e tects or
T _I
M utual Incuction etween
f K j
Parallel Transmission
Flow to Ground Faults
JOHN 1. HOLBECK
MEMBER AIEE
THIS paper is intended to present some
lof the problems encountered in de-
termining unbalanced fault currents and
unusual results that may be expected on
systems with parallel lines on a comimon
right of way. Correct results are required
so that proper co-ordination and applica-
tion of relays may be accomplished.
Fault studies must be made and con-
stantly revised, as a power system
changes and expansions take place. Also,
future conditions must be studied so that
intelligent selection may be made of cir-
cuit breakers and current transformers.
It is the purpose of this paper to discuss
1. The use of the a-c network analyzer in
solving fault problems by using certain
mathematical simplifications which are
necessary in order to adapt the problem to
the analyzer's limitations.
2. Some rather unusual conditions which
may occur onofasystem
tin bcause
a during fault condi-
tion between parallel lines.
Frequently two or more power tranis-
mission lines are built on the same right
of way parallel to each other for partial
distances or for the full length. The
problem of mutual induction between
Paper 43-151, recommended by the AIEE com-
mittee on power transmission and distribution for
presentation at the AIEE national technical meet-
ing, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 2-4, 1943.
Manuscript submitted March 24, 1943; made
available for printing August 2, 1943.
JOHN 1. HOLBECK and MARTIN J. LANTZ are with
the Bonneville Power Administration, Portland,
Oreg. Mr. Holbeck is chief in the protection engi-
neering tinit, engineering division.
each direction can be independently con-
trolled by connecting different control
potentiometers with interlocks on the
reversing contactors.
Application to Motor-Generator-Set
Drives
For those who have immediate need
for this type of control characteristic for
motors of, say 50- to 400-horsepower
ratings, or even 2,000-horsepower, for
that matter, it is practical to modify this
712 TRANSACTIONS
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. n
Lines on Current
MARTIN J. LANTZ
NONMEMBER AIEE
such circuits arises when unibalaniced
faults occur on one line causing induced
voltages in the parallel circuit. WVhere
the lines are of the same voltage and
bussed at either or both ends, the cal-
culation resolves itself into the use of a
simple equivalent circuit. The problem
becomes more complicated when the lines
are operated at different voltages which
obviously cannot be bussed at one end,
or when a fault calculation is required on
one end of a pair of parallel lines whose
opposite ends are unbussed, such as a
split-bus arrangement. In solving a
problem of the latter type, use is nmade of
the a-c network analyzer which utilizes
one-to-one ratio transformers to represent
the mutual induction between lines.
Usually fault-current calculations are
within the scope of a d-c calculating
board. As a power system becomes more
plicatednfulcand
complicated hmore
ndianonmore than one line oc-
cupies the same right of way, in some
cases operating at different voltages, the
effect of mutual induction between the
lines becomes important for unbalanced
faults. A d-c board cannot be used for
these more complicated conditions.
Zero-Sequence Currents
Since the flow of zero-sequence current
1S not restricted to the physical conductor
but must return through the ground cir-
ecuit,
the resistivity of the ground itself
enters into the deterlinatioii of its im-
equipment so that the thyratron func-
tions associated with variable armature
excitation of a one-horsepower motor
would, instead, provide field excitation
for the generator of a mnotor generator
set, and the thyratron circuit for the
field of the one-horsepower mlotor would
be adapted to supply variable field ex-
citation to the field of the larger motor.
The loop-current control becomes more
complex, particularly since d-c current
must be measured directly and its direc-
tion of flow ascertained so as to give cor-
Holbeck,Lctntz-Parallel Transmission Lines
pedance. The effect of the ground return
ircuit upon the impedance can be de-
termined by either one of two ways:
namely, direct measurement
line icosrte, obyassuming an
after the
average value of grould resistivity for
calculating
The the impedance
latter method is the one by formnula.
which nmust
be used in most cases (see appendix).
It is not deemed within the scope of this
paper to discuss the various theories of
current flow through the ground but to
show hpw assumed conditions are used to
obtain what are considered reasonable
results.
The effect of mnutual coupling or the
resultant induction between parallel cir-
cuits is inverselv proportional to the
spacing between the circuits and di-
rectly proportionial to the length of paral-
lel.
