Section 6 - Combined Stresses PDF

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES
ECCENTRIC LOADING (NORMAL STRESSES)

DESIGN PROBLEM
361.
It is necessary to shape a certain link as shown in order to prevent interference with
another part of the machine. It is to support a steady tensile load of 2500 lb. with a
design factor of 2 based on the yield strength. The bottom edge of the midsection is
displaced upward a distance a = 2 in. above the line of action of the load. For AISI
C1022, as rolled, and h 3b, what should be h and b?
Solution:
F = 2500 lb
Ny = 2
a = 2.5 in
F Fec
=
A
I
For AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi (Table AT7).
sy
Ny
52
= 26 ksi = 26,000 psi
2
A = bh = 3b2
bh 3 b(3b )2
I=
=
= 2.25b 4
12
12
h
c = = 1.5b
2
h
e = a + = a + 1.5b = 2.5 + 1.5b
2
F Fec
=
A
I
(2.5 + 1.5b)(1.5b)
1
26,000 = 2500 2 +
2.25b 4
3b
2.5 + 1.5b
1
26,000 = 2500 2 +
1.5b 3
3b
By trial and error method:
5
b = 0.625 in = in
8
7
h = 3b = 3(0.625) in = 1.875 in = 1 in
8
Page 1 of 133

362.
A tensile load on a link as described in 361 varies from 0 to 3000 lb.; it is machined from
AISI 1045, as rolled, and the lower edge of the link is a = 0.5 in. above the center line of
the pins; h 3b. Determine the dimensions of the link for N = 2 based on the Soderberg
line.
Solution:
Soderberg Line:
1 sm sa
=
+
N s y sn
For AISI 1045, as rolled (Table AT 7).
sy = 59 ksi
su = 96 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 48 ksi
Size factor = 0.85
Load factor (axial) = 0.80
sn = 0.85(0.80)(48) = 32.64 ksi
1
(3000 lb + 0 ) = 1500 lb
2
1
Fa = (3000 lb 0 ) = 1500 lb
2
h
e = a + = a + 1.5b = 0.5 + 1.5b
2
1 ec
sm = Fm +
A I
(0.5 + 1.5b )(1.5b)
1
sm = 1500 2 +
2.24b 3
3b
0.5 + 1.5b
1
sm = 1500 2 +
1.5b 3
3b
1 ec
sa = Fa +
A I
(0.5 + 1.5b)(1.5b )
1
sa = 1500 2 +
3
b
2.24b 3
0.5 + 1.5b
1
sa = 1500 2 +
1.5b 3
3b
1 sm sa
=
+
N s y sn
Fm =
Page 2 of 133

1 1500
1500 1 0.5 + 1.5b
=
+
+
2 59,000 32,640 3b 2
1.5b3
1
0.5 + 1.5b
+
= 7.00
2
3b
1.5b 3
b = 0.53 in
h = 3b = 3(0.53) in = 1.59 in
Use b x h = 9/16 in x 1 5/8 in
363.
The same as 362, except that the load continuously reverses, 3 kips to -3 kips.
Solution:
1
Fm = (3 3) = 0 lb
2
1
Fa = (3 + 3) = 3 kips
2
1 ec
sm = Fm +
A I
(0.5 + 1.5b )(1.5b)
1
sm = 1500 2 +
2.24b 3
3b
0.5 + 1.5b
1
sm = (0) 2 +
=0
1.5b 3
3b
1 ec
sa = Fa +
A I
(0.5 + 1.5b)(1.5b)
1
s a = 3 2 +
2.24b 3
3b
0.5 + 1.5b
1
sa = 3 2 +
1.5b 3
3b
1 sm sa
=
+
N s y sn
1
3 1
0.5 + 1.5b
=0+
2 +
2
32.64 3b
1.5b 3
1
0.5 + 1.5b
+
= 5.44
2
3b
1.5b 3
b = 0.5905 in
Page 3 of 133

h = 3b = 3(0.5905) in = 1.7715 in
Use b x h = 5/8 in x 1 13/16 in
364.
A circular column (See Fig. 8.3, Text), the material of which is SAE 1020, as rolled, is to
have a length of 9 ft. and support an eccentric load of 16 kips at a distance of 3 in. from
the center line. Let N = 3. (a) What should be the outside diameter Do if the column is
hollow and Di = 0.75Do? (b) What should be the diameter if the column is solid?
Solution:
a. Try J.B. Johnson
2
Le
sy
F
k
= se 1 2
A
4 E
For SAE 1020, as rolled, s y = 48 ksi
E = 3010 6 psi
Transition point
1
Le 2 2 E 2 2 2 30 10 6 2
=
=
= 111
k sy
48000
Le = 2L
L = 9 ft = 108 in
Le = 2L = 2(108) = 216 in
I
A
Do4 Di4 Do4 (0.75Do )4 0.6836Do4
I=
=
=
64
64
64
k=
) [
A=
(D
4
2
o
Di2 =
Page 4 of 133
[D
2
o
(0.75Do )2 = 0.109375Do2
0.6836Do4
64
k=
= 0.3125Do
0.109375Do2
16
46.5642
F
2
0.109375Do
Do2
A
se =
=
=
2
2
Le
216 1 19.363
s
48

y
Do2
0.3125Do
1 k
4 2 E 1 4 2 30 103
= se +
Fec
I
Do
= 0.5Do
2
e = 3 in
F = 16 kips
c=
sy
48
= 16 ksi
N 3
46.5642
Do2
16(3)(0.5Do )
= 16 =
+
19.363 0.6836Do4
1

64
Do2
= 16 =
46.5642
Do2
19.363
1
Do2
715.22
Do3
By trial and error method

Do = 3.23 in
k = 0.3125(3.23) = 1.0094 in
Le 2L
216
= =
= 214 > 111
k
k 1.0094
Therefore use Eulers equation
2E
se =
2
L
N e
k
Page 5 of 133
se =
2 (30,000)
216
3
0.3125Do
Fec
= se +
I
16 = 0.20658Do2 +
= 0.20658Do2 ksi
16(3)(0.5Do )
715.22
= 0.20658Do2 +
4
0.6836Do
Do3
64
Do = 3.802 in
Di = 0.75Do = 0.75(3.802) = 2.8515 in
To check:
k = 0.3125Do = 0.3125(3.802) in = 1.188125 in
Le
216 in
=
= 182 > 111
k 1.188125 in
Use Do = 3 13/16 in, Di = 2 13/16 in
b. For solid, also using Eulers equation.
I
A
D 4
I=
64
D 2
A=
4
k=
D 4
k=
se =
se =
64 = 1 D = 0.25D
D 2 4
4
2E
2
L
N e
k
2 (30,000)
216
3
0.25D
Fec
= se +
I
= 0.1322D 2 ksi
16(3)(0.5D )
489
= 0.1322D 2 + 3
4
D
D
64
By trial and error method.
16 = 0.1322D 2 +
Page 6 of 133

D = 3.221 in
k = 0.25D = 0.25(3.221) in = 0.80525 in
Le
216 in
=
= 268 > 111
k 0.80525 in
Use D = 3 in.
365.
The same as 364, except that the length is 15 ft.
Solution:
Eulers Equation:
Le = 2L = 2(15)(12 ) = 360 in
= 16 ksi
e = 3 in
0.6836Do4
64
A = 0.109375Do2
k = 0.3125Do
a. I =
se =
se =
2E
L
N e
k
2 (30,000)
360
3
0.3125Do
Fec
= se +
I
16 = 0.07437Do2 +
= 0.07437Do2 ksi
16(3)(0.5Do )
715.22
= 0.07437Do2 +
4
0.6836Do
Do3
64
Do = 3.624 in
Di = 0.75Do = 0.75(3.624 ) = 2.718 in
To check:
k = 0.3125Do = 0.3125(3.624) in = 1.1325 in
Le
216 in
=
= 191 > 111
k 1.1325 in
Use Do = 3 5/8 in, Di = 2 5/8 in
Page 7 of 133
b. I =
A=
D 4
64
D 2
4
k = 0.25D
se =
se =
2E
2
L
N e
k
2
(30,000)
360
3
0.25D
Fec
= se +
I
16 = 0.0476D 2 +
= 0.0476D 2 ksi
16(3)(0.5D )
489
= 0.0476D 2 + 3
4
D
D
64

D = 3.158 in use 3 3/16 iin
k = 0.25D = 0.25(3.158) in = 0.7895 in
Le
216 in
=
= 274 > 111
k 0.7895 in
Use D = 3 3/16 in.
366.
A link similar to one shown is to be designed for: steady load F = 8 kips, L = 20 in. = 30o;
aluminum alloy 2024-T4; N = 2.6 on the yield strength. It seems desirable for the
dimension b not to exceed 1 3/8 in. Determine b and h and check their proportions for
reasonableness. The support is made so that the pin at B carries the entire horizontal
component of F.
Page 8 of 133

Solution:
Aluminum alloy (2024-T4), sy = 47 ksi

RBH = F sin 30o
FL cos 30o
d
F (L + d )cos 30o
RBV =
d
M = RAd = FL cos 30o
Mc
s2 =
I
h
c=
2
bh 3
I=
12
6M 6FL cos 30o
s2 = 2 =
bh
bh 2
F sin 30o
s1 =
bh
t = s1 + s2
RA =
F sin 30o 6FL cos 30o

+
bh
bh 2
s
47
t = y =
= 18 ksi
N 2. 6
F = 8 kips
3
b = 1 in = 1.375 in
8
L = 20 in
t =
t =
F sin 30o 6FL cos 30o

+
bh
bh 2
Page 9 of 133

6(8)(20)cos 30o
1.375h
1.375h 2
24.75h 2 4h 831.4 = 0
18 =
(8)sin 30o
7
h = 5.877 in 5 in
8
7
5 in
h
= 8 = 4.27
b 1 3 in
8
7
3
Therefore, use h = 5 in , b = 1 in
8
8
367.
A column 15 ft. long is to support a load F2 = 50,000 lb. Acting at a distance of e = 8 in.
from the axis of the column as shown (with F1 = 0). Select a suitable I-beam for a design
factor of 3 based on yield strength. The upper end of the column is free. See handbook
for the properties of rolled sections.
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
Secant Formula
NF ec
L NF
1 + 2 sec e
sy =
A k
2 EI
F = F2 = 50,000 lbs = 50 kips
e = 8 in
N =3
E = 30,000 ksi
depth
c=
2
Le = 2L = 2(15)(12 ) = 360 in
Page 10 of 133
(8) depth
(
)(
)
3(50)
360
3
50
2
sec
48
1 +
A
k2
2 (30,000)(I )
rd
From Strength of Materials, 3 Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-2, pg. 640, select
Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W360 x 51, properties are
A = 6450 mm2 = 10 in2
Depth = 355 mm = 14 in
k = 148 mm = 5.83 in
I = 1.41 x 108 mm4 = 338.8 in4
Substitute,
(8) 14
(3)(50)
3(50)
2 sec 360
48
1 +
2
10 (5.83)
2 (30,000)(338.8)
48 47.08
Therefore suitable wide flange I-beam is W14 x 34 lb. (English units)
A = 10 in2
Depth = 14 in
k = 5.83 in
I = 338.8 in4
368.
The same as 367, except that F1 = 50,000 lb.
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
N =3
E = 30,000 ksi
Le = 2L = 2(15)(12 ) = 360 in
Transition Point
1
Le 2 2E 2 2 2 (30,000) 2
=
=
= 111
k sy
48
F = F1 = 50,000 lbs = 50 kips
Page 11 of 133

Check J.B. Johnson Formula
2
Le
sy
k
Fc = NF1 = sy A 1 2
4 E
NF1
sy =
2
Le
sy
k
A 1 2
4 E
3(50 )
48
2
360
48

k
A 1 2
4 (30,000)
150
48
5.2549
A1
k2
From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-2, pg. 640, select
Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W310 x 21, properties are
A = 2690 mm2 = 4.17 in2
k = 117 mm = 4.61 in
Substitute,
150
48
5.2549
4.17 1
2
(4.61)
48
150
5.2549
4.17 1
2
(4.61)
48 47.8
Check for validity of JB Johnson Formula
Le 360
=
= 78.1 < 111
k 4.61
Therefore, JB Johnson formula is valid and suitable wide flange I-beam is W12 x 14 lb. (English
units)
A = 4.17 in2
k = 4.61 in
Page 12 of 133

CHECK PROBLEMS
369.
A cam press, similar to that of Fig. 19-1, Text, exerts a force of 10 kips at a distance of 7
in. from the inside edge of the plates that make up the frame. If these plates are 1 in.
thick and the horizontal section has a depth of 6 in., what will be the maximum stress in
this section?
Solution:
F Fec
+
A
I
F = 10 kips
6
e = 7 in + in = 10 in
2
6
c = in = 3 in
2
A = 2(1)(6 ) = 12 in 2
I=2
(1)(6 )3
12
= 36 in 4
F Fec
+
A
I
10 (10)(10)(3)
= +
= 9.2 ksi
12
36
370.
A manufacturer decides to market a line of aluminum alloy (6061-T6) C-clamps, (see Fig.
8.4, Text). One frame has a T-section with the following dimensions (letters as in Table
AT 1): H = 1 1/16 , B = 17/32, a = 1/8, and t = 1/8. The center line of the screw is 2 3/8 in.
from the inside face of the frame. (a) For N = 3 on the yield strength, what is the
Page 13 of 133

capacity of the clamp (gripping force)? (b) Above what approximate load will a
permanent deformation of the clamp occur?
Solution:
AA 6061-T6, sy = 40 ksi (Table AT 3)
See Fig. 8.4, (C-clamp) T-section
F Fec
+
A
I
1 ec
= F +
A I
From Table AT 1 (T-section)
A = Bt + a(H t )
I=
Bt 2
ah 2
+ (Bt )d 2 +
+ (ah )e 2
12
12
H = 1.0625 in
B = 0.53125 in
a = 0.125 in
t = 0.125 in
h = H t = 1.0625 0.125 = 0.9375 in
For c1 :
h
t
c1 (Bt + ha ) = t + (ha ) + (Bt )
2
2
0.9375
c1 [(0.53125)(0.125) + (0.9375)(0.125)] = 0.125 +

(0.9375)(0.125)
2
0.125
+
(0.53125)(0.125)
2
c1 = 0.4016 in
c 2 = H c1 = 1.0625 0.4016 = 0.6609 in
Page 14 of 133

t
0.125
d = c1 = 0.4016
= 0.3391 in
2
2
h
0.9375
e = t + c1 = 0.125 +
0.4016 = 0.19215 in
2
2
A = Bt + a(H t )
A = (0.53125)(0.125) + (0.125)(1.0625 0.125) = 0.1836 in 2
Bt 2
ah 2
+ (Bt )d 2 +
+ (ah )e 2
12
12
(0.53125)(0.125)2
(0.125)(0.9375)2
I=
+ (0.53125)(0.125)(0.3391)2 +
12
12
2
4
+ (0.125)(0.9375)(0.19215) = 0.02063 in
I=
c = c1 = 0.4016 in
e = 2.375 + 0.4016 = 2.7766 in
sy
40
= 13 ksi
N 3
(2.7766)(0.4016)
1
= 13 = F
+
0.02063
0.1836
F = 0.218 kips = 218 lbs
a. =
b. = sy = 40 ksi
(2.7766)(0.4016)
1
+
0.02063
0.1836
F = 0.672 kips = 672 lbs
= 40 = F
371.
A C-frame (Fig. 8.5 Text) of a hand-screw press is made of annealed cast steel, ASTM
A27-58 and has a section similar to that shown. The force F acts normal to the plane of
the section at a distance of 12 in. from the inside face. The various dimensions of the
sections are: a = 3 in., b = 6 in., h = 5 in., d = e= f = 1 in. Determine the force F for N = 6
based on the ultimate strength.
Page 15 of 133
Solution:
a = 3 in
b = 6 in
h = 5 in
d = e = f = 1 in
A = fa + dh + (b f d )e
A = (1)(3) + (1)(5) + (6 1 1)(1) = 12 in 2
For c1 :
f
d
b
c1 A = hd + (b f d ) + af b
2
2
2
1
1
6
c1 (12) = (5)(1) + (6 1 1) + (3)(1) 6

2
2
2
c1 = 2.583 in
c 2 = b c1 = 6 2.583 = 3.417 in
Page 16 of 133
j=
6 1 + 1
b f d
b f +d
2.583 = 0.417 in
(c1 d ) =
c1 =
2
2
2
f
1
= 3.417 = 2.917 in
2
2
d
1
m = c1 = 2.583 = 2.083 in
2
2
k = c2
af 3
e(b f d )3
hd 3
+ afk 2 +
+ e(b f d ) j 2 +
+ hdm 2
12
12
12
(3)(1)3
(1)(6 1 1)3
(5)(1)3
I=
+ (3)(1)(2.917 )2 +
+ (1)(6 1 1)(0.417 )2 +
+ (5)(1)(2.083)2
12
12
12
I = 53.92 in 4
I=
For ASTM A27-58 Annealed Cast Steel

su = 60 ksi
su 60
=
= 10 ksi
N 6
Page 17 of 133

1 ec
+
A I
c = c1 = 2.583 in
e = 12 + 2.583 = 14.583 in
= F
1 (14.583)(2.583)
10 = F +
53.92
12
F = 12.789 kips = 12,789 lbs
In the link shown (366), let b = in., h = 2 in., d = 2 in., L = 18 in., and = 60o. The
clearance at the pins A and B are such that B resists the entire horizontal component of
F; material is AISI C1020, as rolled. What may be the value of F for N = 3 based on the
yield strength?
372.
Solution:
Refer to Prob. 366.
F sin 6FL cos
+
t =
bh
bh 2
sin 6L cos
+
t = F
bh 2
bh
For AISI C1020, as rolled, sy = 48 ksi .
sy
N
48
= 16 ksi
3
b = 0.5 in
h = 2 in
L = 18 in
= 60o
sin 60 6(18)cos 60
16 = F
+
(0.5)(2)2
(0.5)(2)
F = 0.574 kips = 574 lbs

