DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

GREATER NOIDA

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction to safety and working in a chemical laboratory

2. Determination of hardness of water by titration with standard
EDTA solution
3. Determination of iodide content in iodized salt through
iodometric titration with sodium thiosulphate
4. Determination of Alkalinity in water sample.
5. Determination of rate constant for acid catalyzed hydrolysis of
ethyl acetate through ` titration
6. Determination of glycine content in a sample of amino acid
7. Synthesis of benzimidazole and record of its UV spectrum
8. Comparison of viscosity and surface tension of two liquids and
their variation on addition of surfactants and soap of known
concentration
9. Determination of neutralization of a lubricant oil or iodine
number of unsaturated oil.
10. Detection of functional groups in an organic compound by wet
tests
11. Identification of an organic compound
12. Synthesis of p-nitroacetanilide from acetanilide

SUBJECT CODE
AS103/AS203: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (THEORY)
AS103P/AS-203P: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (PARACTICALS)
To Write in Practical File
Left Hand Side with Pencil
Date
Aim:
Observation Table:
S.No Volume in the
Burette Reading(ml)
Titration Flask(ml)
Initial
Final
1
2
3
(This table is only for volumetric titrations)

Volume of Solution used

from burette(ml)

Graph if required:
Calculations:
Result:

Right Hand Side with Pen (blue only)

Date
Object:
Apparatus:
Chemicals:
Theory:
Procedure:
Precautions:
Result:

EXPERIMENT No -1
OBJECT: Introduction to safety and working in a chemical laboratory
APPARATUS: First Aid Box
PROCEDURE: All too often chemical laboratories are the scene of accidents, mostly minor ones
but some of serious nature. These are caused by the carelessness of the experimenter, defects of
equipment and improper procedures.
Preventive Measures or Habits of Safety
The following precautions, if they are observed sincerely, would avert the most mishaps
1.

Come to laboratory well prepared. For this, read the theory, procedure and
precaution of the experiment to be performed.

2.

Never work alone in the laboratory. A minor mishap may be serious if you are alone.

3.

Never touch or taste any chemical as most of chemicals are poisonous and corrosive
to skin. Use spatula or paper spoon for solid and dropper or glass tube/rod for liquid
chemicals.

4.

Keep the mouth of the test-tube away from you as well as from your neighbor while
heating the liquid contained in it.

5.

The eyes are particularly vulnerable to injury by splashing droplets of chemicals or

flying particles of glass.

6.

Strong oxidizing agents and easily oxidized materials must be mixed with extreme
caution and in small amounts. The reaction between HNO3 and organic reducing
can be so violent that a dangerous explosion may result.

7.

Turn off gas and water taps immediately after use.

First Aid Box

A first aid box or cupboard should be kept in a readily accessible position in the laboratory.
First Aid Measures for Laboratory Accidents
In case of mishap, never lose your presence of mind and immediately inform the teacher.
The following first aid measures should be given before seeking medical attention.
Accidents
1. Cuts and wounds

First Aid Treatment

Remove any foreign bodies, e.g., glass
pieces, etc., which are visible. Clean the
wound with sterile gauze.
2. Stop the bleeding.
Raise up the injured organ
Apply gentle pressure with the thumbs or
fingers at the place just before injury.
Never apply a very strong pressure for
more than 5 minutes.
Apply cotton soaked in alum or ferric
chloride solution. If an internal organ is
injured such as in nostril, it should be
packed with this cotton.
1.

2. Burns and Scalds

(i) Acid burn

(ii) Caustic alkali burn

(iii) Bromine burn

Put the affected area immediately in water,

preferably ice cold. Avoid handling affected area
as far as possible.
Wash immediately with large quantities of
water, then with a very dilute (1%) solution of
sodium bicarbonate and apply an oil or a cream .
If the burn is by H2SO4, do not wash with water
but only with NaHCO3 solution.
Caution: If the concentration of NaHCO3 is
more than 8% it will give burning pain instead
of relief.
Wash immediately with large quantities of
water, then with dilute (preferably 1%) acetic
acid or lemon juice and apply an oil or a cream.
Wash with dilute solution of sodium carbonate,
then with alcohol or CCI4. First apply 50%
glycerine solution and then Burnol cover and
bandage lightly.

(v) Phenol burn

Wash with ethanol and then with alcoholic

solution of picric acid. Apply an oil dressing.

