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Notes of Lesson
(R. 2013)
UNIT I
(a)
General features
During the early part of 20th century, elastic theory of reinforced concrete sections outlined in chapter 2
was developed which formed the basis of the working stress or permissible stress method of design of
reinforced concrete members. In this method, the working or permissible stress in concrete and steel are
obtained applying appropriate partial safety factors to the characteristics strength of the materials. The
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are well within the linear elastic range of the materials.
The design based on the working stress method although ensures safety of the structures at working or
services loads, it does not provide a realistic estimate of the ultimate or collapse load of the structure in
contrast to the limit state method of design. The working stress method of design results in
comparatively larger and conservative sections of the structural elements with higher quantities of steel
reinforcement which results in conservative and costly design. Structural engineers have used this
method extensively during the 20th century and presently the method is incorporated as an alternative to
the limit state method in Annexure B of the recently revised Indian Standard Code Is : 456 2000 for
specific applications.
The permissible stresses in concrete under service loads for the various stress states of compressive,
flexure and bond is compiled in Table 2.1 (Table 21 of IS ; 456 2000)
The permissible stress in different types of steel reinforcement is shown in table 2.2 (Table 22 of IS 456
2000)
The permissible shear stress for various grades of concrete in beams is shown in Table 12.1 (Table 23 of
IS: 456 2000)
The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 Table
12.2 (Table 24 of IS: 456 2000)
In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by
multiplying the values given in Table 2.1 by factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab
2000
as shown in Table 12.3 (Section 40.2.1.1. of IS; 456
)
Table 12.1Permissible Shear Stresses in Concrete (c N/mm2) (Table 23 of IS:456 2000)
100 As / bd
0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00 & above
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
ABOVE
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63
Note: As is that area of longitudinal tension reinforcement which continues at least one effective depth
beyond the section being considered except at supports where the full area of tension reinforcement may
be used provided the detailing conforms to 26.2.3.
Table 12.2 Maximum Shear Stress (c, max N/mm2) (Table 24 of IS: 456 2000)
Concrete grade M 15 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 & above
(c max N/mm2) 1.6
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.5
The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 (Table 24
of IS 456 2000)
In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by
multiplying the3 values in Table 2.1 by a factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab as
shown in Table 12.3 (Section 40.2.1.1. of IS 456 2000)
(b) General design procedure
In the working stress design, the cross sectional dimensions are assumed based on the basic span /
depth ratios outlined in Chapter 5 (Table 5.1 and 5.2) (Section 23.2.1. of IS: 456 2000)
The working load moments and shear forces are evaluated at critical sections and the required effective
depth is checked by using the relation:
d = M / Q.b
Where d = effective depth of section
M = working load moment
b = width of section
Q = a constant depending upon the working stresses in concrete and steel, neutral axis depth
factor (k) and lever arm coefficient (f).
For different grades of concrete and steel the value of constant Q is compiled in Table 2.3. The depth
provided should be equal to or greater than the depth computed by the relation and the area of
reinforcement required in the section to resist the moment M is computed using the relation:
Ast = (
st . j. d
The number of steel bars required is selected with due regard to the spacing of bars and cover
requirements.
After complying with flexure, the section is generally checked for resistance against shear forces by
calculating the nominal shear stress c given by v = (V / bd)
Where V = Working shear force at critical section.
The permissible shear stress in concrete (c) depends upon the percentage reinforcements in the cross
section and grade of concrete as shown in Table 12.1
If c < v suitable shear reinforcements are designed in beams at a spacing sv given by the relation;
Sv = [ 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus]
Where sv = spacing of stirrups
Asv = cross sectional area of stirrups legs
fy = Characteristics strength of stirrup reinforcement
d = effective depth
Vs = [ V c .b .d]
If v < c, nominal shear reinforcements are provided in beams are provided in beams at a spacing given
by
Sv [ 0.87 fy Ast / 0.4 b]
In case of slabs, the permissible shear stress if k is a constant depending upon the thickness of the slab.
Also in the case of slabs the nominal shear stress (v) should not exceed half the value of c max shown in
Table 12.2. In such cases the thickness of the slab is increased and the slab is redesigned.
In the case of compression members, the axial load permissible on a short column reinforced with
longitudinal bars and lateral ties is given by
P = (cc Ac + sc Asc)
Where scc = permissible stress in concrete in direct compression (Refer Table 2.1)
Ac = cross sectional area of concrete excluding the area of reinforcements.
Ssc = permissible compressive stress in reinforcement
Asc = cross sectional area of longitudinal steel bars.
DESIGN OF SLABS
1. Design example of one way slab
1. Data
Q = 0.91
st = 230 N/mm2
f = 0.90
3. Depth of slab
Assuming 0.4 per cent of reinforcement in the slab, the value of Kt (Figure) Using Fe 415 HYSD
bars, is around 1.25
Hence
(L/d) = (L/d)basic x Kt x Kc
= (20 x 1.25 x 1)
= 25
d = (2500 / 25) = 100mm
Adopt d = 100mm and overall depth = 130mm
4. Effective span
Effective span is the least of:
(a) Centre to centre of support = (2.5 + 0.23) = 2.73m
(b) Clear span + effective depth = (2.5 + 0.10) = 2.60m
Effective span = L = 2.60m
5. Loads
Self weight of slab = (0.13 x 25)
= 3.25kN/m2
= 2.00kN/m2
Floor finishes
= 0.75kN/m2
Total load = w
= 6.00kN/m2
Considering 1 m width of the slab, the uniformly distributed load is 6 kN/m2 on an effective span
of 2.60m.
2. Permissible Stresses
cbc = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
st = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
3. Type of slab
Simply supported on all sides without any provision for torsion at corners.
Lx = 4 m
Ratio (LY / Lx) = 1.25
Ly = 5 m
4. Depth of the slab
From span / depth considerations:
Overall depth = D = (short span / 28) = (4000 / 28) = 143mm
Adopt overall depth = D = 150mm
Effective depth = d = (150 30) = 120mm
5. Effective Span
Effective span is the least of the following:
(a) Centre to center of supports = (4 + 0.23) = 4.23 m
(b) Clear span + effective depth = ( 4 + 0.12) = 4.12m
Effective span = Lxe = 4.12m
6. Loads
Self weight of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kn/m2
Live load on floor
= 2.00
Floor finishes
= 0.60
= 6.35 kN/m2
7. Bending Moments
Refer Table 7.1 and read out the moment coefficients for the ratio (Ly / Lx) = 1.25
x = 0.089, y = 0.057
Mx = (x w Lxc2) = (0.089 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 9.60kN.m
My= (yw Lxc2) = (0.057 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 6.14kN.m
8. Check for depth
Effective depth
D = M / Q b = 9.60 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 102.7mm
Effective depth for shorter span = 120mm
Effective depth for long span = (120 10) = 110mm
(Using 10mm diameters bars)
9. Reinforcements
Ast = (M / st . j .d) = (9.6 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 387mm2
Adopt 10mm diameter bars at 200mm centers (Ast = 393 mm2)
Steel for long span = (6.14 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 270mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 250mm centers (Ast = 315mm2)
10. Shear and bond stresses
Shear and bond stresses in two way slabs are negligibly small and generally within safe
permissible limits. The reinforcement details are similar to that of two way slabs designed in
Chapter 7.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
1. Design of singly reinforced concrete beams; Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam
simply supported on masonry walls 300mm thick with an effective span of 5 m to support a
service load of 8 kN/m and a dead load of 4 kN/m in addition to its weight. Adopt M 20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars. Width of support of beams = 300mm.
1. Data
Effective Span = L = 5 m
Width of support = 300mm
Q = 0.91
st = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
=4.125kN/m
Dead load
= 4.000kN/m
Live load
= 8.000kN/m
Finishes
= 0.975kN/m
Total load = w
= 17.000kN/m
2. Design a doubly reinforced beam: Design a doubly reinforced concrete beam for a
residential floor of a building to suit the following data:
1. Data
Effective Span = 5 m
Dead load = 8 KN/m
Live load = 12 KN/m
Width of beam = 250mm
Material: M20 grade concrete
Fe 415 HYSD bars
Effective depth = 450mm
Cover to compression steel = 50mm.
2. Permissible stresses
cb = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
st = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
m = 13
nc = 0.284 d
3. Loads
=3.125kN/m
Dead load
= 8.000kN/m
Live load
= 12.000kN/m
Finishes etc.
= 0.875kN/m
= 24.000kN/m
Tension reinforcement
Ast = (M1 / st . j.d) = (46 x 106
7. Compression reinforcement
Asc = [m Ast2 ( d nc)
(1.5 m 1) (nc dc )
Where nc = 0.284 d = (0.284 x 450) = 127.8mm
Asc = [ 13 x 315 (450 127.8) / 1.5 x 13 1) ( 127.8 50) = 916mm2
Provide 3 bars of 20mm diameter (Asc = 942 mm2)
3. Design of flanged beams: Design a tee beam for an office floor using the following data.
1. Data
Effective Span = 8 m
Spacing of tee beams = 3m
Loading (office floor) = 4 KN/m
Slab thickness = 150mm
Material: M20 grade concrete
Fe 415 HYSD bars
2. Permissible stresses
cb = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
st = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
m = 13
3. Sectional dimensions
4. Loads
Self weight of beam = (0.15 x 25x 3)
=11.25kN/m
Live load = (4 x 3)
= 12.000kN/m
= 1.80kN/m
= 3.37kN/m
Plaster finishes
= 1.58 kN/m
Total load = w
= 30.00kN/m
bf = [ Lo / 6 + bw + 6 Df]
= [ (8000 / 6) + 300 + (6 x 150)] = 2533mm
ii)
Design Value:
Design Strength of Materials
fd = f
m
Where,
f = Characteristic Strength of the Material
m = Partial Safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit
State being considered.
Loads:
The design load, Fd is given by
Fd = F rf
Parabolic
Curve
0.67 fck
0.67 fck / m = 0.446fck
0.446fck 0.002
0.0035
Strain
0.42xu
xu
0.36 fck xu b.
fY
fy
fy / 1.15
Stress
0.002
Strain
fy / 1.15
Stress
T = 0.87 fy Ast
d-0.42 xu
fy
+ 0.002
1.15 Es
Strain Diagram
0.0035
xu
fy
+ 0.002
1.15 Es
d xu
xu = 0.0035
d xu 0.87 fy + 0.002
Es
xu =
d xu +xu
xu
d
Fe 250
Fe 415
Fe 500
0.0035
0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es
0.0035
0.87 fy + 0.002
Es
xumax
d
= 0.53
fy
xumax
d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
Xumax =
0.53d
0.48d
0.46d
0.0035
xu
0.42 xu
C = 0.36 fck xu max.b.
0.87 fy Ast = T
0.87 fy
Es
0.0035
xumax
+ 0.002
0.87fy + 0.002
Es
d xumax
xu max = 0.0035
d xu max 0.87 fy + 0.002
Es
xumax
d xumax +xumax
0.0035
0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es
0.87fy + 0.002
Es
d xumax
xumax
=
d xumax +xumax
xumax
d
0.0035
0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es
=
0.0035
0.0055 + 0.87 fy
Es
Mild Steel
xumax
d
= 0.53
Fe 415
xumax
d
= 0.48
xumax
d
= 0.46
Fe 500
C=T
0.36 fck xu b = 0.37 fy Ast
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck bd
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d
0.36 fck bd
Moment of resistance = {Total Compression or Total Tension}
Level arm
MR = 0.36 fck. Xu.b ( d 0.42 xu)
= 0.36 fck xu bd ( d 0.42 xu)
d
MR = 0.36 fck xu bd2 (1 0.42 xu )
d
d
MR = 0.87 fy Ast ( d 0.42 xu)
= 0.87 fy Ast d (1 0.42 xu )
d
= 0.87 fy Ast d (1- 0.42 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck . bd
= 0.87 fy Ast d (1 fy Ast )
bd fck
C= T
0.36 fck xu b = 0.87 fy Ast
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck b
xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck . bd
Bd fck
MR = 0.36 fck xu max. b ( d 0.42 xu)
= 0.36 fck xumax bd2 (1 0.42 xu )
d
= 0.36 fck xu bd2 (1- 0.42 xumax
d
d
= 0.36 fck xumax (1- 0.42 xumax) bd2
d
d
= 0.36 xumax
(1- xumax ) fck bd2
d
d
Plimt = 41.4 fck
fy
xumax
d
xumax
d
Fck
20
25
30
250
1.75
2.19
2.63
fy
415
0.96
1.20
1.44
500
0.76
0.95
1.14
Xumax / d
0.53
0.48
0.46
Pmin = 0.34%
Fe 415
Pmin = 0.20%
Fe 500
Pmin = 0.17%
UNIT II
A simply supported beam 250mm wide is 450mm deep to the centre of the tension reinforcement.
Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the beam section and also the limiting area of
reinforcement. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
b = 250mm
d = 450mm
Mulim = 0.138 fck bd2
Pt lim = 41.4 fck
fy
xumax
d
Ast 415 )
250x450x20
= 162472.5 Ast (1-1.844 x 10-4 Ast)
29.967 Ast2 = 16472.5 Ast + 139.725 x 106 = 0
5421.71 3277.86
2
A singly reinforced beam 250mm wide is 400mm deep to the centre of the tensile reinforcement.
Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the beam section and also the limiting area of
reinforcement. Use M20 concrete and the 250 steel.