373.
The link shown is subjected to a steady load F1 = 2.1 kips; b = 0.5 in., h = a = d = 2 in., L =
18 in.; material AISI 1040, cold drawn (10% work). The dimensions are such that all of
the horizontal reaction from F2 occurs at A; and F2 varies from 0 to a maximum, acting
Page 18 of 133

towards the right. For N = 1.5 based on the Soderberg line, what is the maximum value
of F2? Assume that the stress concentration at the holes can be neglected.
Solution:
b = 0.5 in
h = a = d = 2 in
L = 18 in
F1 = 2.1 kips
=0
(a + L + d )E = aF1 + hF2
E=
aF1 + hF2
a+L+d
=0
Ay = F1 E
=0
Ax = F2
For F2 = 0 :
(2 )(2.1) + 0 = 0.191 kip
E=
2 + 18 + 2
Ay = F1 E = 2.1 0.191 = 1.909 kips
Ax = F2 = 0
M = aAy = (L + d )E
M=
(L + d )(aF1 + hF2 )
a+L+d
F2 = 0
Page 19 of 133
M=
(18 + 2)[(2)(2.1) + 0] = 3.82 in kips

2 + 18 + 2
Let F2 = max F2
Mmax + 3.82
2
(
18 + 2)[2(2.1) + 2F2 ]
Mmax =
= 1.82(2.1 + F2 )
2 + 18 + 2
1.82(2.1 + F2 ) + 3.82
Mm =
= 3.82 + 0.91F2
2
Mm =
Mmax 3.82
2
1.82(2.1 + F2 ) 3.82
Ma =
= 0.91F2
2
Ma =
Fm = Fa = 0.5F2
For SAE AISI 1040 Cold Drawn (10% Work)
sy = 85 ksi
sn = 54 ksi
sn (bending ) = sn size factor = (54)(0.85) = 45.9 ksi
se = sm +
se =
sy
sn
sa
M c F
= m + m
N I
A
sy
sy Ma c Fa
+
+
A
sn I
85 (1.82 )(2.1 + F2 )(1) 0.5F2 85 (0.91F2 )(1) 0.5F2

=
+
+
+
1
1.5
(0.5)(2) 45.9 1
(0.5)(2)
3
3
F2 = 3.785 kips
376.
A free-end column as shown, L = 12 ft. long, is made of 10-in. pipe, schedule 40, (Do =
10.75 in., Di = 10.02 in., k = 3.67 in., Am = 11.908 in2., I = 160.7 in4., Z = 29.9 in3.). The load
completely reverses and e = 15 in.; N = 3; material is similar to AISI C1015, as rolled. (a)
Using the equivalent-stress approach, compute the safe (static) load as a column only.
(b) Judging the varying loading by the Soderberg criterion, compute the safe maximum
load. (c) Determine the safe load from the secant formula. (d) Specify what you consider
to be a reasonable safe loading.
Page 20 of 133
Solution:
For AISI C1015, as rolled.
sy = 45.5 ksi
su = 61 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 0.5(61) = 30.5 ksi
Do = 10.75 in
Di = 10.02 in
L = 12 ft
k = 3.67 in
Am = 11.908 in 2
I = 160.07 in 4
Z = 29.9 in3
N =3
a. As a column only (static)

Le = 2L = 2(12)(12) = 288 in
Le 288 in
=
= 78.5 < 120
k 3.67 in
E = 30,000 ksi
Use J.B. Johnson Formula:
F
s1 =
2
Le
sy
k
A 1 2
4 E
Page 21 of 133

F
s1 =
(45.5)(78.5)2
11.9081
2
4 (30,000)
F
s1 =
9.09
Fe
s2 =
Z
e = 15 in
F (15) F
s2 =
=
29.9 2
= s1 + s2
45.5
F
F
=
+
3
9.09 2
F = 24.863 kips = 24,863 lbs
b. Varying load: Fmax = F , Fmin = F

F F
=0
2
F ( F )
Fa =
=F
2
s
se = sm + y sa
sn
Axial load factor = 0.80
sn = sn size factor load factor = (30.5)(0.85)(0.80) = 20.74 ksi
Fm =
F e F s F e F
se = m + m + y a + a
A sn Z
A
Z
sy
45.5 F (15)
F
se = = (0) +
+
= 2.25F
N
20.74 29.9 1.908
45.5
= 2.25F
3
F = 6.74 kips = 6740 lbs

c. Secant Formula
sy =
Z=
NF ec
L
1 + 2 sec e
A k
2
I
c
Page 22 of 133
NF
EI

I 160.07
=
= 5.354 in
Z
29.9
ec (15)(5.354)
=
= 5.963
k2
(3.67 )2
c=
Le NF 288
3F
=
= 0.11382 F
2 EI
2 (30,000)(160.07 )
NF
3F
=
= 0.252F
A 11.908
NF ec
L NF
1 + 2 sec e
sy =
A k
2 EI
sy = 45.5 = 0.252F 1 + 5.963 sec 0.11382 F
)]
F = 22.5 kips = 22,500 lbs

d. 6740 lbs.
377.
A bracket is attached as shown (367) onto a 14-in. x 193-lb., wide flange I-beam (A =
56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., flange width = 15.710 in., Imax = 2402.4 in4., Imin = 930.1
in4., kmin = 4.05 in.). The member is an eccentrically loaded column, 40 ft. long, with no
central load (F1 = 0) and no restraint at the top. For e = 12 in. and N = 4, what may be
the value of F2?
Solution:
Using secant formula:
NF ec
L NF
1 + 2 sec e
sy =
A k
2 EI
I = Imax = 2402.4 in 4
E = 30,000 ksi
e = 12 in
k = kmax = 6.50 in
Le = 2L = 2(40)(12) = 960 in
Page 23 of 133

Le
= 148
k
N=4
A = 56.73 in 2
depth 15.5
c=
=
= 7.75 in
2
2
For C1020, as rolled, structural steel,
sy = 48 ksi
sy = 48 =
4F (12)(7.75)
460
sec
1 +
2
56.73
2
(6.50)
48 = 0.0705F 1 + 2.2 sec 0.11308 F

F = F2 = 104.9 kips = 104,900 lbs
378.
4F
(30,000)(2402.4)
)]
A 14-in. x 193-lb., wide flange I-beam is used as a column with one end free (A = 56.73
sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., Imax = 2402.4 in.4, Imin = 930.1 in.4, kmin = 4.05 in., length L = 40
ft.). If a load F2 is supported as shown on a bracket at an eccentricity e = 4 in. (with F1 =
0), what may be its value for a design factor of 4? Flange width = 15.71 in.
Solution:
Using secant formula:
L NF
NF ec
1 + 2 sec e
sy =
A k
2 EI
F = F2
A = 56.73 in 2
e = 4 in
flange width 15.71
c=
=
= 7.855 in
2
2
k = kmin = 4.05 in
E = 30,000 ksi
Page 24 of 133

I = Imin = 930.1 in 4
Le = 2L = 2(40 )(12) = 960 in
N=4
s y = 48 ksi
s y = 48 =
4F2 (4)(7.855)
960
1 +
sec
2
56.73
2
(4.05)
48 = 0.0705F2 1 + 0.554 sec 0.18174 F2
4F2
(30,000)(930.1)
F2 = 68.88 kips = 68,880 lbs

379. The same as 378, except that F1 = 0.5 F2.
Solution:
s
L
F ec
= y = 2 1 + 2 sec e
N A k
2
NF2
EI
F1
+
A
F1 = 0.5F2
F
0.5F2
48
= 2 1 + 0.554 sec 0.18174 F2 +
4 56.73
56.73
12 = 0.01763F2 1 + 0.554 sec 0.18174 F2 + 0.008814F2
12 = 0.026444F2 + 0.009767F2 sec 0.18174 F2
By Trial and error:

F2 = 68.56 kips
F1 = 0.5F2 = 34.28 kips
380.
The cast-steel link (SAE 080) shown (solid lines) is subjected to a steady axial tensile load
and was originally made with a rectangular cross section, h = 2 in., b = in., but was
found to be too weak. Someone decided to strengthen it by using a T-section (dotted
addition), with h and b as given above. (a) Will this change increase the strength?
Explain. (b) What tensile load could each link carry with N = 3 based on yield?
Page 25 of 133
Solution:
For SAE 080, s y = 40 ksi
(a) This change will not increase the strength because of increased bending action that
tends to add additional stress.
s y 40
(b) = =
= 13.3 ksi
N
3
Rectangular cross section:
F F
= =
A bh
F
13.3 =
(0.5)(2 )
F = 13.3 kips
T-section:
h = 2 in , b = 0.5 in
A = b(h b ) + bh = 0.5(2 0.5) + 0.5(2) = 1.75 in 2
b
1
c1 A = b(h b ) (h b ) + b + bh
2
2
0. 5
1
c1 (1.75) = 0.5(2 0.5) (2 0.5) + 0.5 + 0.5(2)
2
2
c1 = 0.6786 in
c 2 = h c1 = 2 0.6786 = 1.3214 in
1
(h b) = 1.3214 1 (2 0.5) = 0.5714 in
2
2
b
0.5
f = c1 = 0.6786
= 0.4286 in
2
2
d = c2
b(h b )3
hb 3
+ b(h b )d 2 +
+ hbf 2
12
12
0.5(2 0.5)3
2(0.5)3
I=
+ 0.5(2 0.5)(0.5714)2 +
+ 2(0.5)(0.4286)2
12
12
I=
I = 0.59 in 4
Page 26 of 133

F Fec
+
A
I
c = c1 = 0.6786 in
e = c = 0.6786 in
(0.6786)(0.6786)
1
13.3 = F
+
0.59
1.75
F = 6.941 kips
COPLANAR SHEAR STRESSES

381.
The figure shows a plate riveted to a vertical surface by 5 rivets. The material of the
plate and rivets is SAE 1020, as rolled. The load F = 5000 lb., b = 3 in., = 0, and c = 5 in.;
let a = 3D. Determine the diameter D of the rivets and the thickness of plate for a design
factor of 3 based in yield strengths.
Solution:
=0
For SAE 1020, as rolled.
s y = 48 ksi
s sy = 0.6s y
N=3
Page 27 of 133
1
2
F 2
R = F12 +
5
F2 F1
=
a 2a
F1 = 2F2
[ M
=0
2F1 (2a ) + 2F2 (a) = F (c ) + F sin (2a b)
=0
a = 3D
b = 3 in
c = 5 in
F = 5 kips
F1 = 2F2
4(2F2 )(3D ) + 2F2 (3D ) = (5)(5) + 5 sin 0 o (6D 3)
30F2 D = 25
5
F2 =
6D
5 5
F1 = 2F2 = 2 =
6D 3D
A=
=
=
D2
R
A
s sy
N
0.6s y
N
Page 28 of 133
0.6 sy
N
R
A
1
2 F 2 2
F1 +
5
0.6 sy
=
N
A
1
0.6(48)
=
3
5 2 5 2 2
+
3D 5
D2
2.778 2
2 + 1
D
9. 6 =
0.7854D 2
5
D = 0.625 in = in
8
For thickness of plate, t .
A = Dt
R
=
A
1
2
2
5 2 5 2 2 5
5 2
R = + =
+
= 2.85 kips
3D 5
3(0.625) 5
s
R
= y =
N Dt
48
2.85
=
3 0.625t
1
t = 0.285 in = in
4
382.
The same as 383, except that = 30o.
Page 29 of 133
Solution:
2
F
F
R = F12 + 2F1 cos120o
5
5
2 F 2
2
F
R = F1 + + 2F1 cos 60o
5
5
MC = 0
2F1 (2a ) + 2F2 (a) = F (c ) + F sin (2a b)
4(2F2 )(3D ) + 2F2 (3D ) = 5 cos 30 o (5) + 5 sin 30 o (6D 3)

30F2 D = 21.65 + 7.5(2D 1) = 15D + 14.15
15D + 14.15
F2 =
30D
0.472
F2 = 0.5 +
D
0.472
0.944
F1 = 2F2 = 2 0.5 +
=1+
D
D
R
=
A
s
0.6s y
= sy =
N
N
0.6 sy
N
R
A
1
2 F 2
2
F
o
F1 + + 2F1 cos 60
0.6 sy
5
5
=
N
A
Page 30 of 133

1
0.6(48)
=
3
0.944 2 5 2 0.944 5
2
o
+ + 21 +
cos 60
1 +
D 5
D 5
2
D
4
1
0.944 2
2
0.944
o
1
+
+
1
+
2
1
+
cos
60
D
D
9. 6 =
2
0.7854 D
By trial and error method. D = 0.641 in
5
Say D = 0.625 in = in (same as 381).
8
For t .
1
0.944 2
2
0.944
o
R = 1 +
+ 1 + 21 +
cos 60
D
D
0.944 2
2
0.944
o
R = 1 +
+ 1 + 21 +
cos 60 = 3.1325 in
0.625
0.625
R
=
A
s
R
= y =
N Dt
48 3.1325
=
3 0.625t
5
t = 0.31325 in = in
16
383.
Design a riveted connection, similar to that shown, to support a steady vertical load of F
= 1500 lb. when L = 18 in. and = 0o. Let the maximum spacing of the rivets, horizontally
and vertically, be 6D, where D is the diameter of the rivet; SAE 1020, as rolled, is used
for all parts; N = 2.5 based on yield. The assembly will be such that there is virtually no
twisting of the channel. The dimensions to determine at this time are: rivet diameter
and minimum thickness of the plate.
Page 31 of 133
Solution:
= 0 o , a = b = 6D
1
(6D ) = 3D
2
F
R = F1 +
4
R
=
A
For SAE 1020, as rolled, s y = 48 ksi .
c=
N = 2.5
s sy = 0.6s y
s sy
N
0.6s y
N
0.6(48)
= 11.52 ksi
2.5
4F1c = F (L + c )
4F1 (3D ) = 1.5(18 + 3D )
0.375(6 + D )
F1 =
D
0.375(6 + D ) 1.5 2.25
R=
+
=
+ 0.75
D
4
D
1
A = D 2
4
Page 32 of 133
R
A
2.25
+ 0.75
11.52 = D
1 2
D
4
11
D = 0.6875 in = in
16
sy
R
N A
2.25
+ 0.75
48
= D
2.5
Dt
2.25
+ 0.75
0
.
6875
19.2 =
0.6875t
5
t = in
16
384.
Solution:
= 11.52 ksi , = 19.2 ksi
Page 33 of 133

2
F
F
R
+ + 2F1 cos 45 o
4
4
4F1 (3D ) = F cos (L + 3D ) = 1.5 cos 45 o (18 + 3D )
0.2652(6 + D )
F1 =
d
2
= F12
0.2652(6 + D ) 1.5
0.2652(6 + D ) 1.5
o
R =
+
+ 2
cos 45
D
D
4
2
0.2652(6 + D )
6+D
R2 =
+ 0.140625 + 0.140625
D
2
0.84375
6+D
R = 0.0703
+ 0.28125
+
D
D
R
=
A
2
1
2
2
0.84375
6+D
+ 0.28125
0.0703
+
D
D
11.52 =
1 2
D
4
D = 0.594 in
19
say D = in = 0.59375 in
32
1
2
2
0.84375
6 + 0.59375
R = 0.0703
+ 0.28125 = 3.221 kips
+
0.59375
0.59375
R
=
Dt
R
19.2 =
Dt
3.221
19.2 =
0.59375t
t = 0.2815 in
say t =
385.
1
in .
4
The plate shown (381) is made of SAE 1020 steel, as rolled, and held in place by five
in. rivets that are made of SAE 1022 steel, as rolled. The thickness of the plate is in., a
= 2 in., c = 6 in., b = 4 in., and = 0. Find the value of F for a design factor of 5 based
on the ultimate strength.
Page 34 of 133
Solution:
Plate, SAE 1020, as rolled (Table AT 7)
su = 65 ksi
su 65
=
= 13 ksi
N
5
R = Dt
3 1
R = (13)( ) = 15.3 kips
4 2
Rivets, SAE 1022, as rolled (Table AT 7)

s su = 54 ksi
s
54
= su = = 10.8 ksi
N
5
3 2

D 2
4
R =
= 10.8 = 4.77 ksi
4
4
use R = 4.77 ksi

From 381.
1
2
F 2
R = F12 +
5
F1 = 2F2
2F1 (2a ) + 2F2 (a ) = Fc
2(2F2 )(2 )(2.5) + 2F2 (2.5) = F (6)
25F2 = 6F
F2 = 0.24F
F1 = 2(0.24F ) = 0.48F
2
R = (0.48F )
2
F
+ = (4.77 )2
5
F = 9.173 kips = 9,173 lbs

Page 35 of 133
386.
Solution:
R = 4.77 kips
F
R = F1 +
5
F1 = 2F2
2F1 (2a) + 2F2 (a ) = F (2a b)
2(2F2 )(2 )(2.5) + 2F2 (2.5) = F [2(2.5) 4]
25F2 = F
F2 = 0.04F
F1 = 0.08F
F
R = 4.77 = 0.08F +
5
F = 17 ,000 lbs
Page 36 of 133

387.
The plate shown is made of AISI 1020 steel, as rolled, and is fastened to an I-beam (AISI
1020, as rolled) by three rivets that are made of a steel equivalent to AISI C1015, cold
drawn. The thickness of the plate and of the flanges of the I-beam is in., the diameter
of the rivets is in., a = 8.5 in., b = 11.5 in. and c = 4.5 in., d = 4 in. For F2 = 0, calculate
the value of F1 for N = 2.5 based on yield strength.
Solution:
3
D = in
4
1
t = in
2
a = 8.5 in
b = 11.5 in
c = 4.5 in
d = 4 in
Plate, AISI 1020 Steel, as rolled, s y = 48 ksi
Rivet, AISI C1015, cols drawn, s sy = 0.6(63) = 37.8 ksi
sy
48
= 19.2 ksi
N 2.5
s
37.8
= sy =
= 15.12 ksi
N
2.5
3 1
R = (Dt ) = 19.2( ) = 22.6 kips
4 2
D 2
R =
4
3
= 15.12 = 6.68 kips
4 4
D 2
Use R =
4
3
= 15.12 = 6.68 kips
4 4
F2 = 0 ,
Page 37 of 133
d
2
4
2
= 2.5 in
c
3
2 = +
4. 5
2 = +
F
F
=
2c

3
F 2c
F =
3
c
2c
F1 a + = 2F + F
3
3
2(4.5)
F
4. 5
3
F1 8.5 +
= 2F (2.5) +
3
2. 5
F1 = 0.86F
F
F= 1
0.86
c3
cos =
4. 5 3
cos =
= 0.60
2. 5
2
F
F
R 2 = F 2 + 1 + 2F 1 cos
3
3
2
F F
F F
R = 1 + 1 + 2 1 1 (0.60)
0.86 3
0.86 3
2
Page 38 of 133

R = 1.389F1
R = 6.68 kips = 1.389F1
F1 = 4.8 kips .
388.
The same as 387, except that F1 = 0, and the value of F2 is calculated.
Solution:
R = 6.68 kips
R=F+
F2
3
F
(2c 3)
c 2c
F2 b = F + 2F
3 3
F =
4.5 2(4.5) 2F (2.5)2
F2 11.5
+
=F
3 3 2(4.5)
3
F2 = 0.7167F
Page 39 of 133

0.7167F
= 1.24F
3
6.68 = 1.24F
F = 5.387 kips
R =F +
NORMAL STRESSES WITH SHEAR

DESIGN PROBLEMS
The bracket shown is held in place by three bolts as shown. Let a = 5 in., = 30o, F =
1500 lb.; bolt material is equivalent to C1022, as rolled. (a) Compute the size of the bolts
by equation (5.1), Text. (b) Assuming that the connecting parts are virtually rigid and
that the initial stress in the bolts is about 0.7sy, compute the factor of safety by (i) the
maximum shear stress theory, (ii) the octahedral shear theory. (c) Compute the
maximum normal stress.
389.
Solution:
3
(a) Eq. 5-1, Fe =
[ M
corner
=0
s y As 2
6
, D < in
4
2FA (9 ) + FB (3) = F sin (3) + F cos (a )
18FA + 3FB = (1500) sin 30 o (3) + (1500) cos 30 o (5.25)

18FA + 3FB = 9070 lbs
FA FB
=
9
3
FA = 3FB
Page 40 of 133

18FA + FA = 9070 lbs
FA = 477.4 lbs
Fe = FA
For C1022, as rolled, s y = 52,000 psi

3
Fe =
s y As 2
6
3
52,000 As 2
Fe = 477.4 =
6
2
As = 0.1448 in
Select
Say D =
1
in , UNC, As = 0.1419 in 2
2
Fe
+ si
A
477.4
st =
+ 0.7(52,000) = 39,764 psi
0.1419
(b) st =
ss =
F cos 3 (1500) cos 30 o 3

=
= 3052 psi
As
0.1419
(i)
Maximum shear theory

1
1 s
=
N s y
ss
+
s 2
y
2
2
= 39,764 + 3052
52,000 52,000
N = 1.293
(ii)
Octahedral shear theory

1
1 s
=
N s y
ss
+
s
3
y
2
2
2
2
= 39,764 + 3052
52,000 52,000 3
N = 1.296
(c) Maximum normal stress = 39,764 psi.

