo
(21)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Negative deviation. Warm solution means exothermic or greater force of attraction between A and B than
between A A or B B.
2.
1 d [H 2 ]
1 d[NH3 ]
=
.
3 dt
2
dt
3. Two moles of AgCl will be precipitated.

SO3H
+
(ii ) H
(i) NaOH
Fuming, H2 SO4
4.
OH
Benzene
Phenol
5. Pencillin
6. (a) Frenkel defect
(b) Frenkel and Schottky defect
7. (a) The reactions are described with the help of the following ionic compounds :

Cr2 O72 + 2OH
2CrO 24 + H2O
higher pH
Orange
yellow
When pH is increased, i.e., solution is more basic, orange coloured dichromate ion changes to yellow
coloured chromate ion.
(b)
MnO 24
o
MnO4 + e
electrolysis
purple
When potassium manganate is electrochemically oxidised, i.e., it undergoes, electrolytic oxidation, it forms
purple colour KMnO4.
(a) If [B] is tripled, Rate = k a (3b)2 = 9k ab2.

The rate increases 9 times.
(b) If both [A] and [B] are doubled,
Rate = k (2a) (2b)2 = 8ab2.
The rate increases 8 times.
dxy, dyz, dxz
2 %t
5
%t
Energy
3 %t
5
[
dx y , dz
9.
dx
= k [A] [B]2. Let [A] = a and [B] = b.
dt
Thus dx = k ab2.
dt
8.
d-orbital
free ion
Avg. energy
of the d -orbitals in
spherical crystal
field
(22)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
10. (a)
Benzophenone (C6H5COC6H5)
Acetophenone (C6H5COCH3)
Iodoform test
C6H5COCH3 + 3NaOI
CHI3
Iodoform
C6H5COC6H5 + 3NaOI
No yellow ppt. of CHI3
+C6H5COONa + 2NaOH
(Yellow ppt)
(b)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
Propanal (CH3CH2CHO)
Iodoform test
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 3Na2CO3
CHI3 o
Iodoform
(Yellow ppt)
11.
+ HCOONa + 5NaI + 2H2O + 3CO2
Iodoform test
CH3CH2CHO + 4I2 + 3Na2CO3
No Yellow ppt. of CHI3
DTb = Tb0 Tb = 36.86 35.60

= 1.26C = 1.26 K
Mass of solute, WB = 8 g,
Mass of solute, WA = 100 g,
Let mol. mass of the solute = (MB) = ?
DTb = Kb .
or
WB 1000
t
MB WA
MB =
K b t WB t 1000
%Tb .WA
MB =
2.02 K kg mol 1 u 8 g u 1000 g kg 1

1.26 K u 100 g
= 128.5 g mol1
12. Electrode reactions may be represented as under
Fe(s) Fe2+ (aq) + 2e
2Ag+ (aq) + 2e Ag(s)
Fe(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Fe2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Thus, n = 2
Applying Nernst equation and substituting the values, we get
Ecell = E2
cell
= (E 4
0.0591
[Fe 2+ ]
log
2
[Ag ]2
Ag / Ag
E4 2
Fe
/ Fe
0.0591
0.1
log
2
(Ag )2
= [ + 0.80 V ( 0.44 V)
(23)
0.0591
0.1
log
2
(0.1)2

EVERGREEN
SERIES
= 1.24 V
0.0591
1
2
= 1.240 V 0.0295 V
= 1.2105 V
13. Applying Arrhenius equation
log
k2
E a T2 T1
k1 = 2.303 R T1 T2
Substituting the value, we get

log
k2
6 u 104
3.05 t 105 310 300

3.05 u 106
=
2.303 t 8.314 300 t 310

19.147 u 93000
3.05 u 103
3050
=
19.147 u 93
1780.671
= 1.7128
or
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
k2
6 u 104
= Antilog 1.7128
= 51.62
or
k 2 = 51.62 6 104
or
k 2 = 3.097 102 s1.
(a) The process of settling of colloidal particles is called coagulation.
(b) The process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence
of a small electrolyte is called peptization.
(c) The sols that can be made again by simply remixing with the dispersion medium.
(a) Electronic configuration : The general electronic configuration of lanthanoids is [Xe] 4f1 14 5d0 1 6s2
whereas that of actinoids is [Rn] 5f114 6d0 1 7s2. Thus, lanthanoids belong to 4f- series whereas actinoids
belong to 5f-series.
(b) Oxidation state : Lanthanoids show limited oxidation states ( + 2, + 3, + 4) out of which + 3 is most
common. This is because of large energy gap between 4f, 5d and 6s subshells. On the other hand, actinoids
show a large number of oxidation states because of small energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells.
(c) Atomic and ionic sizes : Both lanthanoids and actinoids show decrease in size of their atoms or ions in
+ 3 oxidation state. In lanthanoids, the decrease is called lanthanoid contraction whereas in actinoids, it is
called actinoid contraction. However,the contraction is greater from element to element in actinoids due
to poorer shielding by 5f electrons.
Advantage of fuel cells
(i) A fuel cell can work continuously as long as the oxidising agent (O2) and reducing agent (H2, CH3OH)
are supplied at the electrodes.
(ii) Do not cause any pollution.
(iii) The efficiency of a fuel cell as pointed earlier is about 60 to 70 per cent.
(a) Hexaaminecobalt (III) chloride
(b) Potassium tetrachloridopalladate (II)
(c) Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)
Mechanism
Ethene does not react with water. The reaction is carried to the presence of H2SO4. The acid provides (H+)
for the initial electrophilic attack.
H2SO4 H+ + HSO 4
(24)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Step I. Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of H3O+

+
CH2 = CH2 + H+ CH3 C H 2
Step II. Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation. CH3 CH 2 + H2O CH3 CH2 OH2

Step III. Deprotonation to form an alcohol. CH3CH2 OH 2 + HSO4 CH3CH2OH + H2SO4

19.
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 HNO2 CH C H CH CH N H O

3
2
3
2
2
|
NH2
OH
(B)
CH 3
CH 3
CH3 C CH3 + HNO2 CH3 C CH3 + N2 + H2O

|
|
NH 2
OH
[A]
[C]
CH 3
|
CH3 C CH3 + Conc. HCl

|
o
ZnCl2 (Anhy.)
CH 3
|
CH3 C CH 3 + H2O
|
OH
Cl
[C]
C is resistent to oxidation, because tertiary alcohol do not undergo oxidation. It gives turbidity immediately
with Lucas reagent. D respond to Lucas reagent test within 5 minutes because it is a secondary alcohol and
turbidity appears after 5 minutes.
CH3 CH CH 2 CH3 + HCl
|
~~~~~~~~n CH
ZnCl2 (Anhydrous)
CH CH 2 CH3
|

~~~~~
n
I2 NaOH
Cl
OH
Butane-2-ol
CHI3 + CH3CH2COONa + 3NaI + 2H2O

20. (a) pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine because aniline is less basic. In aniline the lone pair of
electron on the nitrogen atom are delocalized over the benzene thereby decreasing the electron density
on the nitrogen atom.While in methylamine increases the electron density on nitrogen due to + I effect.
(b) Methylamine being more basic than water, accepts a proton from water liberating OH ions.

CH3NH 2 + H OH CH3 N H3 + OH
These OH ions combine with Fe3+ ions present in H2O to form brown ppt. of hydrated ferric oxide.
FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl
2Fe3+ + 6OH 2Fe(OH)3 or Fe2 O3 . 3H 2 O
Hydrated ferric oxide (Brown ppt.)
(c) Aniline being a Lewis base react with Lewis acid AlCl3 to form a salt. As a result, aniline does not undergo
Friedel crafts reactions.
NH 2 AlCl 3
NH2
+ AlCl3
(25)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
21. In transition elements d-orbitals are progressively filled whereas in inner transition elements f-orbitals are
progressively filled.
(a) Atomic size : In 3d-transition series, atomic size first decreases, then remains the same. Thus, copper
has bigger atomic size than Ni. It is because the number of unpaired electrons increases from 21 to 25,
therefore, effective nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases. Fe, Co, Ni have almost same
size because pairing of electrons in d-orbitals starts and effective nuclear charge almost remains the same.
Cu has bigger size due to repulsion between electrons in d-orbitals.
(b) Oxidation states : Oxidation states of elements increases from 21 to 25 and then decreases because
number of valence electrons decreases. Thus, Se shows +3, Ti shows +4, Vanadium +5, Chromium +3,
Manganese +7 and Iron +3.
(c) Coloured ions : Transition metals form coloured ions due to presence of unpaired electrons and empty
d-orbitals. They absorb light from visible region, undergo d-d transitions and radiate complementary colour.
Thus, Cr3+ is green, Fe2+ is pale green, Co2+ is blue, Ni2+ is green and Cu2+ in blue.
22. (a) Morphine (an alkaloid) is a narcotic which is used as an analgesic i.e., to reduce pain.
Antiseptics
(b)
Disinfectants
1. Antiseptics can kill or prevent the growth of

micro-organisms.
2. Antiseptics do not harm the living tissue.
Therefore, these can be applied to the skin.
3. Antiseptics are used for the dressing of cuts,
wounds and in the treatment of diseased skin.
4. Examples : Furacine, soframicine, Iodoform,
Boric acid, 0.2% aq phenol etc.
Disinfectants can kill micro-organisms.

Disinfectants are toxic to the living tissues,
therefore, these cannot be applied to the skin.
Disinfectants are used for disinfecting floors,
toilets, drains, instruments etc.
Examples : 1% aqueous of phenol, 0.2 to 0.4
ppm aqueous Cl2, SO2 etc.
23. (a) Zeigler Natta catalyst [TiCl4 + (C2H5)3Al].