Solution:
Given Data:
B = 200mm
D = 400mm
Mulim = 41.4 fck / fy xumax / d
M20 & Fe 250
Mu = 0.149 fck bd2
= 0.149 x20x200x4002
Mulimt = 95.36 x 106 Nmm
xumax = 0.48d
iii)
iv)
Moment of resistance
Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1 0.42 xumax) bd2 fck
d
d
= 0.36 x 0.48d (1-0.42 x 0.48) 230x20 x d2
= 0.138 fck bd2
75 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 d2
d
= 343.73mm
6
31
Assume d = 25 + 12 = 37 mm
D = d +d =373.73 mm
= 400mm
Area of steel required
0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 fck xmax .b
Ast = 0.36 fck xumax .b
0.87 fy
= 0.36 x 20 x 177.12 x 230
0.87 x 415
= 812.38 mm2
Use 20mm # Nos = 3 Nos.
v)
Ast = 6 / 16mm #
Asc = 2/ 16mm #
M20 & Fe 250 grade
Effective cover = d = 33mm
2 - 16#
367
Solution:
6 - 16#
Given Data:
33
Width b = 300mm
300
fCK = 20 N /mm2
Fe 250
fy = 250 N/mm2
= 0.53
+ 0.0020
0.0035 =
Esc
xumax
xumax d
Asc fsc = 0.87 fy Ast2
0.0035
xumax
Esc
0.446 fck
= 32.098 x 10 Nmm.
Asc fsc
0.36 fck xu
d d
= 122.51 kNm.
Doubly Reinforced Section
Find the moment of resistance of a beam 250mm x 500mm. If reinforcement with 2/12 FF in compressive
zone and 4 / 20mm # in tension each at an effective cover of 40mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grade.
Given Data:
40mm
2 - 12#
Ast = 4 x / 4 (20)
= 1256.64 mm2
Asc = 2 x / 4 (!2)2 = 226.195 mm2
4 - 20#
40mm
250
l = 5m
Breadth b = 300mm
Over all depth D = 60mm
Assume d = 40mm
D = 600 40 = 560mm
Fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Load Calculation:
Dead Load
(0.3 x 0.6 x 1 x 25)
Live Load
Total
= 4.5 kN/m
= 75 KN/m
--------------------= 79.5 KN/m
= 0.48
beam is
ii)
A reinforced concrete beam 300mm x 600mm is to be designed for a factored moment 3.25 x 108.
Calculate the reinforcement needed. Use M20 and Fe 415. Effective cover is d = 37.5mm.
Solution
Given Data:
562.50
600mm
Esc
300
mm
= 0.48
0.0035
Esc
d
xumax
Xumax d
= 1615.29 mm2
whichever is lesser.
FLANGED BEAMS
A T beam floor consists of 150mm thick R.C slab cast monolithic with 300mm wide beams. The
beams are spaced at 3.5m c/c and their effective span is 6m. If the superimposed load on the slab 5
kN/m2. Design an intermediate beam. Use M20 & Fe 250 grades.
Given data:
Thickness of R.C Slab = Df = 150mm
Width of web (beam) bw = 300mm
Spacing = 3.5 m c/c
Span = l = 6m
Superimposed load = 5KN/m2
On slab
M20 & Fe 415
3.5m c/c
6m
300mm
Note:
i)
bf = 2200mm
Load Calculation:
Dead weight of slab
= 3.75 KN/m2
Superimposed load on the slab = 5.00 KN/m2
Total Load
= 8.75 kN/m2
Load /m run on the slab 8.75 x 3.5 = 30.625 KN/m
Dead weight of beam = 1.875 KN/m.
Factored Load = 32.5 x 1.5 = 48.75 kN/m
Factored moment = Mu = wl2 / 8
= 48.75 x 62
8
= 219.38 kNm.
Assume
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d (1-Ast fy
bd fck)
bf
Df
bw
ii)
= 38455.03 34916.59
2
Check the depth of Neutral axis:
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d
0.36 fck bf
xu = 0.87 x 415 x 1769.22
0.36 x 20 x 2200
= 40.33mm
iii)
= 0.85
fy
As = 0.85 bw d
Fy
= 0.85 x 300 x 360
415
= 221.21 mm2
Astmin < Astprovided < Astmax.
Calculate the amount of steel required in a T beam to develop a moment of resistance of 300 kNm at
working loads. The dimensions of beams are given in figure. Use M20 & Fe 415 grade.
750mm
100mm
500mm
470mm
70mm
200mm
= 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 x 20 x 750
= 199.61mm.
Xu > Df
Hence our assumption is wrong.
Neutral axis lies outside the flange:
Df = 100 = 0.20
d
500
Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) fck bd2
d
d
+ 0.45fck (bf bw) Df (d - Df )
2
xumax
d
= 0.48
Mu > Mulim
But Mu = 4.5 x 108 Nmm
Design as doubly reinforced Section
Find Ast
Mulim = 0.87fy Ast1 d (1- Ast1 fy )
bd fck
Ast1 = 2482mm2
Find Ast 2
Mu Mulim = fsc Asc (d-d)
Ast2 = Asc = 592.59mm2
Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Asc = Ast2
Find Number of bars
Check reinforcement
Min As = 0.85
bwd
fy
Max 0.04 bwD.
Depth of NA
0.36 fck xu . bw + 0.446 fck (bf bw)Yt
= 0.87 fy Ast
Yt = (0.15xu + 0.65 Df)
Corners of the slab are not Held down
(2 Way slab)
Design a two way slab for a room 5.5m x 4m clear in size, if the superimposed load is 5kN/m2. Use M20 & Fe
415 grade.
300mm
4m
5.50m
L = 5.5
B
4
= 1.375 < 2
Design Data:
M20 fck 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm2
xumax
d
= 0.48
xumax = 0.48d
Estimation of thickness of slab:
Span
D
= 4000
D
= 3.5 X 0.8
D = 142.86mm
40mm/m Span = 40 x 4 = 160mm
Overall depth = 1/30 x short span
= 1/30 x 4000
= 133.33mm
Provide overall thick of Slab = 140mm
Assuming an effective cover = 20mm
Effective depth = 120mm
Effective Span
Shorter Span lx
a) 4 + 0.3 = 4.3m
b) 4 + 0.12 = 4.12m
lx = 4.12m
Longer span (ly)
a) 5.5 + 0.3 = 5.8m
b) 5.5 + 0.12 = 5.62m
ly = 5.62m
Load Calculation:
Dead weight of slab = 3.5 kN/m2
(0.14 x 25)
Superimposed load = 5.0 kN/m2
--------------8.5 kN/m2
Load / m run = 8.5 kN/m
Factored load = Wu = 1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN/m.
Maximum B.M along shorter span
Mx = dx w/ x2
Maximum B.M along longer span
My = y w/x2
0.099
0.0966
ly = 5.62 = 1.36
lx
4.12
x
y
?
0.006
x = 0.0966
y = 0.0526
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.0066 = ?
0.1
0.06
0.0526
6
0.004
0.055
0.1
Mx = x w/x2
0.05
= ?
0.04
0.004
= 20.91 kNm
My = y w/x2
= 0.0526 x 12.75 x 4.122
= 11.38 kNm.
Check for depth
Mux = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) bd2 fck
1.36
6
1.4
Ast 415
1000 x 175 x 20)
Ast
Muy = 0.87fy Ast d (1- Ast fy
Bd fck)
11.38 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 165 (1 -
Asty=
Spacing of reinforcement:
Shorter span:
SV = 1000 A
Ast
Longer Span
Check for Spacing 3d (or) 300mm
Hence Provide
Check for shear
VU = W lx
2
Nominal Shear Stress = = Vu
bd
100 Ast
Bd
= 0.47%
Ast fy
1000 x 165 x 20)
3.5m
mm
8m
i)
Design Data :
M20 & Fe 415
Fck 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 415 N/mm2
Xumax = 0.48
D
Xumax = 0.48d
ii)
= 0.87 fy Ast d
0.36 fck.bd
M.F = 1
d = Span
BV x MF
= 3500 = 175mm
20 x 1
Using 12mm #
Sv = 1000 A
Ast
vii) Check for Spacing
i)
3d (or) 300mm
= 12 x 0.87 x 415
4 x 1.2
= 902.625
Ld = 300.875mm
3Provide 310mm
Check for Shear
Shear Stresses in slab are within the permissible limit, shear reinforcement are not necessary.
Near support main bar is bent up at l / 7 from the face of the wall
Near intermediate beam the reinft. Is bent up at l / 7 and projected over the beam at l / 4 from the center.Check
for Shear
Vu = 15 x 3.675 = 27.5625 kN
2
Nominal Shear Stress = = Vu = 27.56 x 1000
bd
1000 x 175
100 Ast
= 0.1575 N/mm
= 0.25%
Bd
1000 x 175
Tc = 0.36 N/mm2
Tcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
(0.1575 N/mm2) Nominal Shear Stress
(0.36 N/mm2) Permissible Shear Stress
(2.8 N/mm2) Maximum Shear Stress.
12# @ 260mm
300
3500
Section
Bottom Plan
300
12# @ 260mmc/c
UNIT III
suitably restrained to enable the member to resist effectively the torsion induced. Typically, equilibrium torsion
is induced in beams supporting lateral over hanging projections, and is caused by the eccentricity in the loading
(Figure). Such torsion is also induced in beams curved plan and subjected to gravity loads, and in beams where
the transverse loads are eccentric with respect to the shear centre of the cross section.
Cantilevered Shell Roof
Column
Beam subjected
to equilibrium
torsion
T/2
Total torque = T
T/2
T/2
This is the name given to the type of torsion induced in a structural member rotations (twists) applied at one
or more points along the length of the member. It twisting moments induced are directly dependent on the
torsional stiffness of the member. These moments are generally statically in determine and their analysis
necessarily involves (rotational) compatibility conditions; hence the name compatibility torsion. For example,
in the floor beam system has shown in figure, the flexure of the secondary beam BD results in a rotation B at
the end B. As the primary (Spandrel) beam ABC is monolithically connected with the secondary beam BD at
the joint B., compatibility at B implies an angle of twist, equal to B in the spandrel beam ABC, and a bending
moment will develop at the end b of beam BD. The bending moment will be equal to, and will act in a direction
opposite to the twisting moment, in order to satisfy static equilibrium. The magnitude of B and the twisting /
bending moment at b depends on the torsional stiffness of beam ABC and the flexural stiffness of beam BD.
The torsional stiffness of a reinforced concrete member is drastically reduced by torsional cracking. This results
in a very large increase in the angle of twist, and, in the case of compatibility torsion, a major reduction in the
induced twisting moment. For this reasons, the code (CL.40.1) permits the designer to neglect the torsional
stiffness of reinforced concrete members at the structural analysis stage itself, so that the need for detailed
design for torsion in such cases does not arise at the design stage. With reference to figure, this implies
assuming a fictitious hinge (i.e., no rotational restraint) at the end B of the beam BD, and assuming a continuous
support (spring, support, actually)at the joint D. Incidentally, this assumption helps in reducing the degree of
static indeterminacy of the structure (typically, a grid floor), thereby simplifying the problem of structural
analysis. Thus, the code states:
In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness of members has not been taken into account in the analysis
of a structure no specific calculations for torsion will be necessary [CL40.1 of the code].
Of course, this simplification implies the acceptance of cracking and increased deformations in the torsional
member. It also means that during the first time loading, a twisting moment up to the cracking torque of the
plain concrete section develops in the member, prior to torsional cracking. In order to control the subsequent
cracking and to impart ductility to the member, it is desirable to provide a minimum torsional reinforcement,
equal to that required to resist the cracking torque. In fact one of the intentions of the minimum stirrup
reinforcement specified by the code (CL. 25.5.1.6) is to ensure some degree of control of torsional cracking of
beams due to compatibility torsion.
If, however, the designer chooses to consider compatibility torsion in analysis and design, then it is important
that a realistic estimate of torsional stiffness is made for the purpose of structural analysis, and the required
torsional reinforcement should be provided for the calculated twisting moment.
Estimation of Torsional stiffness
Observed behavior of reinforced concrete members under torsion (see also section 7.3) shows that the
torsional stiffness is little influenced by the amount of torsional reinforcement in the linear elastic phase, and
may be taken as that of the plain concrete section. However, once torsional cracking occurs, there is a drastic
reduction in the torsional stiffness. The post cracking torsional stiffness is only a small fraction (less than 10
percent) of the pre cracking stiffness, and depends on the amount of torsional reinforcement, provided in the
form of closed stirrups and longitudinal bars. Heavy torsional reinforcement can, doubt, increase the torsional
resistance (strength) to a large extent, but this can be realized only at very large angles of twist (accompanied by
very large cracks).
Hence, even with torsional reinforcement provided, in most practical situations, the maximum twisting moment
in a reinforced concrete member under compatibility torsion is the value corresponding to the torsional cracking
of the member. The cracking torque is very nearly the same as the failure strength obtained for an identical
plain concrete section.
In the usual linear elastic analysis of framed structures, the torsional stiffness kt (torque per unit twist T/ ) of a
beam of length l is expressed as
KT = GC / l
Where GC is the torsional rigidity, obtained as a product of the shear modulus G and the geometrical parameter
C of the section (Ref. 7.1). It is recommended in the Explanatory Handbook to the code (Ref.7.2) that G may be
taken as 0.4 times the c is a property of the section having the same relationship to the torsional stiffness of a
rectangular section as the polar moment of inertia has for a circular section
UNIT IV
A column forms a very important component of structure. Columns support beams which a turn support walls
and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The design of
a column should therefore receive great importance.