390.
For the mounted bracket shown, determine the rivet diameter (all same size) for N = 3,
the design being for the external loading (initial stress ignored); F = 2.3 kips, = 0, c = 17
in., a = 1 in., b = 14 in.; rivet material is AISI 1015, as rolled. Compute for (a) the
maximum shear theory, (b) the maximum normal stress theory, (c) the octahedral shear
theory.
Page 41 of 133
Solution:
F2
F
= 1
a a+b
F2
F1
=
1.5 1.5 + 14.5
F2 = 0.09375F1
2F1 (a + b) + F2 (a ) = Fc
2F1 (1.5 + 14.5) + 0.09375F1 (1.5) = (2.3)(17 )
F1 = 1.2165 kips
F1 1.2165
=
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ss =
=
=
ksi
3 A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. s y = 45.5 ksi
s=
(a) Maximum shear theory

1
1 s
=
N sy
ss 2
+
s
ys
s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(45.5) = 22.75 ksi
2
Page 42 of 133

1
2
2
1 1.2165 0.7667 2
=
+

3 45.5A 22.75A
A = 0.1291 in 2
D 2
= 0.1291 in 2
4
D = 0.4054 in
3
say D = in
8
A=
2
2 1.2165 1.2165 2 0.7667 2 1.5869
s s
(b) = + + s s2 =
+
+
=
2 2
2A
A
2 A A
1
=
N sy
sy
N
1.5869 45.5
=
A
3
A = 0.1046 in 2
A=
D 2
= 0.1046 in 2
4
D = 0.365 in
3
say D = in
8
(c) s ys =
sy
45.5
3
= 26.27 ksi
1
2
1 1.2165 0.7667 2
=
+
3 45.5A 26.27 A
A = 0.11874 in 2
A=
D 2
= 0.11874 in 2
4
D = 0.3888 in
3
say D = in
8
Page 43 of 133

392.
The same as 390, except that the two top rivets are 2 in. long and the bottom rivet is 1
in. long.
Solution:
2
a
2
1.5
=
=
1
a+b
1
1.5 + 14.5
2 = 0.093751
F2 (1.25) = 0.09375(2)F1
F2 = 0.15F1
2F1 (a + b) + F2 a = Fc
2F1 (16) + 0.15F1 (1.5) = (2.3)(17 )
F1 = 1.2133 kips
F1 1.2133
=
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ss =
=
=
ksi
3 A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. s y = 45.5 ksi
s=
Page 44 of 133

(b) Maximum shear theory
1
1 s
=
N sy
ss 2
+
s
ys
s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(45.5) = 22.75 ksi
2
1
2
2
1 1.2133 0.7667 2
=
+

3 45.5 A 22.75A
A = 0.1289 in 2
D 2
= 0.1289 in 2
4
D = 0.4051 in
3
say D = in
8
A=
2
2 1.2133 1.2133 2 0.7667 2 1.5843
s s
+
(b) = + + s s2 =
+
=
2 2
2A
A
2 A A
1
=
N sy
sy
N
1.5843 45.5
=
A
3
A = 0.1045 in 2
D 2
= 0.1045 in 2
4
D = 0.3648 in
3
say D = in
8
A=
(c) s ys =
sy
45.5
3
= 26.27 ksi
1
2
1 1.2133 0.7667 2
=
+
3 45.5 A 26.27 A
A = 0.1186 in 2
Page 45 of 133

D 2
= 0.1186 in 2
4
D = 0.3886 in
3
say D = in
8
A=
393.
The same as 390, except that the load is applied vertically at B instead of at A; let AB = 8
in. The two top rivets are 12 in. apart.
Solution:
b
= 6 +
3
2
14.5
3
= 7.705 in
2 = 62 +
F1
F2
2b 3
2b F 2(14.5) F1
F2 = 1 =
= 1.2546F1
3 3 7.705
Page 46 of 133

2b
F (8) = 2F1 + F2
3
2(14.5)
3
(2.3)(8) = 2F1 (7.705) + 1.2546F1

F1 = 0.6682 kips
cos =
6
= 0.7787
7.705
2
F
F
R 2 = F12 + + 2F1 cos
3
3
2
2.3
2.3
R = (0.6682) +
+ 2(0.6682)
(0.7787 )
3
3
R = 1.3536 kips
R 1.3536
ss = =
ksi
A
A
2
1
s
(a) =
N sy
ss
+
s
ys
From Problem 390.

1.2165
s=
ksi
A
s y = 45.5 ksi
s ys = 22.75 ksi
N=3
1
2
2
1 1.2165 1.3536 2
=
+

3 45.5A 22.75A
A = 0.1957 in 2
D 2
= 0.1957 in 2
4
D = 0.5 in
1
say D = in
2
A=
2
2 1.2165 1.2165 2 1.3536 2 2.10
s s
(b) = + + s s2 =
+
+
=
2 2
2A
A
2 A A
1
=
N sy
Page 47 of 133

sy
N
2.10 45.5
=
A
3
A = 0.1385 in 2
A=
D 2
= 0.1385 in 2
4
D = 0.42 in
7
say D = in
16
(c) s ys = 26.27 ksi

1
2
1 1.2165 1.3536 2
=
+
3 45.5A 26.27 A
A = 0.1742 in 2
D 2
= 0.1742 in 2
4
D = 0.471 in
1
say D = in
2
A=
394.
The bracket shown is made of SAE 1020, as rolled, and the rivets are SAE 1015, cold
drawn. The force F = 20 kips, L = 7 in., and = 60o. Let the design factor (on yield) be 2.
(a) Determine the thickness t of the arm. (b) Compute the rivet diameter by both
maximum shear and octahedral shear theories and specify a standard size. (c) Decide
upon a proper spacing of rivets and sketch the bracket approximately to scale. Is some
adjustment of dimensions desirable? Give suggestions, if any. (No additional calculations
unless your instructor asks for a complete design.)
Solution:
Bracket: SAE 1020, as rolled, s y = 48 ksi
Rivets: SAE 1015, cold drawn, s y = 63 ksi
Page 48 of 133

N=2
(a) Bracket.
(F cos )(L ) 4
F sin
2
s=
+
A
I
A = 4t
t (4)3
I=
= 5.333t
12
48 20 sin 60 o
20 cos 60 o (7 )(2)
=
+
N
2
4t
5.333t
t = 1.275 in
1
say t = 1 in
4
s=
sy
(b)
F2 F1
=
2 6
F1 = 3F2
(
)
3(3F )(6) + 2F (2 ) = (20)(cos 60 )(7 ) + (20)(sin 60 )(3)
3F1 (6) + 2F2 (2) = F cos 60o (L ) + F sin 60 o (3)
o
F2 = 2.10 kips
F1 = 3F2 = 3(2.10) = 6.31 kips
F cos 20 cos 60 2
=
=
5A
5A
A
F1 F sin 60 6.31 20 sin 60 9.774
s= +
=
+
=
A
5A
A
5A
A
ss =
1 s
=
N sy
ss
+
s
ys
s y = 63 ksi
Max. shear: s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(63) = 31.5 ksi

1
2
2
1 9.774 2 2
=
+

2 63A 31.5A
A = 0.3353 in 2
Page 49 of 133
A=
D 2
= 0.3353 in 2
4
D = 0.653 in
3
say D = in
4
Octahedral shear, s ys =
sy
63
3
1
2
2
1 9.774 2 2
=
+

2 63A 36.37 A
A = 0.3292 in 2
A=
D 2
= 0.3292 in 2
4
D = 0.6474 in
3
say D = in
4
(c) Spacing
F cos
5(S D )t
t = 1.5 in , s y = 48 ksi
D = 0.75 in
F = 20 kips
sy
F cos
N 5(S D )t
48
20 cos 60
=
2 5(S 0.75)(1.5)
S = 0.806 in
7
use S = in adjust to 2 in
8
Page 50 of 133
= 36.37 ksi
Adjust spacing to 2 in from 7/8 in as shown.

CHECK PROBLEMS
396.
(a) If the rivets supporting the brackets of 390 are 5/8 in. in diameter, = 0, c = 14 in. a =
2 in., and b = 18 in., what are the maximum tensile and shear stresses in the rivets
induced by a load of F = 10 kips. (b) For rivets of naval brass, hard, compute the factor
of safety by maximum shear and octahedral shear theories (initial tension ignored).
Solution:
Page 51 of 133
F2
F
= 1
a a+b
F2
F
= 1
2 2 + 18
F2 = 0.1F1
2F1 (a + b) + F2 (a ) = Fc
2F1 (2 + 18) + 0.1F1 (2) = (10)(14)
F1 = 3.8425 kips
F1
F
3.8425
= 1 =
= 12.525 ksi
A
(0.625)2
D2
4
4
F
F
10
ss =
=
=
= 10.865 ksi
3A
2

2
3 D
3 (0.625)
4
4
s=
s 2 2 2 12.525 2
2
2
(a) = + s s =
+ (10.865) = 12.541 ksi
2
2
2 12.525 12.525 2
2
s s
2
= + + s s2 =
+
+ (10.865) = 18.804 ksi
2 2
2
(b) Naval Brass, hard, s y = 48 ksi .

1
1 s
=
N sy
ss 2
+
s
ys
Max. shear theory; s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(48) = 24 ksi
2
Page 52 of 133

1
2
2
1 12.525 10.865 2
=
+

N 48 24
N = 1.914
Octahedral shear theory; s ys =
sy
3
48
3
= 27.71 ksi
1
2
2
1 12.525 10.865 2
=
+

N 48 27.71
N = 2.123
397.
The same as 396, except that the two top rivets are in. in diameter and the bottom
one is in. in diameter.
Solution:
a+b
a
2 =
1
a+b
F2
a F1
=
A2 a + b A1
a
Page 53 of 133

2
a D2
F2 =
F1
a + b D1
2
2 0. 5
F2 =
F1 = 0.0444F1
2 + 18 0.75
2F1 (a + b) + F2 (a ) = Fc
2F1 (2 + 18) + 0.0444F1 (2) = (10)(14)
F1 = 3.492 kips
F1
3.492
=
= 7.9043 ksi
A1
(0.75)2
4
F
10
ss =
=
= 9.26 ksi
2 A1 + A2

2
2
2 (0.75) + (0.50)
4
4
s=
s 2 2 2 7.9043 2
2
2
(a) = + s s =
+ (9.26) = 10.068 ksi
2
2
2
2 7.9043 7.9043 2
2
s s
2
= + + s s2 =
+
+ (9.26) = 14.02 ksi
2 2
2
1
s
(b) =
N sy
ss 2
+
s
ys
Max. shear theory; s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(48) = 24 ksi
2
1
2
2
1 7.9043 9.26 2
=
+

N 48 24
N = 2.384

1
2
2
1 7.9043 9.26 2
=
+

N 48 27.71
N = 2.684
Page 54 of 133
sy
3
48
3
= 27.71 ksi

398.
What static load F may be supported by the -in. rivets shown, made of cold-finished
C1015, with N = 3; = 0, a = 1 , b = 9, c = 14, f = 9, g = 12 in.? Count on no help from
friction and ignore the initial tension. Check by both maximum shear and octahedral
shear theories.
Solution:
For cold-finished, C1015, s y = 63 ksi .
F1
F
= 2
a+b a
F1
F
= 2
1.5 + 9 1.5
F1 = 7F2
= 0o
3F1 (a + b) + F2 a = Fc
3(7F2 )(1.5 + 9 ) + F2 (1.5) = F (14)
F2 = 0.0631F
F1 = 7F2 = 0.4417F
s=
F1 0.4417F
=
=F
A (0.75)2
4
Page 55 of 133
ss =
F
F
=
= 0.5659F
4A

2
(
)
4 0.75
4
1
1 s
=
N sy
2
2
ss 2
+
s
ys
Max. shear theory; s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(63) = 31.5 ksi
1
2
2
1 F 0.5659F 2
= +

3 63 31.5
F = 13.9 kips
sy
3
63
3
= 36.37 ksi
1
2
2
1 F 0.5659F 2
= +

3 63 36.37
F = 15 kips
399.
The 2-in., UNC cap screw shown has been subjected to a tightening torque of 20 in-kips.
The force F = 12 kips, = 60o, and Q = 0; L = 24 in., a = 20 in., b = 15 in.; screw material is
AISI C1137 as rolled. (a) What is the approximate initial tightening load? (b) What is the
increase in this load caused by the external force F if the bar is 8 in. wide and 2 in. thick
and the unthreaded shank of the screw is 2 in. long? (See 5.9, Text.) (c) What are the
maximum tensile and shear stresses in the bolt? (d) Compute the factor of safety from
maximum normal stress, maximum shear, and octahedral shear theories.
Solution:
(a) T = CDFi
C = 0.2
D = 2 in
T = 20 in kips
20 = 0.2(2)Fi
Page 56 of 133

Fi = 50 kips
(b) = 60 o
Fe (L a ) = F cos 60 o (a )
Fe (24 20) = 12 cos 60 o (20)

Fe = 30 kips
kb
Fb = Fe
kb + kc
AE
kb = s
Lb
AE
kc = c
Lc
For 2-UNC
As = 2.50 in 2
Width across flat = 3 in.
2.5E
kb =
= 1.25E
2
kc = 4
(3)2 E
2
= 3.5343E
1.25E
Fb = (30)
= 7.84 kips
1.25E + 3.5343E
F + Fb 50 + 7.84
(c) s = i
=
= 23.14 ksi
As
2.50
ss =
F sin 12 sin 60o

=
= 4.16 ksi
As
2.5
1
s 2
2 23.14 2
2
2
= + ss2 =
+
(
4
.
16
)
= 12.3 ksi
2
2
2
2 23.14 23.14 2
2
s s
2
2
= + + s s =
+
+ (4.16) = 23.87 ksi
2 2
2
(d) For C1137, as rolled, s y = 55 ksi
sy
N
23.87 =
55
N
Page 57 of 133

N = 2.304
Maximum Shear:
0.5sy
=
N
0.5(55)
12.3 =
N
N = 2.236
Octahedral shear, s ys =
sy
3
55
3
= 31.75 ksi
1 s
=
N sy
2
2
ss 2
+
s
ys
1
2
2
1 23.14 4.16 2
=
+

N 55 31.75
N = 2.269
400.
The plate shown is attached by three -in., UNC cap screws that are made of ASTM
A325, heat-treated bolt material; L = 26 in., a = 6 in., b = 4 in., = 0. The shear on the
screws is across the threads and they have been tightened to an initial tension of 0.6sp
(sp = proof stress, 5.8, Text). Which screw is subjected to (a) the largest force, (b) the
largest stress? What safe static load can be supported by the screws for N = 1.5 based
on the Hencky-Mises criterion?
Solution:
For ASTM A325, Heat-Treated, -in. UNC
s y = 88 ksi
s p = 85 ksi
si = 0.6s p = 0.6(85) = 51 ksi
Page 58 of 133
b a
2 3
= 2.83 in
4
2
6
3
2 = + = +
(a) Largest force, at A

(b) Largest stress, at A
F2
F1
(2a 3)
F1
2.83F1
F2 =
=
= 0.7075F1
(2a 3) 2(6 ) 3
=
2a
2a
2F2 + F1 = F L +
3
3
2(6)
2(6 )
2(0.7075)(F1 )(2.83) + F1
= F 26 +
3
3
F1 = 3.75F
F
F
R = F1 + = 3.75F + = 4.1F
3
3
For in UNC, As = 0.1419 in 2
R
4.1F
ss = =
= 29F
A 0.1419
s = si = 51 ksi
By Hencky-Mises Criterion.
1
1
(s x + s y )+ (1 + ) s x sy
=
2
2
Page 59 of 133
2
+ s s2

s x = s = 51 ksi
sy = 0
s s = 29F
= 0.3
1
1
(s x + sy ) + (1 + ) s x sy
= =
N
2
2
sy
2
2
+ ss
2
88 1 0.3
=
(51) + (1 + 0.3) 51 + (29F )2
1.5
2
2
F = 0.63 kips = 630 lbs
401.
The same as 400, except that the cap screw A is in. in diameter.
Solution:
A1 = As1 = 0.3340 in 2 (3/4 in UNC)
A2 = As2 = 0.1419 in 2 (1/2 in UNC)
F2
F1
=
A2 A1 (2a 3)
F2
F1
=
(0.1419 )(2.83) (0.3340)[2(6) 3]
F2 = 0.3006F1
2a
2a
2F2 + F1 = F L +
3
3
2(6)
2(6)
2(0.3006F1 )(2.83) + F1
= F 26 +
3
3
F1 = 5.262F
F2 = 0.3006F1 = 0.3006(5.262F ) = 1.582F
For in UNC.
F
F
R = F1 + = 5.262F + = 5.6F
3
3
Page 60 of 133
ss =
5.6F
= 16.8F ksi
0.3340
For in. UNC,

1
2
2
F
F
R = F22 + 2F2 cos
3
3
a3 63
cos =
=
= 0.7067
2.83
1
2
2
F
F
R = (1.582F )2 + 2(1.582F ) (0.7067 ) = 1.367F
3
3
1.367F
ss =
= 9.6F ksi
0.1419
(a) Max. force, at in.