Mutual Induction
WA/hen two transinission lines parallel
each other close enough for the mutual
induction to be appreciable, there is
transformer action between the circuits
when unbalanced currents flow. The
mutual induction resulting from the flow
of positive-sequence current is small anid
is reduced to a negligible value by the
transposition of conductors. Transposi-
tion, however, has no effect on the zero-
ioonectontoc-ro
hs
sequence induction. When paralleling
two identical circuits of the positive-
sequence network, the resulting imped-
ance is one half of the impedance of one
line. This is not true for the zero-se-
quence network for the reason that the
flow of unbalanced currents will cause a
certain amount of induction or mutual
coupling to exist between the circuits re-
tomewhat
sultiig in a valuesg greater thai
half the impedance for two identical cir-
cuits in parallel. The mutual impedance
between the circuits telnds to reduce the
fault current utnder certain conditiolns
and increase it under other conditions, de-
rect sequence of excitation to the respec-
tive fields of generator and motor during
acceleration and deceleration. The re-
versing problem, too, is more complicated
because of the necessity of reversing
generator field excitation, but all this
has been done.
Meanwhile, developments are progres-
sing toward the use of ignitron-type tubes
to provide armature excitation for motors
of higher horsepower ratings than can
now be supplied with the available hot-
cathode thyratron tubes.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 pending upon the relative directions of Zo-Zu STATION"A"
the ground currenit and the induced cur- A. 230K
rent. When -a single-phase-to-ground TOSTA. G ToSTAH
fault occurs on an energized line, the re- ZM-2 ZMI-3 I>
sulting zero-sequence currents flowing KV-i W
I15 - 2-ZM1.3
through all three conductors in the same B.
direction induce a voltage in the coupled 230KV Z°4
L.#f 1ZMM.2ZI3
-3
24Z -ZUM 2-3
ZUI-2 28 Mi.
circuit tending to cause an induced cur- 230 KV -Z Z3ZM23-ZMI3
Z03_M2-_Z,M-3 STATION
15KV
"B"
rent to flow in the opposite direction to
the one causing it. This may add to or D
subtract from the existing zero-sequence ZOI-ZM1-2ZM,3
MM1;
currents flowing in the coupled circuit c.
to the fault through physical circuit ties.
2-3
ZO2-ZM23-ZM12 |2 Mi.434M
Under certain conditions the amount
ZM3 2-2 30KVTOSTE"
of induction may be great enough to re- ZMj3
TO3-ZM2.3-ZMI.3 STA. F
verse the current flow in the coupled cir- ZMA 230 KV
cuit when large fault currents flow. It ZOI-ZMI-2 STATION C" mmD
may even change the direction of flow in D., 115KV-f
nearby transformer neutrals, causing the 2-3 223 STA-.
nearbyransoflwiormverseo
culrrent to flow in reverse of the cneZM2.-3-ZMA
h
conven- -Z03-ZM2.3 -M&,Z34- TO E STJD"
Figure 2. Diagram for indicating the relation.
TO

tional direction. (ZMA-AVE.Zm OFI22 a -a3) ships of mutual induction between the parallel
Figure 1 A. Equivalent zero-sequence im- lines connecting stations A. B, and C.
Devices for Representing Effect of pedance circuit of two parallel lines (same STATION "A"
Mutual Induction voltage) for calculation of ground-fault current
TO 115KV 230KV TO
Figure lB. Use of one-to-one ratio trans- STA. 'G" STA.1H'
Two lines having mutual induction be- formers for representing the mutual induction
tween them may be represented by an between parallel lines on the a-c calculating
equivalent circuit, provided the lines are board J 0.120
bussed at one end. This presupposes -J 0.079
Figure IC. Simplification of the circuits in
Figure 1 B to reduce the number of
age. The equivalent imnpedance is de- transformers required for the setup one-to-one
J 0.031
on the cal- 115KV J 0 567
termined by subtracting the mutual im-
pedance from the zero-sequence imped-
culating board | J 0.097
JJ.I88
ance of each line and adding it as a com- Figure 1 D. Further simplification of Figure l B.