(b) Ethene CH2 = CH2
(c) Addition polymer
(d) Environmental concerns.
24. (a) Molar conductivity may be defined as the conductance of all the
ions at dilution V produced when one mole of the electrolyte is
dissolved in V cm3 of the solution, the distance between the
electrodes being 1 cm.
Change of molar conductivity with concentration : Molar
conductivity increases sharply for weak electrolytes with
decrease m in concentration as shown in the diagram because
number of ions as well as mobility of ions increases with dilution.
In case of strong electrolytes, m increases slightly on dilution
because number of ions do not increase much whereas mobility
of ions increases.
(26)
Strong electrolyte
m
Weak electrolyte

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Cell reactions may be written as :

Cu(s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e
2Ag+ (aq) + 2e 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Thus n = 2
Using Nernst equation and substituting the values, we have

Ecell = E 4
cell
0.591
[Cu 2 ]
log
2
[Ag ]2
= 0.46
0.0591
0.1
log
2
(0.001)2
Ecell = 0.46 0.0295 log 105

Ecell = 0.46 0.0295 5
= 0.3125 V
25. (a) (i)
(ii)
Cl
OH
OH
OH
Peroxodisulphuric acid (H2S2O8)
(b)
Perchloric acid (HClO4)
(i) Due to higher electron density on nitrogen.

(ii) Due to greater bond enthalpy and pp-pp bond formation by oxygen.
(iii) Oxidising power of a halogen is indicated by the value of electrode potential for the reaction :
X2(aq) + 2e 2X (aq)
The values of electrode potential for F2 and Cl2 are 2.87 V and 1.36 V respectively. Hence, Fluorine is a
stronger oxidising agent than Cl2.
26. (a)
o (CH3)2 CHCHO
(i) (CH3)2 CHCOCl + H2(g)
Pd / BaSO4
(ii) CH3C (CH3)2 C CH3 + NaOI CH3 C(CH3)2 COONa + CHI3 + 2NaOH
||
(b)
(i) Acetaldehyde to Butane-1, 3 diol

CH3CHO + CH3CHO
~~~~~~n
Aldol
Condensation
OH
o
CH3 C H CH 2 CHO LiAlH4
OH
OH
|
|
CH3 CH CH 2 CH 2
(ii) Acetone to propene

O
||
CH3 C CH3
Acetone
o
LiAlH 4
Ether
OH
|
CH3 CH CH3

o CH3 CH = CH2

H 2SO4
H 2O
CHO
+ CO + HCl Anhy. AlCl3
(iii)
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
ooooo
(27)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. 0.1 M BaCl2 will have higher boiling point due to greater dissociation.
NaCl Na+ + Cl; BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl
2. Chemisorption has higher enthalpy of adsorption on account of formation of chemical bond.
3. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration,1s22s22px1x2py1,2pz1 In the valence shell, it has a lone pair and
three unpaired electrons which form three covalent bonds. Lone pair can also form a covalent bond in
compounds like NH 4 . Therefore, maximum number of covalent bonds is four.
Cl
4.
Fe
Dark
+ Cl2
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
5. Elastomers < thermoplastic < fibres

6. It states that the partial vapour pressure of any volatile component of a solution, at any temperature, is
equal to the product of the vapour pressure of the pure component and mole fraction of the component in
solution. Imagine a binary solution of two liquids A and B having mole fractions xA and xB respectively. Let
pA and pB be their partial vapour pressures. Then
p A = xA pAq
... (i)
p A = xB pqB
... (ii)
where pA and pB are vapour pressure of pure components A and B respectively.

Limitations of Raoults Law :
(i) It is applicable only to dilute solutions.
(ii) It is applicable to solutions of only non-electrolytes i.e., only to solutions in which solute
neither dissociates nor associates in solution.
7. It consists of zinc mercury amalgam as anode, a paste of HgO and carbon as cathode. The electrolyte is
paste of KOH and ZnO.
Electrode reactions are given as under :
At anode :
Zn(amalgam) + 2OH ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e
At cathode :
HgO(s) + H2O + 2e Hg(l) + 2OH
Net reaction :
Zn (amalgam) + HgO(s) ZnO(s) + Hg(l)
8. Structures of H3PO2 and XeOF4 are given below :
O
P
HO
Xe
H
H
H3PO2
F
XeOF4
(28)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
9. (a) Ni shows + 2 oxidation state because of lower (IE1 + IE2). Pt shows + 4 oxidation state because extra
energy IE3 + IE4 is balanced by hydration energy.
(b) Pt can form compounds in + 4 oxidation state more easily because energy required to remove four electrons
is less in case of Pt than Ni.
10. (a) Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) : Acetaldehyde contains CH3COgroup,
hence it will respond to iodoform test whereas benzaldehyde will not.
CH 3CHO + 3NaOI
o
I2 / NaOH
Acetaldehyde
C6 H5CHO
HCOONa
Sodium formate
+ 2NaOH +
CHI3
Iodoform
(yellow ppt.)
o No reaction
I 2 / NaOH
NaOH
Benzaldehyde
(b) Propanone (CH3COCH3) and Propanal CH3CH2CHO : Propanone is a methyl ketone, it gives
iodoform test whereas propanal does not.
CH 3COCH3 + 3NaOI CH3COONa + 2NaOH +
Propanone
CHI3
Iodoform
(yellow ppt.)
CH3CH2CHO + NaOI No Yellow ppt.

11. (a) In a cubic close-packed structure :
4r =
Given :
2a
r = 125 1012 m
a =
4r
2
r u 2 2 125 u 10 12 u 2 2
= 250 1.414 1012 m = 354 pm

(b)
a 3 = (354)3 (1012)3 m3
= (3.54)3 1030 m3 = 44.21 1030 m3
Number of unit cells in 1 cm3
=
Total volume
106 m3
=
Volume of one unit cell
44.21 u 1030 m3
= 2.261 1022 unit cells.

12. Applying the following relation :
W
1000
DTf = Kf m = Kf B t
M B WA
2.3 K = 5.1
1 1000
u
or MB = 5.1 u 50 110.86
MB
20
2.3
1.3 K = 5.1
1 1000
5.1 u 50
u
or MB =
MB
20
1.3
Atomic mass of A + 2 Atomic mass of B = 110.86

Atomic mass of A + 4 Atomic mass of B = 196.15
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get
2 Atomic mass of B = 85.29
or
Atomic mass of B = 42.645 g mol1
(29)
255
= 196.15
1.3
... (i)
...(ii)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Substituting atomic mass of B in equation (i), we get

Atomic mass of A = 25.57 g mol1
13. Applying Arrhenius equation and substituting the values, we get
log
or
or
or
log
k2
Ea 1
=
k1
2.303 R T1
4.5 u 107 s 1
7 1
1.5 u 10 s
log 3 =
1
T2
Ea
1
1

2.303 u 8.314 323 373

Ea
50
u
19.147 323 u 373
Ea = 0.4771 u 19.147 u 323 u 373

50
1100579.725
= 22011.595 J mol1
50
or
Ea = 22.01 kJ mol1
14. (a) Differences between Lyophilic sols and Lyophobic sols :
Lyophilic sols
Lyophobic sols
(i) Lyophilic sols are quite stable. They do not get

coagulated easily.
(ii) Lyophilic sols are reversible, i.e., if colloidal
system is broken, it can be regenerated by
shaking the particles with dispersion medium.
(b)
Absorption
(i) They are not so stable. They can be

easily coagulated.
(ii) Lyophobic sols are irreversible in nature,
i.e., if colloidal system is broken (gets
precipitated), its regeneration is not
possible by shaking it with dispersion
medium.
Adsorption
In absorption, concentration of a substance is same

throughout the solid.
In adsorption, there is greater concentration

of a substance on the surface of the
adsorbent than in the rest of the adsorbent.
15. (a) (i)

(ii)
(b) (i)
(ii)
Bessemers converter : Iron and Copper

Blast furnace : Iron, Copper and Lead
ZnS (Zinc blende), (ii) CuFeS2 (Copper pyrites), (iii) PbS (Galena) are three ores.
Depressants : These are the substances which selectively present certain type of particles from
forming the froth with the bubbles.
16. In transition elements d-orbitals are progressively filled whereas in inner transition elements f-orbitals are
progressively filled.
(a) Atomic size : In 3d-transition series, atomic size first decreases, then remains the same. Thus, copper
has bigger atomic size than Ni. It is because the number of unpaired electrons increases from 21 to 25,
therefore, effective nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases. Fe, Co, Ni have almost same
size because pairing of electrons in d-orbitals starts and effective nuclear charge almost remains the same.
Cu has bigger size due to repulsion between paired electrons in d-orbitals.
(30)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Oxidation states : Oxidation states of elements increases from 21 to 25 and then decreases because
number of valence electrons decreases.
Thus, Sc shows + 3, Ti shows + 4, Vandium + 5, Chromium +6, Manganese + 7 and Iron + 3.
(c) Coloured ions : Transition metals form coloured ions due to presence of unpaired electrons and empty
d-orbitals. They absorb light from visible region, undergo d-d transitions and radiate complementary colour.
Thus, Cr3+ is green, Fe2+ is pale green, Co2+ is blue, Ni2+ is green and Cu2+ is blue.
17. (a) Oxidation number of Iron [Fe(en)2Cl2]Cl
x + 2 0 + (1) 2 1 = 0
x =3
(b) d2sp3, octaheadral
(c) Paramagnetic behaviour
Cl
18. (a)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
UV
+ 3Cl2
light
Benzene
Cl
Benzene hexachloride
(b) CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr
~~~~~~~~~~~n
Benzoyl
Peroxide
(Anti Markovnikov addition)
Propene
Cl
CH 3CH 2 CH 2 Br
1-Bromopropane
OH
(c)
+ NaOH
623 K
high pressure
+ NaCl
19. (a) Propanone to propene :

O
||
CH3 C CH3
Propanone
o
NaBH 4
OH
|
CH3 CH CH 3
Propan-2-ol
o
conc. H2SO 4
443 K
CH3 CH CH 2
Propene
(b) Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde :
COOH
COCl
SOCl2
SO2O HCl
Benzoic acid
CHO
H2/PdBaSO4
Benzoyl
chloride
Rosenmunds
reduction
Benzaldehyde
(c) Ethanol to 3-hydroxybutanal :
CH3CH 2OH
Ethanol
o CH CHO ~~~~~~n

K 2 Cr2 O7 / H
Oxidation
3
Acetaldehyde
Aldol
condensation
(31)
OH
|
CH3 C H CH 2 CHO
3-hydroxy butanal

EVERGREEN
SERIES
20.
21. (a)
(b)
(c)
22. (a)
(b)
23. (a)
Diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin A :