(b) Max. stress, at in.
s s = 16.8F ksi
s = si = 51 ksi
1
2
2
88 1 0.3
= =
=
(51) + (1 + 0.3) 51 + (16.8F )2
N 1.5
2
2
sy
F = 1.09 kips = 1090 lbs
NORMAL STRESSES WITH TORSION

DESIGN PROBLEMS
402.
A section of a machined shaft is subjected to a maximum bending moment of 70,000 inlb., a torque of 50,000 in-lb., and an end thrust of 25,000 lb. The unsupported length is 3
ft. and the material is AISI C1030, normalized. Since the computations are to be as
though the stresses were steady, use N = 3.3. Compute the diameter from both the
maximum-shear and the octahedral-shear theories and specify a standard size.
Solution:
wL2
2
M1 = 70,000 in lb
L = 3 ft = 36 in
M = M1 +
Page 61 of 133

w = A
= 0.284 lb in 3
D 2
A=
4
0.284D 2
w=
= 0.223D 2 lb in
4
0.223D 2 (36 )2
M = 70,000 +
= 70,000 + 144.5D 2
2
F = 25,000 lb
F Mc
s= +
A
I
D
c=
2
D 2
A=
4
D 4
I=
64
4F 32M
s= 2 +
D
D 3
4(25,000) 32 70,000 + 144.5D 2
s=
+
D 2
D 3
31,831 713,014 1472

+
+
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 1472
s=
+
+
D
D3
D2
s=
ss =
16T 16(50,000) 254,6548

=
=
D 3
D 3
D3
For AISI C1030, normalized, s y = 47 ksi = 47 ,000 psi

1
1 s
=
N sy
ss
+
s
ys
Maximum shear
s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(47 ) = 23.5 ksi = 23,500 psi
1
713,014 31,831 1472 2

2
2
+
+
1 D 3
D + 254,648
D2
=
23,500D 3
3.3
47 ,000
By trial and error,
Page 62 of 133

D = 4.125 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
47
s ys =
=
= 27.14 ksi = 27 ,140 psi
3
3
1
713,014 31,831 1472 2

2
2
+
+
1 D 3
D + 254,648
D2
=
27 ,140D 3
3.3
47 ,000
By trial and error,

D = 4.125 in
1
use D = 4 in standard
4
403. The same as 402, except that the unsupported length is 15 ft. Do not overlook the
moment due to the weight of the shaft, which acts in the same sense as the given
bending moment.
Solution:
L = 15 ft = 180 in
M = 70,000 +
0.223D 2 (180)2
= 70,000 + 3612.6D 2
2
F = 25,000 lb
F Mc
s= +
A
I
4F 32M
s= 2 +
D
D 3
4(25,000) 32 70,000 + 3612.6D 2
s=
+
D 2
D 3
31,831 713,014 36,798

+
+
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 36,798
s=
+
+
D
D3
D2
s=
Maximum shear
1
713,014 31,831 36,798 2

2
2
+
+
1 D 3
D + 254,648
D2
=
23,500D 3
3.3
47 ,000
By trial and error,

D = 5.125 in
Page 63 of 133
Octahedral Shear
1
713,014 31,831 36,798 2

2
2
+
+
3
2
1 D
D + 254,648
D
=
27 ,140D 3
3.3
47 ,000
By trial and error,

D = 5.0625 in
1
use D = 5 in standard
4
404.
A shaft is to be made in two sections, I and II, of diameters D1 and D2, somewhat as
shown, machined from AISI 1045, annealed. It is expected that a = 8 in., b = 24 in., L = 20
in., and the load Q = 2 kips, so seldom repeated that the design is for steady load. The
factor of safety is to be 2.2 on the basis of the octahedral-shear theory and closely the
same in each section. The ends A and B are restrained from twisting, but they are
designed to support the balancing reactions from Q without other moments. Decide
upon standard size for D1 and D2.
Solution:
T = QL = (2)(20 ) = 40 in kips
T1 + T2 = T = 40 in kips
1 = 2
T1L1 T2 L2
=
J1G J 2 G
T1a
Tb
= 24
4
D1 D2
32
32
8T1 24T2
= 4
D14
D2
Page 64 of 133

4
D
T1 = 3T2 1
D2
T1 + T2 = T = 40 in kips
D
T2 3 1
D 2
+ 1 = 40
40
T2 =
D 4
3 1 + 1
D 2
D
D
40(3) 1
120 1
D2
D2
T1 =
=
4
D
D 4
1
3 + 1 3 1 + 1
D 2
D2
A + B = Q = 2 kips
aA = bB
8A = 24B
A = 3B
3B + B = 2
B = 0.5 kips
A = 1.5 kips
4
D 4
D
16120 1
1920 1
D 2
16T
D2
s s1 = 31 =
=
D1
D 4
D 4
3
3
1
D1 3 + 1 D1 3 1 + 1
D 2
D 2
16T2
16(40)
640
s s2 =
=
=
3
4
D 2
D
D 4
3
3
1
D2 3 + 1 D2 3 1 + 1
D 2
D 2
32M1 32 Aa 32(1.5)(8) 384

s1 =
=
=
= 3
D13
D13
D13
D1
32M 2 32Bb 32(0.5)(24) 384
s2 =
=
=
= 3
D 23
D23
D 23
D2
For AISI 1045, annealed, s y = 55 ksi ,
N = 2.2
Octahedral Shear
Page 65 of 133

1
1 s
=
N sy
s ys =
sy
3
ss
+
s
ys
55
3
= 31.75 ksi
1
1 s1
=
N sy
s s1
+
s
ys
2
4

1920 1
2

D2
1 384
=
+

2.2 55D13
D 4
3
1
31.75D1 3 + 1
D
1
2
2
4
19.25 D1
2
D
1 2.2224
2
=
+

2.2 D13 D 4
3
1
D1 3 + 1

D 2
1 s2
=
N sy
s s2
+
s
ys
1 384
640
+
=
3
2.2 55D 2
D
3
1
31.75D 2 3
D 2
+ 1

1 2.2224
6.42
+
=

2.2 D 23 D 4
3
1
D 2 3 + 1
D
Page 66 of 133

By trial and error,
D
Trial 1
D2
1
1.25
1.37
1.40
D1
D2
2.268
2.372
2.398
2.403
1.820
1.730
1.714
1.712
D1
D2
1.25
1.37
1.40
1.40
Actual
1
3
Use standard D1 = 2 in , D 2 = 1 in
2
4
1
But D1 > D 2 , use D1 = 2 in
2
1
D 2 = D1 + 2r = 1.3D1 = 1.3 2 = 3.25 in
2
1
say D 2 = 3 in
2
405.
The shaft shown overhangs a bearing on the right and has the following dimensions: a =
5 in., b = in., and e = 10 in. The material is AISI C1040, annealed. This shaft is subjected
to a torque T = 10,000 in-lb., forces F1 = 10,000 lb., and F2 = 20,000 lb. Using a staticdesign approach, determine the diameter D for N = 2.5, with computations from the
maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
Solution:
= 0.284 lb in 3
w = 0.284 D 2 = 0.223D 2
4
2
we
0.223D 2 (10 )2
M=
=
= 11.15D 2
2
2
Bending due to F1 and load
32(F1a + M ) 32 (10,000)(5) + 11.15D 2 509,296 114

=
=
+
D 3
D 3
D3
D
Bending due to F2
s1 =
Page 67 of 133

1
32(20,000 )
32F2 b
2 = 101,859
s2 =
=
3
3
D
D
D3
Tension,
4(20,000 ) 25,465
s3 =
=
D 2
D2
since s1 > s 2
s = s3 + s1 s2
25,465 509,296 114 101,859
+
+
s=
D
D2
D3
D3
407,437 25,465 114
s=
+
+
D
D3
D2
16T 16(10,000) 50,930

=
=
D 3
D 3
D3
N = 2.5
ss =
1 s
=
N sy
ss 2
+
s
ys
For AISI C1040, annealed (Fig. AF 1) s y = 48 ksi
2
Maximum shear, s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(48) = 24 ksi

1
407,437 25,465 114 2

2
2
+
+
1 D 3
D + 50,930
D2
=
24,000D 3
2.5
48,000
D = 2.95 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
48
s ys =
=
= 27.71 ksi
3
3
1
407,437 25,465 114 2

2
2
+
+
1 D 3
D + 50,930
D2
=
27,710D 3
2.5
48,000
D = 2.95 in
use D = 3.0 in
Page 68 of 133

406.
The same as 405, except that F2 = 0.
Solution
F2 = 0
s 2 = 0 , s3 = 0
509,296 114
s = s1 =
+
D
D3
50,930
ss =
D3
N = 2.5
Maximum shear, s ys = 0.5sy = 0.5(48) = 24 ksi
1
509,296 114 2
+
1 D 3
D
+ 50,930
=
24,000D 3
2.5
48,000
2
2

D = 3 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
48
s ys =
=
= 27.71 ksi
3
3
1
509,296 114 2
2
2
+
1 D 3
D + 50,930
=
27 ,710D 3
2.5
48,000
D = 2.997 in
use D = 3.0 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
407.
The shaft shown overhangs a bearing at the right and has the following dimensions: D =
2 in., a = 4 in., b = in., c = 2 in., d = 6 in., e = 8 in., r = in. This shaft is subjected to a
torque T = 8000 in-lb. and forces F1 = 8000 lb., and F2 = 16,000 lb. Determine the
maximum-shear and normal stresses, and the octahedral-shear stress: (a) at points A
and B ( = 45o), (b) at points M and N, (c) at point G.
Page 69 of 133
Solution:
Bending due to F2 :
32F2 b 32(16,000 )(0.75)
s2 =
=
= 15,279 psi
D 3
(2)3
Tension
4F
4(16,000)
s3 = 22 =
= 5093 psi
D
(2)2
Bending due to F1 and weight of beam
wx 2
32 F1a +
2
s1 =
D 3
x from the free end.
ss =
16T 16(8000)
=
= 5093 psi
D 3
(2)3
w = 0.223D 2 = 0.223(2)2 = 0.892 lb in
(A) x = e c = 8 2 = 6 in
0.892(6)2
32 (8000)(4) +
s1 =
= 40,764 psi
3
(2 )
at A
s = s3 + (s1 s 2 ) sin 45o = 5093 + (40,764 15,279) sin 45o = 23,114 psi
Max. Shear
1
s 2
2 23,114 2
2
2
= + s s2 =
+ (5093) = 12,629 psi
2
Max. Normal
1
2
2 23,114 23,114 2
2
s s
2
2
= + + s s =
+
+ (5093) = 24,186 psi
2 2
2
Octahedral Shear Stress
Page 70 of 133
o =
2 2
s + 3s s2
3
1
2
2
(23,114)2 + 3(5093)2
3
1
2
= 11,662 psi
At B:
s = (s1 s2 )sin 45o s3 = (40,764 15,279) sin 45o 5093 = 12,928 psi
Max. Shear
1
s 2
2 12,928 2
2
2
= + s s2 =
+ (5093) = 8229 psi
2
Max. Normal
1
2
2 12,928 12,928 2
2
s s
2
= + + s s2 =
+
+ (5093) = 14,693 psi
2 2
2

1
2 2
2
o =
s + 3s s2 2 =
(12,928)2 + 3(5093)2
3
3
1
2
= 7 ,378 psi
(B)
1
= 7.75 in
4
0.892(7.75)2
32(8000)(4 ) +
x =e c =8
s1 =
(2)3
= 40,778 psi
at M
s = s3 + s1 s2 = 5093 + 40,778 15,279 = 30,592 psi
Max. Shear
1
s 2
2 30,592 2
2
2
= + s s2 =
+ (5093) = 16,122 psi
2
2
Max. Normal
1
2
2 30,592 30,592 2
2
s s
2
2
= + + s s =
+
+ (5093) = 31,418 psi
2 2
2

1
2 2
2
o =
s + 3s s2 2 =
(30,592)2 + 3(5093)2
3
3
1
2
= 15,009 psi
At N:
s = s1 s 2 s3 = 40,778 15,279 5093 = 20,406 psi
Max. Shear
Page 71 of 133

1
s 2
2 20,406 2
2
2
2
= + s s =
+ (5093) = 11,403 psi
2
Max. Normal
1
2
2 20,406 20,406 2
2
s s
2
= + + s s2 =
+
+ (5093) = 21,606 psi
2 2
2

1
1
2 2
2
o =
s + 3s s2 2 =
(20,406)2 + 3(5093)2 2 = 10,480 psi
3
3
(C) At G.
x = e c = 8 2 = 6 in
0.892(2 )2
32 (8000)(4) +
s1 =
= 40,746 psi
3
(2)
s = s3 + (s1 s 2 ) cos 30 o = 5093 + (40,746 15,279) cos 30 o = 17 ,826 psi
Max. Shear
1
s 2
2 17 ,826 2
2
2
= + s s2 =
+ (5093) = 10,265 psi
2
Max. Normal
1
2
2 17 ,826 17 ,826 2
2
s s
2
= + + s s2 =
+
+ (5093) = 19,178 psi
2 2
2

1
2 2
2
o =
s + 3s s2 2 =
(17,826)2 + 3(5093)2
3
3
411.
1
2
= 9376 psi
A 4-in. shaft carries an axial thrust of 20 kips. The maximum bending moment is 2/3 of
the twisting moment; material is AISI 8630, WQT 1100 F, and N =3. Use the steady stress
approach and compute the horsepower that may be transmitted at 2000 rpm?
Solution:
For AISI 8630, WQT 1100oF, s y = 125 ksi
32M 4F
+
D 3 D 2
16T
ss = 3
D
2
M= T
3
F = 20 kips
s=
Page 72 of 133

D = 4 in
2
32 T
3 4(20 )
s=
+
= 0.1061T + 1.59155
(4 )3
(4)2
16T
ss =
= 0.0796T
(4)3
By maximum shear.
s ys = 0.5s y = 0.5(125) = 62.5 ksi
1
1 s
=
N sy
2
2
ss 2
+
s
ys
1
2
2
1 0.1061T + 1.59155 0.0796T 2
=
+

3
125
62.5
T = 213 in kips = 213,000 in lb
Tn
(213,000 )(2000)
hp =
=
= 6762 hp
63,000
63,000
412.
The same as 411, except that the shaft is hollow with an inside diameter of 2 in.
Solution:
32MDo
4F
s=
+
4
4
2
Do Di
D o D i2
) (
2
32 T (4)
4(20)
3
s=
+
= 0.1252T + 2.612
4
4
(4) (2.5)
(4)2 (2.5)2
16TDo
16T (4)
ss =
=
= 0.0939T
4
4
Do Di
(4)4 (2.5)4
] [
1 s
=
N sy
2
2
ss 2
+
s
ys
1
2
2
1 0.1252T + 2.612 0.0939T 2
=
+

3
125
62.5
T = 177 in kips = 177,000 in lb
Tn
(177,000)(2000)
hp =
=
= 5619 hp
63,000
63,000
413.
A hollow, alloyed-steel shaft, AISI 4130, OQT 1100 F, has an OD of 3 in. and an ID of 2
in. It is transmitting 1500 hp at 1200 rpm, and at the same time is withstanding a
maximum bending moment of 40,000 in-lb. and an axial compressive force F = 10 kips.
The length of the shaft between bearings is 10 ft. Using a steady stress approach,
Page 73 of 133

determine (a) the maximum shearing stress in the shaft, (b) the maximum normal stress,
(c) the factor of safety in each case. (d) Also compute N from the octahedral shear
theory.
Solution:
For alloy-steel shaft, AISI 4130, WQT 1100oF, s y = 114 ksi (Table AT 7)
63,000hp 63,000(1500 )
=
= 78,750 in lb
n
1200
1
Do = 3 in
4
1
Di = 2 in
2

w = 0.284 Do2 Di2 = 0.284 (3.25)2 (2.5)2 = 0.962 lb in
4

4
2
wL
M = M1 +
(Table AT 8)
8
L = 10 ft = 120 in
T=
0.962(120)2
= 41,732 in lb
8
32MDo
4F
s=
+
4
4
2
Do Di
Do Di2
32(41,732)(3.25)
4(10,000)
s=
+
= 22,000 psi
4
4
(3.25) (2.5)
(3.25)2 (2.5)2
16TDo
16(78,750)(3.25)
ss =
=
= 17 ,978 psi
4
4
Do Di
(3.25)4 (2.5)4
M = 40,000 +
) (
] [
) [
1
2
s 2
22,000 2
2
2
(A) = + s s2 =
+ (17 ,978) = 21,076 psi
2
2
2 22,000 22,000 2
2
s s
2
2
(B) = + + s s =
+
+ (17 ,978) = 32,076 psi
2 2
2
sys
(C) N =
0. 5s y
0.5(114)
= 2.704
21.076
sy
114
N= =
= 3.554
32.076
1
1
s
(D) =
N sy
s ys =
sy
3
ss
+
s
ys
114
3
= 65.82 ksi
Page 74 of 133