pfeachlinermittding sutis
monimpeance This is only an approximation and is not accu-
2300KV.011 J
T OSTATION B"
mon impedance permitting solution bby aa 0.121
rate for all applications T
reduction of circuits through arithmetical STA. E J 0.094
means. See Figure lA. B A To
STA."F'
This equivalent
This equivalent circuit mlaycircuit
n iay be used tion of several lines on the same right -j 0.028 ~~~~~~~~~230
23
KV
TTINC
on an analyzer, but the solution is limited of way, and their operation at different c Qm STATIONT"C
in its scope to lines of the same voltage voltages. In solving problems of this J Q018 JOQSO TO 1 TO
bussed at one end. A device providing a type, resort must be made to simplifica- STA. E' STA.*D
more general and flexible arrangement is tion of circuits because the usual a-c net- A
used on the network analyzer with alter- work analyzer has few transformers for EQUIVALENT
nating current applied to the analyzer. representing mutual induction. Where a Figure 3. Simplification of the calculating-
A transformer with one-to-one ratio is number of mutual reactances are to be board circuits representing the lines connecting
used, shunting an impedance equal to the considered, as many simplifications as stations A, B, and C for calculating faults ex-
mutual impedance across one set of ter- possible are made to represent the im- ternal to this section of the power system
minals such that a voltage drop propor- pedances between busses, and expansions Reactance values are on a per unit 50-megavolt-
tional to the mutual induction is reflected are made successively byv sections dmpere base
to the coupled circuit, inducing a current throughout the system as a detailed
in the opposite direction to the originating study is made. cuit of the station B transformer bank in
current. This device may be used for Figure 2 shows a section of a possible Figure 3, losing the identity of the sta-
lines of differing voltages and for unbussed system between stations A, B, and C tion B 230-kv bus. Where this cannot
lines. The analyzer setup is the same as with its several parallels. Figure 3 shows be done, a capacitive reactance may be
for the equivalent circuit, and therefore how the section was reduced to an ap- substituted for the negative value of
requires that the mutual imupedance be proximate equivalent circuit requiring inductive reactance on an a-c analyzer.
subtracted from the zero-sequence im- only two instead of six mutual trans- The diagram in Figure .3 could be fulrther
pedance of each line and that one side of formers. Negative values of resistance reduced to save reactor units on the
the transformer be shunted with an im- and reactance may be encountered. The analyzer by using a delta-star transf or-
pedance equal to the mutual impedance. resistance component must be omitted. mation of the lines, but the net result
Either side of the transformer may be The reactance component may be handled still shows a negative value of reactance.
shunted by the mutual impedance. in one of several ways. Wrhere possible, Negative reactance values can sometimes
Modemnsystems may have some rather the negative values of reactance may be be avoided if the mutual transformers
complicated conditions invrolving mutulal combined wvith the positive values such have a ratio equal to the line voltage
impedance resulting from the construc- as wrould be the case with the primary cir- ratio. This simplified network would be

NJOVEMBER 1943, VOLUME 62 Holbecke, Lantz-Parctllel Transmission Lines TRANSACTIONS 713

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 3 LHNE 2 '-
4
usedduring the study of faults in another current ground relay in position 3 may
____________,_________ o_ section of the system and would require seal its contacts before breaker 2 opens,
AY Ay {DI LINE rD expansion for detailed study. causing an unnecessary trip out of the
CASE A In reducing a network consisting of two unfaulted line. Breaker 2 would probably
3 LINE 2 4 lines bussed at one end and paralleled have cleared before relay 3 closed its
^S>>p by a third line of different voltage, the contacts if the added influence of mutual
I LINE 2 arrangement is as shown in Figure 1B. induction had not increased the current
CASE B ;rb Figure lB is reduced as shown in Fig- in line 2 to speed up the operation of re-
ure 1C by substituting the equivalent lay 3.
operation circuit of Figure IA for the lines that are
bussed. When the values of mutual im- CASE B
CseArepresentstwo 230kv
Case A represents two 230-ky lines operated
linesoperdte pedance are equal or close enough to Case B, Figure 4, represents the same
temporarily at 1 15 kv
average, a single transformer may be pair of lines except that circuit 2 has been
Case B represents the same pair Of lines, substituted as shown in Figure 1D be- raised to 230 kv, and each line is ener-
with line 1 operated at 115 kv and line 2 cause the sum of the induced currents gized by separate generators.
