Examples Chapter 3 PDF

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS
1. Figure below shows the section of a vertical drop weir founded on sand. Determine:
a) The average hydraulic gradient
b) The uplift pressure at points A, B and C
c) The thickness of the floor at points A, B and C.
Use Blighs theory, specific gravity of floor material is equal to 2.24.
Solutions
Step 1: Determine creep Length
= 21 + + 22 = 2(4) + 30 + 2(6) = 50
Step 2: Find average hydraulic gradient ()
=
4
1
=
=
50 12.5
Step3: Determine residual head (uplift pressure) at points A, B and C.

= ( ) ( )
= () ()
1
= ( ) = ( ) = 4 (
18) = 2.56
12.5
= ( ) = ( ) = 4 (
1
28) = 1.76
12.5
= ( ) = ( ) = 4 (
1
38) = 0.96
12.5
Step 4: Determine the thickness of the floor at point A, B and C

=
=
(
)
3 1
4 2.56
(
)= (
) = 2.75
3 1
3 2.24 1

=
4 1.76
(
)= (
) = 1.89
3 1
3 2.24 1
4 0.96
(
)= (
) = 1.03
3 1
3 2.24 1
2. Determine the following for the sloping weir apron shown below using Khoslas analytical
(mathematical) method and Khoslas Graphical method.
a. The uplift pressures at key points
b. Whether the section provided is safe against uplift at A
c. Check against piping if the structure is founded on fine sand with a permissible
1
exit gradient of 6.
d. Draw sub-soil hydraulic gradient Line (H.G.L)
Use the thickness of the floor is 1m
Solutions
Determining uplift pressure at key points using the Khoslas theory is a three step processes:
1. Decompose the composite profile into three simple profiles: u/s pile only, intermediate
pile only and d/s pile only.
2. Determine the uplift pressures at key points for each simple profiles either analytical or
Khoslas curve method
3. Apply correction uplift pressure determined in step 2: Thickness, Interference and Slope
4. Determine uplift pressure at any points by interpolation
STEP1: DETERMINE UPLIFT PRESSURE AT KEY POINTS

1. FOR UPSTREAM SHEET PILE:
A. Analytical (Mathematical expression) method
= 57 = = (154 147 = 7
=
1
1
57
1 + 1 + 2
=
= 8.143
7
2
2
1 + 1 + 8.143
=
= 4.602
2
1 = 1 = 100%
1
1
1
1 4.602
= cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.7862 = 78.62%
4.602
1
2
1
2 4.602
= cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.6913 = 69.13%
4.602
B. Graphical or Khoslas Curve Method

Percentage of pressures at key points can also be determined by using Khoslas
pressure curves (Figure 3-15 in your handout).
= 57 = = (154 147 = 7
1
7
= =
= 0.123
57
1
15 (
= 22% = 31%
1 = 100 = 100 22 = 78%
1 = 100 = 100 31 = 69%

Apply correction to Pressure calculated at key points by analytical method: Thickness and
Interference. No slope correction is needed since the point is not located at start and end of
sloping floor.
Correction for mutual interference: Interference of intermediate pile on upstream pile:
+
= (+)19 (
)
+
= ()19 (
)
= 1 2 = 153 147 = 6
= 1 1 = 153 147 = 6
= 57 = 17
6 6+6
1 = (+)19 (
) = 2.376% (+)
17 57
Thickness correction:
1 =
1 1
1 = 69.13%
78.6269.13
7
, 1 = 78.62%
1 = 1.355% (+ve)
Slope Correction: No slope correction is need since it is not located at start or end of
sloping floor
The corrected pressure at key point 1
1 = 69.13% + 2.37% + 1.355% = 72.86%
2. FOR INTERMEDIATE SHEET PILE:
1 = 17,
2 = 40 , = 7
1 17
1 40
1 = =
= 2.429
1 = =
= 5.714
7
1 + 12 1 + 22 1 + 2.4292 1 + 5.7142
1 =
=
= 1.587
2
2
1 + 12 + 1 + 22 1 + 2.4292 + 1 + 5.7142
2 =
=
= 4.214
2
2
1 = 1 = 100%
1
1 1
1
1.587 1
2 = cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.7104 = 71.04%
4.214
1
1
1
1.587
2 = cos 1 ( ) = cos 1 (
) = 0.6229 = 62.29%
4.214
1
1 + 1
1
1.587 + 1
2 = cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.5445 = 54.45%
4.214
4