1
2
2
1 22.0 17.978 2
=
+

N 114 65.82
N = 2.99
VARYING STRESSES COMBINED

DESIGN PROBLEMS
414.
The force F on the lever in the illustration (in the plane of the lever) varies from a
maximum of 424.2 lb. to a minimum of -141.4 lb.; L = 20 in., a = 15 in., D2 = 1.2D1, r =
0.125D1, = 45o; the material is cold-drawn SAE 1040, 10% worked, the design factor N
= 1.5. Compute the diameter D1 using the Soderberg-line approach with both the
maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories; indefinite life.
Solution:
For SAE 040, 10% Worked
s n = 54 ksi
s y = 85 ksi
s n 54
1
=
=
sy 85 1.574
s ns s n
1
=
=
s ys s y 1.574
SF = 0.85
Strength Reduction Factors

With r d = r D1 = 0.125
D d = D 2 D1 = 1.2
Fig. AF 12
K t = 1.54
K ts = 1.27
Page 75 of 133
Assume q = 1
K f = 1 + q (K t 1) = 1 + (1)(K t 1) = K t
K f = 1.54
K fs = 1.27
Forces:
Fmax = 424.2 lb
Fmin = 141.4 lb
1
(Fmax + Fmax ) = 1 (424.2 141.4) = 141.4 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa = (Fmax Fmax ) = (424.2 + 141.4) = 282.8 lb
2
2
Fm =
D 2
= 0.223D 2
w = 0.284
4
wL2
wL2
M = M1 +
= FL +
2
2
0.233D 2 (20 )2
M m = (141.4)(20) +
= 2828 + 44.6D 2
2
0.233D 2 (20)2
Ma = (282.8)(20) +
= 5656 + 44.6D 2
2
T = (F cos )a
(
)
= (282.8)(cos 45 )(15) = 3000 in lb
Tm = (141.4) cos 45o (15) = 1500 in lb

Ta
32M
D 3
32 2828 + 44.6D 2
28,806 454
sm =
=
+
3
D
D
D3
32 5656 + 44.6D 2 57 ,612 454
sa =
=
+
D
D 3
D3
s=
16T
D 3
16(1500) 7640
sms =
= 3
D 3
D
16(3000 ) 15,280
sas =
=
D 3
D3
ss =
Page 76 of 133
s es =
K fs sas
sns
sms +
s ys
SF
1 7640 1.27 15,280 27,684
=
1.574 D 3 0.85 D 3
D3
K f sa
s
se = n s m +
sy
SF
s es =
se =
1 28,806 454 1.54 57,612 454 122,681 1111

+
+
+
=
1.574 D 3
D 0.85 D 3
D
D
D3
1
2
2 2
1 se ses
= +
N sn s ns
Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(54,000) = 27,000 psi

1
122,681 1111 2
2
2
+
1 D 3
D + 27 ,684
=
1.5
54,000
27,000D 3
D = 1.5625 in = 1
9
in
16
Octahedral Shear. sns =
sn
3
54,000
3
= 31,177 psi
1
122,681 1111 2
2
2
+
1 D 3
D + 27,684
=
1.5
54,000
31,177D 3
D = 1.55 in
9
say D = 1 in
16
5
say D = 1 in
8
417.
A hollow steel shaft, SAE 1045, as rolled, has an inside diameter of one half of the
outside diameter and is transmitting 1600 hp at 600 rpm. The maximum bending
moment is 40,000in-lb. Determine the diameter for N = 3 by both the maximum-shear
and octahedral shear theories. Specify a standard size. Use the Soderberg line for
obtaining the equivalent stresses.
Page 77 of 133

Solution:
For SAE 1045, as rolled, s y = 59 ksi , su = 96 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 48 ksi
sn sns 48
1
=
=
=
sy sys 59 1.229
Assume K f = K fs = 1
Do = 2Di
For bending:
sm = 0
sa = s
s
1
se = n sm + K f sa =
(0) + (1)s = s
sy
1.229
32MDo
32(40,000)(2Di ) 54,325
=
=
4
4
Di3
Do D i
(2Di )4 Di4
For torsion:
63,000hp 63,000(1600)
T=
=
= 168,000 in lb
n
600
s
s es = ns sms + K fs sas
sys
se = s =
sas = 0
s ms = s
sns
1 16TDo
1 16(168,000)(2Di ) 92,825
=
sms =
4
4
s ys
1.229 Do Di 1.229 (2Di )4 Di4
D i3
Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(48,000) = 24,000 psi
ses =
1
2
2 2
1 54,325 92,825
=
+
1.5 48,000Di3 24,000D i3
Di = 2.295 in
say Di = 2.25 in , Do = 2Di = 4.5 in
sn
3
48,000
3
= 27,713 psi
1
2
2 2
1 54,325 92,825
=
+
1.5 48,000Di3 27,713Di3
Di = 2.20 in
say Di = 2.25 in , Do = 2Di = 4.5 in
Page 78 of 133

1
1
Standard Size Di = 2 in , Do = 4 in
4
2
418.
A section of a shaft without a keyway is subjected to a bending moment that varies

sinusoidally from 30 to 15 then to 30 in-kips during two revolutions, and to a torque that
varies similarly and in phase from 25 to 15 to 25 in-kips; there is also a constant axial
force of 40 kips; the material is AISI 2340, OQT 1000 F; N = 1.5. Determine the diameter
by (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory; (b) the octahedral-shear-stress theory.
Solution:
For AISI 2340, OQT 1000oF. s y = 120 ksi , su = 137 ksi
s n = 0.5su = 0.5(137 ) = 68.5 ksi

sn sns 68.5
1
=
=
=
sy sys 120 1.752
Assume K f = K fs = 1
1
(30 + 15) = 22.5 in kips
2
1
Ma = (30 15) = 7.5 in kips
2
1
Tm = (25 + 15) = 20 in kips
2
1
Ta = (25 15) = 5 in kips
2
Mm =
32M m
4F 32(22.5) 4(40) 229 51
+
=
+
= 3 + 2
3
D
D
D
D 2
D 3
D 2
32Ma 32(7.5) 76
sa =
=
= 3
D
D 3
D 3
sm =
16Tm 16(20) 102

=
= 3
D
D 3
D 3
16Ta 16(5) 25.5
sas =
=
= 3
D 3 D 3
D
sms =
se =
Kf
sn
1 229 51 1 76 220 29
sm +
sa =
+
+
+
=
sy
SF
1.752 D 3 D 2 0.85 D 3 D 3 D 2
ses =
K fs
sns
1 102 1 25.5 88
sms +
sas =
=
s ys
SF
1.752 D 3 0.85 D 3 D 3
(a) Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(68.5) = 34.25 psi
Page 79 of 133

1
220 29
+
1 D 3 D 2
=
1.5 68.5
2
2
88
+
3
34.25D
D = 1.93 in
say D = 2 in ,
sn
3
68.5
3
= 39.55 psi
1
220 29
+
1 D 3 D 2
=
1.5 68.5
2
2
88
+
3
39.55D
D = 1.909 in
say D = 2 in
419.
The same as 418, except that the shaft has a profile keyway at the point of maximum
moment.
Solution:
K f = 1.6
K fs = 1.3
Kf
sn
1 229 51 1.6 76 274 29
sm +
sa =
+
+
+
=
sy
SF
1.752 D 3 D 2 0.85 D 3 D 3 D 2
K fs
s
1 102 1.3 25.5 97
ses = ns sms +
sas =
=
s ys
SF
1.752 D 3 0.85 D 3 D 3
se =
(a) Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(68.5) = 34.25 psi

1
274 29
+
1 D 3 D 2
=
1.5 68.5
2
2
+ 97
34.25D 3
D = 2.04 in
say D = 2 in
(b) Octahedral Shear. sns =
Page 80 of 133
sn
3
68.5
3
= 39.55 psi

1
274 29
+
1 D 3 D 2
=
1.5 68.5
2
2
97
+
3
39.55D
D = 2.02 in
say D = 2 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
420.
A 2-in. shaft made from AISI 1144, elevated temperature drawn, transmits 200 hp at 600
rpm. In addition to the data on the figure, the reactions are B = 4.62 kips and E = 1.68
kips. Compute the factor of safety by the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear
theories.
Solution:
For AISI 1144, Elevated Temperature, drawn, s y = 83 ksi , su = 118 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 0.5(118) = 59 ksi
sn 59
1
=
=
sy 83 1.407
MB = (2.1)(10) = 21 in kips , MC = (1.68)(10) = 16.8 in kips
63,000hp 63,000(200)
T=
=
= 21,000 in lbs = 21 in kips
n
600
Table AT 13
K f = 2.0 , K fs = 1.6
se =
sn
sm + K f sa
sy
Mm = 0 , s m = 0
Ma = Mm
32(16.8)
32MC
s e = K f sa = K f
= 2.0
= 42.8 ksi
3
3
D
(2)
s
sys
Tm = T ,
Ta = 0
Page 81 of 133
ses =
sns
s 16T
1 16(21)
sms = ns 3 =
= 9.5 ksi
s ys
sys D 1.407 (2)3
Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(59 ) = 29.5 psi

1
1 se
=
N sn
ses
+
sns
2
2
1 42.8 9.5 2
=
+

N 59 29.5
N = 1.26
Octahedral Shear. s ns = 0.577 sn = 0.577(59 ) = 34.05 psi
1
2
2
1 42.8 9.5 2
=
+

N 59 34.05
N = 1.26
421.
In the figure (399), the bar supports a static load Q = 3000 lb. acting down; L = 16 in., a =
12 in., b = 7 in. The force F = 2500 lb. is produced by a rotating unbalanced weight and is
therefore repeated and reversed in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. The
1-in. cap screw, with cut UNC threads, is made of AISI C1137, annealed, and it has been
subjected to a tightening torque of 4600 in-lb. The thickness of the bar is 2 in. (a)
Compute the factor of safety for the load reversing in the vertical direction, and (b) in
the horizontal direction (maximum-shear theory), with the conservative assumption
that friction offers no resistance.
Solution:
For AISI C1137, annealed, s y = 50 ksi , su = 85 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 0.5(85) = 42.5 ksi
K f = 2.8 (Table AT 12)
sn sns 42.5
1
=
=
=
sy sny
50 1.1765
T = 0.2DFi
4600 = 0.2(1)(Fi )
Page 82 of 133

Fi = 23,000 lbs = 23 kips
For 1-in cap screws, UNC
As = 0.606 in 2
Nut: A = 1.5 in
kb
Fb = Fe
kb + kc
AE
AE
kb = s , kc = c
Le
Le
kb
As
0.606
=
=
= 0.2554
k b + k c As + Ac 0.606 + (1.5)2
4
Q = 3000 lb = 3 kips
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
(a) Vertical, Moment at Edge = 0, Q > F
(a b)Fe max = (Q + F )(b)

(12 7 )Fe max = (3.0 + 2.5)(7 )
Fe max = 7.7 kips
(a b)Fe min = (Q F )(b)

(12 7 )Fe min = (3.0 2.5)(7 )
Fe min = 0.7 kips
Fb max = (7.7 )(0.2554) = 1.97 kips
Fb min = (0.7 )(0.2554) = 0.18 kips
Fb max = Fi + Fbmax = 23 + 1.97 = 24.97 kips
Fb min = Fi + Fb min = 23 + 0.18 = 23.18 kips
1
(Fb max + Fb min ) = 1 (24.97 + 23.18) = 24.1 kips
2
2
1
1
Fa = (Fb max Fb min ) = (24.97 23.18) = 0.9 kip
2
2
Fm =
Fm
24.1
=
= 39.8 ksi
As 0.606
F
0.9
sa = a =
= 1.5 ksi
As 0.606
sm =
Page 83 of 133

1 sm K f sa
=
+
N sy
sn
say K f = 2.8 , SF = 0.85 , Factor for tension = 0.80

sn = (0.85)(0.80)(42.5) = 28.9 ksi
1 39.8 2.8(1.5)
=
+
N
50
28.9
N = 1.06
(b) Horizontal:
(a b)Fe = Qb
(12 7 )Fe = (3)(7 )
Fe = 4.2 kips
Fb = (4.2 )(0.2554 ) = 1.073 kips
Fb = Fi + Fb = 23 + 1.073 = 24.1 kips
F
24.1
s= b =
= 39.8 ksi
A 0.606
sm = s
sa = 0
K f sa
s
1
se = n sm +
=
(39.8) + 0 = 33.83 ksi
sy
SF
1.1765
Shear:
Fm = 0
1
Fa = (Fmax Fmin ) = 2.5 kips
2
s ms = 0
Fa
2.5
=
= 4.13 ksi
As 0.606
K fs sas
s
(1.0)(4.13) = 4.86 ksi
ses = ns sms +
=0+
s ys
SF
0.85
sas =
1 se
=
N sn
ses 2
+

sns
sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(42.5) = 21.25 ksi , maximum shear
2
1
2
2
1 33.83 4.86 2
=
+

N 42.5 21.25
N = 1.21
Page 84 of 133

422.
The load Q, as seen (404), acts on the arm C and varies from 0 to 3 kips. The ends A and
B of the shaft are restrained from turning through an angle but are supported to take
the reactions A and B without other moments. The shaft is machined from AISI 1045, as
rolled; D1 = 2, D2 = 2.5, L = 15, a = 10, b = 20 in. For calculation purposes, assume that
the shaft size changes at the section of application of Q. Determine the factor of safety
in accordance with the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories. Investigate both
sections I and II. Would you judge the design to be 100% reliable?
Solution:
T = QL
Tmax = (3)(15) = 45 in kips
T1 + T2 = 45 in kips
T1a T2 b
=
J
J
T1a T2 b
=
D14 D 24
T1 (10) T2 (20)
=
(2 )4 (2.5)4
T1 = 0.8192T2
0.8192T2 + T2 = 45 in kips
T2 = 24.74 in kips
T1 = 0.8192T2 = 0.8192(24.74) = 20.27 in kips
1
1
Ta1 = Tm1 = T1 = (20.27 ) = 10.14 in kips
2
2
1
1
Ta 2 = Tm 2 = T2 = (24.74 ) = 12.37 in kips
2
2
16T
D 3
16T 16(10.14)
sms1 = sas1 = 31 =
= 6.46 ksi
D1
(2)3
sms = sas =
Page 85 of 133
sms 2 = sas 2 =
16T2 16(12.37 )
=
= 4.03 ksi
D 23
(2.5)3
A + B = Q = 3 kips
Aa = Bb
A(10) = B(20)
A = 2B
2B + B = 3 kips
B = 1 kip
A = 2 kips
M = Aa = Bb = (2 )(10) = 20 in kips
Mmax = M = 20 in kips
1
M m = Ma = Mmax = 10 in kips
2
32M
sm = sa =
D 3
32(10 )
sm1 = sa1 =
= 12.73 ksi
(2)3
32(10)
sm 2 = sa 2 =
= 6.52 ksi
(2.5)3
Use (1)
sms = 6.46 ksi , sm = 12.73 ksi
sas = 6.46 ksi , sa = 12.73 ksi
r = 0.15D1
r
D D
2.5
= 0.15 , = 2 =
= 1.25
D1
d D1 2.0
K t = 1.5 , K ts = 1.25 (Figure AF 12)
r = 0.15D1 = 0.15(2 ) = 0.30
1
=
= 0.968
a
0.01
1+
1+
r
0. 3
K f = q (K t 1) + 1 = 0.968(1.5 1) + 1 = 1.484
q=
K fs = q (K ts 1) + 1 = 0.968(1.25 1) + 1 = 1.242
Profile Keyway
K f = 1.6 , K fs = 1.3
Net
Page 86 of 133

K f = (1.484)(1.6 )(1 0.20) = 1.9
K fs = (1.242)(1.3)(1 0.20 ) = 1.3
For AISI 1045, as rolled, s y = 59 ksi , su = 96 ksi

sn = 0.5su = 48 ksi
sns sn 48
1
= =
=
s ys sy 59 1.229
SF = 0.85 , RF = 0.85
se =
K f sa
sn
1
sm +
=
(12.73) + 1.9(12.73) = 43.84 ksi
sy
(SF )(RF ) 1.229
(0.85)(0.85)
ses =
K fs sas
sns
1
s ms +
=
(6.46) + 1.3(6.46) = 16.88 ksi
s ys
(SF )(RF ) 1.229
(0.85)(0.85)
Maximum shear, sns = 0.5sn = 0.5(48) = 24 psi

1
1 se
=
N sn
ses
+
sns
2
2
1 43.84 16.88 2
=
+

N 48 24
N = 0.87
Octahedral Shear. sns = 0.577 sn = 0.577(48) = 27.7 psi
1
2
2
1 43.84 16.88 2
=
+

N 48 27.7
N = 0.91
Not 100% reliable, N < 100.