(vi) Sodium burn

Remove any piece of Na with the help of

forceps. Wash with a plenty of water and then
with dilute acetic acid. Apply oil or a cream
bandage.

(vii) Organic substance burn

Wash with water and then with rectified spirit.

3. Eye Injuries
(i)By a solid

Remove the solid (glass piece, chemical particle,

insect, etc.) with the corner of a very clean cloth.

(ii) By an acid or chlorine

Wash with large quantities of water and then

with 1% NaHCO3 solution in case of an acid
and with 1% boric in case of an alkali. Cover the
eye with gauze moistened with olive or castor
oil.

(iii) By bromine or chlorine

Wash well with 1% NaHCO3 (Omit in case of

slight injury). Treat with vapors of alcohol +
ether by holding a cloth dipped in pure alcohol
or alcohol + ether mixture near the eye. The
liquid should not be allowed to enter the eye.

4. Fires

(i) Inflammable substance on fire

(ii) Burning of clothes

(a)

Immediately cover the flame or burning

substance so that the oxygen supply is cut
off.
(b) If the fire has spread on the table or floor,
turn of all the burners and gas pipes and
cover it with the sand from sand bath or
soil from anywhere. If Na, K, petrol, oil or
an organic solvent is not burning, pour
water carefully.
If Na, K gasoline, oil an organic solvent is on
fire, only dry sand should be used. Never use
water in this case or the fire will become more
violent
Cover the burning clothes with a blanket, towel,
or a piece of thick cloth. If such a cloth is not
available, ask the victim to roll on the floor and
pour water.

5. Inhalation of poisonous fumes and Remove the victim to the open air and loosen
clothing at the neck. If breathing has stopped,
gases
give artificial respiration until help arrives.

EXPERIMENT NO:- 2
OBJECT: Determination of hardness of water by titration with standard EDTA solution
APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Conical Flask, Beaker Measuring cylinder.
CHEMICALS: N/100 EDTA Solution, Water sample, Eriochrome Black-T
Buffer Sol. (pH = 10)
THEORY: When Eriochrome black T (indicator) is added to hard water solution at around pH 10,

it forms wine red colored unstable complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions of the sample water. When
this wine red colour solution is titrated against EDTA solution, the colour of the solution changes
from wine red to blue colour at the end point.
Ethylene diamine tetraactic acid (EDTA) is a well knowing complexing agent which is widely used
in analytical work, on account of its powerful complexing action and commercial availability.
PROCEDURE: Take 10 ml of hard water sample in a conical flask with help of a pipette. Add 5
ml of buffer solution. Add 5 drops of Eriochrome black-T indicator .Colour of the solution turns
wine red. Titrate the solution against EDTA until the colour changes from wine red to blue. Repeat
the titration for two concordant readings. This reading corresponds to total hardness.
Take about 250 ml of the hard water in 500 ml beaker and boil it for half an hour, cool it and titrate
the solution as mentioned above for permanent hardness. Repeat the titration for two concordant
readings
OBSERVATION:
Normality of EDTA solution = N/100
1.
Indicator used
End point:

Erichrome Black- T
Wine red Blue

OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Tap Water to estimate Total Hardness
S.No Volume of tap water in the
Titration Flask(ml)
1
2
3

Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final

Volume of N/100EDTA
Solution used from burette(ml)

Volume of N/100EDTA Solution used from burette (ml) to neutralize10 ml of water sample =v2ml
For Boiled Water to estimate Permanent Hardness
S.No Volume of boiled water in the
Titration Flask(ml)
1
2
3

Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final

Volume of N/100 EDTA

Solution used from burette(ml)

Volume of N/100EDTA Solution used from burette (ml) to neutralize10 ml of boiled water =v3ml

CALCULATION:
a)

Calculation of Total Hardness :Equivalents of Ca+2 &Mg+2 in the water sample = Equivalents of EDTA consumed.
N1V1=N2V2
(water)
(EDTA)
N1= (1/100xv2ml)/10ml
Strength of total hardness causing ions in terms of CaCO3 ions = N1x50 gm/litre
= N1x50 x1000mgm/litre (in terms of calcium carbonate)
= N1x50x1000ppm
Calculation of Permanent Hardness :Equivalents of Ca+2 &Mg+2 in the water sample = Equivalents of EDTA consumed.
N1V1=N2V2
(water)
(EDTA)
N1= (1/100xv3ml)/10ml

b)