The value of can be read from the graph directly using and base ratio
1
()
( ) for
The value of can be read from the graph directly using and base ratio
1
greater than 0.5.

1
To find for any value of base ratio , read for base ratio (1
) and
subtract from 100.

= 100 (1
To find for any value of and base ratio

1
1
)
, read for base ratio (1
) and subtract from 100.

1
)
1
(1 ) = 0.7
= 100 (1
=
1 17
= 8.14, =
= 0.3,
57
From figure 3-15, = 54%, (1

1
) = 29, = 100 (1
) = 38%, = 100 38 = 62%, (1
) = 100 29 = 71%
Apply correction to pressure calculated at key points E2, D2, E2 by using analytical method:
Thickness, Interference, and slope. Correction for mutual interference: Interference of
intermediate pile on upstream pile:
o Correction for mutual interference: Interference of u/s pile on intermediate pile at point
E2 and Interference of d/s pile on intermediate pile at point C2
Mutual Interference Correction for 2 : Interference of u/s pile on Intermediate
pile.
= 2 1 = 153 147 = 6
= = 2 2 = 153 147 = 6
= 57 = 17
6 6+6
2 = ()19 (
) = 2.376% ()
17 57
Mutual Interference Correction for 2 : Interference of d/s pile on Intermediate

pile.
= 2 3 = 153 142 = 11
= = 2 2 = 153 147 = 6

= 57 = 40
2 = (+)19
11 11 + 6
(
) = 2.971% (+)
40
57
o Thickness correction:
Thickness correction for E2
E2 = 71.05% , D2 = 62.29%
c1t =
D2 E2
d
t=
71.0562.29
7m
x 1m = 1.25% (-ve)
Thickness correction for C2:

C2 = 24.45% , D2 = 62.29%
c1t =
D2 E2
d
t=
62.2954.45
7m
x 1m = 1.12% (-ve)
o Slope Correction: Slope Correction is need only at 2 since it is at the start of sloping
floor
= ( )
1
= 3: 1 = 4.5 ( 3 4)
= 3 1 = 40
3
= ( ) = = (
) 4.5% = 0.3375% ()
1
40
The corrected pressure at key point 2 2:
2 = 71.05% 2.37% 1.25% = 67.43%
2 = 54.45% + 2.972 + 1.12 0.34% = 58.2%
3. FOR DOWNSTREAM SHEET PILE:
= 57 = 152 142 = 10
=
57
1 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 5.72
=
= 5.7
=
=
= 3.394
10
2
2
1
2
1
3.394 2
3 = cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.3653 = 36.53%
3.394
3 =
1
1
1
3.394 1
cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.2508 = 25.08%
3.394
3 = 0

1 10
=
= 0.18
57
From figure 3-15, for = 0.18,
= 25% = 37%
Apply correction to uplift pressure calculated at key points: 3 , 3 3 by using analytical

method: Thickness and Interference. No slope correction is needed since the key points are
not located at start and end of sloping floor.
o Correction for mutual interference: Interference of intermediate pile on downstream
pile for key point 3 .
= 2 2 = 151 147 = 4
= = 3 3 = 151 142 = 9
= 57 = 40
4 4+9
3 = ()19 (
) = 1.37% ()
40 57
Thickness correction for 3
= = 3 3 = 152 142 = 10
3 = 36.53% , 3 = 25.08%
=
3 3
36.5325.08
10
1 = 1.145% (-ve)
Slope Correction: No slope correction is need since it is not located at start or end of
sloping floor
The corrected pressure at key point 3 :
3 = 36.53% 1.37% 1.145% = 34.02%
SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE OF PRESSURE AT ALL KEY POINTS