423.
A rotating shaft overhangs a bearing, as seen in the illustration. A -in. hole is drilled at
AB. The horizontal force F2 varies in phase with the shaft rotation from 0 to 5 kips, but
its line of action does not move. A steady torque T = 8 in-kips is applied at the end of the
shaft; D = 2, D2 = 2.5, a = 2, b = 5, e = 0.5, r = in. The material is AISI C1040, annealed.
What steady vertical load F1 can be added as shown if the design factor is to be 2.5 from
the octahedral-shear theory? Assume that the cycling of F2 may be such that the worst
stress condition occurs at the hole.
Page 87 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1040, annealed, s y = 48 ksi (Fig. AF 1), su = 80 ksi
sn = 0.5su = 40 ksi
sn 40 1
=
=
sy 48 1.2
For hole: d D = 0.25 2 = 0.125
K t = 2.2 , K ts = 1.6
a = 0.01 (annealed)
0.25
r=
= 0.125
2
1
1
q=
=
= 0.926
a
0.01
1+
1+
r
0.125
K f = q (K t 1) + 1 = 0.926(2.2 1) + 1 = 2.11
K fs = q (K ts 1) + 1 = 0.926(1.6 1) + 1 = 1.56
At hole
s = s3 + s1 s2
Bending F2 :
Mc M
s2 =
=
I
I c
F2 e
(5)(0.5)
s2 =
=
= 4.04 ksi
3
2
3
D
dD
(2) (0.25)(2 )2
32
6
32
6
F2
(
5)
s3 =
=
= 1.89 ksi
D 2
(2)2
dD
(0.25)(2)
4
4
F1b
(F1 )(5)
s1 =
=
= 8.08F1
3
2
3
D
dD
(2) (0.25)(2)2
32
6
32
6
Page 88 of 133
ss =
dD
16
6
(2 )
16
(8)
(0.25)(2 )2
= 5.70 ksi
smin = s3 + s1 s2 = 1.89 + 8.08F1 4.04 = 8.08F1 2.15

smax = s1 = 8.08F1
1
1
sm = (smax + smin ) = (8.08F1 + 8.08F1 2.15) = 8.08F1 1.08 ksi
2
2
1
1
sa = (smax smin ) = (8.08F1 8.08F1 + 2.15) = 1.08 ksi
2
2
se = 6.74F1 1.78
s
sys
s ms = s s
sas = 0
1
(5.7 ) = 4.75 ksi
1.2
N = 2.5
ses =
Octahedral Shear Theory

s
sns = n = 0.577 sn = 0.577(40) = 23.08 ksi
3
1
1 se
=
N sn
ses
+
sns
2
2
1 6.74F1 1.78 4.75 2
=
+

2.5
40
23.08
F1 = 2.3 kips
POWER SCREWS
424.
Design a square-thread screw for a screw jack, similar to that shown, which is to raise
and support a load of 5 tons. The maximum lift is to be 18 in. The material is AISI C1035,
as rolled, and N 3.3 based on the yield strength.
Page 89 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1035, as rolled, s y = 55 ksi
sy
55
= 16.6 ksi
N 3.3
F = (5)(2) = 10 kips
F 10
A= =
= 0.6034 in 2
s 16.6
D 2
A = r = 0.6034 in 2
4
Dr = 0.876 in
say 1 in, Dr = 1.000 in
L = 18 in
Le = 2L = 36 in
1
1
k = Dr = (1.000) = 0.125 in
8
8
Le
36
=
= 288 > 40
k 0.125
Transition:
s=
Le 2 2E 2 2 2 (30,000) 2
=
=
= 104
k sy
55
L
Use column formula, Eulers e > 104
k
2EI
F= 2
NLe
10,000 =
I=
2 (30 10 6 )I
3.3(36)2
Dr4
= 0.14444
64
Dr = 1.31 in
use 1 in, Dr = 1.400 in
Page 90 of 133
425.
(a) For the screw of 424, what length of threads h will be needed for a bearing pressure
of 1800 psi? (b) Complete the design of the jack. Let the base be cast iron and the
threads integral with the base. Devise a method of turning the screw with a round steel
rod as a lever and fix the details of a nonrotating cap on which the load rests. (c) What
should be the diameter of the rod used to turn the screw? If a man exerts a pull of 150
lb. at the end, how long must the rod be?
Solution:
(a)
Th/in = 2.5
Dr = 1.40 in
1
= 0.4 in
2.5
Lead
= tan 1
D m
1
Dm = (1.75 + 1.40 ) = 1.575 in
2
0.40
o
= tan 1
= 4.62
(
)
1
.
575
Lead Pitch =
f = 0.15
tan = f = 0.15
= 8.53o
F cos( + )
s=
(Do Dr )L
10,000 cos(8.53 + 4.62 )

(1.75 1.40)L
L = 16.30 in
1800 =
h = L tan = 16.30 tan 4.62 o = 1.32 in

say h = 1.5 in
Page 91 of 133
(b) Assume ASTM 20. sus = 32 ksi , su = 20 ksi , N = 5

32
= 6.4 ksi
5
20
s=
= 4 ksi
5
ss =
F
Dh
10
6.4 =
D(1.5)
D = 0.33 in
ss =
Dr = 1.4 in > 0.33 in

3
Do = 1 in
4
Use proportions from figure based on diameter.
Method: Manual, normal pull.
7
(c) D = in (Based on proportion)
8
FDm
(10 )(1.575) tan(8.53 + 4.62) = 1.84 in kips
T=
tan( + ) =
2
2
T = F a
F = 150 lb = 0.15 kips
1.84 = 0.15a
a = 12.3 in
426.
A screw jack, with a 1 -in. square thread, supports a load of 6000 lb. The material of
the screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the coefficient of friction for the threads is about
0.15. The maximum extension of the screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the
ends of the screw restrained so that Le = L, find the equivalent stress and the design
factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may sway, the screw probably acts as a
column with one end free and the other fixe. What is the equivalent stress and the
factor of safety in this instance? (c) What force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in.
lever to raise the load? (d) Find the number of threads and the length h of the threaded
portion in the cast-iron base for a pressure of 500 psi on the threads. (e) What torque is
necessary to lower the load?
Page 92 of 133
Solution:
From Table AT 7,
AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
F = 6000 lb = 6 kips
For 1 in square thread, Dr = 1.0 in, Th/in. = 3.5
f = 0.15
(a) With Le = L = 15 in
1
1
k = Dr = (1.0) = 0.125 in
8
8
Le
15
=
= 120
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;
1
Le 2 2E 2 2 2 (30,000) 2
=
=
= 107
k sy
52
Le
Use column formula, Eulers
> 107
k
2EA
Fc = NF =
(Le k )2
sd =
F
2E
=
A N (Le k )2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd = = 2
A Dr
4(6)
sd =
= 7.64 ksi
(1.0)2
Design factor
2E
sd =
N (Le k )2
Page 93 of 133
7.64 =
2 (30,000)
N (120)2
N = 2.69
(b) With Le = 2L = 30 in
Le
30
=
= 240
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;
1
Le 2 2E 2 2 2 (30,000) 2
=
=
= 107
k sy
52
Le
Use column formula, Eulers
> 107
k
2EA
Fc = NF =
(Le k )2
sd =
F
2E
=
A N (Le k )2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd = = 2
A Dr
4(6)
sd =
= 7.64 ksi
(1.0)2
Design factor
2E
sd =
N (Le k )2
7.64 =
2 (30,000)
N (240)2
N = 0.673 not safe
(c) For force exerted at the end of 20-in. lever to raise the load = Fa
WDm
T=
tan( + )
2
1
Lead = Pc =
= 0.2857 in
3. 5
1
Dm = (1.25 + 1.00) = 1.125 in
2
Lead
0.2857
= tan1
= tan1
= 4.62o
Dm
(1.125)
f = tan = 0.15
= 8.53o
W = 6000 lb
Page 94 of 133

WDm
tan( + )
2
6000(1.125)
Fa (20) =
tan(8.53 + 4.62)
2
Fa = 39.43 lb
T = Fa a =
(d) Let p = pressure = 500 psi, W = 6000 lb, Do = 1.25 in, Di = 1.00 in.
Nt = number of threads, h = length of threaded portion.
4W
p=
2
Do Dr2 Nt
4(6000 )
500 =
(1.25)2 (1.00 )2 Nt
Nt = 27
Then
h = Nt Pc = (27 )(0.2857 ) = 7.7 in
(e) Torque necessary to lower the load.

WDm
T=
tan( )
2
(6000)(1.125) tan(8.53 4.62)
T=
2
T = 230.7 in lb.
427.
A square-thread screw, 2 in. in diameter, is used to exert a force of 24,000 lb. in a shaftstraightening press. The maximum unsupported length of the screw is 16 in. and the
material is AISI C1040, annealed. (a) What is the equivalent compressive stress in the
screw? Is this a satisfactory value? (b) What torque is necessary to turn the screw
against the load for f = 0.15? (c) What is the efficiency of the screw? (d) What torque is
necessary to lower the load?
Solution:
For 2 in. square thread screw, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in. = 2.25 from Table 8.1
W = 24,000 lb = 24 kips, L = 16 in
(a) For unsupported length, Le = L = 16 in.
For AISI C1040, annealed, Figure AF-1, sy = 47.5 ksi
Transition,
1
1
k = Dr = (1.612 ) = 0.2015 in
8
8
1
Le 2 2E 2 2 2 (30,000) 2
=
=
= 112
k sy
47.5
Then
Le
16
=
= 79.4 < 112
k 0.2015
Use column formula, JB Johnson Formula,
Page 95 of 133
Le
< 112
k

sy (Le k )2
F
= se 1
A
4 2E
se =
4W
sy (Le k )2
4 2E
4(24)
se =
47.5(79.4)2
(1.612)2 1 2
4 (30,000)
Dr2 1
se = 15.74 ksi
s
47.5
= 3.0 satisfactory
N= y =
se 15.74
(b) Torque to turn the screw against the load
WDm
tan( + )
2
1
Lead = Pc =
= 0.4445 in
2.25
1
Dm = (2.00 + 1.612 ) = 1.806 in
2
Lead
0.4445
= tan1
= tan1
= 4.48o
Dm
(1.806)
f = tan = 0.15
T=
= 8.53o
W = 24,000 lb
WDm
tan( + )
2
24,000(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 + 4.48)
2
T = 5008 in lb
T=
(c) Torque necessary to lower the load.

WDm
T=
tan( )
2
24,000(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 4.48)
2
T =1535 in lb.
428.
(a) A jack with a 2-in., square-thread screw is supporting a load of 20 kips. A single
thread is used and the coefficient of friction may be as low as 0.10 or as high as 0.15.
Page 96 of 133

Will this screw always be self-locking? What torque is necessary to raise the load? What
torque is necessary to lower the load? (b) The same as (a) except that a double thread is
used. (c) The same as (a) except that a triple thread is used.
Solution:
Table 8.1, 2 in. square thread, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in = 2.25
(a) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.
1
Dm = (2.00 + 1.612 ) = 1.806 in
2
1
Lead = Pc =
= 0.4445 in
2.25
Lead
0.4445
= tan1
= tan1
= 4.48o
Dm
(1.806)
If f = 0.10
f = tan = 0.10
= 5.71o
If f = 0.15
f = tan = 0.15
= 8.53o
Since is always greater than , the screw is always self-locking.
WDm
tan( + )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
tan( + )
T=
2
20(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 + 4.48)
2
T = 4.173 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
T=
tan( )
2
20(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 4.48)
2
T = 1.279 in kips.
T=
(b) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

2
Lead = 2Pc =
= 0.8889 in
2.25
Lead
0.8889
= tan1
= tan1
= 8.904o
Dm
(1.806)
If f = 0.10
f = tan = 0.10
= 5.71o
If f = 0.15
Page 97 of 133

f = tan = 0.15
= 8.53o
Since is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
tan( + )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
tan( + )
T=
2
20(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 + 8.904)
2
T = 5.671 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0
T=
(c) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

3
Lead = 3Pc =
= 1.3333 in
2.25
Lead
1.3333
= tan1
= tan1
= 13.224o
Dm
(1.806 )
If f = 0.10
f = tan = 0.10
= 5.71o
If f = 0.15
f = tan = 0.15
= 8.53o
Since is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
tan( + )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
T=
tan( + )
2
20(1.806)
T=
tan(8.53 + 13.224)
2
T = 7.207 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0
T=
429.
The conditions for a self-locking screw are given in 8.23, Text. Assume that the
coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the lead angle and show that the
efficiency of a self-locking screw is always less than 50%.
Solution:
tan
e=
tan( + ) +
For self-locking, > , then + > 2
Then,
Page 98 of 133
e<
e < 0.50
e < 50%
CURVED BEAMS
430.
It is necessary to bend a certain link somewhat as shown in order to prevent

interference with another part of the machine. It is estimated that sufficient clearance
will be provided if the center line of the link is displaced e = 3 in. from the line of action
of F, with a radius of curvature of R 5.5 in., L = 10 in., material is wrought aluminum
alloy 2014 T6; N = 2 on the basis of the maximum shear stress; F = 2500 lb. with the
number of repetitions not exceeding 106. (a) If the section is round, what should be its
diameter D? (b) If the link is bend to form cold, will the residual stresses be helpful or
damaging? Discuss.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn = 18 ksi @5 108 cycles
sy = 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
106
sn = sn
nc
0.09
0.09
10 6
18 = sn
8
5 10
sn = 31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn = 0.85sn = 0.85(31.49) = 26.77 ksi
sn 26.77
=
= 13.38 ksi
N
2
Equation:
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
s=
Page 99 of 133
A=
I=
D 2
4
D 4
64
D
c=
2
M = Fe
D
K c (Fe )
4F
2
s= 2 +
D
D 4
64
s=
4F 32K c Fe
+
D 2
D 3
Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2(5.5) 11
=
=
=
c D
D
D
4(2.5) 32K c (2.5)(3)
+
13.38 =
D 2
D 3
By trial and error D = 1.92 in
r 11
=
= 6.0908
c 1.92
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.152
4(2.5) 32(1.152)(2.5)(3)
s=
+
= 13.30 ksi 13.38 ksi
(1.92)2
(1.92)3
Use D = 2 in.
(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.
431.
The same as 430, except that the section is rectangular with h 3b; see figure.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn = 18 ksi @5 108 cycles
sy = 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
Page 100 of 133

106
sn = sn
nc
0.09
0.09
10 6
18 = sn
8
5
10
sn = 31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn = 0.85sn = 0.85(31.49) = 26.77 ksi
s
26.77
s= n =
= 13.38 ksi
N
2
Equation:
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
A = bh = b(3b) = 3b 2
bh 3 b(3b)3
=
= 2.25b 4
12
12
h
c = = 0.5h = 1.5b
2
M = Fe
F
K (Fe )(1.5b)
s= 2 + c
3b
2.25b 4
I=
s=
F
K Fe
+ c 3
2
3b 1.5b
Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2(5.5) 11 11
=
=
= =
c h
h
h 3b
2.5 K (2.5)(3)
13.38 = 2 + c
3b
1.5b3
By trial and error b = 0.787 in
r
11
=
= 4.66
c 3(0.787 )
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.1736
2.5
(1.1736 )(2.5)(3)
s=
+
= 13.38 ksi
2
3(0.787 )
1.5(0.787 )3
Use b = 7/8 in. h = 3b = 2 5/8 in
(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.
432.
A hook is to be designed similar to that shown to support a maximum load F = 2500 lb.
that will be repeated an indefinite number of times; the horizontal section is to be
circular of radius c and the inside radius a is 1 in. (a) Determine the diameter of the
Page 101 of 133

horizontal section for N = 2 based on the Soderberg line, if the material is AISI 4130,
WQT 1100 F. (b) Calculate the value of the static load that produces incipient yielding.
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SFsn = 0.85sn = 0.85(su 2)
Soderberg line:
1 sm K f sa
=
+
N sy
sn
sm = sa =
s
repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
s2
1
s
=
+
N 2 sy 0.85(su 2 )
1 1
1
=
+
s
N 2sy 0.85su
1 1
1
s
=
+
2 2(114) 0.85(127 )
sd = 36.63 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
a = 1.5 in
A=
(2c )2 = c 2
4
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
M = F (a + c )
I=
(2c )4
64
Page 102 of 133
c 4
4

Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 1. 5 + c
=
=
c
c
c
Substitute:
2.5 K (2.5)(1.5 + c )c
36.63 = 2 + c
c
c 4 4
2.5 10K c (1.5 + c )
36.63 = 2 +
c
c 3
By trial and error: c = 0.633
r 1.5 + 0.633
=
= 3.37 , K c = 1.293
c
0.633
2.5
10(1.293)(1.5 + 0.633)
36.63 = s =
+
2
(0.633)
(0.633)3
36.63 = s 36.60 ksi
Use c = 11/16 = 0.6875 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in
(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.
sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
K (F )(1.5 + c )c
F
114 = 2 + c
c
c 4 4
F
K (F )(1.5 + c )
114 = 2 + c
c
c 3
r 1.5 + 0.6875
=
= 3.18 , K c = 1.312
c
0.6875
1.312(F )(1.5 + 0.6875)
F
114 =
+
2
(0.6875)
(0.6875)3
F = 32.71 kips
433.
The same as 432, except that the hook is expected to be subjected to 100,000
repetitions of the maximum load.
Page 103 of 133

Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
At 100,000 repetitions
10 6
sn = 0.85(su 2 )
n
c
Soderberg line:
1 sm K f sa
=
+
N sy
sn
sm = sa =
0.085
106
= 0.85(su 2)
100
,
000
s
repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
s2
1
s
=
+
N 2 sy 0.5169su
1 1
1
s
=
+
N 2sy 1.0338su
1 1
1
s
=
+
2 2(114 ) 1.0338(127 )
sd = 41.66 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
a = 1.5 in
(2c )2 = c 2
4
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
M = F (a + c )
A=
I=
(2c )4
c 4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 1. 5 + c
=
=
c
c
c
Substitute:
2.5 K (2.5)(1.5 + c )c
41.66 = 2 + c
c
c 4 4
2.5 10K c (1.5 + c )
41.66 = 2 +
c
c 3
r 1.5 + 0.601
=
= 3.5 , K c = 1.28
c
0.601
Page 104 of 133
0.085
= 0.5169su

2. 5
10(1.28)(1.5 + 0.601)
+
2
(0.601)
(0.601)3
41.66 = s 41.64 ksi
Use c =5/8
Diameter = 2c = 1.25 in = 1 1/4 in
41.66 = s =
(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.

sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
K (F )(1.5 + c )c
F
114 = 2 + c
c
c 4 4
F
K (F )(1.5 + c )
114 = 2 + c
c
c 3
r 1.5 + 0.625
=
= 3.4 , K c = 1.29
c
0.625
1.29(F )(1.5 + 0.625)
F
114 =
+
2
(
)
0.625
(0.625)3
F = 25.97 kips
434.
A hook, similar to that shown with a horizontal circular section of diameter 2c, is to be
designed for a capacity of 2000 lb. maximum, a load that may be applied an indefinite
number of times. A value of a = 2 in. should be satisfactory for the radius of curvature of
the inside of the hook. Let N = 1.8 based on the modified Goodman line. At the outset of
design, the engineer decided to try AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F. (a) Compute the diameter
of the horizontal section, (b) If the 45o circular section is made the same diameter, what
is its design factor (modified Goodman)? Could this section be made smaller or should it
be larger?
Solution:
(a) For AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F, Figure AF 1
su = 100 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SF x sn = 0.85(0.5)(100) = 42.5 ksi
Kf = 1.0
Modified Goodman line:
Page 105 of 133

