1.

INTRODUCTION
Industrial automation is the use of control systems, such as computers or robots,
and information technologies for handling different processes and machineries in an
industry to replace a human being. It is the second step beyond mechanization in the
scope of industrialization.
Earlier the purpose of automation was to increase productivity (since automated
systems can work 24 hours a day), and to reduce the cost associated with human
operators (i.e. wages & benefits). However, today, the focus of automation has shifted to
increasing quality and flexibility in a manufacturing process. In the automobile industry,
the installation of pistons into the engine used to be performed manually with an error
rate of 1-1.5%. Presently, this task is performed using automated machinery with an error
rate of 0.00001%.

Figure1.1: Block diagram of system.

Sorting systems can sort various products by code, weight, shape, size, colour and
quality. The sorting can take place by means of camera technology, weighing systems or
by help from transponders and barcode labels. As well as the extensive possibilities of
these systems, can also supply bespoke sorting machinery for specific products. Camera
systems can also be used for other purposes such as counting, assembly control, product
identification and location of randomly positioned products.

1.1 THEORY OF SORTING SYSTEMS

1.1.1 Different Sorting Constructions
There are many different types of sorting systems in the world, large systems and
small systems. Sorting can be manually done or automated, or it can be a mixture of both.
Sorting systems that are automated can be done with hydraulics, pneumatics and/or RFID
systems.
1.1.1.1 Large systems
Conveyors are commonly implemented to assist in the transportation of products
throughout its manufacturing and assembly process. An airport baggage sorting system is
an example of a large complex automated system with manual input for loading and
unloading baggage, luggage, and other parcels.

Figure 1.2: Large sorting system

1.1.1.2 Small Systems
Smaller scale sorting systems are commonly used in the food storage industry.
Other applications include pharmaceuticals, libraries, and sports, such as bowling. The

postal sorting system is another example however; it is not done with automation but by
manual labor. It is done by cross checking a database and then manually placing the
object in its defined position. The figure below describes a simple sorting system with
almost no automation besides the conveyor belt.
1.1.2 Conveyor Systems
In general conveyor systems are used in many different industries because of all
of the advantages they provide. Conveyors can transport items from place to another
easily and quickly. They can move all different sizes shapes and of products. Conveyor
systems can be installed almost anywhere with many different layouts and operation
modes available. Some examples include mechanical, hydraulic, and fully automated
systems. When compared to manual labor that would be stressful and strenuous conveyor
belts are an obvious advantage.

Figure 1.3: Conveyor systems

1.1.2.1 Conveyor Types

There are different types of conveyor belts that can be used to transport products.
These can include, inclined conveyor belts, conveyors with a directly flanged motor,
center drive conveyors, L shaped conveyors and vertical conveyors. Incline conveyors are
usually the standard conveyor used in transporting objects from level to another.
Typically a rubber surface is used to maintain the highest amount of friction. There are
varying conveyor surfaces to fit the different needs of the product being transported.
Conveyors with a directly flanged motor are the most common in the industry - typically
a flat conveyor with a motor attached next to it. These can be used with inverters to vary
the speed of the conveyor.
Centre drive conveyors can be used in conjunction with other workstations. It can
attach to 13 machines / robots already functioning and the conveyor is treated as an
attachment, or tool rather than an independent workstation. Another commonly seen
conveyor in industry is the L shaped conveyor. It serves as a way to change the direction
of motion for the product. It uses a 900 deflection angle an arm. It can also use an actuator
to assist in guiding the product onto another workstation. Vertical conveyors are known
as freight lifts. They are used to raise or lower materials or products to different levels
during the handling process. These are usually not designed to carry large loads. They are
constructed vertically and have horizontal forks perpendicular to it which enable other
conveyors to slide materials or products onto it.
1.1.2.2 Belt Types and materials
When applying a conveyor system, there are different belt types for different
purposes. However once a belt type is selected, there are other specifications that need to
be considered, such as how it is cleaned, maintained, replaced.
1.1.2.3 Belt surfaces and material
Depending upon the needs of the manufacturer and the properties of the
environment and the product being transported itself, different conveyor surfaces are
needed. There are surfaces that have a higher tolerance to temperature variation and
surfaces that have a higher friction coefficient. There are also surfaces with a lower
coefficient of friction so that if needed when the parts are being allocated onto the
conveyor they can be grouped easily by sliding along the conveyor surface.

1.2 Sensors
A sensor is a transducer that detects characteristics of its surrounding environment
and then relays the information to be interpreted. Sensors are used in everyday devices.
An elevator contains a tactile sensor that must sense a compressive force in order to
activate. In manufacturing sensors are used to monitor temperature, pressure, or flow. The
qualities of a well-balanced sensor usually follow:

The sensor is sensitive to the measured property only.

The sensor does not affect the measured property.

1.3 Actuators
An actuator is a type of motor that controls a mechanism or a system. These are
commonly utilized to control the arms or levels that attach to conveyor systems. They can
be used to introduce motion and they are responsible for moving or guiding the material,
within the handling phase. The movement can be linear or non-linear. An actuator may be
pneumatic, mechanical or electric motor driven.
1.4 MATLAB
MATLAB (MAtrix LABoratory) is a high-level language and interactive
environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using
MATLAB, you can analyse data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications.
The language, tools, and built-in math functions enables to explore multiple approaches
and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages,
such as C/C++ or Java. It is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and
fourth generation programming language.
MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces.More than a million engineers
and scientists in industry and academia use MATLAB, the language of technical
computing.

MATLAB can be used for a range of applications

Signal processing and communications
Image and video processing
Control systems
Test and measurement
Computational finance
Computational biology
1.4.1 MATLAB System
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

The MATLAB language:

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements,
functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features.
It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throwaway programs, and "programming in the large" to create complete large and
complex application programs.

The MATLAB working environment:

This is the set of tools and facilities, with which a MATLAB user or
programmer can work. It includes facilities for managing the variables in
workspace and importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing,
managing, debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.

Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands
for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing,
animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that
allow to customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete
Graphical User Interfaces on MATLAB applications.

The MATLAB mathematical function library.

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from
elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more

sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions,

and fast Fourier transforms.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library allows writing C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic
linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing
MAT-files.

Figure 1.4: Belt driven slate transport system