Xerophthalmia and night blindness.
Diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin E :
Increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness.
Diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 :
Pernicious anaemia.
Thermosetting and Thermoplastic.
When the shape of any substance is changed under pressure, especially when hot and cooling the shape
is retained due to sufficient viscous nature, the property is called plasticity.
Starch and natural rubber.
Histamine.
The chemical substances which are used to relieve pain are called analgesics.
These are of two types : (i) Non-narcotic drugs (ii) Narcotic drugs. Non-narcotic drugs are effective in
relieving skeletal pain preventing heart attack, viral inflammation, etc.
Narcotic drugs are recommended for the relief in postoperative pains, cardiac pain, terminal cancer.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Cl
(b) Cl
Cl
C C
Cl H
Cl
(c) DDT is non-biodegradable and not metabolised very rapidly by animals rather it gets deposited and stored
in fatty tissues and its long term effects could be dangerous.
(d) Human welfare and Environmental concerns.
24. (a) (i) Frenkel defect is shown by ionic solids, in which a cation is dislocated from its normal site to an
interstitial site. This defect is shown by ZnS, AgCl and AgI. It does not change the density of solid
substances.
(ii) F-centres are the anionic sites occupied by electrons, they impart colour to the crystal lattice.
(b) We know that for a cubic unit cell,
d =
M
NA
a
d
z
\
zM
10
30
NA u a
g cm 3
(where a is in pm units)
= atomic mass = 56 g mol1

= Avogadros number = 6.02 1023 mol1
= Edge length = 286 pm
= density = 7.86 g cm1
= number of atoms per unit cell
z =
=
d u 1030 u N A a3
M
7.86 u 1030 u 6.02 u 1023 u (286)3
56
= 1.97 | 2
As the number of atoms per unit cell is 2, the iron crystal has bcc structure.
(32)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
25. (a) (i) I + H2O + O3 2OH + I2 + O2

(ii) 6NaOH (hot + conc.) + 3Cl2 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
(b) (i) Nitrogen has bond dissociation energy and forms triple bond in N N. Therefore, it cannot show
the property of catenation.
(ii) Because white phosphorus exists as P4 whereas red phosphorus is polymeric.
(iii) Due to absence of d-orbitals.
26. (a) (i) Because of two chlorine atoms in dichloroethanoic acid, I effect is double in this compound helping
in the release of protons. That is why dichloroethanoic acid is stronger acid than monochloroethanoic
acid.
(ii) It is because benzoate ion is stabilised due to resonance whereas CH3COO is destabilised due to
( + I) inductive effect.
(b) Empirical formula is calculated as under :
Element
Percentage
At. Mass
Relative number
of atoms
Divide by
the least
Simplest
ratio
69.77
12
69.77
= 5.81
12
5.81
=5
1.16
11.63
11.63
= 11.63
1
11.63
= 10
1.16
10
18.60
16
18.60
= 1.16
16
1.16
=1
1.16
Empirical formula C5H10O

Empirical formula mass = 5 12 + 10 1 + 16 = 60 + 10 + 16 = 86.
n =
Molecular mass
86
=
=1
86
Empirical formula mass
Molecular formula = C5H10O.

It forms addition compound with NaHSO3, therefore, it is an aldehyde or ketone.
It does not reduce Tollens reagent, therefore, it is not an aldehyde.
It gives iodoform test, therefore, it is a methyl ketone.
On the basis of above observations,the possible structures of compound is
O
||
CH3 C CH 2 CH 2 CH3 or CH 3 C CH CH 3
||
O CH 3
On vigorous oxidation, it gives ethanoic acid and propanoic acid, therefore,

the compound is pentan-2-one.
O
||
CH3 C CH 2 CH 2 CH3
Pentan-2-one
o
K 2Cr2O7
Conc. H 2SO4 , heat
CH3COOH + CH3CH 2 COOH

Propanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
ooooo
(33)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Antiseptics, antibiotics, disinfectants and sulpha drugs.
2. Lithium chloride (LiCl) on heating from F-centres after trapping electrons. These electrons help absorb visible
radiation and eventually radiate pink colour light.
3. XeF6 has distorted octahedral shape.
4. Propane 1, 2, 3 -triol.
CH 2 CH CH2
|
OH
OH OH
5. Geometrical isomerism.
6. (a) The value of colligative property decreases.
(b) The value of colligative property increases.
7. (a) For a weak electrolyte, there is a very large increase in the conductance with dilution because as the
conc. of a weak electrolyte is reduced, more it undergoes ionization.
(b)
2
PbSO4(s) + 2e Pb (s) + SO4 (aq)
2
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O PbO2(s) + SO4 (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e
2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O Pb(s) + PbO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + 2 SO24 (aq)
8. (a) Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ because it undergoes a change from d4 to d3 stable state as
compared to Fe2+.
(b) Copper ions are not stable in aqueous solution because in aqueous state they form Cu2+ and Cu+ ions
disproportionately.
9. (a) Atomic number of Ti = 22
Ti3+ = 3d 1.
With an unpair electron present in d-orbital, so it shows colour. Its colour is purple
(b) Triammine triaquachromium (III) chloride.
10. (a) C6H5CHO + CH3CH2CHO
o
NaOH
OH
|
C6 H5 CH CH CHO
|
CH3
~~~~~n
KMnO /H
4
(b) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2CH2COOH
11. (a) Those polymers which can be decomposed by the action of microorganism, bacteria is called
biodegradable polymers. For example : PHBV and halon-2-nylon-6.
(PHBV = Poly-b-hydrobutyrate-Co-b-hydroxy valerate)

(34)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Monomers-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid.

Monomer of nylon-6 is 6-caprolactum
H
N
H 2C
O
C
H2 C
CH2
H 2C
CH2
Caprolactum
CH3
12. (a)
CHCl2
CHO
H2O/Heat
Cl2/hv
373 K
Benzaldehyde
Toluene
(b) CH3CH2CN + C6H5MgBr C6H5 C = (NMgBr) CH2C

C6H5C = (NMgBr) CH2CH3
o C6H5COCH2CH3 + Mg
H 2O
Br
OH
13. (a) Ethyl alcohol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding whereas no hydrogen bonding is present in dimethyl
ether.
(b) The oxygen atoms in ethers have two unshared electron pairs and therefore, the oxonium salts are formed
with acids. Therefore, ethers have high solubility in conc. H2SO4 than water.
(c) Due to formation of hydrogen bonding.
14. (a) Glucose despite the presence of aldehyde group does not react or form any product with NaHSO3.
(b) Essential amino acid : Valine.
Non-essential amino acid : Glycine
(c) Keratin serves as functional protein in hairs and nails while insulin as globular protein helps in glucose
metabolism.
15. (a) In KCN, C acts as nucleophile while in AgCN, N acts as nucleophile, hence both gives different products
with chloromethane.
(b) The population of birds who feed on fishes declined sharply because of DDT which was used as pesticide.
Hence, to cut down this loss, US had banned use of DDT in 1972.
(c) Because of high stability of benzyl carbocation as a result of resonance.
16. (a) Henrys law states that the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure of gas at constant
temperature.
Applications :
(i) The law has been used in producing fizzy drinks where CO2 is dissolved in water under pressure.
(ii) To minimise the painful effects (bends) accompanying the decompression of deep sea divers, diluted
oxygen with less soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas.
(35)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) 0.1 M NaCl has higher boiling point than 0.1 M glucose because NaCl being an electrovalent compound
dissociates immediately when dissolved in water but not glucose.
17. (a) Oxidation :
Reduction :
4Au + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 4Na [Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH

2Na [Au(CN)2] + Zn Na2 [Zn(CN)4] + 2Au
(b) The froth floatation involves the use of heavy oils like pine oil. When the sulphide ores particles are agitated
with oil and water, they with their affinity to heavy oils bind with them.
18.
d =
a3 =
Putting,
ZM
a t NA
3
Z M
4 u 0.027 kg mol1
=
d t NA
2700 kg m 3 u 6.02 u 1023 mol1
= 66.4 1030 m3
a = (66.4)1/3 1010 m
(66.4)1/3 = n
1
1.8222
log 66.4 =
= 0.6074
3
3
n = 4.050
a = 4.05 1010 m
For, fcc
r =
a
2 2
4.05 u 1010 m
= 1.43 1010 m.
2 u 1.414
19. (a) This difference in oxidising power is because of the increasing stability of the members down the series.
(b) Actinoid contraction is greater for element than lanthanoid contraction because of shielding effect of
electrons that elements of actinoids series possess.
(c) Oxanions of metals show higher oxidation states due to the combination of the metal with oxygen, which
is highly electronegative and oxidising element.
20. (a) Pentaamminechloride cobalt (III) chloride
Oxidation state of Co in [Co(NH3)5 Cl] Cl2 :
x+0 1 =+2
x =+3
3+
Electronic configuration of Co = 3d 6.
(b) Trichloridopyridine chromium (III)
Oxidation state of Cr in [CrCl3(Py)3]
x3+0 =0
x =+3
3+
Electronic configuration of Cr = 3d3
(36)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(c) Potassium hexacyanomanganate (II)

Oxidation state of Mn in K4 [Mn(CN)6]
x6 =4
x =+2
2+
Electronic configuration of Mn = 3d 5
21. (a)
H 2O H+ + OH
4OH 2H2O + O2
2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e
Therefore, charge = 4 F
In coloumbs = 4 96500
= 386000 C mol1
(b) In the overall rection zinc has been oxidised and silver reduced.
Zn + Ag2O + H2O Zn2+ + 2Ag + 2OH
Eqcell = Epcathode Epanode
= 0.344 ( 0.76) = 1.104V

DG0 = nF E0cell
= 2 96500 1.104
= 2.1 105 J mol1
22. (a) Chloroxylenol and triphenol.
(b) (i) Most of the drugs taken in doses higher than recommended may causes harmful effects and as
poison. Therefore, a doctor should always be consulted before taking the medicine.
(ii) Artificial sweetening agents are used basically by diabetic patients to avoid excess intake of calories.
23. (a) Synthesis of benzenediazonium chloride
+
NH2
N 2Cl
NaNO2/HCl
0-5C
aniline
(b) Benzenediazonium chloride is not stable at room temperature.

(c) Friendship, use of knowledge of chemistry.
24. (a) Activation energy is lowered by increase in rate of reaction because of catalyst required for the reaction
to occur. Catalysts have similar effect, both on forward and reverse reaction at equilibrium.
(b) (i) Rate of reaction =
(ii) Rate law =
[C6 H12 O6 ] [C6 H12 O6 ]

[C12 H 22 O11 ][H 2O]
% [C6 H12O6 ] %[C12 H 22O11 ]

=
%t
%t
(iii) Molecularity of reaction is two.

(iv) Reaction is first order reaction.
(37)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
25. (a) (i) Bond enthalpy of F2 is lower than that of Cl2 because of its smaller size and higher electronegativity
(ii) PH3 has lower boiling point than NH3 because in NH3 the electron density is maximum on nitrogen
owing to its smaller size than in PH3 which has compraratively lower electron density. NH3 also
formed hydrogen bonding
F
(b) (i) BrF3 =
Br
F
O
(ii) (HPO3)3 =
O
P
OH
HO
O
O
P
OH
O
F
(iii) XeF4 =
Xe
F
26. (a) (i)
CH 3 Br
Methyl bromide
F
+ NaCN
CH3 CN + 4[H]
o
Ethanol
Water
Methylcyanide
o
C2 H5OH
CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
Ethyl amine
OH
NH2
HONO2
(ii)
CH 3 CN NaBr
Warm
NH 2
N2+H2O
NHCOCH 3
NHCOCH 3
NH
Br
(iii)
CH3COCl
CH3
Br2
Base
OH
Br
Hydrolysis
CH3
CH3
CH3
2 bromo 4 Methyl aniline
(b) HNO3 acts as a base in the nitrating mixture used for nitration of benzene and provides the electrophile,
NO2 (nitronium ion).
ooooo
(38)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode, get neutralised and coagulated.
2. n-type semiconductor.
3. ICl is more reactive than I2 because ICl bond is weaker than II bond. Consequently, ICl breaks easily to
form halogen atoms which readily bring about the reactions.
4. 1-Ethoxy-2-Nitrocyclohexane
5. CH3 CH = C CH CH3
|
CH3 Br
6. (a) They will shrink due to plasmolysis.

(b) They will swell and may even burst.
This is because RBCs are isotonic with 0.9% NaCl solution.
7. With increase of temperature, the electrical conduction of metals decreases whereas that of electrolytes
increases.
8. (a) Due to decrease in size and increase in mass.
(b) Because of variable oxidation states exhibited by them.
9. Filled bonding p orbital of CO with empty metal d-orbital resulting in s-bond between metal atom and carbon
atom of CO.Filled metal d-orbital with empty p-orbital of CO resulting in additional p-bond between the metal
and same CO molecule.
10. (a) Phenoxide ion in phenol undergo resonance stabilisation while ethoxide ion does not.
(b) Water is a stronger base than ether and removes the proton from R2OH+.
11. The names and structures of the monomers are :
(a) Buna S : H 2 C CH CH CH 2 and C6 H5 CH CH 2
Styrene
Buta-1, 3-diene
(b) Buna N : H 2 C CH CH CH 2 and CN CH CH 2

Acrylonitrile
Buta-1, 3-diene
(c) Dacron : HOCH 2 CH 2 OH and HOOC
COOH
Ethylene glycol
Terephthalic acid
O
O
C2H 5 C Cl
12. (a)
Benzene
C C 2H 5
Anhyd. AlCl3
CS2
Propanylchloride
Ethylphenyl ketone
O
||
(b) (C 6 H5CH3 )2 Cd + 2CH3 C Cl

Dibenzylcadmium
(c) CH3 C CH
Ethanoyl chloride
o 2CH
o
Hg 2 / H 2SO 4
Dry ether
O
||
3 C CH 2 C6 H5
Benzyl methyl ketone
+ CdCl2
OH
|
CH3 C CH 2
(39)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
13. Mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethonol.

H2SO4 H+ + OSO2OH
Step I : Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of hydronium ion (H3O+)
H
HO H
HOH+H
H
H2C
CH2 + H O+ H
H2C CH3 + H2 O
Carbocation
ethene
Step II : Nucleophilic attack by water on carbocation to yield protonated alcohol.

+
CH3 CH2 + O H
Ethyl
carbocation
CH3 CH2 O H
H
Protonated alcohol
Step III : Deprotonation to form an alcohol.

+
CH3 CH2 O H + O H
H
CH 3 CH 2 OH + H3O
14. (a) Vitamin C is water soluble and hence excess of it is readily excreted in urine, so it cant be stored in our
body and hence, it should be regularly supplied in diet.
(b) On hydrolysis, sucrose gives equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose. Since laevorotatory of fructose
is much more than the dextrorotatory of glucose, therefore, the mixture is laevorotatory.
(c) Lactose.
15. (a) This is done to avoid the reaction of magnesium with water and also to prevent the substitution of halide
group by the hydroxyl group during course of its synthesis.
Cl
(b) in
Because 3 carbocation is more stable than 1 carbocation.
(c) Haloalkanes are more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than haloarenes because
(C X) bond is the more polar in haloalkanes than haloarenes.
16. DTb = 36.86 35.60 = 1.26C
Given,
Kb = 2.02, WA = 8, WB = 100, MB = ?
DTb = Kb m
WB t 1000
DTb = Kb M t W
B
B
DTb = 2.02 t
8 t 1000
M B t 100
1.26 = 2.02 t
8 t 1000
M B t 100
2.02 u 8 u 10
1.26
161.6
MB =
1.26
MB =
= 128.25 g mol1
(40)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
17. (a)
Au2S + 4NaCN 2Na[Au(CN)2] + Na2S

2Na[Au(CN)2] + Zn 2Au + Na2 [Zn(CN)4]
(b) In process of smelting SiO2 is used to remove iron present as impurity.
2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
(c) Iodide ions are used as reducing agent in extraction of zirconium.
Zr + 2I2 ZrI4
ZrI4 Zr + 2I2
18.
4r =
2a
2
ta
4
1.414 t 409 pm
=
4
= 144.58 pm
The catalytic properties of the transition elements are probably due to presence of unpaired electrons in
their incompleted d-orbitals and hence possess the capacity to absorb and emit wide range of energies.
Due to lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids show large energy gap between 4f, 5d and 6s subshells.
Crystal field splitting : In a free transition metal ion all the 5d-orbitals degenerate but when it is involved
in a complex formation, the degeneracy is split.
Linkage isomerism : Isomerism of this type occurs in compounds containing ambidentate ligands.
Ambidentate ligand : Any ligand which has two or more donor atoms but only one donor atom is attached
to the metal ion at a time during complex formation.
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
...(i)
+
Ag + e Ag
...(ii)
+
2+
2Ag + Cu 2Ag + Cu
r =
19. (a)
(b)
(c)
20. (a)
(b)
(c)
21.
E = Epcell
0.0591
[Cu 2+ ]
log
n
[Ag + ]2
0.422 = (EAg + /Ag ECu 2+ /Cu )

0.422 = (0.80 0.34)
o.422 = 0.46
log
0.10
[Ag ]2
0.10
[Ag ]2
0.0591
[0.10]
log
2
[Ag ]2
0.0591
[0.10]
log
2
[Ag ]2
0.0591
[0.10]
log
2
[Ag ]2
= 1.28
= Antilog (1.28)
(41)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
0.10
[Ag ]2
= 0.1950 102
[Ag+]2 =
Ag+ =
0.10
19.5
0.10
= 0.071
19.5
22. (a) Coagulation takes place.

(b) When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, it is scattered and the path of beam becomes
visible.
(c) Electrophoresis takes place.
23. (a) Articles made-up of iron readily get rusted when kept in the open in presence of air and moisture.
(b) Bisphenol.
(c) Electroplating.
(d) Use of scientific knowledge, help of others.
24. (a)
k =
[R ]
2.303
log 0
t
[R]
[R 0 ]
2.303
log
70
40
[R 0 ]
100
2.303
10
log
40
7
2.303
log 1.428
40
= 0.0090 min1
t1/2 =
(b) (i)
Rate law = k[A]2 [B]1

Rate =
(ii)
0.693
min1 = 77 min
0.0090
Rate
Rate
Rate
Rate
d [A]
dt
d [B]
dt
[3A]2
=k
[B]
2
= 9k[A] [B]
= 9 Rate
(iii)
= k[2A]2 [2B]
= 8k [A]2 [B]
= 8 Rate
25. (a) (i) NF3 is an endothermic compound but not NCl3 because F F bond has the minimum bond dissociation
energy.
(ii) Fluorine shows only a negative one oxidation state as compared to other halogens down the group
which shows both positive and negative oxidation state.
(42)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) (i)
C + H2SO4(conc.) CO2 + SO2 + H2O
(ii) P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2

(iii)
Cl2 + 3F2
o 2ClF3
473 K
26. (a) (i) CH3CH2 CN (Propane nitrile) (A)

CH3CH2CONH2 (Propanamide) (B)
CH3CH2NH2 (Ethanamine) (C)
(ii) C6H5CN (Cyanobenzene) (A)
C6H5COOH (Benzoic acid) (B)
C6H5CONH2 (Benzamide) (C)
(b) A

o B o (CC
'
H N)
NH 3
Br2 /KOH
So, the compound C is an amine (NH2) and B must be an amide ( CONH2). Therefore, (C) is
C6H5NH2 (Aniline) and (B) is C6H5CONH2 (Benzamide). Hence, A is C6H5COOH (Benzoic acid)
C6 H5COOH
(A)
~~~n
NH 3
Heat
C6 H5CONH 2
(B)
o C6 H5 NH 2
Br2 / KOH
(C)
oooo
(43)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. vant Hoff factor for a compound which undergoes tetramerisation in an organic solvent.
A4
4A
as
a =
1=
i=
i 1
1
1
n
n=4
i 1
1
1
4
1
4
2. Glycogen.
3. Depressant (NaCN) is used to concentrate galena selectively by froth floatation method.
4. K2 [Ni(CN)4]
5. Phosphodiester linkage
6. (a) Schottky defect
(b) Density decreases
(c) NaCl
(d) No effect.
Tf = ?
7.
DTf = iKf m
T fq Tf = iKf
No. of Moles of solute