Strength of Permanent Hardness hardness causing ions in terms of CaCO3 ions

= N1x50 gm/litre
= N1x50 x1000mgm/litre (in terms of calcium carbonate)
= N1 x50x1000ppm
Calculation of Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness-Permanent Hardness

c)
RESULT:

Total Hardness
Permanent Hardness
Temporary hardness

S1
= ___________________ ppm
S2
= ___________________ ppm
S1 - S2 = ___________________ ppm

PRECAUTONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

All the solutions should be freshly prepared

In each titration same amount of indicator and buffer solution should be added
There should not be any leakage from burette
While taking reading from burette, eye should be parallel to it.
Before using any solution, shake it properly

EXPERIMENT NO:- 4
OBJECT: . Determination of Alkalinity in water sample.
APPARATUS: Beaker, Pipette, Burette, Conical Flask
CHEMICALS: Alkalinity Sample, 0.1N HCl, Methyl Orange and Phenolphthalein.
THEORY: The alkalinity in water is due to the presence of hydroxyl ion (OH-), carbonate ion
(CO32-) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) present in the given sample of water. These can be estimated
separately by titration against standard acid, using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators.
The chemical reaction involved can be shown by the equations given below:
i)
OH- + H+ H20
ii)
CO32- + H+ HCO3iii)
HCO3- + H+ H20 + CO2
PROCEDURE: Take 10ml of the sample solution in conical flask with help of a pipette. Add 2-3

drop of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate this sample against HCl solution until the pink colour
caused by phenolphthalein just disappears. Note down this reading as phenolphthalein end point.
Now add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator in the same solution. Continue the titration until
yellow colur change into pinkish orange. Note the volume of acid used. This is methyl orange end
point.
OBSERVATION:
1.
2.

Normality of HCl solution = N/10

Indicator used
Phenolphthalein
End point:
Pink Colorless
Indicator used :
Methyl Orange
End point:
Yellow
Pinkish orange.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Phenolphthalein Indicator
S.No Volume of alkalinity sample
in the Titration Flask(ml)
1
2
3

Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final

Volume of N/10HCl Solution

used from burette(ml)

Volume of N/10HCl Solution used from burette (ml) to neutralize10 ml of alkalinity sample =V1ml
For Methyl Orange Indicator
S.No Volume of alkalinity sample
in the Titration Flask(ml)
1
2
3

Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final

Volume of N/10HCl Solution

usedfrom burette(ml)

Volume of N/10HCl Solution used from burette (ml) to neutralize10 ml of alkalinity sample =V2ml
(This is total volume starting with pink colour to colourless and then yellow to pinkish orange)
CALCULATIONS:
Volume of water sample solution taken in titration flask = 10 ml.
Volume of HCl used for Phenolphthalein end point = V1ml
Volume of HCl used for methyl orange end point = V2ml
Equivalents of OH-+ equivalents of CO32- = Equivalent of HCl in V1 of N/10 HCl (1)
Equivalents of OH-+ equivalents of CO32- = Equivalent of HCl in V2 of N/10 HCl (2)
Solving equation (1) & (2)
2Equivalents of CO3 = 2(V2-V1) of N/10 HCl
Equivalents of OH- = (2V2-V1) of N/10 HCl
1) Calculation of alkalinity due to OHStrength of OH- = (2V2-V1)/(10x10) equivalent/L
Strength of OH- in terms of CaCO3 = (2V2-V1)/100 x50x1000 mg/l
=500(2V2-V1) ppm (in terms of CaCO3)
2) Calculation of alkalinity to Na2CO3
Strength of CO3- = 2(V2-V1)/10x10 equivalent/L
=2(V2-V1)/100 x50x1000 mg/l
=1000x (V2-V1) ppm (in terms of CaCO3)
RESULT:

Alkalinity due to NaOH

=
Alkalinity due toNa2 CO3 ion =
Total Alkalinity
=

ppm.
ppm.
ppm

PRECAUTONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

All the solutions should be freshly prepared

In each titration same amount of indicator should be added
There should not be any leakage from burette
While taking reading from burette, eye should be parallel to it.
Before using any solution, shake it properly