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times its lateral
dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three times their least dimension are classified
as pedestals.
RCC columns concrete has a high compressive strength and a low tensile strength. Hence theoretically concrete
should need no reinforcement when it is subjected to compression. Reinforcements are provided in order to
reduce the size of columns. Through a column is mainly a compression member, it is liable to some moment
due to eccentricity of loads or transverse loads or due to its slenderness. Such moments may occur in any
direction and so it is necessary to provide reinforcement near all faces of column. This reinforcement forms the
longitudinal steel. In order to maintain the position of the longitudinal reinforcement and also to prevent their
buckling which may cause splitting of concrete, it is necessary to provide transverse reinforcements in the form
of lateral ties or spirals at close pitch. The transverse reinforcement also assists in confining the concrete.
Classification of columns: A column may be classified on the basis of its shape, its slenderness ratio, the
manner of loading and the type of lateral reinforcement provided. A column may have a section which may be
square, rectangle, circular or a desired polygon.
Depending on the slenderness ratio, column may be short or a long column. The slenderness ratio of a column is
the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension. A column whose slenderness ratio
exceeds 12 is a long column. A column whose slenderness ratio does not exceed the above limit is a short
column.
Based on the manner of loading, column may be classified into
i)
ii)
iii)
Columns may also be classified based on the type of lateral reinforcement provided. On this basis, columns are
classified into
(i)
Tied columns in which separate or individual ties are provided surrounding the longitudinal
reinforcement. The load on it. The object of stipulating a
(ii)
Spirally reinforced columns in which helical bars are provided surrounding the longitudinal
reinforcement.
Longitudinal reinforcement (or main steel) is provided to resist compressive loads along with concrete. As per
I.S. 456 a reinforced concrete column shall have longitudinal steel reinforcement and the cross sectional area of
such reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% nor more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column
required to transmit all the loading. The object of stipulating a minimum percentage of steel is to make
provision to prevent buckling of the column due to any accidental eccentricity of a maximum percentage of
steel is to provide reinforcement within such a limit to avoid congestion of reinforcement which would make it
very difficult to place the concrete and consolidate it. This may be best realized from the following two
examples. Consider two columns 450mm x 450mm. Reinforcement required at 0.8% of gross area = 0.8 / 100 x
4502 = 1620mm2.
This may be provided by four bars of 25mm diameter with an area of 1963mm2 (Figure a)
Reinforcement required at 6% of the gross area
= 6 x 4502 = 12150mm2
100
Even if the bigger diameter bars selected. Say 32mm. diameter bars;
We will require 16 bars of 32mm. diameter providing a total area of
804 x 16 = 12864mm2. (Figure b). The difficulty of placing concrete
between the 16 bars of 32mm. diameter with the overall size of
450mm x 450mm. may be quite apparent. Practically the
Maximum percentage of steel may be limited to 4 percent of the
gross area so as to ensure a good and sound concrete.
4-25mm
(main bars
(a)
(b)
Sprial or
Helical
Reinforcement
Transverse
Reinforcement
(Links)
Figure R.C.Columns
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The longitudinal reinforcement should be laterally tied by transverse links to provide a restraint against outward
buckling of each of the longitudinal bars. I.S. 456 code stipulates that the diameter of longitudinal bars shall not
be less than 12mm. and that the diameter of the transverse reinforcement shall not be less than one fourth of
the diameter of the main rods and in no case less than 5mm. in diameter. The ends of transverse links should be
properly anchored. Figure (a) & (b) show how transverse reinforcement are provided in R.C. Columns.
Arrangements of transverse reinforcement I.S. recommendations
1. If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm. on other side, transverse reinforcement only to
go round the corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective lateral supports.
2. If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding is times the diameter of the tie are
effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in
one direction by open ties (see figure)
3. Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than one row,
effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed have been provided
if:
i) Transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer most rows.
ii) No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the
largest bar in the inner row (figure).
4. Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) and each group
adequately tied with transverse reinforcement then the transverse reinforcement the compression
member as a whole may be provided on the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bars for
the purpose of determining the pitch and the diameter of the transverse reinforcement. The diameter of
such transverse reinforcement need not, however, exceed
20mm (See the figure)
D
Ag = D2
Ag = D2
B
D
D
Ag = D2
Ag = BD
Ag = BD
Ag = 0.785D2
Ag = 0.865D2
Ag = 0.823D2
< 75mm
< 48w
(a)
(b)
Individual
Groups
Transverse
Reinforcement
>3
Diameter
(a)
MINIMUM ECCENTRICTY:
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to,
Unsupported length of column
500
+ Lateral dimension
30
bi-axial bending is considered, it is sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds the minimum about an axis.
Note: In case the minimum eccentricity requirements govern, bending about one axis alone at a time should be
considered. Bending simultaneously about both axes should not be considered, i.e. this should not be regarded
as a case of bi-axial bending.
Effective Length of Compression Members [I.S. 456]
Degree of end restraint of compressive member
Theoretical
Recommended
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at both ends. (i.e.
both ends are fixed)
Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one
end (i.e., fixed at one end and hinged at the other end.)
Effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained against rotation
(i.e., both ends are hinged)
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and
other restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and
the other partially restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position at one end, but not restrained against rotation,
and at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but not
held in position nor restrained against rotation at the other end (i.e., fixed at
one end and free at the other end.)
Value of
effective
length
0.50 l
Value of
effective
length
0.65 l
0.70 l
0.80 l
1.00 l
1.00 l
1.00 l
1.20 l
1.50 l
2.00 l
2.00 l
2.00 l
2.00 l
For an absolutely axially loaded short column, at ultimate stage, the ultimate compressive load is resisted partly
by concrete and partly by steel. Thus, at ultimate stage,
Ultimate load = PU = PUC + PUS
Where, PUC = Ultimate load concrete = 0.45fck AC
PUS = Ultimate load on steel = 0.75 fy Asc
AC = Area of concrete
ASC = Area of longitudinal Steel
This relation is applicable for the ideal condition of axial loading. In the practical conditions the loading is
never absolutely axial and there will always be some eccentricity which cannot be avoided. Hence we may
consider the possibility of a minimum eccentricity of 0.05 times the lateral dimension and assume a 11%
reduction in the ultimate strength of the column.
On this basis, the ultimate load for an axially loaded short column is taken as,
PU = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Problem 1: A short column R.C.C column 400mmx 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If
the effective length of the column is 2.25m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and
Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column: 400mm x 400mm
L = 2.25m
Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following:
i)
L + b
500 30
ii) 20mm
= 2250
50
+ 400
30
emin = 20mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 400 = 20mm
emin has not exceed 0.05b
Problem 2: A short column 450mm x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe
250 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column; 450mm x 450mm, l = 2.75m
Minimum eccentricity is the greater of the following:
i)
L + b
500
30
= 2750
50
+ 450
30
= 5.50 + 15 = 20.50mm
ii) 20mm
emin = 20.50mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 450 = 22.50mm
emin< 0.05b
Gross area of the section = Ag = 450 x 450
= 202500mm2
= 2512mm2
Area of concrete = Ac
Lateral Tiles
Diameter of ties shall be not less than,
i) 5mm
ii) diameter of the larger size bar = (20) = 5mm
Provide 5mm ties.
Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
4 16mm
6mm ties @
250mm c/c
6mm ties @
250mm
c/c
Problem 4: Find the area of steel required for a short reinforced concrete column 400mm x 425mm to
carry an axial load of 1195KkN.Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Gross area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 425 = 170000mm2
Area of Steel = Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = (17000 Asc) mm2
Ultimate load = Pu = 1.5 x 1195 = 1792.5 x 103
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 1792.5 x 103
270.05 Asc = 432 x 103
8 -16mm
Asc = 1599.7mm2
Provide 8 bars of 16mm diameter
Spacing of ties shall not exceed
i) Least lateral dimension of the column = 400mm
ii) 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x16 = 256mm.
iii) 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 6 = 288mm
iv) 300mm
v)
Provide 6mm 2 250mm c/c
400mm
6mm tiles@
250mm c/c
Problem 5: A reinforced concrete column is 450mm x 400mm and has to carry a factored load of 1800kN.
The unsupported length of the column is 2m. Find the area of reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column: 450mm x400mm
Factored Load Pu = 1800kN, L = 2m = 2000mm
Fck = 20N/mm2 fy = 250N/mm2
Let the area of Steel be Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = 450 x 400 Asc = (180000 Asc) mm2
In the direction of the longer lateral dimension,
emin = l
+ D = 2000 + 450 = 4 + 15 = 19mm
500
30
500
30
In the direction of the shorter lateral dimension
emin = l
+ D = 2000 + 400 = 4 + 13.3 = 17.3mm
500
30
500
30
But emin shall be at least 20mm
emin = 20 = 0.05 emin
has not exceed 0.05
b
400
b
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 1800 x 103
Hence,
0.40 x 20 (18000 Asc) + 0.67 x 250 Asc = 1800 x103
1440 x 103 8 Asc + 167.5 Asc = 1800 x 103
159.5 Asc = 360 x 103
Asc = 2257mm2
Provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter (2512mm2).
Lateral ties
Diameter of ties shall not less than,
i)
x diameter of longitudinal bars = 1.4 x 20 = 5mm
ii) 5mm
Provide 6mm ties
425mm
425mm
400mm
6mm tiles @
@280mm
Problem 6: A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial load of
1600kN.c/c
8-20mm
Asc
Ac
= 0.02 Ag
= 0.98 Ag
+ b
= 2750
30
50
+ 450
30
emin = 20mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 425 = 21.25mm
Emin < 0.05b
Gross area of the column section Ag = 425 x 425 = 180625mm2
425
8 mm tiles
@ 300mm c/c
425
8 25mm
8 mm tiles
@ 300mm c/c
300
300
300
425
CONTINUOUS COLUMNS
Often in multistoried structures, a column continues up through a floor from one storey to another. In such a
cases the main bars of the column must be first continued up either within or outside the reinforcement of the
floor beam which frames into the column. When the main bars continue up outside the reinforcement of the
beam, it is necessary that the width of the column should be at least 80mm more than the width of the beam.
Sometimes the column sizes in plan may be smaller above the floor than below it. In such cases the main bars of
the column will have to bent inwards at the floor level, or alternatively these main bars may be stopped just
below the floor level and separate lap bars may be provided for connecting the part of the column above and
below the floor.
Pitch
D k= Core diameter
D = Column diameter
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Core diameter
Since the strength of a helically bound circular column has a strength equal to 1.05 times the strength of similar
column with lateral ties.
Ultimate strength of the column with helical reinforcement = Pu = 1.05(0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
Note: The above equation is valid provided the following condition is satisfied,
Volume of helical reinforcement
Volume of core
Problem 7: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars
of 25mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Diameter of the column D = 400mm
Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm
Area of longitudinal Steel = 6 x / 4 x 252 = 2945mm2
Diameter of the core = 400 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 336mm
Area of the core Ak = / 4 x 3362 = 88668mm2
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 336 8 = 328mm
Gross area of the column Ag = / 4 x 4002 = 125664mm2
Area of concrete Ac = 125664 2945 = 122719mm2
Ultimate load for the column
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 122719 + 0.67 x 415 x 2945) = 1890640 N
Safe load for the column
= 1890640 / 1.50 = 1260427N = 1260.427Kn
Check for validity of the formula used
Consider one pitch length of the column
Length of helix per pitch length
= ( dh) 2 + P2
= ( x328)2 + 452 = 1031.42mm
Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1031.42 = 54571mm2
Volume of the core per pitch length = 88668 x 45 = 3990060mm2
Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= 51571
3990060
This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ah 1) fck / fy
0.36 (125664 / 8868 1) 20 / 415
= 0.013.
0.007
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
Problem8: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 425mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of
22mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm diameter.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Diameter of the column D = 425mm
Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm
Diameter of the core = 425 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 361mm
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 361 8 = 353mm
Area of longitudinal Steel Asc = 6 x 380 = 2280mm2
Gross area of the column section Ag = / 4 x 4252 = 141862.5mm2
Area of concrete Ac = 141862.5 2280 = 139582.5mm2
Area of the core Ak = / 4 x 3612 = 102353.9mm2
Ultimate load for the column
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 139582.5 + 0.67 x 250 x 2280) = 1573488 N
Safe load for the column
= 1573488 / 1.50 = 1048992N = 1048.9927kN
Check for validity of the formula used
Consider one pitch length of the column
Length of helix per pitch length
= ( dh) 2 + P2
= ( x353)2 + 402 = 1110mm
Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1110 = 55500mm2
Volume of the core per pitch length = 102353.9 x 40 = 4094156mm2
Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= 55500
4094156
This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ah 1) fck / fy
0.36 (141862.5 / 1023353.9 1) 20 / 250
0.01
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
= 0.136.
Problem9: Design a circular column to carry an axial load of 1500kN. The column has an effective length
of 2.50m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Let the diameter of he column be D.
Gross sectional area of the column = Ag = D2 / 4
Providing 2 % steel
Asc = 0.02 Ag
Ac = Ag 0.02 Ag = 0.98 Ag
Area of concrete
Ultimate load
Assuming the column to be short, and the minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05 D.
= Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Asc + 0.67 fy Asc) = 2250 x 103 N
Ultimate load
i)
20mm
L
500
+ D
30
= 2500
500
+ 450
30
= 5 + 15= 20mm
emin = 20mm
But 0.05 D = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5mm
emin < 0.05D
Hence, the ultimate load for the column is given by
= 2250 x 103 N
Asc = 3223.5mm2
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3927.2mm2)
Check for validity of the formula used.
Diameter of the column D = 450mm
Providing 8mm helical at a pitch of 45mm
Diameter of the core = 450 (2 x 40) + (2 x 8) = 386mm
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical reinforcement
= 386 8 = 378mm
Length of helix per pitch length = ( x 378)2 + 452 = 1188.37mm.
Volume of helix per pitch length = 50 x 1188.37 = 59418.8mm3
Volume of the core per pitch length = / 4 x 3862 x 45 = 5265953.3 mm3
Ratio of volume of helical steel volume of the core
= 59418.8 / 5265953.3 = 0.011
This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ak 1) fck / fy
We know,
Ag = 159043.13mm2
And
Ak = / 4 x 3862 = 117021.18mm2
0.36(Ag / Ak 1) fck / fy
= 0.36 (159043.13 / 117021.18 -1) 20 / 415 = 0.0062
Hence the design is satisfactory.
Problem 10: Figure shows the plan and part section of a four storeyed building of flat slab construction.
Design an interior column to the following particulars.
Height of each floor = 3.50m
Plinth height above the ground level = 0.50m
Thickness of wall = 250mm
Columns are 400mm x 400mm
Thickness of floor slabs = 150mm
Depth of foundation = 1.25m
Ignore moment transmitted to column from slab. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
For each floor
DL of slab
= 25 x 0.15 = 3.75kN/m2
Floor finish
= 1.00 kN//m2
= 4.75 KN / m2
5m
5m
5m
4000.15m
x 400
Column
0.15m
3.50m
m
3.50m
m
5m
0.15m
3.50m
m
0.15m
5m
3.50m
3.50m
Plinth Level
mm
0.5m
5m
Ground Level
1.25m
Figure (a)
Load transmitted to the column at its base
0.5m
Figure (b)
DL of floor
: (4.45 x 5 x 5) 4
= 475kn
DL of walls
: [17.5 (5 + 5)] 3
=525kn
DL of column
= 280kn
20mm
leff + b = 2275 + 400
500
30
500
30
= 17.88mm.
emin = 20mm
But 0.05 b = 0.05 x 40 = 20mm
emin has not exceed 0.05b
Hence, the ultimate load is given by
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Gross area of the column section Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm2
Area of steel = Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 - Asc
Ultimate load
: 400mm
:16 x 22 = 352mm
: 48 x 6 = 288mm
Problem 11: Design an axially loaded short column to carry an axial load of 1650kN. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Let us provide a column size of 400mm x450mm
Gross area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 450mm2
Ultimate load
Referring to chart 2
Corresponding to PU
Ag
= 2475 x 103
400 x 450
= 13.75 N/mm2
= 13.75 N/mm2
Problem 12: A short R.C.C.column 425mm x 500mm in section carries an axial load of 1600kN. Find the
area of steel reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Gross area of the column = Ag = 425 x 500mm2
Ultimate load
Referring to chart 1
Corresponding to PU
Ag
= 11.3N/mm2
= 11.3N/mm2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
EXERCISE
A short R.C.C. column 450mm X 450mm is provided with 8 bars of 18mm diameter. If the effective
length of the column is 2.50m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
(2168.7kN)
A short R.C.C. column 475mm x 475mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 25mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 3m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
(2431.5kN)
A short reinforced concrete column 450mm x 450mm has to carry an axial load of 1400kn. Find the area
of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
(1778mm2)
A reinforced concrete column has an effective length of 2.80m. It carries an axial load of 1800kN.
Design of column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (provide approximately 2% steel)
(450mm x 450mm Asc = 4000mm2)
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter reinforced with 6 bars of
25mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel.
(1447.3kN)
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of
20mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm. Use M20
concrete and Fe 250 steel.
(1651.5Kn)
b) The design stress strain relationship for concrete is taken as indicated earlier.
c) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
d) The design stresses in reinforcements are derived from the strains using the stress strain relationship
given earlier.
Let us consider the following two cases.
Case (I): When the neutral lies within the section.
Figure shows the column section subjected to load and moment which produce a stress diagram such
that the neutral axis lies within the section.
The compressive stress in concrete in uniform for a distance 3/7 xu from highly compressed edge. For
the remaining part of the compressive zone the stress varies parabolic ally.
Total compressive force on concrete
Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu
This force Ccu acts at a distance of 0.42xu from the highly compressed edge. Compressive force on steel
Asc
Csu ASC (fsc fcc)
Tensile force on steel Ast Tsu = Au fst
D/2
Ag
Ast
A
D
0.0035
esc
Stress Diagram
0.00154
0.00163
0.00178
0.00192
0.00217
0.00241
0.00259
0.00276
0.00328
0.00380
0.2825 x 0.87 fy
0.85 x 0.87 fy
0.875 x 0.87 fy
0.90 x 0.87 fy
0.925 x 0.87 fy
0.95 x 0.87 fy
0.9625 x 0.87 fy
0.975 x 0.87 fy
0.9875 x 0.87 fy
Problem 1: A reinforced concrete column section 250mm x 500mm is provided with reinforcements as
shown in figure. Find Pu and Mu when xu = 335mm. Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution: Figures shows the strain diagram at ultimate conditions.
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc = 285 x 0.0035 = 0.002978
335
est = 115 x 0.0035 = 0.001201
335
Since esc > 0.0010875
Fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250
= 217.5 N/mm2
Ast = 2280mm2
Asc= 2280mm2
esc
50
50
0.0035
285
Xu =335
115
370
Since esc > 0.0010875
fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250
= 217.5 N/mm2
Ast = 804mm2
Asc= 804mm2
50
500
50
320
Xu =370
50
1
esc
80
0.0035
Problem 3: An RCC column section is 300mm x 500mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as
shown in figure. Taking xu= 300mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc = 250 x 0.0035 = 0.002917
300
est = 150 x 0.0035 = 0.00175
300
Since esc and est have exceed 0.00144 the stresses fst must be
calculated coressponding to the strains the table given below.
For esc = 0.002917, fsc = 353 N/mm2
For est = 0.00175, fst = 314 N/mm2
Since est < 0.0010875
Ast = 1256mm2
Asc= 1256mm2
300
50
= 486000 N = 486kN
300
50
= 434965 N = 394.384 kN
150
est
200
esc
0.0035
250
300
= 394384 N = 394.384 Kn
Pu = Ccu + Csu Tsu = 486 + 434.965 394.384 = 526.581 kN
Ultimate moment
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d)
= 486 (0.5 / 2 0.42 x 0.30) + (434.965 + 394.384) (0.5 / 2 0.05) kNm
= 60.264 + 165.870kNm = 226.134 kNm.
Problem 4: An RCC column section is 450mm x 250mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as
shown in figure. Taking xu= 350mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc =300 x 0.0035 = 0.003
350
Ast = 1256mm2
Asc= 1256mm2
250
50
= 472500 N = 472.500kN
350
esc
50
= 436221 N = 436.221 kN
150
0.0035
xu = 350
est
200
300
= 100480 N = 100.480 Kn
Pu = Ccu + Csu Tsu = 472.500 + 436.221 100.480 = 808.241 kN
Ultimate moment
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d)
= 472.5 (0.45 / 2 0.42 x 0.35) + (436.221 + 100.480) (0.45 / 2 0.05) kNm
= 36.855 + 93.923kNm = 130.778 kNm.
Case (ii) when the neutral axis lies outside the section.
For this case the strain diagram for the section is drawn as follows. We know when the section is subjected to a
purely axial compressive load the strain in concrete at ultimate condition at ultimate condition is uniform and
equal to 0.002.
For the case when the neutral axis is along one edge then the maximum strain in concrete is 0.0035 at the highly
compressed edge to zero at the other edge.
The strain distribution lines for these two cases intersect at a distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge.
This point is taken to act as a fulcrum for the strain distribution line when the neutral axes lies outside the
section. When the neutral axis is outside the section the strain at the highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus
0.75 times the strain at the least compressed edge. Figure shows the stress diagram for concrete. It may be noted
in the stress diagram the stress is uniform at 0.446 fck for the distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge,
since in this region the strain is more than 0.002. For the remaining region the stress diagram is parabolic.
D/2
D/2
d
Ast
Asc
Xu = KD
Let xu = KD
Stress Diagram
Let g be the difference between the stress at the highly compressed edge and the stress at the least compressed
edge.
We can find the centroid of the stress block by taking moments about the highly compressed edge. Moment
about the highly compressed edge.
= 0.446 fck D. D/2 4/21 gD [3/7D + (4/7d)]
= 0.446 fck D2 / 2 8 /49 gD2
The position of the centroid can be determined by dividing the moment of the area of the stress block. The
position of the centroid of the stress block for different values of k are given in the table below.
Table Stress Block Parameters
(Neutral axis outside the section)
K = xu / D Area of Stress Centroidal distance
Block K1
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
0.361 fck D
0.374 fck D
0.384 fck D
0.399 fck D
0.409 fck D
0.417 fck D
0.422 fck D
0.435 fck D
0.440 fck D
0.442 fck D
0.444 fck D
xD= 3
7
X 500 = 214.3mm
Figure shows the strain diagram at ultimate condition. By the geometry of the strain diagram
500
250
Ag = 1964mm
50
= K = 550 = 1.1
500
357.1
Asc= 1256mm2
250
Ag = 1256mm
50
50
= K = 550 = 1.22
0.002
est
esc
450
100
Area of the stress block
= K1 =0.401 fck D = 0.401 x 15x 450 = 2707
K2 = 0.460 D = 0.460 x 450 = 207 mm
fsc = 0.446 x 15 = 6.69N/mm2
P1
Load Pu
A
e1
Eccentricity e
Figure shows the plot. The diagram obtained is an interaction diagram. Such a diagram can be used to determine
various combinations of axial load and moment of the column section can sustain. For any value of the load and
moment if the point obtained is inside the diagram, the arrangements is safe. The interaction diagram also
provides information about compression failure, tension failure and balanced failure.
If E is any point on the interaction diagram and the line OE is at with the vertical than tan represents the
eccentricity for all the combinations of load and moment corresponding to points on the line OE. The load
corresponding to E represents the ultimate strength Pue for the eccentricity e = tan.
Generally it is found convenient to generate Pu Mu interaction diagrams in a non-dimensional form.
Construction of non dimensional interaction diagrams. Design charts for combined axial compression and
bending are given in the form of interaction diagrams. In these diagrams curves for Pu
versus Mu
are
plotted for different values of P
bd fck
bd2 fck
fck
where P is the Reinforcement percentage.
In the case of purely axially loaded compression member, the points shown on the Y axis of the charts are
obtained as follows.
We know for an axially loaded member, Pu = 0.446 fck bd + pbD / 100 (fsc 0.446 fck)
Where fSC = compressive stress in steel corresponding to strain to 0.002
The quantity 0.446 fck is deduction for the concrete replaced by the reinforcement bars
Pu
fck bD
We may generally ignore the term 0.446 fck since it is small compared with fsc.
However as an acceptable approximation a constant value corresponding
to the concrete grade M20 has been used in the production of the
interaction diagrams. In this way, the error is ignorable small
Pu
over the range of the various grades of concrete.
If the column is subjected to an axial load as well as bending moment,
the points for plotting the charts are obtained by assuming different
positions of neutral axis. For each position of the neutral axis, the strain
distribution across the section of the member and the stress block
parameters are determined as explained earlier. The stresses in the
reinforcement are also calculated from the know strains. Thereafter
the resultant axial force and the moment about the centroid of the
section are calculated as follows.
Comp.
Failure
Balanced
Failure
Tens.
Failure
Mu
Pu
fck bD
i=n
= C1 + Pi
(fsi fci)
i=l 100 fck
Where, C1D = distance of the centroid of the concrete stress block measured from the highly compressed edge
and
Yi = distance of the centroid of the section of the ith row of reinforcement positive towards the
highly compressed edge and negative towards the least compressed edge,
Dividing both sides of the equation by fck b D2, Mu
= C1 (0.5 C2)
fck bD2
=
i=n
Pi
(fsi fci) (yi / D)
i=l fck 100
i=n
= 0.36 k (0.5 0.416 K) Pi
(fsi fci) (yi / D)
i=l fck 100
Problem 7: Particulars of a reinforced concrete square column subjected to unaxial bending are given
below.
Size of the column 400mm x 400mm
Concrete mix: M20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement: 415N/mm2
Factored Load: 2000kN
Factored moment: 150kNm
Arrangement of reinforcement: on two sides
Determine the reinforcement for the column.
Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,
d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm
d
d
= 52.5
400
= 0.13
P
fck
= 0.117
= 0.15
Problem 8: A reinforced square column 500mm x 500mm is subjected to a factored axial load 1800Kn
accompanied by a factored moment of 100kNm. Providing reinforcement on two sides determine the
reinforcement on two sides determine the reinforcement required for the column. Use M15 concrete and
Fe 250 steel.
Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 140mm,
d = 40 + 10 = 50mm
d
d
= 50 = 0.10
500
P
fck
= 0.053
= 0.12
Problem 9: Find the reinforced for an RCC column to the following particulars.
