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SPE/DOE 27789
Mechanistic Prediction of Foam Displacement
A Population Balance Approach
in Multidimensions:
Members
held 1, Tuba.,
This PaPer . . . ,@leClad 1., Presmtatio by an SPE Program ComnilSee followlg rev(ew .01inf,,,na.!lo Con!alned ( an <bsbacl ,b,nitted by tie au!hor(s]. Caten!s of the PaPer,
8%prewntsd, have ma!been reviewed by the .~aty of Pe@.aleum,Enginaws and are subjec! to correction by thi authc@), The mawrlal, as presenie6, does ..1 necessarily Mea
em Position of the SoCiaWof Petroleum Engineers. IF of+ic.m, or members. Pa?ere presented a! % mee!lngs ? wblect to Publication retiew by Etitorld Committees of the socie~
of petj.,~
E.gI...m,
p.rmkdo.
to CWYISr.arlded
!. m abs!nct ot M more than 300 words, Illmbatic.n%may .0! bO copied. The absmc! +m.!d mud. conspicuous 8ckn.wled9ment..
of where and by whom the paper is pmseoted, Write tibrartan, $PE, P.0, Box 833036, .Whard$on, TX 7508$38.35, uSA.. Telex 163245 .SPEUT.
ARSTRAC~
INTRODUCTION
71
SPE2778~
-
_..... .
.-=- . ....
Form microstructure in porous medi; is uiiquel 2.
According y, to mrylel gas Iqnbilit y it is.. i!npimtant to
understand foamed-gas micros.tmct ure *1.,In w?ter-wet porous
metla, the wetting surfactrmt solution rern,ains continuous, aild
the gas phase is dispersed. Aqueous tiquid completely
occupies the .$rnallestpore channels wher~ i(is hel.d.by strong
cnpilknry forces, coals pcire walls in thi gas-lined regions, and
composes tbekanellae seprwuing individu,at gii.. bubbles. Only
miiinwd amounts ot @id transport as knnellae. Mnst of the
aqueous phase is mrried through [M small,. completely liquidfilled clunmels. .G&.bubblei !lQw..(fuougb ttie larg~<t, Ee+st
resistive pore space whale iigliit@mbubble trapping eccrrrs in
the intermediate-sized pore channels where the local pressure
gmdientis @@cieilt to O@il~el-tiSllqe.
..
Foam reduces gas .rnohllity in two manners. -Fffst,
stationary m !rapped foam blocks fi Imge number of channels
that otherwise cnmy gas. Gas tracer studim8, 13 show that the
72
spj327789
:::
.?[o~(Sjci,j+.ii,j)
~.~ v.Fi,j=.x :ij
JJ
LJ
(1)
[k&/
3..
~/:
-k.J(Pc
)liind
(1
&
cc
2
,
(3)
(2)
73
(4)
SPE 277t39
FOAM SIMU.LATOR
74
.SPE 27789
,.
75
..5
Radial FtOW
Next, we consider simultaneous injectimi ~f ni&5~enimd
fwurrer solution into a radial; one-dimensional, homogeneous
porous merii.um that is 1 m lbick wi.tfra ratlus Of 25 m.~d a
perrneabilil yof 1.3 #m2. The medium is initially sanrrated
with aqueous surfactmu solu[imr. Volumetric injection rates
we 0.165 m3]iay of su<facti[l(.silukon amf 3..14.m3/daYof
nitrogen relative m tl~e 4.8 MPa backpressure to give a gas
fractional flow Qf095. .
__
. ..=..
Ficirre 5 shotis the redid m=$ure profiles m a function of
tine o; a semi-log,mitl]mic sczzle.Pressirre droP iilitinfly builds
quickly in lime as friirri gefkrrdesand fills Uie region around
the injection well,r= (r - rweIl)/R = O.The rate of pressure
increa?sedeclipas with t@e as .,!f!efoam p[pPagYioU .Plte sk!ws
in the outward radial flow. .I?ressure griidients ne,nr the
irijecdon poilit are shtdlow just + they ,are for linem flow in
F@. 2.Becritisethe rai!al grid is relati@y.$o~se
(50 grid
blocks) compwed m the radiaf distance spanned (i.e., 25 m)
the change io pressnregrmfient ne<~ r equal tq ,0.03 is almrpt.
No fo,arn is preseiitintbetirst jyid block. making !16w
resistance small. Away from (hi In!.e! rcgitin. Ilw pressure
grrdiel]i decfi~le.s.&$I/r similarlc a Newtoniql~ fluid. Appwent
New[oaian behavior is mailiiiiined becimse fnam [exmre falls
off as fmam tlfiwsiiiIher-directiim.
Trimeiirfois-pressure
drops are predicted in Fig. 5,
consis[eut with the fmumdisplacement p,amrrie[ers used to
match our ii!ie<wcore fkixls (Fi~. 2). .These are ~ncfedibly
strong. frmns reelecting the .Iligh limiting~@il@y pr+wy.r.a~.of
AOS 1416 at. concentrati6irs around l_wl% in UW?bseoce of
oil,? Practical field irnfdement;tion of forui requires cmeftrl
selection tif the fmrninj agent imd c~ngea~atioo 49
Figure 6 displays the ra~lal form growth rate by pb.l[ing
in-sifii fbarnvolume in PV as a function 61ihe total cumulnlive
fluid injecT1imrelative the system backpressure of 4.8 Ml%.