, (%)
Key Points
1
100.00
78.62
72.86
67.42
62.29
58.21
34.02
25.08
0.00
Remarks
Upstream Pile
Intermediate Pile
Downstream Pile
STEP2: DETERMINE UPLIFT PRESSURE AT POINT A

Percentage of pressure at A can be obtained by interpolations. Point A is located
between2 3 .
2
2 = 58.21
=?
3 = 34.02
20
40
(58.21 )
58.21 34.02)
=
(0 20)
(0 40)
= 46.12%
= = 0.4612 = 0.4612 6 = 2.7672
Since the residual head (2.767m) is greater than thickness (t = 1m), the structure is not safe against
uplift.

SPP3: DETERMINE EXIT GRADIENT
= 57 = 151 142 = 9
= = 158 152 = 6
57
1 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 5.72
= =
= 5.7
=
=
= 3.394
10
2
2
=
1
6
1
1
1
=
=
<
9 3.392 8.68 6
STEP4: DRAW SUB-SOIL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE (H.G.L)

Key points
(%)
Seepage
head (m)
Residual Head
=
Reference
H.G.L
Elevation(m)
(m)
100.00
6m
158.00
78.62
4.7m
156.70
72.86
4.37m
156.37
67.42
4.05m
156.05
62.29
3.74m
58.21
3.49m
155.49
34.02
2.04m
154.04
25.08
1.50m
153.50
0.00
152.00
H = 6m
152
155.74

3. Design the weir sections of a diversion headworks with the following data:
Design flood discharge
= 3000m3/s
Maximum dry (winter) flood discharge
= 300 m3/s
HFL before construction of Weir
= 255.5 m
Deepest bed level of the river
= 249.5 m
Pond level
= 254.5 m
Laceys Silt Factor (f)
= 0.9
Permissible afflux
=1m
Off-taking canal discharge
= 200 m3/s
Looseness factor
= 1.1
Concentration factor
= 1.2
Bed retrogression
= 0.5 m
Permissible exit gradient ( )
= 1/7
Pier contraction coefficient (K)
= 0.1
The stage discharge curve of the river is shown below:
10
SOLUTIONS
STEP 1: FIX DISCHARGE OVER WEIR BAY AND UNDERSLUICE SECTION
o Undersluice Section: The Undersluice bay carry maximum of the following three
discharges:
1. Twice the discharge of the off-taking canal = 2 x 200
= 400 m3/s
2. 20 % of the design flood discharge
= 0.2 x 3000 = 600 m3/s
3. Maximum winter (dry) flood discharge
= 300 m3/s
3
Thus, the discharge over the Undersluice section = 600
o Weir Bay Section:

= = 3000 600 = 2400
STEP 2: DETERMINE LEVEL OF WEIR CREST AND UNDERSLUICE

o Laceys water way: = 4.75 = 4.753000 = 260.17
o Actual width of waterway (overall waterway):
= = 1.1 260.17 = 286.2
1
Qf2 6
3000 x0.92 6
o Laceys Regime approaching Velocity: va = (140) = (

v2a
140
) = 1.61
m
s
1.612
o Approaching velocity head: ha = 2g = 19.62 = 0.13m

o
o
o
o
o
o
a)
D/s TEL:
= + = 255.5 + 0.13 = 255.63
= 255.63 = 255.13
U/s TEL:
= + = 255.63 + 1 = 256.63
= 256.63 0.5 = 256.13
Undersluice Section: Assuming broad crested (Coefficient of discharge = 1.71)
Fix Undersluice crest level at the deepest river bed level = 249.5m
Total head over the crest level of the Undersluice during flooding condition
= = 256.63 249.5 = 7.13
3
2
Discharge intensity ( ): = 1.71 (7.13) = 32.56