10

EXPERIMENT-5
OBJECT: Determine the rate constant of hydrolysis of an ester such as ethyl acetate catalyzed by
an acid.
APPARATUS: Thermostat, conical flasks with cork, burette, pipette, stop watch,
CHEMICALS: Ethyl acetate, 0.5 M HC1, 0.1 M NaOH, phenolphthalein indicator.
THEORY:
The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate gives ethyl alcohol and acetic acid
CH3COOC2 H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
The reaction is catalyzed by dil.Hyhrochloric acid and is a reaction of first order as the
conc. Of water is in large amount and does not change significantly during the reaction.It is
pseudomolecular reaction.
The rate constant is determined by using the following kinetic equation of first order

2.303
a
log
t
ax

Where a = initial conc.

(a-x) = conc. after time t
The values of a, a-x and t are taken from experimentally determined values. In an actual
experimental solution of known conc. Of ethyl acetate and HCl are mixed together and kept on
water bath at room temperature. Known volumes of the rea0ction mixtures are withdrawn at an
interval of 5-10 minutes ,added to chilled water in a conical flask and titrated against standard
NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator.The volume of NaOH used corresponds to the
total acid formed i.e. HCl and acetic acid by the hydrolysis in the reaction mixture. The final
reading is noted after keeping the remaining reaction mixture on water bath for 24 hours or keeping
it in hot water at 50-60oC for an hour.
K = 2.303/t x log V V0 / V - Vt

Where V0 = Vol. of NaOH used at time t = 0

Vt = Vol. of NaOH used after time t
V = Vol. of NaOH used for a sample of the reaction mixture kept on water bath at 50-60 oC for an
hour.
Then a = V V0
a-x = V Vt

11

PROCEDURE: (i) Take 100 ml 0.5 M HCl in a dry 250 ml conical flask cork and keep it on water
bath at room temperature, also take about half test tube of ethyl acetate in conical flask and place it
on the water bath at the same temperature of the water bath.
(ii) Rinse the burette and Fill a burette with 0.1 M NaOH solution, Take 3-4 conical flasks
containing about 250 ml of ice cold water or small pieces of clean ice.
(iii) pipette out 5 ml of the ester and add it to the flask containing 100 ml of 0.5N HCl
acid.
(iv)Shake well and pipette out 10 ml sample of the reaction mixture into a conical flask
containing ice cold water,titrate this against 0.1N NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator
appearance of pink colour is the end point. The volume of NaOH used against the sample at the
start of the reaction and is taken as V0.
(v) Note the time of draining out 10 ml of solution into the flask and if it is 10

sec.then

the mixture should be added to the ice water 5 minutes early than 10 mins.
(vi) pipette out 10 ml of the solution and add it to the flask containing chilled water after 10
mins.Titrate it against 0.1N NaOH this is Vt after 10 mins.

(vii)

Repeat the procedure after every 10 mins.for atleast four readings there should be an
increase of 5 mins for every reading i.e. at intervals of 10, 20, 30 and40 min.

(viii)

Finally remove the flask from water bathand place it on a water bath at 50-60oC for
about an hour.
pipette out 10 ml of the reaction mixture and titrate it against 0.1N NaOH this is V.

OBSERVATION:
Temperature of the water bath = ... C

S.No

Burette Readings
Time in min. Initial Reading FinalReading Vol. of NaOH
used

CALCULATION:

2.303
a
log
t
ax

= 2.303/t x log V V0/ V Vt min-1

When time = 10 minutes

12

= 2.303/10 x log V V0/ V V10 min-1

Calculate the values of K at intervals of time.The mean value of K gives the value of rate
constant,K

RESULT:
The rate constant for acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is ..min-1.

PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Temperature of reaction mixture should be constant throughout the course of the reaction.
(ii)

The reaction must be stopped before carrying out the titration of the sample by adding it to

ice cold water.