Size of the column 450mm x 450mm
Concrete mix: M25
Reinforcement: Fe415
Factored Load: 2500kN
Factored moment: 180kNm
Arrangement of reinforcement: on four sides
= 52.5
450
= 0.12
P
fck
= 0.10
= 0.494
= 0.079
Problem 10: Find the reinforcement required for a 500mm x 500mm column subjected to a factored
load 1900kN accompanied by a factored moment of 115kNm. The reinforcement is provided on four
sides Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 140mm,
d = 40 + 10 = 50mm
d
d
Chart for d
d
= 50 = 0.10
500
Pu
fckBd
= 0.507
Mu
= 115 x 106
= 0.061
2
2
Fck bD
15 x 500 x 500
Refeering to chart
P
fck
= 0.12
: M25
Reinforcement
: Fe415
Factored Load
: 1500kN
Factored moment
: 110kNm
Lateral reinforcement:
(a) Hoop reinforcement (b) Helical reinforcment
Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,
d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm
d
D
chart for
= 52.5
450
d
D
= 0.12
= 110 x 106
25 x 4503
= 0.37
= 0.06
= 0.09
fck
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.09 x 20 = 1.8%
Asc = 1.8 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 =2863mm2
Provide 6 bars of 25mm diameter (2945mm2)
(b) Column with Helical reinforcement
As per code, the strength of a compression member with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of a
similar member with hoop reinforcement. Hence the given factored load and the factored moment should be
divided by 1.05 before using chart.
Referring to chart
P
fck
Pu
= 0.37
2
fckD
1.05
= 0.352
Mu = 0.06
Fck D3
1.05
= 0.057
= 0.085
Ag
Ak
= 4502 = 1.359
3862
= 0.01 Aw
p
: M20
Reinforcement
: Fe415
Factored Load Pu
: 1200kN
Factored moment Mu
: 100kNm
= 1200 X 103
20 x 4502
= 0.296
= 100 x 106
20 x 4503
= 0.055
Referring to chart = 29
Corresponding to the above data:
P
= 0.085
fck
P = 0.085 x 20 = 1.7 %
Asc = 1.7 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 = 2703.7mm2
= 0.282
= 0.052
Referring to chart 29
Corresponding to the above data,
P
fck
= 0.07
P = 0.07 x 20 = 1.4%
Asc = 1.4 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 =2226.6mm2
Provide 12 bars of 20mm diameter (2412mm2)
As per I.S. code, The column can be designed by the following condition,
[Mux / Muy]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n 1
Where,
Mux = Ultimate moment about the x axis
Muy = Ultimate moment about the y axis
Mux1 = Uniaxial moment capacity about the x axis for the given ultimate load Pu
Muy1 = Ultimate moment capacity about the y axis for the given ultimate load Pu
n = An index related to the ratio Pu / Pz
Where,
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.20 to 0.80 the values of n vary uniformly from 1.00 to 2.00
Values of n
n
1.000
1.084
1.167
1.250
1.333
1.417
1.500
1.584
1.667
1.750
1.833
1.917
2.00
Pu / Puz
0.020
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
Note: (1) For any given percentage p of steel the values of Puz can also be determined from chart 40.
(2) For different values Pu / Puz, taking the appropriate value of n curves for the equation
(Mux / Mux1)n = 1 have been plotted in chart 41.
Problem 1: Design a short column subjected to biaxial bending to the following particulars:
Size of the column
: 400mm x 400mm
Factored load Pu
: 1200Kn
: 85kNm
: 45kNm
And
= 1 = 0.05
20
Pu
= 1200 X 103
= 0.375
fck Bd
20 x 400 x 400
Referring to chart 22
Corresponding to P
= 0.05
fck
and
Pu
= 0.375, we find
fck bD
Mu
= 0.08
2
fck bD
b = D, Muy1 = Mux1
Muy1 = 102.4 kNm
Puz = 0.45 fCK Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Asc = 1% of Ag = 1/100 x 4002 = 1600mm2
Ac = 4002 1600 = 158400mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 158400 + 0.75 x 415 x 1600
= 1425600 + 498000 = 1923600 N = 1923.6 Kn
Pu = 1200 = 0.624
Pz 1923.6
Corresponding to
Pu
Pz
400
8-16mm
400
Problem 2: A reinforced concrete is 340mm x 500mm in section and is reinforced with 10 bars of 20mm
diameter, consisting of 3 bars along each short edge and the remaining 4 bars equally distributed along
the long faces with 2 bars per as shown in figure.
The column is subjected to an ultimate load Pu whose eccentricities are 80mm about the x- x axis and 60mm
about the y-y axis . Find this ultimate load. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
50
340
500
50
Pu
= 1490 X 103
= 0.438
fck bD
20 x 340 x 500
And
d = 50 = 0.10
D
500
Percentage of steel = P= 3140 x 100 = 1.85%
170000
P
fck
= 1.85 = 0.093
20
Referring to chart 21
Corresponding to
and
P
fck
= 0.093
Pu = 0.438,
fck bD
Mu = 0.109
fck bD2
P
fck
= 0.093
and
Pu = 0.438
fck bd
Mu
= 0.116
2
fck bD
50
Pu
Pz
= 1490 = 0.60
2479.1
Corresponding to
Pu
Pz
Problem 3: A short rectangular R.C.C. column carries an axial load of 1170kN accompanied by moments
Mx = 120kNm and My = 30kNm about the major and the minor axes.
Effective length about x-axis = lex = 5.25m
Effective length about y-axis = ley = 4m
Unsupported length of column about both axes = 4.75m
Design the column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Reinforcement shall be arranged equally on four sides.
Solution: We will select the column sizes so that the column will be a short column
Let D = depth of the section and b = width of the section.
lex
D
< 12
D > lex
12
D > 5.25 X 103
12
D > 437.5mm
ley
b
< 12
b > ley
12
b > 4 x 103
12
= 333.3mm
= 40 + 10 = 50mm.
Minimum eccentricity
ex min = l + D
500 30
Ey min = l + b
500 30
= 2 = 0.10
20
Pu =
fck bD
= 0.116
d = 50 = 0.10
D
500
Fck bD2
Mux1 = 0.116 x 20 x 350 x 5002 = 203 x 106 Nmm = 203kNm
Now,
Referring to chart 6,
Corresponding to the above data,
Muy1
= 0.10
2
Fck Db
Muy1 = 0.10 x 20 x 500 x 3502 = 122.5 x 103 Nmm = 122.5kNm
Pu
Puz
Pu
Puz
= 0.67
n = 1.791
[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n
(180 / 203)1.791 + (45 / 122.5)1.791
= 0.81 + 0.17 = 0.98 (less than l)
Hence, the percentage of steel assumed is satisfactory.
Asc = 2 / 100 x 350 x 500 = 3500mm2
350
12-20mm
500
6mm ties
Ties @
To consider this effect, the I.S. code has given the following specification.
300mm
Where,
Pu = Ultimate axial load
lex = Effective length in respect of the major axis
ley = Effective length in respect of the minor axis
D = Depth of the cross section at right angle to the major axis,
b = width of the member
The above expression can be rearranged as
Mx = Pu eux and My = Pu ey
Where,
Or
The table below gives values of ex / D or ey / b for different values of the slenderness ratio.
0.072
0.085
0.098
0.113
0.128
0.145
0.162
0.181
0.200
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0.313
0.450
0.613
0.800
1.013
1.250
1.513
1.800
The I.S. code has further specified that the moments given above may be reduced by a multiplication factor k
given by
K = Puz - Pu
1
Puz - Pb
Where,
Where p = percentage of steel k1 and k2 are determined from the table below.
Values of K1 and K2 for determining Pb
Table Values of K1
d / D
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Rectangular 0.219 0.207 0.196 0.184
Circular
0.172 0.160 0.149 0.138
Section
Table Values of K2
fy N/mm2
Section
Rectangular
Equal reinforcement
On two opposite sides
Rectangular
Equal reinforcement
On four sides
Circular
250
415
500
250
415
500
250
415
500
0.05
0.045
0.096
0.213
0.215
0424
0545
0.193
0.410
0.543
d / D
0.10
0.045
0.082
0.173
0146
0328
0.425
0.148
0.323
0.443
0.15
-0.015
0.046
0.104
0.061
0.203
0.256
0.077
0.201
0.291
0.20
-0.045
-0.022
-0.001
-0.011
0.028
0.040
-0.020
0.036
0.056
Notes:
1. A column may be considered braced at a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is
provided by walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in plane. It should
otherwise be considered as unbraced.
2. In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads occurring in its height, the additional
moment shall be added to an initial moment equal to the sum of 0.4 Mu1 and 0.6 Mu2 is the larger end
moment and Mu1 is the smaller end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial
moment be less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment shall be added to the end
moments.
3. Unbraced compression members, at any given level to storey, subject to lateral loads are usually
constrained to deflect equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may be taken as the
average for all columns acting in the same direction.
M2
Ma
Mi
M2
Ma
Mi
= 1250Kn
= 40kNm
= 15kNm
= 6m
= 4.75m
= 4.50m
= 300mm
2512
x 100 = 2.093%
300 x 400
Leffx
D
leffy
= 4.5 X 1000
D
300
The column is a long column about the y axis only.
= 15 > 12
Initial moments
Mix = 0.6 Mux2 + 0.4 Mux1 = 0.6 x 40 + 0.4 x 25
= 34kNm
This is greater than 0.4 Mux2 (= 0.4 x 40 = 16kNm)
Mix = 34kNm
Miy = 0.6 Muy2 + 0.4 Muy1 = 0.6 x15 + 0.4 x 15 = 15kNm
This is greater than 0.4 Muy2 (=0.4 x 15 = 6kNm)
Miy = 15kNm
Minimum moments
ex min = lx + D
500
30
Ey min = ly
500
Mxmin =
And
+ b
30
Where,
My = Pu b (lyeff / b)2 k
2000
k = Puz - Pu
Puz - Pb
Pb = (k1 + k2p / fck) fck Bd
d = 50 = 0.167
b
300
Referring table
For
d
b
Mux2 = 40 kNm
Mux = 40kNm
Muy = Miy + My = 15 + 18.52 = 33.52kNm > Muy2
Thus the column should be designed for the following design loads and moments
Design load
Pu = 1250kN
MUX = 40KNm and My = 33.52 kNm
Since
d
D
Chart d / D
21
0.10
22
0.15
0.125
P/fck
0.104
0.104
0.104
P
= 2.093 = 0.104
fck
20
1250 X 103
= 0.521
20 x 300 x 400
= 0.125 (between 0.10 and 0.15) we will refer to charts 21 and 22.
Pu / fck bD
0.521
0.521
0.521
Mu / fck bD2
0.095
0.085
0.090
Mux1 = 0.090 fck bD2 = 0.090 x 20 x 300 4002 = 86.4 x 106 Nmm
= 86.4 KNm
ii)
d = 50 = 0.167
D
300
Since
d
b
Chart d / D
22
0.15
23
0.20
0.167
P/fck
0.104
0.104
0.104
Pu / fck bD
0.521
0.521
0.521
Mu / fck bD2
0.085
0.077
0.082
Muy1 = 0.082 fck Db2 = 0.082 x 20 x 400 x 3002 = 59.04 x 106 Nmm
= 59.04 KNm
Pu
Puz
1250
= 0.68
1839.282
Referring table
For
Pu
Pz
= 0.68,
n = 1.80
[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n
(40 / 86.4)1.80 + (33.52 / 59.04)1.80
= 0.25 + 0.36 = 0.61 (less than l)
Hence, the design is safe.
Provide also 6mm lateral ties @ 250mm c/c.
1. A short R.C.C. column 400 x 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If the effective length of
the column is 2.25m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column: 400 x 400mm
i)
L
500
ii)
+ b
30
= 2250 + 400
500
30
= 4.5 + 13.33
= 17.83mm
20mm
emin = 20mm
emin has not exceed = 0.05b
= 0.05 x 400
= 20mm
Gross area of the section Ag = 400 x 400
= 16 x 104 mm2
Area of steel = 8 x / 4 (16)2 = 1608.50mm2
Area of concrete = 158391.50mm2
Since emin has not exceed 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by
Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.40 x 20 x 15839.50 + 0.67 x 415 x 1608.50
= 1714.24kN
2. A short column R.C.C. column 450 x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250
Steel.
3. A reinforced concrete short column 400mm x 400mm has to carry an axial load of 1200kN. Find the
area of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
4. A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial load of 1600kN. Design the
column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars
of 25mm diameter, it is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution: M20 & Fe 415
D = 400mm
328mm
( 1- sin / 1 + sin )2
UNIT V
Find the area depth of foundation required for a column carrying an axial load of 1250kN. The safe
bearing capacity of the soil is 120 kN/m2. The soil at the sight weights 18kN/m3 and has an angle of repose
of 30.
Load on the colum
= 1250kN
= 1375 kN
( 1- sin / 1 + sin )2
= 2 / 3 N/mm2
M = F.I / Y = Pa2
2
-
f.I = Pa2
2
f BD3 . Pa2
6
2
D2 = 3Pa2
fB
D = 3Pa2
fB
P = 100 Kn/M2
0.10
= 100 X 1000 N
1000 X 1000 mm2
= 0./N/mm2
Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength
For M20 concrete the permissible bending stress
f= 20
30
= 2/3 N/mm2
Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength
For M20 concrete the permissible bending stress
f= 20
30
= 2/3 N/mm2
Design a unreinforced concrete wall footing for a wall 450mm thick carrying a load of 300kN/m run. The
safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200KN/m2. Use M20 concrete.
Solution:
Consider one meter run of wall
Load of the wall = 300kN/m.