Width of Undersluice ( ): =
600
= 32.56 = 18.43
Let us provide two bays of 10m each: =
Since the width provided (20m) is greater than calculated value (18.43m), we have to adjust
the discharge over the crest of Undersluice using discharge formula:
11

3
)2
= (
= 2, = = 1
3
= . . =
3
= 1.71(20 0.1 2 1 7.13)(7.13)2 = 604
Height of gate over Undersluice crest level :
b) Weir Bay Section: Assume sharp crest weir (coefficient of discharge = 1.84)
Actual width of waterway of Weir Bay section:
= = 286.2 20 = 266.2
= 270 ()
Adjust discharge over the weir bay section: = 3000 604 = 2396
Discharge intensity ( ): =
2396
270
= 8.87
3
2
Height of TEL over weir crest ( ): = ( ) for sharp crested weir = 1.84
2
3
8.87 3
= (
) =(
) = 2.85
1.84
1.84
Required level of the weir crest: 256.63 2.85 = 253.78
Thus Let us provide weir crest level at 253.7m
Required height of weir gate: =
= . . = .
STEP3: FIX THE LEVEL OF THE DOWNSTREAM FLOOR AND THE LENGTH OF
THE DOWNSTREAM HORIZONTAL LENGTH OF FLOOR FOR WEIR BAY SECTION
Two flow conditions exist: Pond level (PL) and high flood level conditions (HFL).
1. At Pond level conditions
o The total discharge through weir and Undersluice section:
= +
= 254.5 253.7 = 0.8
= 254.5 249.5 = 5
3
= 1.71(270 0.1 2 17 0.8)0.82 + 1.84(20 0.1 2 1 5)52 = 715

The corresponding river stage when =
12
from stage discharge curve = 251.75m

o Downstream water level after retrogression = 251.75 0.5 = .
1
2 6
715 0.92 6
o Laceys regime velocity at pond level: = ( 140 ) = (
) = 1.267
140
1.2672
o Approaching velocity head at pond level : = 2 =
19.62
= 0.08
o Downstream TEL: + = . + . = .
o Upstream TEL: + = . + . = .
2. At High Flood Level Conditions
o Downstream TEL after retrogression:
+ = 255.5 + 0.13 0.5 = 255.13
o Head over crest taking into account concentration factor of 1.2
2
3
11.07 3
= (
) =(
) = 3.31
1.84
1.84
o = . = . . =
o Upstream TEL: + = . + . = .
3. Discharge intensity taking into account concentration factor of 1.2
3
= (1.842 )
=
o At pond level: = 254.58 253.7 = 0.88
= 1.84 0.81.5 1.2 = .
o At HFL: = 256.63 253.7 = 2.93

= 1.84 2.931.5 1.2 = .
o Critical depth of flow ( )
2 3
= ( )
( )
2 3
11.072 3
=( ) =(
) = .
9.81
( )
2 3
1.822 3
=( ) = (
) = .
9.81
Note. Downstream floor level is fixed based on the location of hydraulic jump while downstream
floor length is fixed based on the height of hydraulic jump (2 1 )
13
S.No
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Variables
Discharge intensity
Critical depth of flow
Downstream Total Energy Level
Upstream Total Energy Level
Head Loss
/
Specific Energy after Jump (From table)
Specific Energy before Jump
Depth of flow Before jump
Depth of flow after jump
Height of Jump
Length of d/s floor
Location of Hydraulic jump
Symbol
Unit
d/s TEL
u/s TEL
HL
2
1
1
2
2 1
5(2 1
m3/s/m
Flow Conditions
High Flood Pond Level
Condition
Condition
11.07
1.82
2.32
0.70
255.13
251.33
257.01
254.58
1.88
3.25
0.81
4.64
4.66
1.88
6.54
4.93
1.08
0.19
4.31
1.83
3.25
1.64
16.15
8.2
250.5
249.5
= 2
= . . = . = . . = .
Flow
conditions
0.50
0.81
1.00
HFL
= 2.32
4.50
4.64
PL
5.00
0.52
0.47
0.44
1 =
1.73
1.86
1.94
2 =
Note. =
1 =
1.90
2.00
2.07
2 =
4.31
2.59
6.54
7.17
4.66
2.67
0.27
2.61
7.04
2.68
0.26
1
1 =