Mass of solvent (in kg)
273 Tf = 3 1.86
0.322
0.1
{Na2 SO4 . 10H2O as ionisation a = 1, i = 3}
273 Tf = 17.96
Tf = 273 17.96
Tf = 255.04
F
8. (a) XeF4
(b) H2S2O7
Xe
OH
O
OH
9. (a) Zone refining : In this method, an impure metal rod is placed inside a small high frequency induction
furnace. A narrow zone of metal is melted. The furnace is now slowly moved along the rod. The pure
metal recrystalised out of the melt. The end of the rod where the impurities have collected is cut off. The
method is employed for the purification of Ge, Si, Ga etc.
(44)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Vapour phase refining : It is based on the principle that impure metal should form a volatile compound
with some reagent and that volatile compound should decompose to form pure metal. It is used for Ni, Ti
etc.
10. (a)
Acetone (CH3COCH3)
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
Fehling solution test
CH3 CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH
CH3COCH3 + Fehling solution
CH3COO + Cu2O + 3H2O
No Red ppt.
Red ppt.
(b)
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)
Phenol (C6H5OH)
FeCl3 test
C6H5COOH + FeCl3
3C6H5 OH + FeCl3
(C6H5O)3 Fe + 3HCl
No reaction
Violet Colour
11. (a) (i) Reaction of glucose with HI

CHO
|
(C HOH) 4
|
~~~
n

Heat
HI
CH3 (CH 2 )4 CH3

n -Hexane
CH 2 OH
Glucose
(ii) Reaction of glucose with HNO3

CHO
COOH
|
(C HOH) 4
|
o
HNO3
CH 2 OH
(C HOH) 4
|
COOH
Saccharic acid
Glucose
(b) N-methyl aniline.

12. (a) Biodegradable polymers are those polymers which can be decompose with the help of microorganisms.
Example of Biodegradable polymer is PHBV. Poly b-Hydroxybutyrate co-b-Hydroxy valerate
(b) Nylon-6 is used in the manufacture of sheets, fabrics in the textile industry.
13. (a) H2Te < H2 Se < H2 S < H2O (increasing bond angle)
(b) HF < HCl < HBr < HI (decreasing acidic character)
(c) SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3 < NH3 (increasing basic strength)
14. (a) It is a zero order reaction.
(b) Expression for Time required :
Consider a reaction
A P
Using rate law
R = K[A] = K
d [A]
also
R =
dt
d [A]
dt
=K
d[A] = Kdt
(45)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Integrating both sides
d [A ] =
Kdt
[A]
K dt
d [A] =
0
[A]o
[A]
t
[A]o = K | t |o
[A] [A]o = Kt
[A]o [A] = Kt
t=
15. (a)
[A]o [A]
K
Hydrophobic colloidal sol
Hydrophilic colloidal sol
The colloidal solution in which dispersed phase does The colloidal solution in which dispersed phase have
not have affinity for dispersion medium.
a affinity for dispersion medium.
(b)
Chemical catalyst
Enzymes
Chemical catalyst are the catalyst which catalyse Enzymes are those catalysts which catalys
the chemical reaction and may increase their speed biological reaction and may increase their speed
upto 1010 times.
upto 1020 times.
(c)
Multimolecular colloids
Macromolecular colloids
These are those colloidal in which multiple small Macromolecular colloidal are the colloidal in which
particle aggregate themself in dispersion medium to large size particle decompose in dispersion medium
become particle of colloidal range.
to become particles of colloidal range.
16.
Eqcell = Epcathode Epanode
= 0.34 (0.76) = 1.10 V

Now,
DG = nF Eqcell
DG = 2 96500 1.10
DG = 212300
17. (a) 0.2% of phenol acts as an antiseptic and 1% of phenol acts as a disinfectant.
(b) (i) Broad spectrum antibiotics : These are those antibiotics which are used for wide range of diseases
For example : Chloramphenicol.
(ii) Tincture of Iodine : Tincture of iodine can be define as 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol and
water. It possesses antiseptic property that is applied on wounds, cuts etc.
(46)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
18. (a) Preparation of KMnO4

Step 1. Conversion of pyrolusite ore of potassium manganate
2MnO 2
Pyrolusite ore
+ 4KOH + O2
2K 2 MnO 4
Potassium Manganate
(Green)
+ 2H2O
Step 2. Conversion of potassium manganate to potassium permanganate.

2K2 MnO4
Potassium Manganate
(Green)
+ Cl2
+
2KMnO 4
Potassium permanganate
(Purple)
2KCl
(b) Chemical equation of oxidation of nitrite ion by MnO4 in acidic medium.

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O] 2
NO 2 + H2O NO3 + 2H+ + 2e] 5
2 MnO4 + 6H+ + 5 NO 2 2Mn2+ + SNO3 + 3H2O

19. (a) K3[Fe(CN)6] is more stable than K4 [Fe(CN)6] because of its half filled d-orbital.
(b) Electronic configuration of Cr = [Ar] 3d5, 4s1
3d 5
4s
4p
CO is a strong ligand, so electrons of d-orbital start pairing
3d

4s
4p

CO CO
CO
CO CO CO
6e pair donated by CO
Hybridisation : d2sp3
Magnetic behaviour : Diamagnetic
20. For a solution of CH2FCOOH in H2O.
Let solute (B) and solvent (A)
vant Hoff factor i = ?
as
DTf = iKf m
= i Kf
No. of moles of solute

Mass of solvent (in kg)
19.5 / 24 3 32 14
500 / 1000
1 = i 1.86
1 = i 1.86
19.5 / 78
1/ 2
1 = i 1.86
39
75
i=
1
0.93
(47)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
21. (a)
Aniline
Benzylamine
NH2
CH 2NH2
Bromine Water Test
NH2
NH2
Br
+ 3Br2
CH2 NH2
Br
H2O
+ 3HBr
+ 3Br2
H2O
No Reaction
Br
(White ppt)
.
(b) (i) Sandmeyers Reaction.
N2+Cl2
NH2
NaNO2 + HCl
Cl
CuCl/HCl
+ N2
273 278K
(ii) Coupling reaction of phenol
N2 + Cl + H
OH
OH
OH
N=N
p (Hydroxy azobenzene
(Orange dye)
22. (a) Scurvy.

(b) (i) Does not give 2, 4 DNP reagent reaction.
(ii) Schiff 's reaction
(iii) Does not form addition compound with NaHSO3.
(iv) The pentacetate of glucose does not react with Hydroxylamine.
23. (a) The presence of helium reduces the concentration of nitrogen in blood. Therefore, lesser bubbles are
released and this causes less pain or discomfort.
(b) Henrys law.
(c) Deep down the sea, the pressure is high, on ascending the pressure gets decreased. So the solubility of
nitrogen in blood gets released as bubbles and causes discomfort to the diver.
Values : Use of scientific knowledge, help to other.
(48)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
24. (a)
Molecularity
Order of reaction
1. It is the number of reaction species undergoing

simultaneously collision in the elementary
reaction.
1. It is the sum of the powers of the

concentration terms of the reactant in
experimentally determined rate law.
2. Molecularity never be zero or fractional.
2. It can be zero or fractional.
(b)
SO2Cl2
SO2
Cl2
at initial (t = 0)
0.5 atm
(Pressure at time = t)
0.5 x
at
Total pressure at time t = 0.5 x + x + x
= 0.5 + x
0.6 = 0.5 x
x = 0.1
Pi = 0.5 atm and P(at time 100 sec) = 0.5 x
= 0.5 0.1
= 0.4 atm
As for the first order
t=
100 =
K =
2.303
Initial pressure
log
K
Pressure at time t
2.303
0.5
log
K
0.5 0.1
2.303
0.5
log
100
0.4
2.303 t 0.0969
100
K = 2.23 103 s1
K =
Rate of PTotal
= 0.65 atm
PSO 2Cl2 at total pressure of 0.65

P(SO2Cl2 ) = 2 Pi P
= 2(0.5) 0.65 = 0.35

Rate = K (PSO 2Cl2 ) = 2.23 103 0.35
= 7.8 104 atm s1
(49)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
25. (a) (i) HVZ reaction

CH3CH2 COOH
~~~~~~n CH
(i ) X 2 / Red P
(ii ) H2 O
CH COOH
|
(ii) Cannizzaros reaction

HCHO + HCHO
o
50% NaOH
O3
(b) (i)
O + HCHO
Zn H2O
1, 2 dicyclohexyl ethene
C2H 5
(ii)
CH3OH + HCOONa
Ozonolysis
COOK
COOH
KMnO4
Hydrolysis
KOH/%
Potassium benzoate
(iii) CH3COCH2COOC2H5
Benzoic acid
o
CH3CH(OH) CH2COOC2H5
26. (a) Lanthanoids shows + 2, + 3 and + 4 oxidation state, out of which + 3 is most common. This is because of
a large energy gap between 4f, 5d and 6s sub shells.
NaBH4
(b) (i) 4FeCrO4 + 16NaOH + 7O2
o 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8H2O

Heat
(ii) 5Na2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

(c) The atomic and ionic size decreases with an increase in atomic number. Electrons are added to the
5f sub shell, as a result the nuclear charge increases causing the shell to shrink inwards.
ooooo
(50)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Chloramphenicol.
2. It is due to the fact that alkali metal ions have large size which cannot fit into the interstitial sites.
3. Bi2O3 + 6HNO3 2Bi(NO3)3 + 3H2O
CH3
|
4. CH3 C CH 2OH
|
CH3
5. 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane
6. Sodium chloride depresses the freezing point of water to such an extent that it cannot freeze to form ice.
Hence, it melts off easily at the prevailing temperature.
7. H2O has higher oxidation potential than F ions. Hence, in aqueous solution as compared to F ions, H2O is
more easily oxidised to give O2 gas. Therefore, F2 cannot be obtained by electrolysis of aqueous HF solution.
8. (a) Because the number of unpaired electrons in most of the transition metal ions.
(b) Colour is due to the presence of incomplete d-subshell or unpaired electrons.
9. (a) [Co(NH3)4 (H2O)2] Cl3
(b) Pentaamminechloridocobalt (III) chloride
OCH3
CH3
10. (a)
NOH
(b)
C
H
OCH3
H
11. (a)
C=C
H
F
CH2 = CHCl
Vinyl chloride
(b)
Cl
CF2 = CF2
C=C
F
Tetrafluoroethane
H
(c)
OH and
C=O
H
Phenol
Formaldehyde
12. (a) Cannizaros reaction : This reaction takes place between those aldehydes which having absence of ahydrogen.
2HCHO
o
conc. NaOH
CH3OH + HCOONH
(51)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Acetylation :
o
+ HOC2 H5
CH 3COCl
Ethanol
Ethanoyl chloride
CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + HCl
Pyridine
Ethyl ethanoate
(c) Decarboxylation : Phenol is obtained by decarboxylation of sodium salt of salicylic acid with soda-lime
followed by acidification with dil. HCl.
OH
ONa
COONa
+ 2 NaOH
CaO/%
Dil. HCl
Na2CO3, H2O
NaCl
Sod. Salicylate
Sod. phenoxide
13. (a) CH3CH 2 CH 2 O Na + CH3CH 2 CH 2 Br