D = 3 X Pa2
fxB
= 3 x 0.18182 x 6002
20/30 x 1
= 541.37mm say 550mm
P = 181.82KN/m2
= 181.82 x 1000N
1000 X 1000
= 0.18182.
2. A square column 500 x 500mm carries an axial load of 1500kN. Design the column and a square
footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 225kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.
Solution:
Design of the column
Load on the column = W = 1500Kn
Factored load Pu = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250kN
Overall area of the column section = 500 x 500 = 2,50,000mm2
Area of steel = Asc . mm2
Ac = 250000 Asc
Area of concrete Ac = 2,50,000 - Asc
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
2250 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x (2,50,000 Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc
2250 x 103 = 2 x 106 = 2 x 106 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc
Asc = 925.75mm2
Using 20mm #
No. of bar = 925.75
/ 4(20)2
= 2.95 Nos. say 4 Nos.
The diameter of the lateral ties shall be not less than
a) diameter to the longitudinal bars = 20/4 = 5mm.
b) 6mm
Provide 6mm # bars.
Pitch of lateral ties
i)
500mm
ii)
16 x 20 = 320mm
iii)
48 x 6 = 288mm
= 1500kN
= 1650kN
Load
SBC
2.75
0.5
0.5
= 198.35 kN/m2
Depth from B.M consideration
BM = 198.35KN/m2 x 2.75m x 1.1252 / 2
1125
= 345.17kNm
Mu = 345.17 x 1.5 = 517.75
517.75 x 106 = 0.138 fck bd2
= 0.138 x 20 x 500 d2
d = 612.52mm
Providing 12mm # bars at a clear cover of 60mm
Upper layer d = 60 + 12 + 6 = 78mm
D = 613 + 78 = 691mm.
Depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stresses.
D = 691 x 1.3 = 898.30mm
D = 900mm
d = 900 78 = 822mm.
2.75
Ast =
Vu = 247.91kN
Tc = Vu
b1 d1
= 0.30 N/mm2
300
900
303
2034
x 100
2144 x 383.30
= 0.26%
Tv = 0.36 N/mm2
d1 = 461.60 - 78
= 383.60mm
b1 = 2144
822
= 1125
1125
Tv = 1729.97 x 103
5288 x 602.80
= 0.54 N/mm2
Kc should be limited to 1
Tc = k x 0.25 fck = 1 x 0.25 20
= 1.12 N/mm2
300
Tv < Tc
900
600 = ?
1125 714
? = 380.80mm
Design a footing for the foundation of a brick wall 40cm thick and transmitting a load of 100kN/m of its length.
The bearing capacity of the soil is 60kN/m2. The unit weight of earth is 15kN/m3. Use fck = 20Mpa, fy = 250
Mpa and load factor = 1.5
40 cm tk.
100kN/m
SBC = 60KN/m2
= 15 kN/m3
M20 & Fe 250
Load factor 1.5
Assume base of the footing to be 50 cm below the ground level.
Axial load = 100kN/m
Area of footing required = 100 / 60 = 1.67m per m length.
App. Wt. of 10% = 110 / 60
A = 1.83m
P = 110 / 2 = 55kN/m
82.5kN/m.
M = 82.5 x 0.92 / 2 = 33.41
d=M
0.148 fck b
= 33.41 x 106
0.148 x 15 x1000
= 109.73mm
d = 120mm
D = 300mm
d = 65
d = 235mm
BM = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 Ast fy
bd fck
Ast
Ld = s
4 Tbd
Vu = pl
Tv = V/bd
Shear strength Tc
0.25l1
Ld
Clear Span
0.25l2
0.25l1
0.15l1*
100%
60%
20%
0.15l1*
100%
60%
0.15l2*
60%
100%
30%
100%
30%
30%
0.111
Effective Span L1
0.15l1
End Support
0.15l2
Effective Span L2
Intermediate Support
Ld / 3
0.08 L
50%
100%
50%
0.08 L
Brick wall
In case partially restraint members 35 percent of the reinforcement shall also be provided for negative
moment at the support and fully anchored.
Not less than
Greater of 0.5 l
or Ld
Not less
than 0.5 Ast
Ast
50
Ld
0.25 Ast (mim.) subject to
minimum of two bars, if
not designed as a doubly
reinforced section.
L
Ld / 3
8.7 Corners and cracked Beams Recommendations for various methods of reinforcing corners are giving
herein based on reference 6. It is to be noted that closing corners present to the major.
< Greater of
0.5 L or Ld
50
0.5Ast
Ast
150
(Min
)
Ld / 3
Beam
1/4
bf
1/4
SECTION XX
Lx / 5
Beam
As (T & B)
Lx / 5
As (T & B)
Lx Shorter Span
3/8As (T & B)
Lx / 5
3/8As (T & B)
Lx / 5
1. An RCC footing 500mm x 500mm has to support an all inclusive load of 550kN and is also
subjected to a moment of 27.5kNm. Design a footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of
the soil is 250kN per Sq.meter. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
500
500
P = 550kN
M = 27.5kNm
SBC 250KN/m2
Approximate weight of footing 55kN
Total Load = 550 + 55 = 605kN
Pe = M
Eccentricity = M/ p = 27.5 / 605 = 0.04545 m
Area of footing = Total Load / Safe Bearing Capacity
= 605 x 103 / 350
= 2.42 m2
Size of foundation = 1.56 meter.
Provide 1.60m x 1.60m
The footing will be so provided so that centre of gravity of the column load will coincide with the centre of
gravity of the footing. The footing is placed symmetrical with respectively to the xx axis of the column.
Projection of the footing beyond the column faces will be
1600 / 2 45.45 500 / 2 = 504.55mm
45.45
800
x
800
500
500
1600
D = 450 60 10 5 = 375mm
One way shear
d
500
375
375
250
450
220.05
SECTION
595
Plan
b1 = 1250mm
d1 = 292.38 75
= 217.38mm
Va = 214.84 x 1.6 x 0.2205
kN/m2 x m x m
.50
200
= 75.80 kN
Vu = 113.69kN
v = Vu / bd = 0.42 N/mm2
c =
100 Ast / bd
578.26 x 103
4 x b1 d2
= 0.55 N/mm2
b1 = 875
d/2 = 187.50
d1 = 296.29mm
1600
d/2
PLAN
450
171.02
9
200
.50
200
408mm
8.50
D2 = 371.29
d2 = 296.29mm
Hence Safe
Overall depth at the critical section
= 1570 (1570 400) / 1570 x 1486 = 466.11mm
Effective depth at the critical section = d = 466.11 84 = 382.11mm
Radius of the critical circle section = 300 + 1486 = 1786mm
Nominal Shear Stress at the critical section due to factored shear force.
= 1.5 x 217300 (1.8752 1.7862)
2 x 1786 x 3820.11
= 0.08 N/mm2
This very small
28.7 COMBINED FOOTINGS
Very often a column may have to be provided near the edge of some property and it may not be possible to
extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case the load on the footing will be eccentric, and will result
in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence an alternative design would to be providing a
common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. The column footing provided to the
two columns is called a combined footing. The shape of the combined footing in plan shall be such that the line
of action of the two column loads should pass through the centroid of the foundation plan. With such a
planning, the loads of the two columns will be evenly distributed to the soil.
Combined footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. A rectangular combined footing is provided in the
following circumstances.
i)
ii)
A trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the projections parallel to the length of the footing is
restricted on both the sides, i.e. the trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the length of the footing
itself is restricted.
Rectangular Combined Footing.
Let A and B represent two columns carrying loads Wa and Wb respectively. Let the left column A be the
exterior column and let B be the interior column. Let the column be l apart between centers. Due to boundary
limitations, let the offset on the left side of the exterior column A be restricted to xa. Now the plan dimensions
of the footing can be fixed as follows.
Total column load = Wa + Wb = (W)
l
A
Xa
Wa
(W)
(l x)
( x)
Wb B
Xb
Figure
Weight of the foundation (this may be taken equal to the 10% of W approximately).
= Wf
Total load transmitted to the soil
= (W) + Wf
Area of foundation = Af =
(W) + Wf
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil
= Wb x 1
(W)
Distance of C.G. of column loads from the left edge of the footing
= xa + x
In order the intensity of the soil reaction on the footing may be uniform, the condition to be satisfied is that the
C.G of the column loads (in plan) and the C.G. of the foundation plan must coincide.
To satisfy this condition.
Length of the footing = L = 2 (Xa + X )
After determining the length L of the footing the offset xb on the right side of the column B can be easily
determined.
Xb = L / 2 ( 1- X )
Since the area of the foundation is already calculated, we can determine the width b of the footing.
b = area of the foundation
L
Thus, the plan dimensions of the footing and the exact positions of the columns on the footing are established.
Net upward pressure on the footing
P = Total column load
Area of footing
= (W)
Af
Thickness of the footing: This is determined from punching shear and bending moment considerations.
Punching Shear consideration under column A
If D = Overall depth of the footing
Puncting load under the column A
Wua
Xa
Wub
xb
= Mua = + wxa2
2
B.M. under the column B
= Mub = + wxb2
2
Maximum hogging moment will occur at a
Section between the columns, where the
Shear force is zero at a distance x from the
Left edge.
S1
S4
+
S2
S.F. Diagram
S3
X = Wu
w
Mub
Mub
O2
Wx = Wua
X = Wua
W
Mu, max
B.M. Diagram
- Wua (x xa)
Where,
X = Wua
This B.M will be generally the greatest B.M. for the footing. Mu lim
Using M20 concrete Fe 415 steel
Equating Mu lim to Mu max
0.138 fck bd2 = Mu max
D = Mu max
0.138 fck
Assuming suitable diameter of bars and providing a clear cover of 60mm
We can find the overall depth. The overall depth so determined may be increased bt 30% to 40% to limit the
shear stresses, and to reduce the steel area of economy consideration.
Ast max
B
O2
As12
Figure: Theoretical Positions of reinforcement
Shear Analysis. Now we should determine the shear force at all critical sections.
S.F. at the left edge
S.F. just on L.H.S. of column A = S4 = + wxa
S.F. just on R.H.S. of column A = S2 = + wxa - Wua
2 = S2 ,
bd
3 = S3
bd
and
4 = S4 ,
bd
30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of the
column for tor steel.
Upto the point of contra flexural.
30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of
the column for tor steel.
Upto the point of contra flexural.
W ua
W ub
Xa
Xb
lc
lc
lc
lc
B
Nominal 8
legged
Nominal 8 legged
Stirrups
12 legged
Tor Steel
12 legged
30 diameters from the outer face of the column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of
the column for tor steel.
Upto the point of contra flexure.
O1
M.S.bar
30 d or upto the
point of contr
flexure whichever is
greater
Transverse bending: The footing has also a tendency to bend in a transverse direction. However, such bending
is likely to occur for a certain region in the neighborhood of each column. For design purpose it may be
assumed that such transverse bending will occur for a distance equal to the effective depth measured from the
face of the column.
Consider a strip of unit width bending in a transverse direction.
Maximum transverse bending moment per unit width
= M= Pu f2 / 2
Where Pu upward pressure intensity and = f = Maximum transverse projection. Now we can calculate the
transverse steel required for this bending moment. The transverse steel is placed over the bottom longitudinal
bars in the zone of transverse bending.
Transverse Bending
Aa
f
B
45
45
Transverse reinforcement
Design 1 : Design a reinforced concrete combined rectangular footing for two columns A and B located
3.60 metres apart. The sizes of the columns are 400mm x 400mm and 600mm x 600mm and the loads on
them are 1000kN and 1500kN respectively. The projection of the footing parallel to the length of the
footing beyond the axis of the column A is limited to 590mm. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is
280kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solutions:
Total load on the two columns = 1000 + 1500
= 2500kN
= 250kN
= 2750kN
= 280KN/m2
= 1500 X 3.60
2500
1000 kN
0.59m
= 2.16m
1500 kN
2.16m
1.44m
1.31m
1.8m
0.4m
0.6m
B
0.6m
0.4m
2.75m
2.75m
5.50m
Distance of the resultant column load from the left edge of the footing = 0.59 + 2.16 = 2.75m.
For the condition that the resultant of the column loads must pass through the centroid of the foundation plan,
length of the footing = L = 2 x 2.75 = 5.50m
Width of the footing = B = 9.821 / 5.50 = 1.79m say 1.80m
Figure shows the position of the two columns on the foundation plan.
Net upward pressure intensity on the footing
P = 1000 +1500 / 5.5 x 1.8 = 252.52kN/m2
Depth of the footing
i)
ii)
D = 499.8mm
D = 489.2mm
B.M. Consideration
Factored load on column A = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500kN
Factored load on column B = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250kN
2250kN
1500kN
0.59m
3.60m
1.31m
681.818kN/m
585.03kNm
118.67kNm
O1
O2
0.11m
2
765kNm
FIGURE
Reaction of soil on the footing per meter run = 1500 + 2250 / 5.50 = 681.818kN/m
B.M. under the column A = Ma = + 681.818 x 0.592 / 2 = + 118.67 kNm.
B.M. under the column B = Mb = + 681.818 x 1.312 / 2 = + 585.03 kNm.
The maximum hogging moment occurs at a section where the shear force is zero. Let this section be x metres
from the left end.