operated at 230 kv, each line energized flow in the mutual branch of the equiva- The fault is again placed at the same
by a separate generator. The location ot the point on line 1, causing breaker 1 to
roundfaul in each case is markd by an v lent circuit.
open. This entirely isolates the two lines
STATION A 3/$/.w4 False Relay Operation Because of except for mutual induction between
230 KV Mutual Induction them which caused the unbalanced cur-
I5 *0 rent to reverse in line 2 and therefore
Cases A and B, Figure 4, are two ex- reverse the normal direction of the current
115 KV amples of how the effects of mutual induc- flow in the transformer neutral. Relay
STATION a tion could cause false relay operation if 4, if current polarized, has both its polar-
n25,
265 it is not considered in the relaying. izing and actuating current reversed so
t
i 22,0 1 < 1585 I CASE A the resultant direction continues to be
1KCAsE A the same until breaker 9 opens. Relay
18l640
T Case A represents two 230-kv
lines 4 may close its contacts before breaker 2
23C KV - A 5230 K operated temporarily at 115 kv. A opens, causing false relay operation of the
STATION E 890 power source is eonnected to each end circuit.
115 KV of the circuit, and the two lines are
900 bussed at both ends. Effect of Mutual Induction on
190
0 7,
-When the fault occurs as shown near Ground Currents
s1 KV I I STATION C the end of the line, a large current flows
through breaker .1 resulting in quick Figures 5-7, inclusive, show diagrams
tripping. At the same time the indue- with data obtained from a system fault
Figure 5A. Direction and magnitudes of the tion-type current-polarized directional study made on the a-c network analyzer
calculated Sround-fault currents in amperes at and pode exampleswoft
grondtre at-2osartsetopre.tAfter and effec
115 k for a fault on the 230-k bus of station groundrelay at2 starts to operate. After provde examples
of the effet of
B with the mutual reactances included for the breaker 1 opens, the direction of current mutual induction between circuits for
calculating-board setup flow in line 2 reverses, and, because of the ground faults. These examples are for
extra induced current from mutual in- the same section of the system as shown
STATION A 3-'5'" duction in the line, the directional over- in Figure 2 except that the line from sta-
230KV tion A to station C is omitted. These
1185- STATION A 3"'-4
g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 KV
35 STAT IO0N A -s
10~ ~~3
0 35 230KV
.115VSTATION
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ STTO A s-,,,.
STATION B
135 115 KV
1995
c23Q - 1550 STATION B
65
115FKV 14 5 STAT I45
230V

STATION C8020V
80 - 7t7 2705
705K -
230 KV~
~ ~ ~~~~~-23K
880 STATION C 1480~~~~~~~~~~~0

calculated ground-fault currents in amperes at - 5

115 kv if the mutual reactances of the parallel Figure 6A. Because of mutual induction be-
lines are ignored in the calculating-board setup tween circuits it is possible to have appreciable Figure 6B. The effect of ignoring mutual in-
Comarwthcuret alus hon n igre ground currents flowing in sections isolated duction
5A which include the effects of mutual from the ground fault Note negligible flow oF ground currents be-
induction Note current flow between stations B and A tween stations A and B

714 TRANSACTIONS Hol beck, Lantz-Parcsllel Transmission Lines ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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 STATION
230 KV6o
630i l
0 1380
- 15 KV
STAT ION B
., ~~~~~540
465.>
r5 KV
115° {V
40 35
2W30KV
Figure 7A. The effect of mutual induction
increases the aver-all ground current Rowing
in parallel lines providing the currents flow in
opposite directions
Note the effect on the station A to station B
115-kv line which parallels the 230-kv line
for 35 miles. Compare with Figure 7B
em sh ftohr-
examples show faults on the end of trans-
mission lines with values of ground cur-
rent flowing before and after the adjacent
breaker to the bus has opened for condi-
tions with and without the consideration
of mutual induction. All currents shown
are equivalent amperes at 115 kv.
Figure 5 shows the effect of mutual
induction between the 115-ky and 230-kv
lines for a single-phase-to-ground fault on
the station B 230-kv bus. When mutual
calculation consierod(gurrent
induction is considered (Figure 555A), the
calculated value of ground current in the
valu
the
to station A. However, when the effect
of mutual induction is ignored (Figure
5B), the calculations show a flow of
only 135 amperes in-the I15-kv line, but
in the opposite direction to that shown in
Figure 5A. In this case the 115-kv line
might be cleared by relay unnecessarily
for a 230-kv line fault if one were not
aware of the effect of mutual induction
between paralleling lines of different
voltages.