1-Bromopropane
Sodium propoxide
O Na +
(b)
o
Heat
Phenol
CH3CH 2 CH 2 O CH 2 CH 2 CH3 + NaBr

1-Propoxypropene
OCH2CH3
Heat
+ CH3CH2 Br
Sod. phenoxide
OH
+ NaBr
Bromoethane
Ethoxybenzene
(c) CH3 CH 2 O Na + CH3 Br

Sodium ethoxide
14.
o
Heat
CH 3CH 2 O CH 3 + NaBr
1-Methoxyethane
DNA
RNA
1. The sugar present in DNA is a-deoxy-D-()ribose.
1. The sugar present in RNA is D-()-ribose.
2. DNA contains cytosine and thymine as pyrimidine

bases.
2. RNA contains cytosine and uracil as pyrimidine

bases.
3. DNA has double stranded a-helix structure.
3. RNA has single stranded a-helix structure.
15. (a)
E E
E
C = O + R Mg X
H
R
OMgX
H3O+
RCH2OH
o CH3CH2O CH2CH3 + H2O

CH3CH2 O CH2 CH3
o CH3CH = CHCH3 + H2O
n CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
(c) CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 CH3CH2OSO2OH ~~~
(b) CH3CH2 OH + HO CH2CH3
Conc. H 2SO4
Conc. H2SO4
H 2O
Heat
(52)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
16. Suppose, the vapour pressure of pure X is px and that of Y is py .

In the first case, mole fraction of X =
3
= 0.75
4
Mole fraction of Y= 1 0.75 = 0.25

By Raoults law,
PTotal = Px + Py = xx px + xy py
550 = 0.75px + 0.25 py
In the second case, mole fraction of X =
4
= 0.80
5
Mole fraction of Y = 1 0.80 = 0.20

By Raoults law,
560 = 0.80 px + 0.20 py
2200 = 3px + py
px = 600 mm
py = 400 mm
17. (a) The chief ore of silver is argentite.

(b) Extraction of Silver : The ore is first treated with sodium cyanide solution and then it is agitated by
passing air through it.
4Ag(s) + 8CN(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(aq) 4[Ag(CN)2](aq) + 4OH
2[Ag(CN)2](aq) + Zn(s) [Zn(CN)4]2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
a3 =
18.
M Z
d NA 1030
93 g mol1 t 2
8.55 g cm 3 t 6.02 t 1023 mol 1 t 1030
a 3 = 3.61 107
a = 3.304 102 pm = 330.4 pm
For body centred cubic
r =
3
a
4
= 0.433 330.4 pm
r = 143.1 pm
19. (a)
5 NO 2 + 2MnO4 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5NO3 + 3H2O
(b)
2K2CrO4 + 2H+ K2Cr2O7 + 2K+ + H2O
(c)
+
3MnO2
4 + 4H 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
(53)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
20. (a) Diammine dichloroplatinum (II).

(b) [Cr(NH3)6]3+
Electronic configuration of Cr = [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Cr3+ = [Ar]3d3
3d
Cr3+
4p
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3 NH3
(ion) =
[Cr(NH 3)6]3+ =
Shape : Octahedral
Hybridisation =
4s
6 pairs of electrons from NH3 molecules
d2sp3
Magnetic behaviour : Paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons.

21. For the given concentration of acetic acid solution,
4.95 t 10 5 S cm 1 t 1000 cm 3L1
K 1000
=
Lm =
C
0.001028 mol L1
Lm = 48.15 S cm2 mol1

a =
-m
-pm =
CH3COOH
Initial conc.
390.5 S cm 2 mol1
= 0.1233
CH3COO + H+
Eq. Conc. C Ca = C (1 a)
K=
48.15 S cm 2 mol 1
0
Ca
0
Ca
1
2
CB. CB
CD 2
=
= (0.001028 mol L ) (0.1233)
C (1 B )
1 D
1 0.1233
K = 1.78 105 mol L1

22. (a) Hybrid propellants : The propellant consists solid fuel and liquid oxidiser.
(b) (i) Antihistamines : The drugs which are used in treatment against allergy.
For example :Diphenyl hydramine.
(ii) Antioxidant : These are those chemical compounds, which makes layers on food material so that
the action of oxygen does not occur on food and these help in its preservation. For example : BHT
(Butylated hydroxy toluene).
23. (a) Values : Friendship / general awareness and
(b) Sleeping pills and transquilizers
(c) Sleeping pills have many side effects. So it is not good for our body. Also, these are habit-forming and
causes addiction. Therefore, it is compulsory to use, sleeping pills under strict supervision of the doctor.
(54)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
24. (a) From first order reaction,

K =
For half life,
2.303
a
log
t
ax
x = a/2
2.303
a
log
a
t1/ 2
a
2
2.303
K =
log 2
t1/ 2
0.6931
K =
t1/ 2
K =
(b) The reaction for decomposition of NH3 is

2NH3 N2 + 3H2
Rate of reaction,
dx
1 d (NH 3 )
=
dt
2
dt
1 d H2
dN 2
=
3 dt
dt
K is rate constant and reaction is of zero order.
dx
d N2
=
K = 2.5 104 M sec1
dt
dt
Rate of reaction,
Rate of production of N2,
dN 2
= K = 2.5 104 M/sec.
dt
Rate of production of H2 is given by

3d (N 2 )
d (H 2 )
=
= 3 2.5 104
dt
dt
= 7.5 104 M/sec.

O
OH
OH
S
25. (a) (i)
26. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(ii)
OH
Cl
O
O
O
H2S2O8
HClO4
(i) As, PH3 has less tendency than NH3 to accept a proton, hence NH3 has higher proton affinities
than PH3.
(ii) Due to tendency of pp pp bond formation.
(iii) Due to small size and electronegativity.
In aniline, lone pair of electrons decreases the electron density on nitrogen while in methylamine. +I effect
of CH3 increases the electron density on N-atom. Hence, pKb of aniline is more than that of CH3NH2.
Ethylamine dissolves in water due to intermolecular H-bonding but in aniline, due to the large hydrophobic
part, it is insoluble in water.
Methylamine being more basic than water, accept a proton from OH ions. These ions combine with
Fe3+ ions present in H2O to form brown ppt. of hydrated ferrous oxide.
Due to dispersal of the positive charge on the benzene.
Because this reaction gives pure 1 amines 2 and 3 amine unreactive with phthalamide.
(b)
OH
ooooo
(55)

EVERGREEN
SERIES

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Chemical adsorption initially increases then decreases with rise in temperature. The initial increase is due to
the fact that heat supplied acts as activation energy.
2. AgBr (Silver bromide)
3. + 1
4. Prop-3-yne-1-ol.
Cl
|
5. CH3 CH CH CH CH3

6. Molarity can change with temperature while molality remains unchanged.
7. (a) It states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual
contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
(b)
p
- b
(CaSO4) =
M 2+ Mp 2
Ca
SO 4
= 119.0 + 160.0
= 279.0 cm2 mol1
8. The irregularities in the configuration are explained on the basis of the concept that half-filled and completely
filled orbitals are relatively more stable than other configurations.
The irregularities in some elements are explained by factor as :
Nuclear-electron attractions.
Inter-electronic repulsions.
Exchange energy forces.
Shielding effect.
9. (a) Potassium trioxilato ferrate (III)

(b) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
O
+ HO NH2
(b) R CH = CH CHO + NH2 C NH NH2
(56)
10. (a)
NOH
+
R CH = CH CH = N NH C NH2

EVERGREEN
SERIES
11. (a) (i) Melamine. (ii) Formaldehyde.

