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15
+ C2 e
3x
).
3. Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 6r 7 = 0,
(r + 7)(r 1) = 0 has roots 7, 1.
General solution: y = C1e 7 x + C2 e x
y = 7C1e 7 x + C2 e x
If x = 0, y = 0, y = 4, then 0 = C1 + C2 and
4 = 7C1 + C2 , so C1 =
1
1
and C2 = .
2
2
e x e 7 x
Therefore, y =
.
2
3x
4. C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2 x
y = e 2 x (C1e
2. C1e x + C2 e x
3. (C1 + C2 x)e
Differential
Equations
+ C2 e . Particular solution is
5x
12
5
y = e5 x e 2 x .
7
7
6. Auxiliary equation:
r 2 + 10r + 25 = 0, (r + 5)2 = 0 has one repeated
root 5 .
y = 3, then 3 = C2 .
Therefore, y = 2 cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x .
and
4
i.
2
2
General solution:
3
3
1/ 2 ) x
(1/ 2) x
y = C1e(
cos
sin
x + C2 e
x
2
3
3
y = e x / 2 C1 cos
x + C2 sin
x
2
2
Section 15.1
891
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
2b 4b 2 + 4c 2
= b b2 + c2
2
b2 + c2 ) x
+ C2 e(b
b2 + c 2 ) x
1 3
19. Repeated roots
i.
2 2
3
3
General solution is y = e x / 2 (C1 + C2 x) cos
x + (C3 + C4 x) sin
x .
2
2
21. (*) x 2 y + 5 xy + 4 y = 0
Let x = e z . Then z = ln x;
dy dy dz dy 1
y =
=
=
;
dx dz dx dz x
y =
dy d dy 1 dy 1 1 d 2 y dz
=
+
=
dx dx dz x dz x 2 x dz 2 dx
dy 1 1 d 2 y 1
+
dz x 2 x dz 2 x
dy d 2 y dy
+ 2 + 5 + 4y = 0
dz dz dz
d2y
dz 2
+4
dy
+ 4y = 0
dz
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4r + 4 = 0, (r + 2) 2 = 0
has roots 2, 2.
General solution: y = (C1 + C2 z )e 2 z ,
y = (C1 + C2 ln x)e 2 ln x
y = (C1 + C2 ln x) x 2
892
Section 15.1
dz
dz
dx
d2y
dy
Therefore, a
+ (b a ) + cy = 0.
dz 2
dz
(
(
)
)
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
24. We need to show that y ''+ a1 y '+ a2 y = 0 if i are complex conjugate roots of the auxiliary equation. We
have,
y ' = e x ( ( C1 + C2 ) cos ( x ) + ( C2 C1 ) sin ( x ) )
.
y '' = e x 2C1 2C1 + 2 C2 cos ( x ) + 2C2 2C2 2 C1 sin ( x )
((
((
b 2 b 4 b6
+ + i b
+
2!
3!
4!
5!
2! 4! 6!
3! 5! 7!
b.
c.
= e x [( + i ) cos x + ( i ) sin x]
Section 15.1
893
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
4. y = Bxe 3
54
1
1
7
y = x 2 x + C1e 3 x + C2 e2 x
3
9
54
Let y p = Ax 2 + Bx + C ; y p = 2 Ax + B;
y p = 2 A .
Then (2 A) 2(2 Ax + B ) + ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2 + x.
Ax 2 + (4 A + B ) x + (2 A 2 B + C ) = x 2 + x
Thus, A = 1, 4A + B = 1, 2A 2B + C = 0, so
A = 1, B = 5, C = 8.
894
Section 15.2
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Let y p = Be x ; y p = Be x ; y p = Be x .
Then ( Be x ) + 6( Be x ) + 9( Be x ) = 2e x ; 4 Be x = 2e x ; B =
1
2
1
General solution: y = e x + (C1 + C2 x)e 3 x
2
7. yh = C1e 3 x + C2 e x
1
y p = xe 3 x
2
1 3 x
y = xe
+ C1e 3 x + C2 e x
2
9. Auxiliary equation: r 2 r 2 = 0,
(r + 1)(r 2) = 0 has roots 1, 2.
yh = C1e x + C2 e2 x
Let y p = B cos x + C sin x; y p = B sin x + C cos x; y p = B cos x C sin x.