2.40
2.81
3.07
1.08
0.27
2.65
2
2 =

1.83
= 0.7
6.73
1
1 =

4.93
2.73
1
2 =

1.88
0.19
, =
The level of the downstream floor should be at or lower than 249.6 m and the length of the
downstream horizontal floor should be equal to or more than 16.25 m. Therefore, provide
downstream horizontal floor of length 17 m at 249.5 m.
14
STEP4: DETERMINE UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM CUTOFF WALLS (SHEET PILES)

OF WEIR BAY SECTION
For the determination of cutoff walls (piles) a concentration factor is accounted for in the
computations of scour depth. The scour depth below HFL can be computed as follow:
1
2 3
11.072 3
= 1.35 ( ) = 1.35 (
) = 6.95
0.9
o Reduced level of bottom of the scour depth on upstream side:
= = 256.5 1.25 6.95 = 247.81
,
.
o Reduced level of bottom of the scour depth on downstream side:
= = 255.5 1.5 6.95 = 245.08
,

STEP5: DETERMINE LENGTH OF CONCRETE IMPERVIOUS FLOOR OF WEIR BAY

SECTION
Given that safe exit gradient of 1/7.
=
1
= 1/7

= =
= 254.5 249.5 = 5
=
= 249.5 245 = 4.5
5 1
1
= = 6.13
4.5 7
1 + 1 + 2
=
= 6.13 = 11.21 = = 50.46 = ()
2
Let the crest width be 3m, upstream slope with 1: 2 and downstream glacis with1: 3.
= (253.7 249.5) 2 = .
15
= (253.7 249.5) 3 = .
= 51 8.4 12.6 3 17 =
STEP6: DESIGN OF PROTECTION WORKS

Concentration factor is not be accounted for in computation of scour depth for design of protection
works.
=
3
1.84(2.93)2
3
= 9.23
/
2 3
9.232 3
= 1.35 ( ) = 1.35 (
) = 6.15
0.9
o Reduced level of bottom of the scour depth on upstream side:
= = 256.5 1.5 6.15 = 247.3
1 = 249.5 247.3 = 2.22
Length of u/s block protection: = 1.51 = 1.5 2.22 = 3.33

Length of u/s Launching apron: = 2 1 = 2 2.22 = 6.66
o Reduced level of bottom of the scour depth on downstream side:

= = 255.5 2 6.15 = 243.2
2 = 249.5 246.28 = 6.3
Length of d/s filter and block protection: = 22 = 2 6.3 = 12.6
Length of d/s Launching apron: = 2 2 = 2 6.3 = 12.6
16
STEP6: DESIGN OF FLOOR THICKNESS

A. DETERMINE SUB-SURFACE PERCENTAGE OF UPLIFT PRESSURE AT KEY
POINTS
Let assume a thickness of 1m at upstream and 1.5m at downstream end.
1. FOR UPSTREAM SHEET PILE:
Analytical method
= 51 = = (249.5 147.8 = 1.7
=
51
=
= 30
1.7
1
1
1 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 302
=
= 15.51
2
2
1 = 1 = 100%
1
1
1
1 15.51
= cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.8851 = 88.51%
15.51
1
2
1
2 15.51
= cos 1 (
) = cos 1 (
) = 0.8366 = 83.66%
15.51
Apply correction to pressure calculated at key points: Thickness and Interference. No slope
correction is needed since the point is not located at start and end of sloping floor.
Correction for mutual interference: Interference of intermediate pile on upstream pile:
+
= (+)19 (
)
= 1 2 = 248.5 245 = 3.5