The kmge slope in this plot dmmastrat~s how ef[icient fonm
displacement can be in lhe absence of rock adsoi~tion and
foam-oil .int~ractimr. The P_V.M foam in place increases
fine,ady with ti]e total injecred fluid. PV. Qualitatively, this
trend agrees with U}atobserved in stearn-fhnrn field SIutles
where fonm propagated in proponinn to the injected. PV of
~fiactmt ~o,utiol-3,
The growth of fmai can Nsti.be see!l in FLg.7 where the
flowing bubble density is plotted versus radial distance from
the injectiomwell at warious times.Fow.n mxmre is W We
to the injector, outtexture f~lls off quid-dy a.. fo,nrnmoves out
radially and tire gas ;IMI tiquirl velocities f.fecre,aseIcadiag io
lower net fo~ generaticm ma%. Bcc?[ie }heg~{;jid fiquid
velocities [all off a.. I/r, the f[iarn from slows considcrahl y
with increasing. radius. .As in Iil]e,a! 11(>w,f[wmntexture al tht
foam front ii sIightIy elevated, fellec[ing a predicted net
overall foam geueratirm rate when the aqueous-phase
sanrra [ion is high. Foam texture decreases as r goes to zero
because ga.. and fo+per solution ,are brought iuto the porous
merfbmn urrfwirned. This isreflected in ~he.shallow pressure
gmdiems near the inle~ in Fig. 5 where foam is first genermed.
\
76
SFE27789
SPE 277g9 :
77
.._
SPE 27789
78
._.
SPE 27789
SUM MARY
_:-
. .. . .
. .
concentmtion, molhr3
k
K
L
n
P
Pc
Pv
q
r
:
u
v
x
___
79
fireek LettwS
v.
tJWergence operator
porosity
$
r
absorption or partition coefficient, movm3
Hmp rupture capillnry pressure for single foam films, Pa
~.
1
-I
f
~
i
j
t
w
Wc
well
Superscripts
o denotes refereuce value
* value correfxmtk to the fimiting capillary pressure
denotes nommdized radial dktance
ACKN OWLEDGEM~
This tibrk was supported by the Assistmtt Secretary for
Fossil Energy, Office of 011, Gas, and Shrde Technologies of
the U. S. Depnrunem of Energy, under contract No. DEAC03-76FSOO098 m rhe Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of
the University of California.
1.
Friedmmm, F., Smith, M.E and Guice, W.R., SteamFo.arrrMechtiistic Flelrf Triaf in the Mldway@set
Field, SPE 21780, presented at the Western Regi@aJ
Meeting of the SPE, Long Beach, CA; Mwch 1991.
2.
3.
4.
10
5.
SPE 27789
136(1), 38-53.
19. Rossen,.W.R, anrJ Gauglitz,P.A., Percolation Theory and
Mobifiza[irm of Foams irr Porous Medi% Am. Inst. Ck?m.
Eng. J. (1990) ~7(S),l 176- 11s38.
8.
9.
80
P8TYSFE.
SPE 27789
.
A. R. KOVSCEK, T. W. PATZE.K, and C- J. RADKE
11
29(11), 3727-3740.
44 Pmess, K., TOUCW2--A generaf-purpose simulator for
multiplmse fluid and heat flow, Rep. LBL-29400,
Lawrence BerkeleyLab., (September 1991).
57-64.
36. Stnae, H.L., Probability Mndel fur ENimaling ThreePhase Relaffie Permeability, .l.PT(Fcb, 1970) 214-218,
51. Persoff, P.. Ra&e, Cf., Pmess, K., Benson, SM. and
Widwrspnnn, P.A., A Laboratory Investigation of Foam
Flow in Porous Media at EJeva[ed Pressure, SPERE
(Aug., 1991)365:371.
81
SPE27789
2000
i...i
t:
1{
. =0,43 mJ&,
,
w. 0.046 Il!Iday
3,0FV
1600
1200
0.68 PV
Soo
400
r
0
0.2
0.4
d[nmnsionlew
0.6
0.8
dkt$amce, xJL
100
1
UW. 0.0@6 ,,ti,jay
bac!qmssitti
= 4,8 MP=
0.8
0.6
17 Pv
1
0.4
Sw=
0.46 Pv
0.7.
0.80 PV
0
0
0.z
0.4
dhnensionless
0.6
dislanca
0.8
x/L
. .0.48 I/day
.
backpressure = 4.8 M%
L = 0.60 m
1
0.2
0.4
@.6
dimensionless
Ewr. 3
distance,
0.8
1..
1
x/L
profiks
1 I
8000
I
(
0.8
0.7.
0.!31
dimensionlc$s
0.1
wadial
1
di!tscc,
I,
0.7,
0.4
0.6
time
0.8
(w)
82
.