10. yh = C1e 4 x + C2
1
4
y p = cos x + sin x
17
17
1
4
y = cos x + sin x + C1e 4 x + C2
17
17
Section 15.2
895
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Then substituting into the original equation and simplifying, obtain 6C cos 3 x - 6 B sin 3x = sin 3x , so C = 0 and
1
B= .
6
1
General solution: y = x cos 3x + C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
6
13. yh = C1 cos 3 x + C2 sin 3x
1
1
y p = (0) cos x + sin x + e2 x
8
13
1
1
y = sin x + e2 x + C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3 x
8
13
14. yh = C1e x + C2
1
3
y p = e x + x 2 + (3) x
2
2
1
3
y = e x + x 2 3 x + C1e x + C2
2
2
Let y p = Be x ; y p = Be x ; y p = Be x .
Then ( Be x ) 5( Be x ) + 6( Be x ) = 2e x ; 2 Be x = 2e x ; B = 1 .
General solution: y = e x + C1e2 x + C2 e3 x
y = e x + 2C1e2 x + 3C2 e3 x
If x = 0, y = 1, y = 0, then 1 = 1 + C1 + C2 and 0 = 1 + 2C1 + 3C2 ; C1 = 1, C2 = 1.
Therefore, y = e x + e2 x e3 x .
16. yh = C1e 2 x + C2 e2 x
4
y p = (0) cos x + sin x
5
4
y = sin x + C1e 2 x + C2 e2 x
5
4
9
11
y = sin x + e 2 x + e2 x satisfies the conditions.
5
5
5
17. yh = C1e x + C2 e2 x
1
y p = (10 x + 19)
4
1
y = (10 x + 19) + C1e x + C2 e2 x
4
896
Section 15.2
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
e4 x
1
x
and v2 = e4 x / 4 ; v1 = and v2 =
.
16
4
4
xe2 x e2 x
+ C1e2 x + C2 e 2 x
4
16
General solution: y =
ex
e (e + 1)
x
so v1 =
e x
e (e + 1)
x
dx =
1
du
u (u + 1)
1
ex +1
1
u +1
x
= +
du = ln u + ln(u + 1) = ln
= ln x = ln(1 + e )
+
u
u
1
u
e
v2 =
ex
so v2 = e x + ln(1 + e x )
e (e + 1)
(similar to finding v1 )
2x
22. yh = C1e2 x + C2 e3 x ; y p = e x
y = e x + C1e2 x + C2 e3 x
Section 15.2
897
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Then
3
1
y p + 4 y p = 3 A sin x + 3B cos x 5C sin 3 x 5 D cos 3 x = sin x sin 3x, so
4
4
1
1
A = , B = 0, C = , D = 0.
20
4
1
1
General solution: y = sin x + sin 3 x + C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
4
20
The period is
2
seconds.
5
1
ft,
12
1
B = 40 2 . Then y = cos(40 2)t.
12
1
ft = 1 in.
Amplitude is
12
2
0.1111 s.
Period is
40 2
3. y = 0.1cos 5t = 0 whenever 5t =
+ k or t =
10
k.
898
Section 15.3
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
1
4. 10 = k , so k = 30 lb/ft, w = 20 lb,
3
g = 32 ft/s2, y0 = 1 ft, v0 = 2 ft/s, B = 4 3
1
s-lb/ft, B = 8, E = 0.32
10
E 2 4 B 2 < 0, so there is damped motion. Roots of auxiliary equation are approximately 0.16 8i.
General solution is y e 0.16t (C1 cos8t + C2 sin 8t ). y e 0.16t (cos8t + 0.02sin 8t ) satisfies the initial conditions.
6. k = 20 lb/ft; w = 10 lb; y0 = 1 ft; q = 4 s-lb/ft
(20)(32)
(4)(32)
= 8; E =
= 12.8; E 2 4 B 2 < 0, so damped motion.