= 1 1 = 248.5 147.8 = 0.7
= 57 = 51
17
1 = (+)19
6 0.7 + 3.5
(
) = 0.3668% (+)
51
51
Thickness correction:
1 = 83.66% , 1 = 88.51%
1 =
1 1
88.5183.66
1.7
1 = 2.85% (+ve)
The corrected pressure at key point 1

1 = 83.66% + 0.3668% + 2.85% = 86.88%
2. FOR DOWNSTREAM SHEET PILE:
Analytical (Mathematical expression) method
= 51 = 249.5 145 = 4.5
=
51
=
= 11.33
4.5
2 =
2 =
1 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 11.332
=
= 6.89
2
2
1
2
1
6.19 2
cos 1 (
) = cos1 (
) = 0.2633 = 26.33%
6.19
1
1
1
6.19 1
cos1 (
) = cos1 (
) = 0.1835 = 18.35%
6.19
2 = 0
Apply correction to uplift pressure calculated at key points: 2 , 2 2 : Thickness and

Interference. No slope correction is needed since the key points are not located at start and
end of sloping floor.
o Correction for mutual interference: Interference of intermediate pile on downstream
pile for key point 2 .
= 2 1 = 248.5 247.8 = 0.7
= = 2 2 = 248.5 145 = 3.5
= 51 = 51
0.7 0.7 + 3.5
2 = ()19
(
) = 0.1833% ()
51
51
Thickness correction for 2
= = 2 2 = 249.5 145 = 4.5
2 = 26.33% , 2 = 18.35%
=
2 2
26.3318.35
4.5
The corrected pressure at key point 2 :
18
1.5 = 2.66% (-ve)

= . % . % . % = . %
B. DETERMINE AND DRAW SUB-SOIL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE (H.G.L)
Flow
Conditions
No flow
Pond Level
HFL
Key points
(-)
Seepage head (m)
Residual Head RE
(m)
= (m)
H.G.L
(m)
1.0000
0.8851
H = 254.5 249.5
5.00
4.43
0.8688
H = 5m
4.34
0.2349
1.17
250.67
0.1835
0.92
250.42
0.0000
0.00
249.50
1.0000
3.25
254.50
0.8851
2.88
254.13
0.8688
0.2349
0.76
252.01
0.1835
0.60
251.85
0.0000
0.00
251.25
1.0000
1.50
256.50
0.8851
H = 256.5 255
1.33
256.33
0.8688
H = 1.5m
1.30
0.2349
0.35
255.35
0.1835
0.28
255.28
0.0000
0.00
255.00
H
= 254.5 251.25
2.82
254.50
253.93
249.5
251.25
253.84
254.07
H = 3.25m
19
255
256.30

C. DETERMINE DYNAMIC PRESSURES AND MAXIMUM STATIC PRESSURES
For high flood condition and pond level condition, the suction pressure is computed from hydraulic
jumps.
HFL
= 11.07 ^3//, /
= 257.01
()
()
()
R.L of Glacis
(m)
253.7
252.9
252.1
251.3
250.5*
249.6**
4.11
4.91
5.71
6.51
1.5
1.4
1.2
1
254.4
253.5
252.5
251.5
PL
= 1.82 ^3//, /
= 254.58
()
()
()
1.68
2.48
3.28
4.08
4.98
0.37
0.25
0.19
0.15
0.14
253.27
252.35
251.49
250.65
249.74
Note. = specific energy, =depth of flow, = Water Level, . = Reduced Level,

= High Flood Level, = Pond Level. *Location of hydraulic (P) jump at HFL and **
Location of Hydraulic jump (P) at pond level.
a). Maximum suction pressure ( )
Determine the level of hydraulic gradient line at the location of hydraulic jump (P) by using linear
integration.
HFL
Distance from point
Points H.G.L (m) C1 (m)
C1
256.3
0
P
255.72
31.15
E2
255.35
51
PL
Distance from point C1
H.G.L (m)
(m)
254.07
0
252.71
33.7
252.01
51
Points
C1
P
E2
Note. P = location of Hydraulic jump.