1 sm K f sa
=
+
N su
sn
s
sm = sa = repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
s2 s2
1
=
+
1.8 100 42.5
sd = 33.14 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A
I
a = 2.0 in
A=
(2c )2 = c 2
4
F = 2000 lb = 2.0 kips
M = F (a + c )
I=
(2c )4
c 4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 2. 0 + c
=
=
c
c
c
Substitute:
2.0 K (2.0)(2.0 + c )c
33.14 = 2 + c
c
c 4 4
2.0 8K (2.0 + c )
33.14 = 2 + c 3
c
c
r 2.0 + 0.639
= 4.13 , K c = 1.224
=
c
0.639
2. 0
8(1.224)(2.0 + 0.639)
33.14 = s =
+
2
(0.639)
(0.639)3
33.14 = s 33.08 ksi
Use c = 11/16 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in
(b) sus = 0.6su = 0.6 x 100 ksi = 60 ksi

sns = 0.6sn = 0.6 x 42.5 ksi = 25.5 ksi
Equivalent stress (Modified Goodman Line)
s s
se = m n + K f sa
su
s s
ses = ms ns + K f sas
sus
Page 106 of 133

1
2
2 2
1 se ses
= +
N sn sns
s
sm = sa =
2
s
sms = sas = s
2
F cos 45 K c Mc F cos 45 K c F (a + c )(cos 45)c
s=
+
=
+
A
I
c 2
c 4 4
F cos 45 4K c F (a + c )(cos 45)
+
s=
c 2
c 3
F sin 45 F sin 45
ss =
=
A
c 2
11
c = in = 0.6875 in (assuming constant diameter)
16
r a + c 2.0 + 0.6875
=
=
= 3.91
c
c
0.6875
Table AT 18,
K c = 1.239
(2.0 )cos 45 4(1.239)(2.0)(2.0 + 0.6875)(cos 45)
s=
+
(0.6875)2
(0.6875)3
s = 19.40 ksi
(2.0 )sin 45
ss =
= 0.95 ksi
(0.6875)2
Then
s s
se = m n + K f sa
su
19.40 42.5
ss
se = n + K f =
+ 1 = 13.82 ksi
2 su
2 100
s s
ses = ms ns + K f sas
sus
ses =
0.85 25.5
ss sns
+ K f =
+ 1 = 0.68 ksi
2 sus
2 60
2
2
1 se ses
= +
N sn sns
2
2
1 13.82 0.68 2
=
+

N 42.5 25.5
N = 3.06
Since N > 1.8, this section could be made smaller.
Page 107 of 133
435.
A C-frame hand press is made of annealed cast steel (A27-58) and has a modified Isection, as shown. The dimensions of a 45o section CD are: a = 3, b = 6, h = 4, t = 1 in.,
radius r = 1 in.; also g = 12 in.; and the maximum force is F = 17 kips, repeated a
relatively few times in the life of the press. (a) Applying the straight-beam formula to
the 45o section, compute the maximum and minimum normal stresses. (b) Do the same,
applying the curved-beam formula. (c) By what theory would you judge this section to
have been designed? If the radius r were increased several times over, as it could have
been done, would the stress have been materially reduced? Give reasons for your
conclusions.
Solution:
(a) Straight-beam formula
Consider only normal stresses, relatively static.
F cos 45 Mc
s=
A
I
M = F g r + 2 + r cos 45
2
A = ht + at + (b 2t )t
t
t
b 2t
ht + (b 2t )(t )
+ t + at b t +
2
2
2
c2 =
ht + (b 2t )t + at
Page 108 of 133

ht 2
t
bt
+ (b 2t ) + at b
2
2
2

c2 =
ht + (b 2t )t + at
c1 = b c 2
(4)(1)2
1
(6 )(1)
+ [6 2(1)]
+ (3)(1) 6
2
2
2
c2 =
= 2.77273 in
(4 )(1) + [6 2(1)](1) + (3)(1)
c1 = b c 2 = 6 2.7723 = 3.22727 in
I = I + Ad 2
A1 = ht
A2 = (b 2t )t
A3 = at
ht 3
t
I1 =
+ ht c 2
12
2
I2 =
t (b 2t )3
b
+ (b 2t )(t ) c2
12
2
at 3
t
I3 =
+ at c1
12
2
I1 =
2
(4)(1)3 ( )( )
1
+ 4 1 2.77273 = 21 in 4
12
2
(1)[6 2(1)]3 [ ( )]( ) 6
I2 =
+ 6 2 1 1 2.77273 = 5.54 in 4
12
(3)(1)
+ (3)(1) 3.22727 = 22.564 in 4

12
2
I = 21 + 5.54 + 22.564 = 49.104 in 4

Then
F cos 45 Mc 2
smax =
+
A
I
F cos 45 Mc1
smin =
A
I
A = (4 )(1) + (3)(1) + [6 2(1)](1) = 11 in 2
I3 =
2.77273
M = 17 12 1 +
+ 1 cos 45 = 215.686 in kips
2
17 cos 45 (215.686)(2.77273)
smax =
+
= 13.27 ksi in tension
11
49.104
17 cos 45 (215.686)(2.77273)
smin =
= 13.08 ksi = 13.08 ksi in compression

11
49.104
(b) Curved-beam formula
Page 109 of 133

F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
+
A
I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin =
A
I
Using Table AT18
r
Z = 1 + [b1 log e (r + c1 ) (t b1 )log e (r + c 4 ) + (b t )log e (r c3 ) blog e (r c 2 )]
A
smax =
r = 1 + 2.77273 = 3.77273 in
c 2 = 2.77273 in
c1 = 3.22727 in
c 4 = 3.22727 1 = 2.22727 in
c3 = 2.77273 1 = 1.77273 in
b1 = 3 in
t = 1 in
b = 4 in
c
1 + Z (r + c ) I
Kc =
Arc
3.77273 3log e (3.77273 + 3.22727 ) (1 3)log e (3.77273 + 2.22727)
Z = 1 +
11 + (4 1)log e (3.77273 1.77273) 4 log e (3.77273 2.77273)

Z = 2.944455
c = c2
c2
2.77273
(49.104)
1 +
I 1 +
Z (r c 2 ) 2.944455(3.77273 2.77273)
K ci =
=
(11)(3.77273)(2.77273)
Arc 2
K ci = 0.8286
c = c1
c1
3.22727
(49.104)
1 +
I 1 +
Z (r + c1 ) 2.944455(3.77273 + 3.22727 )
K co =
=
(11)(3.77273)(3.22727 )
Arc1
K co = 0.424
F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
smax =
+
A
I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin =
A
I
17 cos 45 (0.8286)(215.686)(2.77273)
smax =
+
11
49.104
Page 110 of 133
smin =
17 cos 45 (0.424)(215.686)(2.77273)

11
49.104
(c) This section must be designed based on straight beam formula. Maximum stress is
higher.
Increasing the radius r.
Table A-18.
r = 2 + 2.77273 = 4.77273 in
c 2 = 2.77273 in
c1 = 3.22727 in
c 4 = 3.22727 1 = 2.22727 in
c3 = 2.77273 1 = 1.77273 in
b1 = 3 in
t = 1 in
b = 4 in
c
1 + Z (r + c ) I
Kc =
Arc
4.77273 3log e (4.77273 + 3.22727 ) (1 3)log e (4.77273 + 2.22727 )
Z = 1 +
11 + (4 1)log e (4.77273 1.77273) 4 log e (4.77273 2.77273)

Z = 3.622343
c = c2
c2
2.77273
1 +
I 1 +
(49.104)
(
)
Z
r
c
3
.
622343
(
4
.
77273
2
.
77273
)
2
K ci =
=
(
)(
)(
)
Arc 2
11 4.77273 2.77273
K ci = 0.4664
c = c1
c1
3.22727
(49.104)
1 +
I 1 +
Z
(
r
+
c
)
3.622343(4.77273 + 3.22727 )
K co =
=
(11)(4.77273)(3.22727)
Arc1
K co = 0.3221
F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
smax =
+
A
I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin =
A
I
17 cos 45 (0.4664)(215.686)(2.77273)
smax =
+
11
49.104
17 cos 45 (0.3221)(215.686)(2.77273)
smin =

11
49.104
Page 111 of 133
436.
The stress is reduced using by increasing the radius r in Curved Beam Formula.
Reason: As the radius r increased the stress factor for curved beam decreases thence
the maximum stress is reduced.
A heavy C-clamp, similar to the figure, is made of normalized cast steel (A27-58) and has
a T-section where t= 7/16 in.; q= 2 , a =1 in. What is the safe capacity if N = 2 based
on yield?
Solution:
F K Mc
s = + ci i
A
I
Table AT 1
2
3t
7
A = 4t + t (4.5t ) = 10.5t 2 = 10.5 = 2.009766 in 2
2
16
(t ) 4.5t + 3 t
3
+ (4t t ) t
2
2 = 2.035714t
c1 =
3
3
2t 4.5t + t + (4t t ) t
2
7
c1 = 2.035714 = 0.890625 in
16
c 2 = 4.5t + 1.5t c1 = 6t 2.035714t = 3.964286t
7
c 2 = 3.964286 = 1.734375 in
16
Table AT 18
r = a + c1 = 1.75 + 0.890625 = 2.640625 in
r a + c1 2.640625
=
=
= 2.965
c
c1
0.890625
K ci = 1.4212
M = F (q + ci ) = F (2.75 + 0.890625) = 3.640625F

For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy = 36 ksi
Moment of Inertia
Page 112 of 133

3
(4t ) 3 t
2
2
3
2 + (4t ) 3 t 2.035714t 3 t + (t )(4.5t ) + (t )(4.5t ) 3.964286t 4.5 t
I=

12
4
12
2
2
7
I = 31.861607t = 31.861607 = 1.167293 in 4
16
4
F K ci Mc i
+
A
I
sy 36
F
(1.4212 )(3.640625)(F )(0.890625)
s= = =
+
N 2 2.009766
1.167293
F = 4.049 kips = 4049 lb
s=
437.
The same as 436, except that the section is trapezoidal with b = in. (see figure). Ignore
the effect of resounding off the corners.
Solution:
F K Mc
s = + ci i
A
I
From other sources.
2
1
(b + 2b)(3b ) = 4.5b 2 = 4.5 3 = 2.53125 in 2
2
4
3b 2b + 2b 4
43
c1 =
= b = = 1 in
3 b + 2b 3
34
4
5
5 3
c 2 = 3b b = b = = 1.25 in
3
3
3 4
A=
4
(3b)3 [b 2 + 4b(2b) + (2b)2 ]
3
4
I=
= 3.25b = 3.25 = 1.02832 in 4
36(b + 2b)
4
Table AT 18
3.25b4
Z = 1 +
2r b a
(r + c 2 ) log e r + c 2 (b a )
a +
(a + b)c
c
r c1
Page 113 of 133

r = a + c1 = 1.75 + 1 = 2.75 in
a = b = 0.75 in
b = 2b = 2(0.75) = 1.50 in
c = 3b = 3(0.75) = 2.25 in
Z = 1 +
2(2.75)
1.50 0.75
2.75 + 1.25
(2.75 + 1.25) log e
(1.50 0.75)
0.75 +
(0.75 + 1.5)(2.25)
2.25
2.75 1
Z = 0.05627
c1
1
(1.02832)
1 +
I 1 +
Z (r c1 ) 0.05627(2.75 1)
K ci =
=
= 1.6479
(2.53125)(2.75)(1)
Arc1
M = F (q + c1 ) = F (2.75 + 1) = 3.75F
For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy = 36 ksi
F K ci Mc i
+
A
I
sy 36
F
(1.6479)(3.75)(F )(1)
s= = =
+
N 2 2.53125
1.02832
F = 2.810 kips = 2810 lb
s=
THICK-SHELL CYLINDERS; INTERFERENCE FITS

438.
Special welded steel pipe, equivalent in strength to SAE 1022, as rolled, is subjected to
an internal pressure of 8000 psi. The internal diameter is to be 4 in. and the factor of
safety is to be 3, including an allowance for the weld. (a) Find the thickness of the pipe
according to the distortion-energy theory. (b) Using this thickness find the maximum
normal and shear stresses and the corresponding safety factors. (c) Compute the
thickness from the thin-shell formula and from the Barlow formula.
Solution:
4.5
ri =
= 2.25 in , N = 3 , pi = 8000 psi
2
SAE 1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
(a) Distortion-Energy Theory
1
1
1 in
t = ri
1 3pi
sy 52
s = = = 17.333 ksi = 17 ,333 psi
N 3
Page 114 of 133

1
1
1 = 2.774 in
t = 2.25
1 3 8000
17 ,333
(b) Maximum normal stress

p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro ri
pi ro2 + ri2
ro2 ri 2
ri = 2.25 in
ro = 2.25 + 2.774 = 5.024 in
ti =
8000 5.024 2 + 2.25 2

= 12,014 psi
5.0242 2.252
s
52,000
= 4.33
N= y =
ti 12,014
Maximum shear stress
r 2 (p p )
= o 2 i 2o
ro ri
ti =
=
=
ro2 pi
ro2 ri 2
(5.024)2 (8000)
= 10,007 psi
5.0242 2.252
sy
52,000
N=
=
= 2.60
2 2(10,007 )
(c) From thin-shell formula
p r (8000)(2.25)
t= i i =
= 1.0385 in
st
17,333
From Barlow formula
pr
p (r + t )
t= i o = i i
st
st
pr
(8000)(2.25)
t= i i =
= 1.929 in
st pi 17,333 8000
439.
The internal diameter of the cast-steel cylinder, SAE 0030, of a hydraulic press is 12 in.
The internal working pressure is 6000 psi, N = 2.5. Find the thickness of the cylinder
walls (a) from the maximum-shear-stress theory, (b) from the octahedral-shear theory.
(c) Compute the thickness from the thin-shell and Barlow formulas. What do you
recommend?
Solution:
Page 115 of 133

Table AT 6. SAE 0030 = A27-58, sy = 35 ksi
r 2 (p p ) s
= o 2 i 2o = y
ro ri
2N
12
ri = = 6 in
2
pi = 6,000 psi = 6 ksi
po = 0 ksi
ro2 (6 0 )
35
=
2
2
2(2.5)
ro (6)
ro = 15.8745 in
t = ro ri = 15.8745 6 = 9.8745 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
12
1
1
t = ri
3pi
sy 35
= 14 ksi
s= =
N 2.5
12
t = (6 )
1 = 5.8195 in
3 (6)
14
(c) Thin shell formula

p r sy
st = i i =
t
N
(6)(6) = 35
t
2.5
t = 2.5714 in
Barlow formula
sy
pr
st = i o =
t
N
6(6 + t ) 35
=
t
2.5
t = 4.5 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 9.8745 in thick.
Page 116 of 133

440.
The same as 439, except a higher-strength material is selected. Try cast-steel SAE 0105.
Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0105 = A148-58, sy = 85 ksi
r 2 (p p ) s
= o 2 i 2o = y
ro ri
2N
12
ri = = 6 in
2
pi = 6,000 psi = 6 ksi
po = 0 ksi
ro2 (6 0 )
85
=
2
2
2(2.5)
ro (6)
ro = 7.459 in
t = ro ri = 7.459 6 = 1.459 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
12
1
1
t = ri
3pi
sy 85
s= =
= 34 ksi
N 2.5
12
1
1 = 1.2005 in
t = (6)
3 (6 )
34
(c) Thin shell formula

p r sy
st = i i =
t
N
(6)(6) = 85
t
2.5
t = 1.0588 in
Barlow formula
sy
pr
st = i o =
t
N
6(6 + t ) 85
=
t
2.5
t = 1.2857 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 1.459 in thick.
Page 117 of 133

441.
A 2 in. heavy-wall pipe has the following dimensions: OD = 2.875, ID = 1.771, t = 0.552
in.; inside surface area per foot of length = 66.82 in.2, outside surface area per foot of
length = 108.43 in.2. The material is chromium-molybdenum alloy, for which the
permissible tangential tensile stress is 15 ksi at temperatures between 700 800 F. (a)
Compute the maximum internal working pressure for this pipe from Lames formula, by
the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories. (b) What is the stress at an external
fiber? (c) A higher design stress would be permitted for an external pressure alone.
Nevertheless, compute the external pressure corresponding to a maximum tangential
stress of 15 ksi.
Solution:
OD 2.875
ro =
=
= 1.4375 in
2
2
ID 1.771
ri = =
= 0.8855 in
2
2
t = 0.552 in
(a) Lames Equation
p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = i o 2 i 2 o o = s
ro ri
pi (1.4375)2 + (0.8855)2 0
(1.4375)2 (0.8855)2
pi = 6.7477 ksi
Maximum shear theory
r 2 (p p ) s
= o 2 i 2o =
ro ri
2
15 =
(1.4375)2 (pi )
15
=
2
2
(1.4375) (0.8855) 2
pi = 4.654 ksi
Octahedral shear theory
12
t = ri
1
3pi
12
0.552 = (0.8855)
1
3pi
15
pi = 5.374 ksi
(b) Stress at external fiber, pi = 4.654 ksi
to =
2pi ri 2 po ro2 + ri2

ro2 ri2
Page 118 of 133

2(4.654)(0.8855)2 0
to =
= 5.592 ksi
(1.4375)2 (0.8855)2
(c) External pressure alone.
p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = i o 2 i 2 o o = s
ro ri
0 2po (1.4375)2
(1.4375)2 (0.8855)2
po = 4.654 ksi
15 =
442.
A cast-steel hub is to be shrunk on a 1.5-in., SAE 1035, as-rolled, steel shaft. The
equivalent diameter of the hub is 2.5 in., its length is 4 in. (a) What must be the
interference of metal if the holding power of this fit is equal to the torsional yield
strength of the shaft? Use Baughers recommendations. (b) What are the corresponding
tangential and radial stresses in the hub?
Solution:
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
Es = 30,000 ksi
s = 0.3
For hub, Cast steel, Eh = 30,000 ksi, h ~ 0.3
(a) Interference of metal
For solid shaft, same E and .
2
Ei Di
1
pi =
2Di Do
Di = 1.5 in
Do = 2.5 in
L = 4 in
For pi:
fp D 2L
T= i i
2
But
Di3 sys
T=
16
Then
Di3 sys fpiDi2L
=
16
f = 0.1 as per Baughers recommendation
Di sys (1.5)(33)
pi =
=
= 15.46875 ksi
8 fL 8(0.1)(4 )
Then
Page 119 of 133
pi =
2
Ei Di
1
2Di Do
(30,000)(i ) 1.5 2
15.46875 =

1
2(1.5) 2.5
i = 0.002417 in - answer.
(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub
Tangential stress
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
th =
(30,000)(0.002417 ) 1.5 2
= 32.87 ksi
1 +
2(1.5)
2.5
Radial stress
rh = pi = 15.46875 ksi
443.
The same as 442, except that the hub is ASTM 20, cast iron. Will the resulting tensile
stresses be safe for cast iron?
Solution:
Table AT 6, ASTM 20, cast iron, suc = 83 ksi, su = 20 ksi (hub)
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
(a) Interference of metal
For hub of cast iron and the shaft is steel.
D 2
Ei 1 i
Do
pi =
2
D
Di 3 + + (1 ) i
Do
Di = 1.5 in
Do = 2.5 in
L = 4 in
E = 30,000 ksi
= 0.27
For pi:
fp D 2L
T= i i
2
But
Di3 sys
T=
16
Page 120 of 133

Then
Di3 sys
fpiDi2L
16
f = 0.1 as per Baughers recommendation
Di sys (1.5)(33)
pi =
=
= 15.46875 ksi
8 fL 8(0.1)(4 )
Then
D 2
Ei 1 i
Do
pi =
2
Di
Di 3 + + (1 )
Do
2
(30,000)(i )1 1.5
2.5
15.46875 =
2
(1.5)3 + 0.27 + (1 0.27 ) 1.5

2.5
i = 0.004269 in - answer.
(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub
Tangential stress
D 2
Ei 1 + i
Do
th =
2
D
Di 3 + + (1 ) i
Do
2
(30,000)(0.004269)1 + 1.5
2.5 = 32.87 ksi
th =
2
(1.5)3 + 0.27 + (1 0.27 ) 1.5

2.5
(30,000)(0.002417 ) 1.5 2
th =
= 32.87 ksi
1 +
2(1.5)
2.5
> 20 ksi.
Not safe for cast iron ASTM 20.