10
10
B=
E E 2 4B2
= 6.4 4.8i.
2
4
If t = 0, y = 1, y = 0, then 1 = C1 and 0 = 4.8C2 6.4C1 , so C1 = 1 and C2 = .
3
4
7. Original amplitude is 1 ft. Considering the contribution of the sine term to be negligible due to the 0.02 coefficient,
Q
= E (t ); 106 Q + 106 Q = 1; Q + Q = 10 6
C
Integrating factor: et
D[Qet ] = 10 6 et ; Qet = 10 6 et + C ;
Q = 10 6 + Ce t
If t = 0, Q = 0, then C = 10 6.
Therefore, Q(t ) = 10 6 10 6 e t = 10 6 (1 e t ).
10. Same as Problem 9, except C = 4 10 6 , so Q(t ) = 10 6 + (4 10 6 )e t .
Then I (t ) = Q (t ) = (4 10 6 )e t .
11.
Q
[2(10 6 )]
= 120sin 377t
a.
b.
I (t ) = Q (t ) = 0.09048cos 377t
Section 15.3
899
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
12. LQ + RQ +
Q
Q
= E; 10 2 Q +
= 20; Q + 109 Q = 2000
C
10 7
= 120sin 377t
[2(10 6 )]
(Values are approximated to 6 significant figures for the remainder of the problem.)
Q + 285.714Q + 142857Q = 34.2857 sin 377t
Roots of the auxiliary equation are
142.857 349.927i.
Qh = e 142.857t (C1 cos 349.927t + C2 sin 349.927t )
Q p = 3.18288(10 4 ) cos 377t + 2.15119(10 6 ) sin 377t
c
yp =
sin At
2
2
( B A )
The desired result follows.
b.
c
yp =
t cos Bt , so
2B
c
y = C1 cos Bt + C2 sin Bt
t cos Bt.
2B
c.
900
Section 15.3
2
and the last
B
2
. Then the sum of the three terms
A
2
2
is periodic if m = n for some integers
B
B
B m
m, n; equivalently, if = , a rational number.
A n
has period
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
y 2 is not linear in y.
2. True:
3. True:
Therefore, m
d 2s
s = L, so
dt 2
d 2s
dt 2
=L
Therefore, mL
= mg sin .
d 2
dt 2
d 2
dt 2
= sec2 x tan 2 x = 1
= mg sin .
4. False:
It should involve 6.
5. True:
d
2
g
Hence,
= sin .
2
L
dt
18. a.
D2 ( f + g ) = D2 f + D2 g
t +
written as = C
L
6. False:
7. True:
8. True:
9. False:
= C1 cos
2
g
L
= 2
L
G
= 2
LR 2
L
= 2R
.
GM
GM
2R1
p
Therefore, 1 =
p2 2R
2
L1
GM
L2
GM
R1 L1
R2 L2
10. True:
Section 15.4
901
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
y = C1e x + 2C2 e2 x
If x = 0, y = 0, y = 3, then 0 = C1 + C2 and
3 = C1 + 2C2 , so C1 = 3, C2 = 3.
Therefore, y = 3e x + 3e2 x .
3
4. Repeated root . y = (C1 + C2 x)e(3 / 2) x
2
5. yh = C1e x + C2 e x (Problem 2)
y = C1e
+ C2 e
5x
+ C3 cos 2 x + C4 sin 2 x
2x
+ (C3 + C4 x)e
14. a.
Q(t ) = 3 0.02Q
b.
Q(t ) + 0.02Q = 3
2x
y p = 1 + C1e x + C2 e x
D[Qe0.02t ] = 3e0.02t
Q(t ) = 150 + Ce 0.02t
Let y p = Be x ; y p = Be x ; y p = Be x .
1
( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) + 4( Be x ) = 3e x , so B = .
3
General solution: y =
5x
ex
+ (C1 + C2 x)e 2 x
3
y = x 2 + C1 + C2 x e 2 x
2
c.
Q 150 g, as t .
t
I (t ) = Q (t ) = e [(C1 C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t ]
I (t ) = e t sin t satisfies the initial conditions.
902
Section 15.4
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.