It is possible, as shown in Figure 6,
to have appreciable ground currents
flowing in sections isolated from the fault
because of mutual induction between cir-
cuits. The effect shown in Figure 6
would be much more pronounced with
longer parallels or larger concentrations
of ground currents. Figure 6A shows the
magnitude and direction of the ground
currents circulating between stations
A and B resulting from the effect of
mutual induction when a fault occurs on
a radial 230-ky line fed from station C.
If mutual induction is ignored, results
will be obtained similar to those shown in
Figure 6B. In the latter case practically
NOVEMBER 1943, VOLUME 62
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~~~~~~STATIO,N
SAIAr/-Av The effect of mutual induction betweenl
230KV two lines paralleling each other on the
$05-
| l same right of way through which un-
_ - balanced current is flowing in opposite
directions is to increase the flow of ground
- 115 Kv current.
It is possible, because of the effects
STATION e of mutual induction between lines, to
. 125. the normal direction.
of the
95 reverse
l <_ 5 e-it 25 l. <;20I v2160 ground current flowing in the grounded
8 1 5KV | * neutral of a transformer bank to a ground
1
115KV
| I
20 fault.
230 KV
Figure 7B. Mutual induction is ignored in h Appendix. Formulas for Calcu-
calculations . lationsof Zero-Sequence Imped-
The sum of the ground currents circulating in ances of Short Transmission Link
the 11 5-kv line and. the stdtion B 11 5-kY trans- Without Ground Wires
former neutrdl are equdl to only 22 per cent
of the calculated values of ground currents Zero-Sequence Impedance
(shown in Figure 7A) when the mutual induc-
tion is included. In this case faulty relay opera- Zo = R,+0.00477f+j.01397fX
tion could result if the effect of mutual induc- logio De
tion is ignored GMR circuit
(1) (Reference 1, page 157)
Zo = ohms per phase per mile
no current circulates in the lines between Zm 0.00477f+j.01397fX
stations A and B. De
The effect of mutual induction in- log1o GMD circuit
creases the over-all ground current flow- (1) (Reference 1, page 158)
ing in parallel lines providing the currents
flow in opposite directions. Figure 7
shows this effect very clearly on the f= frequency in cycles
station A to station B 115-kv line which De =2,790 feet based on an average ground
parallels the 230-kv line for 35 miles.
The mutual induction (Figure 7A) in-
resistivity of 100 meter-ohms
(1) (Reference 1, pages 146-8)
creases the ground current in the line and GMR circuit=
the station B transformer neutral prac- V5GMD sep2 XGMR conductor
tically fivefold over the values obtained (1) (Reference 1, page 157)
in Figure 7B, which neglects mutual
induction, for the same 230-kv ground GMIR conductor (1)
obtained from tables
fault. This is an instance that could (Reference 1, page 138)
very easily cause false relay operation, GAMD sep =
since erroneous results would be obtained Vtthree distances between conductors
by neglecting the mutual induction. R,=resistance per mile of one conductor
Proper results could not be obtained on a GjMD circuit =
d-c board since the lines are of different 4/nine distances between conductors
voltages.
Conversion of ohms to per unit Z
.- Pe ui . base mvaXohms
Conclusions
_______=_ Per unit Z
kv2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(
For mutual impedance between lines of
A d-c Lcalculating board cannot be different voltages
used to represent the effects of mutual
induction between lines operated at dif- Per unit Z=
ferent voltages. The neglect of these ef- kv1 Xkv2
fects may give erroneous answers serious
enough to result in false relaying. References
With two lines paralleling, each other
s , . .1. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS (book), C. -F.
on the same right of way through which Wagner, R. D. Evans. McGraw-Hill Book Corn-
unbalanced fault current is flowing in the pany, Inc. 1933.
same direction, the effect of mutual in- 2. CALCULATION OF SNORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS
duction between the lines is to reduce the tinc Review, April 1937, pages 189-96.
flow of ground current. -* Megavolt-amperes.
Hol beck, Lantz-Parallel Transmission Lines TRANSACTIONS 715