Radial stress
rh = pi = 15.46875 ksi
444.
A cast-steel gear is pressed onto a 2-in. shaft made of AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F. The
equivalent hub diameter is 4 in., and the hub length is 4 in. (a) What are the maximum
tangential and radial stresses in the hub caused by a class FN 2 interference fit?
Compute for the apparent maximum value of i (but recall the probability of this event).
Page 121 of 133

(b) What axial force F in tons will be required to press the gear on the shaft if f1 is
assumed to be 0.2? (c) What torque may the force fit safely transmit? (d) Is the holding
capacity of this fit large enough to transmit a torque that produces a simple torsional
stress of 0.6sys in the shaft?
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 2 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0027 0.0000 = 0.0027 in
(a) For same material and same Poissons ratio
Tangential stress
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
(30 10 )(0.0027) 1 + 2
=
6
th
2(2)
= 25,313 psi
4
2
Radial stress
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
2
6
30 10 (0.0027 ) 2
rh =
1 = 15,188 psi
2(2)
4
(b) Axial force F in tons.

f p D L
F = 1 i i tons
2000
(
0.2 )(15,188)( )(2)(4)
= 38.17 tons
F=
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fp D 2L
T= i i
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
(0.1)(15,188)( )(2)2 (4)
T=
= 38,172 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss = 0.6sys = 0.6(0.6sy ) = 0.6(0.6 )(133) = 47.88 ksi = 47 ,880 psi
ssDi3 (47 ,880)( )(2)3
=
= 72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a torque that
produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
T=
Page 122 of 133

445.
The same as 444, except that a class FN 4 fit is investigated and the computation is
made for the average i.
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 4 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0042 0.0000 = 0.0042 in
Minimum value of i = 0.0035 0.0012 = 0.0023 in
Average value of i = 0.5 (0.0042 + 0.0023) = 0.00325 in
(a) For same material and same Poissons ratio
Tangential stress
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
(30 10 )(0.00325) 1+ 2
=
6
th
2(2 )
= 30,469 psi
4
2
Radial stress
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
2
6
30 10 (0.00325) 2
rh =
1 = 18,281 psi
2(2 )
4
(b) Axial force F in tons.

f p D L
F = 1 i i tons
2000
(
0.2)(18,281)( )(2 )(4)
= 45.95 tons
F=
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fp D 2L
T= i i
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
(0.1)(18,281)( )(2)2 (4)
T=
= 45,945 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss = 0.6sys = 0.6(0.6sy ) = 0.6(0.6 )(133) = 47.88 ksi = 47 ,880 psi
ssDi3 (47 ,880)( )(2)3
=
= 72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a torque that
produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
T=
Page 123 of 133

446.
A No. 217 ball bearing has a bore of 3.3465 in., a width of 1.1024 in., and the inner race
is approximately 3/8 in. thick. This bearing is to be mounted on a solid shaft with i =
0.0014. (a) Calculate the maximum radial and tangential stresses in the race. (b)
Estimate the force required to press the bearing onto the shaft.
Solution:
Di = 3.3465 in, Do = 3.3465 + 2(3/8) = 4.0965 in, i = 0.0014 in.
(a) Maximum radial stress in the race
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
2
6
30 10 (0.0014) 3.3465
rh =
= 2,087 psi
1
2(3.3465)
4.0965
Tangential stress
2
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
2
6
30 10 (0.0014) 3.3465
th =
1
+
= 10,463 psi

2(3.3465)
4.0965
(b) Force required to press the bearing onto the shaft
f p D L
F = 1 i i tons , use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
(0.175)(2,087 )( )(2)(4 ) = 4.59 tons
F=
2000
447.
A steel disk of diameter Do and thickness L = 4 in. is to be pressed onto a 2-in. steel
shaft. The parts are manufactured with class FN 5 fit, but assembled parts are selected
so as to give approximately the average interference. What will be the maximum radial
and tangential stresses in the disk if (a) Do is infinitely large; (b) Do = 10 in.; (c) Do = 4 in.;
(d) Do = 2.5 in.?
Solution:
(a) Maximum radial stress if Do .
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
Ei
rh = pi =
2Di
(30 10 )(0.005) = 37,500 psi

6
rh =
2(2 )
Maximum tangential stress if Do .
th =
Ei Di
1 +
2Di Do
Page 124 of 133
th =
Ei
2Di
(30 10 )(0.005) = 37,500 psi

6
th =
2(2 )
(b) Maximum radial stress if Do = 10 in .
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
2
30 10 6 (0.005) 2
rh =
1 = 36,000 psi
2(2 )
10
Maximum tangential stress if Do = 10 in .
2
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
6
30 10 (0.005) 2
th =
1 + 10 = 39,000 psi
2(2 )

(c) Maximum radial stress if Do = 2.5 in .
2
Ei Di
1
rh = pi =
2Di Do
2
30 106 (0.005) 2
rh =
= 13,500 psi
1
2(2 )
2.5
Maximum tangential stress if Do = 2.5 in .
2
Ei Di
1 +
th =
2Di Do
6
30 10 (0.005) 2
th =
1 + 2.5 = 61,500 psi
2(2 )
448.
A steel cylinder is to have an inside diameter of 3 in. and pi = 30,000 psi. (a) Calculate
the tangential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces if the outside diameter is 6 in. (b)
It was decided to make the cylinder in two parts, the inner cylinder with D1 = 3 in. and Di
= 4.5 in., the outer cylinder with Di = 4.5 in. and Do = 6 in. (see figure). The two cylinders
were shrunk together with i = 0.003 in. Calculate the pressure at the interface and the
tangential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of each cylinder. (Suggestion: first
derive an equation for the interface pressure).
Page 125 of 133
Solution:
(a) Tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface.
Di = 3 in, ri = 1.5 in, pi = 30,000 psi
Do = 6 in, ro = 3 in, po = 0
p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro ri
ti =
(30,000)[(3)2 + (1.5)2 ] 0
= 50,000 ksi
(3)2 (1.5)2
to =
2pi ri 2 po ro2 + ri2

ro2 ri2
2(30,000 )(1.5)2 0
= 20,000 ksi
(3)2 (1.5)2
(b) Pressure at the interface, tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface of each
cylinder.
+ h pi ts + s pi
i = 2( h + s ) = Di th
E
E
h
s
to =
Eh = E s , h = s
th =
pi ro2 + ri2
ro2 ri 2
ts =
2 p1r12 pi ri2 + r12

ri 2 r12
p
p D
i = Di th + i ts i = i ( th ts )
E
E
E E
E
D p r2 +r2 p r2 +r2
2p r 2
i = i i 2o 2i + i 2i 21 2 1 1 2
E ro ri
ri r1
ri r1
p1 = 30,000 psi, ro = 3 in, ri = 2.25 in, r1 = 1.5 in
Page 126 of 133

Pressure at the interface, pi.
Ei 2 p1r12
+
Di ri2 r12
pi = 2 2
ro + ri
r2 +r2
+ i2 12
2
2
ro ri
ri r1
(30 10 )(0.003) + 2(30,000)(1.5)
4.5
(2.25)2 (1.5)2 = 20,000 + 48,000
3.571429 + 2.6
(3)2 + (2.25)2 + (2.25)2 + (1.5)2
2
2
2
2
(3) (2.25) (2.25) (1.5)
pi = 11,018.5 psi
Tangential stresses:
Inner cylinder:
Inner surface:
p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = 1 i 2 1 2 i i
ri r1
pi =
30,000 (2.25)2 + (1.5)2 2(11,018.5)(2.25)2

= 38,333.4 psi
(2.25)2 (1.5)2
Outer surface:
2p r 2 p r 2 + r 2
to = 1 1 2 i 2i 1
ri r1
ti =
to =
2(30,000)(2.25)2 11,018.5 (2.25)2 + (1.5)2

= 79,351.9 psi
(2.25)2 (1.5)2
Outer cylinder:
Inner surface:
p r 2 + r 2 2p r 2
ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro ri
11,018.5 (3)2 + (2.25)2 2(0 )(3)2

= 39,351.8 psi
(3)2 (2.25)2
Outer surface:
2p r 2 p r 2 + r 2
to = i i 2 o 2o i
ro ri
ti =
to =
449.
2(11,018.5)(2.25)2 0 (3)2 + (2.25)2

= 28,333.3 psi
(3)2 (2.25)2
A phosphor-bronze (B139C) bushing has an ID = in., an OD = 1 in., and a length of 2

in. It is to be pressed into a cast-steel cylinder that has an outside diameter of 2 in. An
ASA class FN 2 fit is to be used with selective assembly to give approximately the
interference i = 0.0016 in. Calculate (a) pi, (b) the maximum tangential stress in the steel
Page 127 of 133

cylinder, (c) the force required to press bushing into the cylinder, (d) the decrease of the
inside diameter of the bushing.
Solution:
Phosphor Bronze B139C, Es = 16 x 106 psi (Table AT3), s = 0.36 (other reference).
Cast steel, Eh = 30 x 106 psi , h = 0.27 (Table AT 6)
+ h pi ts + s pi
i = 2( h + s ) = Di th
Eh
Es
th =
pi ro2 + ri2
ro2 ri 2
ts =
pi ri2 + r12
ri2 r12
p
p
i = Di th + h i ts s i
Eh
Es
Es
Eh
p r2 +r2 p p r2 + r2 p
i = Di i o2 i 2 + h i + i i 2 12 s i
Eh
Es
E s ri r1
E h ro ri
(a) pi
i
Di
pi =
2
2
ro + ri
ri2 + r12

+
+ h s
2
2
2
2
E h ro ri
E s ri r1
Eh Es
(
(
)
)
(
(
2.25
= 1.125 in
2
1.25
ri =
= 0.625 in
2
0.75
r1 =
= 0.375 in
2
ro =
Page 128 of 133
)
)

L = 2 in
Di = 1.25 in
pi =
(1.125)2 + (0.625)2
30 10 6 [(1.125)2 (0.625)2 ]
0.0016
1.25
(
0.625)2 + (0.375)2
0.27
0.36
+
+
2
2
6
6
30 10 16 10 6
16 10 (0.625) (0.375)
1.28 10
6.309524 10 + 1.328125 10 7 + 0.9 10 8 2.25 108
pi = 7,017 psi
(b) Maximum tangential stress in the steel cylinder.
p r2 + r2
th = i 2o 2i
ro ri
pi =
(7,017 )[(1.125)2 + (0.625)2 ]

= 13,282 psi
(1.125)2 (0.625)2
th =
(c) F
f1piDi L
tons , use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
(0.175)(7,017 )( )(1.25)(4) = 4.82 tons
F=
2000
(d) Decrease of the inside diameter of the bushing. The bushing is phosphor bronze.
Subscript is s as in shaft.
+ s pi
s = ts
Es
F=
ts =
pi ri2 + r12
ri2 r12
ts =
7,017 (0.625)2 + (0.375)2

= 14,911 psi
(0.625)2 (0.375)2
14,911 + 0.36(7,017 )
= 0.000774 in
16 10 6
s =
DESIGN PROJECTS
DESIGN PROJECTS
450.
A jib crane similar to the one shown is to be designed for a capacity of F = ___ (say, 1 to
3 tons). The load F can be swung through 360o; L 10 ft., b 8.5 ft., c 2 ft. The
moment on the jib is balanced by a couple QQ on the post, the forces Q acting at
supporting bearings. The crane will be fastened to the floor by 6 equally spaced bolts on
a D1 = 30-in. bolt circle; outside diameter of base D2 = 36 in. (a) Choose a pipe size
(handbooks) for the column such that the maximum equivalent stress does not exceed
12 ksi. (b) Choose an I-beam for the jib such that the maximum stress does not exceed
12 ksi. (c) Compute the maximum external load on a base bolt and decide upon the size.
Page 129 of 133

(d) Complete other details as required by the instructor, such as: computing Q and
choosing bearings (ball or roller?), the internal construction and assembly in this vicinity,
detail sketches giving full information.
451.
Design an air-operated punch press similar to the one shown. Let the force at the punch
be 12 tons, (or other capacity as specified by the instructor), the depth of throat to the
inside edge of the frame be 25 in., the diameter and stroke of the piston about 8 in. by 8
in., the mechanical advantage of the lever about 7, and the diameter of the punch 3/16
in. Determine first the horizontal section of the frame, and locate and design the
cylinder. Then determine the relative arrangement of the various links and make a force
analysis, from which the design of certain parts follows. Determine the actual distance
of movement of the punch (not less than about 1 in.). The illustration will assist the
student in settling upon the proportions of parts for which strength calculations cannot
be made.
Page 130 of 133
452.
Design a screw press similar to that shown for a load of ___ (say, 3) tons on the screw.
The depth of the throat g is to be ___ (10) in. and the height of the throat h is to be ___
(15) in. (The instructor will assign the data.) The order of procedure may be as follows:
(a) Find the diameter of the screw. If Le/k > 40, check as a column. If the top of the screw
is squared off for a handwheel or handle, check this section for twisting. The equation
for pivot friction, if desired, is in 18.10, Text. (b) Decide upon the diameter of the
handwheel or the length of handle (if one is needed to obtain the maximum pressure),
assuming that the maximum force to be exerted by a man is about 150 lb. Dimensions
of handwheels may be found in handbooks. The handle may be designed by the flexure
formula. (c) Design the frame. The shape of the section of the frame will depend on the
material used. A T-section is suitable for cast iron (say N = 6 on the ultimate strength), a
hollow box or modified I-section is suitable for cast steel. The 45o section CD of the
frame should be safe as a curved beam. See Table AT 18. In this connection, it will be
well to make the radius r as large as practicable, since the larger r the less the stresses
from a given load. Compute the dimensions of the vertical section. It is a good plan to
keep t and a the same in all sections. (d) Design the bushing if one is used. The height b
depends upon the number of threads in contact, which in turn depends upon the
bearing pressure used in design. (Say half-hard yellow brass?) Compute the outside
Page 131 of 133

bushing diameter, the diameter and thickness of the collar, and decide upon dimensions
to be used. (e) Fix the location and number of bolts to be used to fasten the frame to
the base plate, and determine their size. Use a common bolt material. (f) Decide upon
all other details of design. Make a separate sketch of each part of the machine showing
thereon all dimensions necessary for manufacture. It is suggested that, first, all
materials be tentatively decided upon, after which design stresses may be chosen. See
that design stresses for the various parts bear a logical relation to one another. It is not
necessary to follow this procedure in detail. It is likely that one will have to leave certain
details unfinished from time to time, because these details depend on parts of the
design not yet completed. Make sure that all parts can be assembled after they are
made. Notice that the plate on the lower end of the screw must be connected in such a
manner that the screw may turn while the plate does not.
453.
Design a jib crane, as suggested by the illustration, to lift a load of W of ___ tons. The
maximum radius of swing is to be about ___ ft. (The instructor will assign data).
Suggested procedure: (a) From catalogues, select a hoist to suit the purpose, giving
reasons for your choice, and noting significant dimensions. Of course, in the end, the
hoist trolley has to match the size of I-beam used. (b) Let the angle that the diagonal
tension rod makes with the horizontal be about 20o to 25o, and decide upon the
dimensions H and L. Note that the point G does not necessarily have to be at the
extreme position of the load. As a matter of fact, some advantage may result from
having G inside the outermost position of the load. Make the force analyses (including
weight of hoist as part of load) for (1) the condition of maximum column action, (2) the
condition of maximum bending moment on the beam, and (3) the condition for
maximum force on the hinge B (to be used for the design of this hinge). (c) Find the size
of I-beam such that the maximum stress for any position of the load falls within the
limits of 12 and 15 ksi, usually by assuming a standard beam and checking the stress.
According to the arrangement of parts, it may be necessary to design the connection at
G between the rod and the beam first. With the details of this connection known and
Page 132 of 133

with the details of beam assumed, the location of point G, the point of application of the
force T, can be determined. The bending moment of a section a minute distance to the
right of G is W(x dx). A minute distance to the left of G, the bending moment is W(x +
dx) Txe Tydx; that is, the moment changes suddenly at G by the amount Txe. (d)
Determine the size of diagonal support, including details of connections. (e) Design the
connections at each end of the diagonal and the hinge at C. Settle upon the details
including the method of attaching the hinge to the vertical surface, which may be wideflange beam. (f) Design the hinge at B and the connection to the I-beam; also the details
of the method of attaching the hinge to the vertical surface. Where material is not
specified, make your choice clear. There should be no doubt as to your design stresses
or design factor. Show a neat large sketch, fully dimensioned, of each part separately. It
is unlikely that too much detail will be shown.
-
E
n
d
-
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SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

ECCENTRIC LOADING (NORMAL STRESSES)