Equating the shear force to zero,
681.818x 1500 = 0
X = 2.20m
Mmax = 681.818 x 2.202 / 2 -1500 (2.20 0.59) 765kNm
= 0.377
118.67 x 106
1800 x 5822
= 0.195
= 0.350%
585.03 x 106
1800 x 5822
= 0.96
= 0.283%
Shear analysis
S.F. on LHS of column A = + 681.818 X 0.59 = + 402.27kN
S.F. on RHS of column A = + 402.27- 1500 = -1097.73kN
S.F. on RHS of column B = - 681.818 X 1.31 = -893.18kN
S.F. on LHS of column B = - 893.18 +2250 = + 1356.82kN
Cantilevering Parts. The critical section for shear is taken at a distance equal to the effective depth from the face
of the column.
1500kN
2250kN
0.59m
3.60m
1.31m
681.818kN/m
1356.82kN
402.27kN
+
1.61m
-
+
893.18kN
1097.73kN
FIGURE
Column A
i)
ii)
5 16mm
20 16mm
5 16mm
Bottom bars under the column A. 7 bars of 16mm have been provided. These bars are extended into the
interior of the footing for the greater of the following distances.
i)
7 16mm
552
mm
6-16
mm
5 18mm
Further beyond provide as many longitudinal bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.
Bottom bars under the column B. 15 bars of 16mm have been provided. These bars are extended into the
interior of the footing for the greater of the following distances.
i)
ii)
5 16mm
6-16
mm
490
5 16mm
Transverse reinforcement.1330
Maximum transverse projection = 1.80 0.40 / 2 = 0.70m
Net upward pressure intensity = 252.52N/m2
For a 1 m wide strip, maximum transverse bending moment
= 252.52 x 0.702 / 2 = 61.867kNm
Factored moment Mu = 61.867 x 1.5 = 92.80kNm
Providing 10mm bars, effective depth to the centre of transverse bars.
= 582 8 5 = 569mm
Mu
bd
= 92.80 x 106
1000 x 5692
= 0.287
= 0.08%
kd
d
Kd =nd
st / m
(d kd / 3) - jd
D ( 1-k/3)= dj = jd
cbc
kd
= st
m/d kd
cbc
st/m
= kd
= k
d kd 1-k
cbc
st/m
= k
1-k
cbc (1 k) = st/m. k
cbc k cbc = st / m.k
cbc = st/m.k + k cbc
= k (st/m + cbc)
K = cbc
st/m + cbc
=
cbc / cbc
st/m 1/cbc + cbc/cbc
K=
1
1 + st/m. 1 / cbc
M = c ( d kd / 3)
= cbc . kd . b (d kd / 3)
= cbc k bd2 ( 1 k/3)
= cbc kj bd2
M = Q bd2
Q = cbc k . j
d = M / Qb
j = 1 k/3
M = Ast . st ( d- kd / 3)
k=
M = Ast st j.d
Ast =
M
st j d
bxa2
= M.Ast (d x)
2 Xc = [
1
1 + st / mcbc
Xa < Xc
Mr = st Ast ( d xa / 3)
Xa > Xc
Mr = cbc . xa . b (d xa / 3)
1
1 + st / m + 1 / cbc
QUESTION BANK
UNIT-1
PART-A
1. Calculate the design strength for M 30 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade
steel?
2. What is the important principle of ultimate load method?
3. Write the classification of structures according to crack width?
4. How the limit state method differs from working stress method?
5. Distinguish between characteristic load and factored load?
6. What is the importance of flanged beams?
7. What is the main advantage of limit state of collapse?
8. How is the safety margins assigned in Elastic method and ultimate load
method?
9. Calculate the limiting value of tensile stress in a cracked section of a flexural
member made with M25 grade of concrete.
10. What are the advantages of limit state method overworking stress and
ultimate load methods?
11. How do you find the moment of resistance of a beam section??
12. What is modular ratio? Determine the modular ratio at M20 & M25grade
concrete?
13. What do you understand by limit state of collapse?
PART-B
1. a) Explain clearly under-reinforced, balanced and over-reinforced sections?
b) What do you mean by uncracked and cracked sections and how will you
determine the moment of resistance of these section?
2. A R.C. beam of rectangular cross section is required to resist a bending
moment of 120 kN-m at Service State. Design the suitable dimensions of the cross
section and reinforcement for the balanced sections. Take the effective depth as
twice the width. Assume M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Adopt
working stress method?
3. Explain the concept of elastic method?
4. A R.C. beam of rectangular cross section is required to resist a bending
moment of 120 kN-m at Service State. Design the suitable dimensions of the cross
section and reinforcement for the balanced sections. Take the effective depth as
twice the width. Assume M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Adopt
working stress method?
5. A reinforcement concrete beam section of size 300x700 mm effective depth is
reinforced with 3 bars of 20 mm diameter in tension. Determine the moment of
resistance and the maximum stresses induced in the materials using working
stress method?
thick brick walls all around. Take the live load on the slab as 1.5KN/m and
2
is 120mm. The floor carries an udl of 5KN/m , inclusive of the floor finishes.
Design the intermediate beam. Use M15 and M.S. grades. Design the section.
Take width support=500mm.
10.Design a RC beam to carry a load of 6kN/m inclusive of self-weight with an
effective span of 6m and breadth to be 2/3 rd of effective depth. The
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2. Take
m=18.
UNIT-2
PART-A
1. Mention the codal provisions for minimum reinforcement to be provided as primary and
secondary reinforcement to be provided as primary and secondary reinforcement in R.C.
slab?
2. Compute the area of reinforcement required for a balanced section of width 200 mm and
effective design 425 mm as per limit state design. Use M 25 grade concrete and Fe 415
grade steel. Use design aids.
3. Enumerate the codal provisions for minimum reinforcement to be provided as
primary and secondary reinforcement in R.C. slab.
4. What is the importance of flanged beams?
5. State the basic assumptions used in theory of simple bending as applied to LSD of RC
structures
6. Distinguish between balanced section and under reinforced sections?
7. Distinguish between one way and two way slabs.
8. Discuss the different limit state to be considered in reinforced concrete design?
9. Why is it necessary to provide transverse reinforcement in a one way slab?
10. What are the three basic methods using factor of safety to achieve safe workable structures?
11. Explain maximum depth of neutral axis?
12. Find the depth of neutral axis in terms ofd for a balanced section using Fe 415 steel, in
limits method?
13. What is the difference in the design of one way slab and two way slabs?
14. Distinguish between under reinforcement and over reinforcement section?
15. Sketch edge and middle strips of a two way slab?
16. How Limit State Method aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to the design
problem?
17. Differentiate between WSD and LSD.
PART-B
1. a) With a neat sketch, write the values of moment and shear coefficients of continuous slab?
b) Design a simply supported R.C. slab for a roof of a hall 4.5 mx10 m (inside dimension
with 230 mm walls all around). Assume a live load of 4.5 kN/m and a floor finish of 1 kN/m.
Adopt limit state design. Use M 20 grade concrete and mild steel.
2. Determine the depth of neutral axis and ultimate moment of resistance of T beam section
for the following data:
Flange width = 800 mm,
Flange thickness = 150 mm,
Web width = 300 mm.
Effective depth = 420 mm. Area of tension reinforcement = 14701 mm2. Assume = M 25
grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
3. Design a R.C. slab for a room having inside dimensions 3 m x 6 m. The thickness of
supporting wall is 300 mm. The slab carries 100 mm thick lime concrete at its top, the unit
weight which may be taken as 19kN/m. The live load on the slab may be taken as 2.5 kN/m
Assume the slab to the simply supported at the ends. Use M 15 grade concrete and MS grade
steel.
4. Design a doubly reinforced beam to carry a super-imposed load of 60kN/m. The overall depth
and width of the beam are restricted to 840 mm and 300 mm respectively. The beam has a clear
span of 5 m and a bearing of 50 cm on each end. Take cbc=5 N/mm , st=140 N/mm and m=18.
Draw the reinforcement details.
5. A rectangular beam is to be simply supported on supports of 230 mm width. The clear span of
the beam is 6 m. The beam is to have a width of 300 mm, the characteristic superimposed load is
12 KN/m. Design the beam and sketch the reinforcement details.
UNIT-3
PART-A
1. Write down the value of design bond stress for M 30 grade concrete?
2. What do you mean by primary and secondary torsion?
3. Define band and anchorage?
4. What do you mean by primary and secondary torsion?
5. Sketch the various types of shear reinforcements normally provided in practice?
6. What is equivalent shear as specified in IS456 for members subjected to torsion and shear?
7. What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear?
8. Explain the difference between primary and secondary torsion. Give two examples each?
9. Under what circumstances are doubly reinforced beams used?
10. Reinforced concrete slab are generally safe in shear and do not require shear reinforcement?
Why?
11. Mention the difference in design principles for L Beam and T Beam?
12. When shear reinforcement is necessary in a beam?
13. What is bond stress? Write an expression for it?
14. What are the types of reinforcement used to resist shear force?
15. What you understand by development length of bar?
16. Differentiate between flexural bond and development bond.
17. What will be minimum and maximum area of tension reinforcement in a beam?
18. How shear reinforcement improves the strength of beam?
PART-B
1. (a) Distinguish between theoretical and physical cut-off points.
(b) A simply supported beam is 6m in span and carries a characteristic load of 60kN/m. If six
numbers of 20 mm diameter bars are provided at the mid span and four numbers of these bars
are continous into the supports, check the development length at the supports. Adopt M 20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
2. A beam of rectangular section 300 mm width and 500 mm effective depth, is subjected to
factored moment of 175 kN-m, factored shear force of 25 kN and factored twisting
moment of 10 kN-m. Determine the area of reinforcement to resist the above forces. Use
M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
3. (a) Distinguish between theoretical and physical cut-off points.
(b) A simply supported beam is 6.20m in 3 pan and carries a characteristic load of 62kN/m.
If six numbers of 20 mm diameter bars are provided at the mid span and four numbers of these
bars are continous into the supports, check the development length at the supports. Adopt M 20
grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
4. A beam of rectangular section 300 mm width and 500 mm effective depth, is subjected to
factored moment of 180 kN-m, factored shear force of 30 kN and factored twisting
moment of 15 kN-m. Determine the area of reinforcement to resist the above forces. Use
M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel
5. A RC beam of rectangular section 300 mm X 550 mm is reinforced with 6 bars of 20 mm
diameter place at an effective cover of 50mm. Out of 6 bars 3 bars have been bent up 45.
Design the shear reinforcement if the beam is subjected to a UDL of 100 kN/m over
simply supported clear span of 7 m.
6. Design a rectangular RC beam section to carry a factored bending moment of 200 kNm,
factored shear force of 120 kN and a factored torsional moment of 75 kNm.
UNIT - 4
PART-A
1. Distinguish between braced and unbraced columns.
2. Name any two methods used for design of long columns.
3. Enumerate compression members with helical reinforcement.
4. Write the basic assumption for the combined axial load and uniaxial bending on columns
5. Write any two code requirements on slenderness limits.
6. Define member stability effect in braced columns.
7. Enumerate the functions of the transverse reinforcements in a reinforced concrete
column.
8. When you provide eccentrically loaded columns?
9. Enumerate the function of the traverse reinforcements in a reinforced concrete column.
10. When do you provide eccentrically loaded columns?
11. Write any two code requirements on slenderness limits.
12. Define member stability effect in braced columns.
13. Enumerate compression members with helical reinforcement.
14. Write the basic assumption for the combined axial load and uniaxial bending on columns.
15. Distinguish between braced and unbraced columns.
16. Name any two methods used for design of long column
17. How do you classify a column as short or long?
18. Write the procedure for the design of an axially loaded short column.
19. What are braced columns?
20. State the methods recommend by IS 456 to estimate the effective length of columns.
21. Write any two function of lateral ties in a RC column.
22. Differentiate between long and short column.
23. Differentiate between uniaxial and biaxial
PART - B
1. Design the longitudinal reinforcement in a short column 400mm x 600mm subjected to an
ultimate axial load of 1600 KN together with ultimate moments of 120 KN-m and 90KN-m
about the major and minor axis respectively. The reinforcements are distributed equally on
all four sides. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel bars.
2. Design the reinforcement in a circular column of diameter 350mm with helical
reinforcement of 8mm diameter to support a factored load of 1400KN. The column has an
unsupported length of 3.5m and is braced against side sway. Adopt M20 grade concrete
and Fe415 steel bars.
3. A circular column, 4.6m high is effectively held in position at both ends and restrained
against rotation at one end. Design the column, to carry an axial load of 1200KN, if its dia
is restricted to 450mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grades.
4. Design a rectangular column, 5m long restrained in position and direction at both ends, to
carry an axial load of 120 KN. uses M20 and Fe415 grades.
5. Design of short column subjected to biaxial bending. Determine the reinforcement for a
short column for the following data. Column
size: 400mmx600mm, Pu=2000KN Mux:
160KN, Muy=120KN
Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel.
6. Discuss various assumptions used in the limit state methods of design of compression
members.
7. Determine the ultimate load carrying capacity of rectangular column section 400x600mm
reinforced with 10nos. Of 25mm dia. Use M25 concrete and Fe415 steel.
8. Design a biaxially eccentricity loaded braced circular column deforming in single
curvature for the following data:
Ultimate load =200KN
Ultimate moment in longer direction at bottom Mux1=178 KNm and at to [Mux2=
128KNm.
Ultimate moment in shorter direction at bottom Muy1=108 KNm and at top
Muy2=88 KNm.