Cl
|
(b) CH 2 C CH CH 2
Chloroprene
~~~~n
Peroxide
Cl
|
(CH 2 C CH CH 2
)n
Neoprene
(c) Natural rubber < PVC < Nylon - 6, 6

O
C
12. (a)
Anhydrous AlCl3
+ C6H 5 COCl
Benzophenone
(i) B2H6, H2O2/OH
(b)
CH2
CHO
(ii) PCC
CH2 CH3
(c)
KMnO4/KOH
Heat
OH
|
13. (a) Propene to propan-2-ol CH3CH = CH2 + H2O CH3 CH CH3
CH2Cl
(b) Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol
CH2OH
+ KOH (aq)
(c) Phenol to salicyaldehyde
OH
CHCl3 + NaOH
OH
ONa
ONa
CHO
CHCl2
NaOH
H3 O
CHO
salicyaldehyde
Phenol
14. (a) Amylose is a linear chain of a-D(+) glucose structure while amylopectin is a branch chain of a-D(+)
glucose structure.
(b) Globular protein having spherical shape.
(c) These are liver and adipose tissue.
15. (a) Due to large van der Waals force of attraction.
(b) Because both sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride are in the gaseous state. They readily leave the
reaction mixture leaving behind the alkyl chloride.
(c) Since C I bond can cleave more readily than C Br.
16.
Number of moles of CH3CH2CHClCOOH =
10 g
122.5 g mol 1
(57)
= 8.16 102 mol


EVERGREEN
SERIES
Molality of the solution =

=
No. of moles of solute

u 1000
Mass of solvent (in grams)
8.16 u 102 mol
1000 g kg1 = 0.3264 mol kg1
250 g
If a is the degree of dissociation of CH3CH2CHClCOOH, then
CH3CH2CHClCOO
0
Ca
CH3CH2CHClCOOH
Initial conc.
C mol L1
At equilibrium
C (1 a)
\
Ka =
or
a =
CD . CD
= Ca2
C(1 D )
(Considering (1 a) = 1 for dilute solution)
3
= 1.4 t 10 = 0.065
Ka
C
0.3264
Calculation of vant Hoff factor :

CH3CH2CHClCOO +
CH3CH2CHClCOOH
Initial moles
1
0
Moles at equilibrium
1a
a
Total number of mole of particles after dissociation = 1 a + a + a = 1 + a
or
H+
0
Ca
H+
0
a
i=
Total number of moles of particles after dissociation

Number of particles before dissociation
i=
1 D
= 1 + a = 1 + 0.065 = 1.065
1
\ DTf = i Kf m = (1.065) (1.86) (0.3264) = 0.65 K

17. (a) It increases the electrical conductivity of the mixture and lowers the fusion temperature of the bath.
(b) Finely powdered bauxite ore is digested with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 473523 K and
3536 bar pressure. Al2O3 is leached out as sodium aluminate (and SiO2 too as sodium silicate) leaving
impurities behind.
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 3H2O (l) 2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq)
The aluminate in solution is neutralised by passing CO2 gas and hydrated Al2O3 is precipitated. At this
stage, the solution is seeded with freshly prepared samples of hydrated Al2O3 which induces the
precipitation.
2Na[Al(OH)4] (aq) + CO2 (g) Al2O3.xH2O (s) + 2NaHCO3 (aq)
The sodium silicate remains in the solution and hydrated alumina is filtered, dried and heated to get back
pure Al2O3.
o
1470 K
Al2O3.xH2O(s)
Al2O3(s) + xH2O(g)
18. Edge length of unit cell a = 4.077 108 cm
r =
a
2 2
4.077 u 10 8
2 2
= 1.441 108 cm
zM
= a3 t N
A
(for fcc z = 4)
(58)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
4 u 108
(4.077 u 108 )3 u 6.02 u 1023
= 10.58 g cm3
19. (a) Due to small size and high electronegativity.
(b) Copper has positive reduction potential and this shows that copper is least reactive metal out of the first
transition series. The high energy required to convert Cu(s) to Cu2+ (aq) is not balanced by its hydration
enthalpy.
(c) In the presence of dilute sulphuric acid, K2Cr2O7 liberates nascent oxygen and, therefore, acts as an
oxidising agent.
Cl
NH3
20. (a)
H3N
H3N
Cl
NH3
Pt
Pt
NH3
H3N
Cl
NH 3
Cl
NH3
(b) cis-platin [PtCl2(NH3)2]

(c) Transition metals have vacant d-orbitals in their atoms or ions into which the electron pairs can be denoted
by ligands containing p-electrons. For example, C6H6, CH2 = CH2 etc. Thus, dp - pp bonding is possible.
21. (a) Cell reaction : Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu ;
n=2
2
Ecell = Eqcell 0.0591 log [Mg ]
2
Ecell = 0.34 (2.37)
(b) Cell reaction : Fe +
2H+
= 0.44
Sn +
103
0.0591
log 4
2
10
0.0591
[Fe 2 ]
log 2
2
[H ]
Ecell = 0 ( 0.44)
2H+
= 2.71 0.02955 = 2.68 V

Fe2+ + H2; n = 2
Ecell = Eqcell
(c)
[Cu
0.0591
[103 ]
log
2
(1)2
0.0591
u (3) = 0.44 + 0.0887V
2
= 0.523 V
Sn2+ + H2;
: Ecell = Eqcell
n=2
0.0591
[Sn 2 ]
log 2
2
[H ]
(59)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
= 0 ( 0.14)
0.0591
(0.05)
log
2
(0.02)2
= 0.14
0.0591
log (125)
2
= 0.14
0.0591
(2.0969) = 0.078 V
2
22. (a) Due to greater intermolecular attraction.

(b) Cottrells smoke precipitator, neutralises the charge on unburnt carbon particles, coming out of chimney
and they get precipitated and settle down at the floor of the chamber.
(c) Adsorption occurs with decrease in entropy, DS ve. As DG = DH TDS and for a process to be
spontaneous DG must be ve. This can be possible only when DH is ve for the process.
23. (a) PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate).
(b) Polyacrylate
CH3
|
(c) nCH2 = C COOCH3
o
Organic
Peroxide
CH3
|
(CH 2 C COOCH 2
)n
PMMA
(d) Rama gives good advise to Jyotsana about the alternate of spectacles.
24. (a) (i) When concentration of A is tripled
Rate = k [3A]2 [B] = 9k [A]2 [B]
i.e., Rate of reaction will become 9 times.
(ii) When concentration of both A and B is doubled
Rate = k [2A]2 [2B] = 8k [A]2 [B]
i.e., Rate of reaction will become 8 times.
(b) For a first order reaction
k =
When t = 40 minutes,
[R]0
2.303
log
t
[R]
[R]0
100
=
100 30
[R]
10
7
k =
2.303
10
log
40
7
k =
2.303
0.1548 = 8.91 103 min1
40
t1/2 =
0.693
k
2.303
log 1.428
40
0.693
8.91 u 103 min 1
t1/2 = 77.78 min

(60)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Cl
Cl
O
25. (a) (i)
Cl
(ii)
Si
O
Cl
Cl
(b) (i) HF does not attack wax but reacts with glass, it dissolves SiO2 in glass present in glass forming
hydrofluorosilicic acid.
SiO2 + 6HF H2SiF6 + 2H2O
(ii) Iodine is covalent in nature, it does not dissolve in water which is polar. In KI solution, iodine reacts
to form KI3 which is ionic in nature.
KI + I2 KI3
(iii) When sodium sulphite is heated with sulphur, we get sodium thiosulphate which is soluble in water
that is why sulphur disappears.
Na2SO3 + S
'

o Na2S2O3
26. (a) (i) CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HCl CH3CH 2 CH 2 N H3Cl

Pr opyl ammonium chloride
C 2 H5
(ii) C2H5
C 2 H5
C 2 H5
N + HCl C2 H5
C 2 H5
N HCl
Triethylammonium chloride
(b) (i) C6H5 NH 2 + CHCl3 + alc. KOH C6 H5 NC 3KCl 3H 2 O

Aniline
Phenyl isocyanide
(ii) C6 H5 N 2 Cl + C2H5OH C6H6 + CH3CHO + HCl + N2
NHCOCH3
NH2
(iii)
+
Aniline
CH3CO
CH3CO
CH 3COOH
Acetic acid
Acetanilide
ooooo
(61)
EVERGREEN MOCK TEST PAPER

EVERGREEN
SERIES
MOCK TEST PAPER

CHEMISTRY
(Class - 12)
1. Pentaamminenitrite-o-cobalt (III).
F
2. F
F
F
Perfluorobenzene
NH2
3.
N2 Cl
+ NaNO2 + 2HCl
273-278 k
Aniline
Cl
HCl
CuCl
+ N2
Benzenediazonium
chloride
Chlorobenzene
4. In face centred cubic arrangement, number of lattice points are :

8 (at corners) + 6 (at face centres)
Lattice points per unit cell = 8
1
1
6u
8
2
5. Electrophoresis : The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field is called
electrophoresis.
6. Step I : Formation of Carbocation
CH3 C CH 2
|
o
H
CH3
CH3
3q Carbocation
(more stable)
Isobutylene
CH3 C CH3 + CH3 CH C H3

|
CH3
1p Carbocation
(less stable)
Step II : Addition of Cl.

CH3 C CH3
|
CH3
o
Cl
Cl
|
CH3 C CH3
|
CH3
7. According to Raoults law the partial pressure of each component is directly proportional to the mole fraction.
For example.Ethyl alcohol and water, Acetone and benzene.
(62)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Positive deviation : For the solution showing this type of deviation the partial vapour pressure of each component
(A and B) of solution is greater than the vapour pressure as expected according to Raoults law. This type of
deviation is shown by the solution in which solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions are stronger than
solvent-solute interaction.
= A
+ B
V.P.
A=
B=
1
0
A=
Mole fraction
B=
0
1
B
A
x , p p x
pA pA
A
B
B B
A B << A A or B B ; A (Solvent), B (Solute)

DHmix = +ve
DVmix = +ve
Example : Methanol + H2O, cyclohexanol + cyclohexane
CCl4 + CHCl3, C2H5OH + H2O
8. (a) Activation energy : The excess energy cover and above the average energy of the reactants which
must be supplied to the reactants to undergo chemical reactions is called activation energy.
(b) Order of reaction : The sum of powers to which the concentration terms are raised in the rate law
equation to express the observed rate of the reaction. (experimentally).
F
9. (a)
(b)
P
H
Xe
OH
OH
Phosphorus acid or
phosphoric acid
H3PO3 (P = +3)
(Dibasic)
F
XeOF4
10. (a) Oxidation number : Elements show variable oxidation states in all the transition series. For the first
transition series, the lower oxidation states especially + 2 and + 3 are more stable than for the elements
of second and third transition series. For example, in cobalt group, cobalt forms a large number of
(63)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
complexes in Co(II) and Co(III) states. But on similar complexes of Rh2+ or Rh3+ and Ir2+ or Ir3+
are known. Within a group, the maximum oxidation state increases as we move from element of first
transition series to second and third transition series. For example, in group 8 iron shows common oxidation
states of + 2 and + but rubhenium and osmium in the same group form compounds in + 4, + 6 and + 8
oxidation states.
(b) Atomic size : The atomic size of 4d series are larger than those of 3d series. However, the elements
of 5d series have nearly the same size as those of 4d series because of lanthanoid contraction.
11. (a) HCHO + CH3CH2MgCl
(b)
Methanal
CH 2 CH3
CH3
CH 3
OMgBr
C = O + CH3MgBr
CH3
~~~~~~
n