.
. .. ..
SPE2778$I
3,2;T g%%
50000
y7y-
40000
R= Mm/&y
backyessure = 4.8 MPa
30000
2w
~\
0,022 w
20000
0.18 W
0.49 PV
0.089 PV
10000
0
0
0.2
0.4
dime.sionless
0.6
madial distance,
0.8
0.2
0.6
radial
0.8
*,,.,,.
= 0,48 III&y
v!
0,11Pv
0.46 PV
2W
-------
..-
., ----
K =0.13 Wd :
,
.= -
L .0.60
0
0
,,
F@.
& Tnmien! [cm, mobility mdu.ction factors ii radial flow (cmnpre
, Fig. 17 of ref. 3),
0.4
Chlen,i.nl.,.
@3u* 7 M.d.l f..m ,ext.r= for III. radial fIOWof fosm. Gas and foam.
ml.tioo injected al fired rates into a porous mdi.tn prcs.tumled wi!li mrfxim,l
..1.,; ..
.-
0.2
r,
2
time
(PV)
bac@wmre
0.2
= 4,8 MPa
0.4
0.6
Ifim..siol,ss
di,t.n.,,
0.8
x/L
(10 a)
Figure 9 Fraction of the iiti.d waler di@awd by boda foamed gas and
.tikamcd gas as a f...dion of time ill two imlakd ].yers
~Y-
back~rmwe
. 4.S MPa
i.,
0
0
0.?.
0.4
0.6
dirn<nsic.nless
distance.
(lOb)
0.8
wl,
.83
SPE277 8/?
1200
80
u-.
.0.43
m!day
0.M6 In@
.,=
1.3 PI+)
0.43 dday
. ..0.046
2 Pv
1000
L = 0.60 m
Layer 1 (K,.
- dday
L = 0.60 m
backmsmre.=
4.8 M%
\065pv
400
0.22 w
00
.\
0.11w
,AI
.
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
dlslacc,
dlmmsimless
0.4
0.2
dimem.ionks
*L
1200
.\
L+cr
XiL
u = 0.43 dday
. ..0.046
1000
0.$
0.6
distance,
(12 a)
-2W
Inlday
L = 0.60 m
bac!q,cssuce = 4.8 M&
<
0,65 PV
-\
0,46 Pv
0.65 PV
3
2
0,22 Pv
200
Y
0.11 w
..$1
1
0
0
0
0.2
6i,t~&
;
0$
(11 b)
33gurc 1k Transient fl.x+iw-foam tcxuu- Tm the simdtamnu
injti.n
of $= and f.anw solution into two isolated layers. II.. p.m., mc.ibm
pahlratd
with Wrfacfallt solution.
x
0.4
0.2
dim.mion1y2
dlmcn~;;nles,
foamed F:
ticmmti
u = 0.48 ti&Y
~Z.
0.2
__
----
--
. ~=0.13
W?
0
0
1
time
(H)
Figure 13: Fraclion of tie iritial water diq+lmed by boll, foamed gas
and .nf@amed @s as a fmulion of time in two c.mun.nicatiw
Iaycrs.
..
XL
FI
12 TrMS@.PICSm..PWfilCS
fa II% sbrmkancnua injc+
oc p
and fCOlutwn ,[0 m. ,YOlatd bps.
m. EOmua Incdmm m
pmsahlmti
with awfacmrd solution.
is
Ii
0.8
0.6
$tme.
..
84
l
l+<,
~m;
0.22Pv
u = 0,43 n$diy
0,66 Pv
.6PV
u,.,= .O.flT6.r!fdW . ._ ~
1:! . . . . .. .1
backpm+$um ~ 4.S MP.I
0.2
0.4
0
0.6
dislancc.
(14,)
dlmensionle$s
0.8
L
0.2
x/L
0.4
0.6
0.8
(15 .1
300
250
0.8
6 PV
0.6
m:
0.4
0.2
u. = 0.43 mlday
I.!. r!l:l
figure 14
i.jc.~i.nd
bac!qrcs,um
0.2
:4,8
0.4
dile..:.n]
wil]i
50
1.11,
Trnn6{ent aq.ums.plms.
gas ind foankr
solution
medium!* prmluratd
MP.
0.6
.$, d,,,,..,
r,.
.- .,-,
mtmtio.
in{.
0.8
0.2
profiles
w. .onummicmin~
0.4
Jinc.$i.a.les$
XII
laws. The prw
s.rf.cfantsolution.
0.6
distance.
(1S b)
0.8
x/L
130
1s0
W= 0.046 Wday
bac!wreswre
0.7,
0.4
dimcnsl.anless
9.6
dislamcq
(16 a)
0.8
W
0.2
0.4
dimmsiw,less
0.6
dl,tance.
0.8
= 4,8 I@,
x/L.
(16 b)
F@.
16: Tmmient pressure profiles for the dnn!kaneous i.jectian .f w!
aod f.mner sol,ulion in[o two co.ununicating
layers. The prow medium is
prew.mted
vath $.rfsctam solution.