Unsupported length of column = 9m Effective
length in long direction lex= 8m.
of 1600kn together with ultimate moments of 120knm and 90knm about the
12. Design the reinforcements required for a column which is restrained against sway using
the following data.Size of column =530x450mm, leff=6.6m unsupported length =
7.70m. Factored load =1600kn.factored moment about major axis =45knm at top and
30knm T BOTTOM. Factored moment about minor axis =35knm at top and 20knm at
bottom. Use M25 grade concrete and Fe500 grade HYSD bars. Column is bent in
double curvature and reinforcement is distributed equally on all the four sides of the
section.
13. (i) Discuss various assumptions used in the limit state method of design of
compression members.
(ii) Determine the ultimate load carrying capacity of rectangular column section
400x600mm reinforced with 10 nos. Of 25mm dia. Use M25 and Fe415 grades
14. Design a biaxially eccentricity loaded braced circular column deforming in single
curvature for the following data
Ultimate load=200knUltimate moment in longer direction at bottom Mux1=178 knm and at top
Mux1= 128knm.Ultimate moment in shorter direction at bottom Muy1= 108 knm and at top
Muy2= 88knm. Unsupported length of column = 9m.Effective length in long direction lex=8m.
Effective length in shorter direction ley= 5.8m.Diameter of column = 550mm.Use M25&Fe415.
15. Design the reinforcement in a circular column of diameter 350mm with helical
reinforcement of 8mm diameter to support a factored load of 1400kn. The column has an
unsupported length of 3.5 m and is braced against side sway. Adopt M20 grade concrete
and Fe415 steel bars.
16.
17. (i) A circular column, 4.6m high is effectively held in position at both ends to carry an axial
load of 1200kn, if its dia is restricted to 450mm. Use M20 and Fe425 grades. (ii) Design a
rectangular column, 5m long retrained in position and direction at both ends to carry an axial
load of 120 kn. Use M20 and Fe415 grades.
18.
Design a short column subjected to biaxial bending. Determine the reinforcement for
a short column for the following data. Column
size: 400mmx600mm, Pu=200kn Mux: 160kN,
Muy=120kn
Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel.
UNIT 5
PARTA
1. How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two way rectangular footings?
2. What are the factors that influence the selection of number of lifting and
hoisting locations of a long beam during its erection process?
3. Define punching shear.
4. What is the main advantage of combined footing?
5. When you need a combined footing?
6. Why check for transfer of load at the base of the column over footing is done?
7. Write any two situations in which combined footings are preferred to isolated footings.
8. What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing?
9. When you need a combined footing?
10. Why check for transfer of load at the base of the column over footing is done?
11. Write any two situations in which combined footings are preferred to isolated footings.
12. What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing?
13. Define punching shear.
14. What is the main advantage of combined footing?
15. How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two way rectangular footings?
16. What are the factors that influence the selection of number of lifting and
hoisting locations of a long beam during its erection process?
17. Sketch the placement of steel in rectangular footing with a non-central load.
18. What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred over isolated footings?
19. Draw a neat sketch of a masonry footing.
20. What is slenderness ratio for a masonry wall? State the maximum values?
21. Compare the behavior of tied and spirally reinforced column.
22. How do you classify one-way footing and two-way footing in foundation?
23. Under what circumstances a trapezoidal footing become necessary?
24. What is a punching shear in a RCC footing?
25. Sketch the reinforcement detailing for the cantilever slab.
PART B
1. Design a suitable footing for a R.C. column of size 300x500mm. Supporting a factored axial
load of 1500KN. Assume safe bearing capacity of soil as 200KN/m2. Adopt M20 grade and
Fe415 grades. Sketch the details at reinforcements in footings.
2. Design a combined footing for the two columns at a multistorey building. The columns of
size 400mmx400mm transmit a working load of 300KN each and they are spaced at 5m centres.
The safe bearing capacity of soil at site is 200KN/m2. Adopt M20 grade concrete and
Fe415 grade steel. Sketch the details of reinforcements in the combined footing.
3. A square column of size 400mm carries a service load of 600KN. Design an isolated
footing for the column by limit state method, if the safe bearing capacity of the soil is
250KN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
5. Design a rectangular isolated footing of uniform thickness for R.C. column bearing a
vertical load of 600KN, and having a base size of 400 x 600 mm. The SBC of soil is 120
KN/m2. Use M15 grade concrete and M.S gradeI bars. Draw the reinforcement details.
6. Design an isolated square footing for a column 500mm x 500m transmitting a load of
600KN and a moment of 30 KNm. The SBC of soil is 1230 KN/m2 . Use M15 grade concrete
and M.S. grade I bars. Draw the reinforcement details.
8. Design a suitable footing for a R.C. column of size 300x500mm. Supporting a factored
axial load of 1500kn. Assume safe bearing capacity of soil as 200kn/m2. Adopt M20&Fe415.
Sketch the details at reinforcements in footings.
9. Design a combined footing for the two columns at a multistorey building. The columns of
size 400x400mm transmit a working load of 300kn each and they are spaced at 5m centres. The
safe bearing capacity of soil at site is 200kn/m2. Adopt M20 & Fe415. Sketch the details of
reinforcement in the combined footing.
10. A square column of size 400mm carries a service load of 600kn. Design an isolated
footing for the column by limit state method, if the safe bearing capacity of the soil is
250kn/m2. Use M20 & FE415.
11. A rectangular column of size 300x450mm transmits a limit state load of 600kn at an
eccentricity of 150mm about the major axis. Design a suitable isolated footing for the column
by the limit state concept. Safe capacity of soil is 200kn/m2. Use M30 &Fe415.
12. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams and design the 20mm diameter bars as
top steel for maximum hogging moment for a RC rectangular combined footing using the
following data:Centre to centre distance between columns: 4m. Each column is square in shape
with 400mm side. Each column carries an axial load at service state =1200kn. The projection of
footing parallel to the length beyond the axis of each column is 1m.The limiting bearing
capacity of soil: 440kn/m2.Materials used: M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel bars.
14. Design a rectangular isolated footing of uniform thickness for R.C. column bearing a vertical
load of 600 KN. And having a base size of 400mmx600mm. The SBC of soil is 120 kn/m 2. Use
the reinforcement details.
15. Design an isolated square footing for a column 500mmx500mm transmitting a load of
600kn and a moment of 30knm. The SBC of soil is 1230kn/m2. Use M15 grade concrete
and M.S. grade I bars. Draw the reinforcement details.
University Questions
PART-A
UNIT I
1. What are the advantages of limit state method over working stress and
ultimate load methods?
2. How do you find the moment of resistance of a beam section?
3. Discuss the merits of working stress method?
4. What is modular ratio? Determine the modular ratio at M20 grade concrete.
5. What do you understand by limit state of collapse?
6. Draw stress-strain curve for various grades of steel.
7. State the assumptions made in working stress method.
UNIT II
1. Distinguish between one way and two way slabs.
2. Explain the terms balanced, over reinforced and under reinforced
sections in bending
3. Discuss the different limit state to be considered in reinforced concrete
design?
4. Why is it necessary to provide transverse reinforcement in a one way slab?
5. What are the three basic methods using factor of safety to achieve safe
workable structures?
6. Explain maximum depth of neutral axis.
7. Find the depth of neutral axis in terms of d for a balanced section using Fe
415 steel, in limit state method.
8. What is the difference in the design of one way slab and two way slabs?
UNIT III
1. What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear?
2. Explain the difference between primary and secondary torsion. Give two
examples each.
UNIT IV
1. What is the minimum and maximum percentage of steel allowed in
R.C.Column? Explain why it is necessary to specify the minimum and
maximum percentage.
2. Give example of columns that are in practice subjected to unaxial and
biaxial bending.
3. Explain (a) Equilibrium torsion (b) Compatibility torsion
4. How do you classify a column as long?
5. What will be minimum and maximum area of tension reinforcement in a
beam?
6. How shear reinforcement improves the strength of beam?
7. How do you classify a column as short or long?
8. Write the procedure for the design of an axially loaded short column.
UNIT V
1. Sketch the placement of steel in rectangular footing with a non-central load.
2. What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred over
isolated footings?
3. Draw a neat sketch of a masonry footing.
4. What is slenderness ratio for a masonry wall? State the maximum values?
5. Compare the behavior of tied and spirally reinforced column.
6. How do you classify one-way footing and two-way footing in foundation?
7. Under what circumstances a trapezoidal footing become necessary?
PART-B
UNIT I
1. A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 450mm and effective depth
715mm. It is reinforced with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M20
concrete, determine its moment of resistance according to the working stress
method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is subjected to the
above moment.
2. Determine the reinforcement for a T beam with flange width = 1500mm,
web width = 300mm, thickness of slab = 100mm, effective depth 735mm, to
carry a moment of 380kNm due to characteristic loads. Use M25 concrete
and Fe 415 steel. Using Working Stress Design.
3. A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 400mm and effective depth
615mm. It is reinforced with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M25
concrete, determine its moment of resistance according to the working stress
method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is subjected to the
above moment.
4. Design a rectangular slab supported on its all four edges (600mm thick) over
a classroom of size 4.8m x6.2m. Two adjacent edges of the slab are
discontinuous and the remaining two edges are continuous. A finishing
surface of cement concrete of 20mm shall be provided over the slab. The
slab shall be used as classroom. M20 grade of concrete and HYSD bars shall
be used. The unit weight of finishing surface concrete is 24KN/m3.
5. Design a rectangular beam section subjected to an ultimate moment of
120kNm. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415. Adopt limit state method.
UNIT II
1. A rectangular beam has b=200mm, d=400mm if steel used is Fe 415 and
grade of concrete is M25. Find the steel required to carry a factored moment
of 12kNm.
2. Design of roof slab for an interior panel of size 5mx6m. Live load is
5.0KN/m2. Use M30 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
UNIT III
1. A rectangular beam width b=350mm and d=550mm has a factored shear of
400kN at the critical section near the support. The steel at the tension side of
the section consists of four 32mm bars which are continued to support.
Assuming fck=25 and fy=415(N/mm2) design vertical stirrups for the
section.
2. A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a breadth of 350mm and
effective depth of 800mm. It has a factored shear of 105kN at section XX.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
UNIT IV
1. A rectangular column of effective height of 4m is subjected to a
characteristics axial load of 800kN and bending moment of 100kNm about
the major axis of the n. Design a suitable section for the column so that the
width should not exceed 400mm. Use the minimum percentage of
longitudinal steel. Assume fy=415N/mm2 and fck=20N/mm2.
2. An R.C.Column 500x400mm is subjected to an axial ultimate load of
2500kN and bent in single curvature about the minor axis with
My(top)=90knm and My(bottom)=120knm
as ultimate moments. If
L0=7.2m and Le=5.75m on both axes, calculate the design moments for the
column.
3. Design the reinforcement in a spiral column of 400mm diameter subjected to
a factored load of 1500kN.The column has an supported length of 3.4m and
is braced against side way. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
4. A column 300x400mm has an unsupported length of 3m and effective length
of 3.6m.If it is subjected to pu=1100kNm and Mu=230kNm about the major
axis, determine the longitudinal steel using fck=25N/mm2.
5. Calculate the ultimate strength in axial compression of column 400mm in
diameter and reinforced with 8Nos. of 20mm dia. of grade Fe250 when the
column in helically reinforced by 8mm dia at (i) 60mm pitch, (ii) 30mm
pitch. Assume concrete of grade M20. Assume clear cover equal to 40mm.
6. Design an axially loaded tied column 400mmx400mm pinned at both ends
with an unsupported length of 3m for carrying a factored load of
2300kN.Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
7. Design a circular column with helical reinforcement of 400mm diameter and
4m in length to carry factored load of 1000kN.The column is hinged at both
ends. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.
8. A column 300mmx400mm has an unsupported length of 4m and fixed at
both ends. It is subjected to a factored load of 1000KN and an ultimate
moment of 200kNm about the major axis. Determine the longitudinal
reinforcement and lateral ties. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415 d=60mm.
UNIT V
1. A rectangular column 300mmx400mm reinforced with 20mm diameter bars
carries a load of 1400kN. Design a suitable footing for the column. The safe
bearing capacity of the soil is 200kN/m2.Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
2. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 5 centers.
The first column 400mmx400mm carries a load of 1200kN and the second
column 450mmx450mm carries a load of 1800kn at service state. Weight of
Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe bearing capacity of soil =
150kN/m2. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
3. Design a interior wall of a single storied workshop of height 5.4m
surrounding a RCC roof. The bottom of the wall rests over a foundation
block. Assume roof load equal to 45kN/m. A pier provided at a spacing of
3.6m along length of wall.
4. Design a compound wall of height 1.8m to the top of 100mm thick coping.
Assume wind pressure is equal to 1kN/m2 and is UDL. The safe bearing
pressure of soil is 120kN/m2.
5. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kn and an imposed load of
400kn from a square column 400mmx400mm. Assuming fck=20N/mm2 and
fy=415N/mm2 and safe bearing capacity to be 200KN/m2, Design the
footing.
6. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 500cm
centers. The first column 300mmx300mm carried load of 1000kn.and
second column 300mmx300mm carries a load of 1500kn at service state.
Weight of Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe bearing capacity
of soil = 150kN/m2. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.
7. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kN and an imposed load
of 400kN from a square column 400x400mm (with 16mm bars.) Assuming
fy=415 and fck=20N/mm2 and safe bearing capacity to be 200kN/m2.
Design the footing.
8. Design a plain concrete footing for a 450mm wall carrying 300kN per meter
length. Assume grade 20 concrete and the bearing capacity of soil to be
200kN/m2