H , H 2O
Mg (OH) Cl
C
CH3
CH3
H ,H 2O
Mg(OH) Br
CHO
oxidation
(c)
Propan-1 ol
CH3

o

OH
C
CH3
CH3
2-Methyl propan-2-ol
Propanone
CH2OH
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH
COOH
oxidation
Benzyl
alcohol
Benzaldehyde
Benzoic acid
o 2CH3CHO
C4 H8
o C4H9Cl (Addition of HCl has occurred on A. This implies A is an alkene)
12. (A)
Ozonolysis
HCl
(A)
(B)
C4 H9Cl
(B)
~~~n C H N (Cl in compound B is substituted by NH

NH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
(A)
Cl
|
CH3 CH2 CH CH3

(B)
4 4
(C)
~~~n
HCl
o
NH3
to give C)
Cl
|
CH3CH 2 CH CH3
(B)
CH3 CH 2 CH CH3
|
NH 2
(C)
13. (i) Vitamin A is essential for us because its deficiency causes-Xerophthalmia (hardening of cornea of eye)
and night blindness.
(ii) Vitamin C is essential as deficiency will causes scurvy (bleeding gums).
Sources :
Vitamin A : Fish liver oil, carrot, butter and milk.
Vitamin C : Citrus fruit, amla and green leafy vegetables.
(64)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
14. Name of polymer
Monomer unit/s
Structure
O
||
NH
(CH
)
C
2 5
(a) Nylon-6
Cyclohexane
Condensation polymer
Vinyl Chloride
(b) PVC
(CH 2 CH Cl)
Cl
|
CH 2 CH n
Addition polymer
Propene
(c) Polyprene
(CH 3CH CH 2 )
CH 3
|
CH 2 CH n
Addition polymer
15. (a) Interstitial defect : When some constituent particles, atoms or molecules occupy vacant interstitial
positions, the crystal is said to have interstitial defect.
(b) Doping : The introduction of small amount of impurities like P, As, B into the pure crystal is called doping.
(c) Ferrimagnetism : When the magnetic moments of domains are aligned in parallel and antiparallel directions
in unequal numbers resulting in net magnetic moment we get ferrimagnetism.
16.
Mass of glucose (WB) = 54 g
Molecular mass of glucose (MB) = 180 g mol1
Mass of water (WB) = 250 g
Kf for water = 1.86 K mol1 kg
Applying the formula, DTf =
=
K f t WB t 100
MB t WA
1.86 u 54 u 1000 g kg1
180 g mol 1 u 250 g
= 2.23 K or 2.23 C
Tf = Tf DTf = 0C (2.23C)
Tf = 2.23C
17.
log
E a T2 T1
k2
=
2.303 R T1T2
k1
Ea =
2.303 R T1 T2
log
T2 T2
k2
k1
2.303 8.314 J mol 1K 1 t 650K t 700K

2.39 u 107
. log
700K 650K
2.15 u 108
(65)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
Ea =
19.147 u 650 u 700

(log 23.9 log 2.15) J mol1
50
Ea = 174237.7 (1.3783 0.3324) J mol1

Ea = 174237.7 1.0459 J mol1
= 182235.2 J mol1
Ea = 18224 kJ mol
18. (a) Demulsification : It is the process of decomposing an emulsion back into its constituent liquids. The
demulsification can be done by centrifugation, filtration, boiling, freezing and some chemical methods.
(b) Adsorption isotherm : Adsorption isotherm represents the variation of the mass of the gas adsorbed
per gram of the adsorbent with pressure at constant temperature.
(c) Aerosol : It is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a gas. For example, fog.
19. (a) Electrolytic reduction of Al2O3 :
Cathode : Al3+ (melt) + 3e Al

Anode : C(s) + O2 (melt) CO(g) + 2e
C(s) + 2O2 (melt) CO2(g) + 4e

(b) Isolation of zinc from zinc blende :
Roasting : 2ZnS + 3O2
Reduction : ZnO + C
' 2ZnO + 2SO

o
2
o Zn + CO
1673 K
(c) Monds process for refining nickel :

~~~~~
n Ni(CO)4

Ni(CO4) ~~~~~
n Ni + 4CO
Ni + 4CO
330 350 K
450 470 K
20. Characteristic features of transition elements :

(i) They form coloured compounds.
(ii) They show variable oxidation state.
(iii) They form complexes.
(iv) They show catalytic properties.
(v) Higher ionisation enthalpy.
These elements are called transition elements because of their position between the s- and p-block elements
of the periodic table and they have incomplete d-orbital. Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements
because d-orbital is completely filled in ground state as well as in common oxidation state.
21. (a) Optical isomers
OX
OX
OX
CO
CO
OX
OX
OX
(66)

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(b) Optical isomers
en
en
Cl
Cl
Pt
Pt
Cl
Cl
en
en
(c) Optical isomers
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
en
en
Pt
Pt
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
22. (a)
(b)
(c)
23. (a)
(b)
(c)
Benzyl alcohol or 1-phenyl methanol.

1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethyl propane
1-Chloro-1-phenyl methane
Aspartame and Alitame.
Sucrolose does not contain calories and tastes same as sugar.
Tarun must be a responsible child and take care of his parents. His knowledge related to chemicals is
also good.
24. (a)
(i) Cannizzaros reaction :
HCHO + HCHO
o
KOH(Conc.)
CH 3OH
Methyl alcohol
HCOO K
Potassium formate
(ii) Clemmensen reaction :

RCHO 4[H]
Aldehyde
o
Zn / Hg
HCl
R CH3 + H2O
Alkane
OH
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Heat
~~~~~
n
CH CH CH CHO ~~~
n
l~~~~
~
Ethanal

CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2OH o CH CH CH COOH
CH3CHO
dil. NaOH
CrO3 , H 2SO4
Butanol
(67)
CH3CH CHCHO
But-2-enal
2
2
Butanoic acid

EVERGREEN
SERIES
(iii)
CH2 CH3
COO K
COOH
+
KMnO4 KOH
H3 O
Heat
Ethyl benzene
25. (a)
(b)
Benzoic acid
(i)
XeF4 + SbF5
(ii)
Cl2 + 3F2
[XeF3]+ + [SbF6]
o 2ClF3
537K
(i) N-N single bond is weaker than P-P single bond because of high interelectronic repulsions of nonbonding electrons due to small bond length.
(ii) Due to inert pair effect + 5 oxidation decreases down the group.
(iii) In NO2 there is one electron on N. While in NO+2 there is no electron on N atom and there is a
lone pair of electrons on N atom in NO2 .
+
O=N =O
N
N
O
NO+2 is linear and has bond angle of 180. Because of repulsions by a lone pair of electrons in NO 2 , the
molecule has angular shape and bond angle has been bound to be 115. Hence, the bond angles in NO+2 and
NO 2 are different.
26. (a) (i) Faradays Second Law of Electrolysis : On passing same quantity of electricity through solutions
of different electrolytes the masses of the substances deposited are directly proportional to their
equivalent weights (W1/W2 = E 1/E2).
(ii) Kohlrauschs Law : For an electrolyte Ax By , - pm = x l + y Mp or Leq = M p M p , where Oq
and Oq are limiting ionic conductivities of cation and anion respectively.
(b) (i) Mercury Cell : Anode = Zn container,
Cathode = Carbon rod,
Electrolyte = Paste of HgO + KOH
Cell reaction : Zn + HgO ZnO + Hg
(ii) Faraday Constant : Faraday constant F = 96500 coulombs. It is that quantity of electricity which
deposits one gram equivalent of the substance ore. It is the charge carried by one mole of electrons.
(iii) Primary Batteries : A primary cell is the cell in which the redox reaction occurs only once and the
cell becomes dead after sometime. It cannot used again.
ooooo
(68)

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EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

CBSE - SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - CHEMISTRY

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPER-1

~~~n 2SO (g)

(ii) CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l)

6. Solution containing non-volatile solute freezes at a lower temperature

(b) 3SCl2 + 4NaF

9. (a) Molecular equation :

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

(b) Molecular equation :

8MnO 4 3S2 O32 H 2 O 8MnO 2 6SO 2

10. Sequence of reaction explained as under :

~~~~~~n CH  CH HBr ~~n CH CH Br

2CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 Br 2Na

CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 CH 2 CH 2CH 2 CH3 2NaBr

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

13. It is given that k2/k1 = 10

2.303 t 8.314 350 400

2.303 t 8.314 t 350 t 400

a 3 = 4.722 1023 cm3

a 3 = 47.22 1024 cm3

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

Substituting the values, we get

4.9 t 3.26 1000

Selenium exists as Se8 molecule.

(b) Nitrobenzene to phenol

(c) Aniline to nitrobenzene

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

For making unbreakable cups

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

(7.896 t 105 Scm 1 ) t 1000cm3 L1

= 32.76S cm2 mol1

(b) (i) Acetaldehyde to butane-1,3-diol

(ii) Acetone to propene

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPER-2

2. NH3, Because, it adsorbed at a faster rate and to a large extent.

Quantity of electricity required = 2F

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

They show variable oxidation state.

They are used as catalyst.

They can formed complex compounds.

They are hard.

They have high melting and boiling points.

They are malleable and ductile.

Substituting the values, we get

8 t 6.023 t 1023 t (250 t 1010 )3 cm3

8 t 6.023 t 1023 t 15625 t 10 27

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

-pm NH 4 Cl = M m NH +4 Mpm Cl  129.8 Scm 2 mol 1

-pm NaOH = Mpm Na + Mpm OH  217.4 Scm 2 mol 1

-pm NaCl = Mpm Na + MpmCl  108.9 Scm 2 mol 1

Adding (i) and (ii) and subtracting (iii), we get

-pm NH 4 Cl + -pm NaOH -pm NaCl

= 129.8 + 217.4 108.9

Degree of dissociation may be obtained as under :

(c) PtF6 + Xe Xe+ + PtF6

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

(b) Hydrolysis of cyclohexylmethyl bromide by aqueous NaOH gives cyclohexylmethanol.

(c) Hydrolysis of 1-Bromopentane by aqueous NaOH gives Pentan-1-ol.

EVERGREEN MODEL TEST PAPERS

Butanoic acid (B)

19. (a) Nitrobenzene to aniline

(b) Ethanoic acid to methanamine

~~~~n CH CH HBr n CH CH Br

(7.896 t 105 Scm 1 ) t 1000cm3 L1

8 t 6.023 t 1023 t (250 t 1010 )3 cm3

-pm NH 4 Cl = M m NH +4 Mpm Cl 129.8 Scm 2 mol 1

-pm NaOH = Mpm Na + Mpm OH 217.4 Scm 2 mol 1

-pm NaCl = Mpm Na + MpmCl 108.9 Scm 2 mol 1

~n CH CONH ~~~n

7.80 t (290)3 t 1030 t 6.02 t 1023

ClCH 2 CH == CH CH 2 CH3 CH3 CH == CH CH CH3

~n CH COCl ~~n

~~n CH (CH ) CONH ~n