( ) = (. . ) () = . . = .
( ) = (. . ) () = . . = .
b). Maximum static pressure for no overflow ()
No overflow
Points
C1
P
E2
H.G.L (m)
Distance from point C1 (m)
253.84
251.73
250.67
20
0
34
51

= 251.73 249.5 = 2.23
Floor thickness is given as
=
Where = uplift pressure and = specific gravity of floor material. Of course, h is equal to the
grater of:
2
2
= { , } = { (4.22), 2.23} = {2.81, 2.23}
3
3
= .
Where = maximum ordinate between HGL and water surface profile, which usually occur near
the location of hydraulic jump. = the uplift pressure at any point for no flow conditions.
Therefore, the thickness of the floor at downstream end of sloping (glacis) for concrete of specific
gravity 2.24 is:
=
.
=
= .
.
21

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HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

Step3: Determine residual head (uplift pressure) at points A, B and C.

Step 4: Determine the thickness of the floor at point A, B and C

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP1: DETERMINE UPLIFT PRESSURE AT KEY POINTS

B. Graphical or Khoslas Curve Method

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

greater than 0.5.

subtract from 100.

To find for any value of and base ratio

, read for base ratio (1

) and subtract from 100.

From figure 3-15, = 54%, (1

) = 38%, = 100 38 = 62%, (1

Mutual Interference Correction for 2 : Interference of d/s pile on Intermediate

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

Thickness correction for C2:

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

Apply correction to uplift pressure calculated at key points: 3 , 3 3 by using analytical

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP2: DETERMINE UPLIFT PRESSURE AT POINT A

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP4: DRAW SUB-SOIL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE (H.G.L)

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

Design flood discharge

Maximum dry (winter) flood discharge

HFL before construction of Weir

Deepest bed level of the river

Laceys Silt Factor (f)

Off-taking canal discharge

Permissible exit gradient ( )

Pier contraction coefficient (K)

The stage discharge curve of the river is shown below:

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

Thus, the discharge over the Undersluice section = 600

o Weir Bay Section:

STEP 2: DETERMINE LEVEL OF WEIR CREST AND UNDERSLUICE

o Laceys Regime approaching Velocity: va = (140) = (

o Approaching velocity head: ha = 2g = 19.62 = 0.13m

Discharge intensity ( ): = 1.71 (7.13) = 32.56

Let us provide two bays of 10m each: =

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

= 1.71(20 0.1 2 1 7.13)(7.13)2 = 604

Height of gate over Undersluice crest level :

= 1.71(270 0.1 2 17 0.8)0.82 + 1.84(20 0.1 2 1 5)52 = 715

from stage discharge curve = 251.75m

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

o Laceys regime velocity at pond level: = ( 140 ) = (

o Approaching velocity head at pond level : = 2 =

o At HFL: = 256.63 253.7 = 2.93

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP4: DETERMINE UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM CUTOFF WALLS (SHEET PILES)

STEP5: DETERMINE LENGTH OF CONCRETE IMPERVIOUS FLOOR OF WEIR BAY

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP6: DESIGN OF PROTECTION WORKS

Length of u/s block protection: = 1.51 = 1.5 2.22 = 3.33

o Reduced level of bottom of the scour depth on downstream side:

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES II: EXAMPLES ON DIVERSION HEADWORKS

STEP6: DESIGN OF FLOOR THICKNESS