13

Experiment-6

OBJECT: Determination of glycine content in a sample of amino acid

CHEMICALS: Formalin solution (40%), Std. (N/10) NaOH solution, Std.Glycine solution,
Unknown Glycine solution, Phenolphthalein indicator.
THEORY:
Amino-acids such as glycine cannot be estimated by directly titrating with standard alkali solution,
due to the opposing effects of the basic and acid groups. (Most of the amino acids form Zwittcr ions
in aqueous solution).
The convenient method for the estimation of amino acids is first to treat the amino-acids
with an excess of neutralized formaldehyde solution and then titration with a strong solution of an
alkali. The overall reactions may be represented as follows

PROCEDURE:
(a ) Preparation of neutral formalin solutionIn a conical flask take 50 ml of 40% formalin
solution and add about 10 drops of phenolphthalein solution To it add very carefully from a burette,
a solution of dilute sodium hydroxide till the solution is just faintly pink.
(b)

Titration of the given glycine solution Take 10 ml. of the given glycine solution in a

conical flask and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution.

Now add sodium hydroxide solution

from the burette drop by drop with continuous shaking, till the solution is just faintly pink. To this
neutralized solution add about 4ml. neutralized formalin solutionthe pink colour of the solution
disappears immediately and the solution becomes markedly acidic. Now note the initial reading of
the burette and titrate the acidic solution with sodium hydroxide solution till pink colour is just
restored.
(c)

Repeat the process till a concordant reading is obtained.

Titration with standard glycine solutionRepeat the above procedure with the standard

glycine solution.

14

OBSERVATION:
(a) Titration with given glycine solution
S.No.

Glycine solution taken

Burette reading
Initial

NaOH solution

Initial

used

1.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

2.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

3.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

10 ml. of given glycine solution = v' ml of NaOH solution

(b)

Titration with standard glycine solution

S.No.

Glycine solution taken

Burette reading
Initial

NaOH solution

Initial

used

1.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

2.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

3.

10.0 ml.

....ml.

10ml. of standard glycine solution = v ml. of NaOH solution.

CALCULATION:
(i)
Strength of the standard glycine solution =
(ii)

A gm/L

Strength of the given glycine solution = Axv/v gm/L

RESULT:
The strength of the given glycine solution = gm/L
PRECAUTIONS:
(i) During the neutralization of formalin and glycine solution, excessive addition of sodium
hydroxide solution should be avoided, as it is not accounted in the calculations.

15

Experiment- 7
OBJECT: Synthesis of benzimidazole and record of its UV spectrum.
CHEMICALS: 0-Phenylenediamine, Formic acid, Sodium hydroxide (10%)
THEORY: 0-Phenylenediamine condenses with formic acid to yield benzimidazole

PROCEDURE: Take 2 gm of 0-phenylenediamine in a round bottom flask and add 1.2 ml of 70%
formic acid. Heat the mixture on a water bath at 1000C for two hours. Cool and add 10% NaOH
solution with constant stirring until the mixture is just alkaline. Filter the product, wash with cold
water and dry at 1000C . Report the yield .
Yield:

gm

UV Spectrum of Benzimidazole.

16

EXPERIMENT- 9
AIM: To determine the neutralization number (acid value) of a given sample of oil.
CHEMICALS:

Oil sample, alcohol, alcoholic KOH (N / 100), phenolphthalein

THEORY: The neutralization number or Acid value of lubricating oil idefined as the number of
milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acid in 1 gm of the oil sample.
Acid value should be less than 0.1 for lubricating oil. Increase in acid value should be taken as an
indicator of oxidation of the oil which may lead to gum and sludge formation besides corrosion. A
known wt. of the oil sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and titrated with a standard alcoholic
solution of KOH to definite end point.
H+ + OH- H2 O

(1)

RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H2 O

(2)

PROCEDURE: Take 3 ml of oil sample in a titration flask and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of
alcohol. Now add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein and titrate against KOH (N/100) solution taken in a
burette. The appearance of pink colour represents the end point .The experiment is repeated 3-4 times
with oil sample for getting concordant readings.
Same procedure is also repeated with the solvent alone as a blank titration.
OBSERVATION :
(i)

Titration of KOH with oil sample

S. No. Vol. of Oil Sample

Initial Reading
(Burette)

Final Reading
(Burette)

Vol. of KOH
Used. (A)

Initial Reading
(Burette)

Final Reading
(Burette)

Vol. of KOH
Used. (B)

1.
2.
3.

(ii) Blank Titration:

S. No. Vol. of Alcohol
1.
2.
3.

17

CALCULATIONS:

Volume of N /100 alcoholic KOH used in titration = (A-B) ml

Acid Value

Volume of KOH used x Normality of KOH x eq. wt. of KOH

= --------------------------------------------------------------------------Weight of sample

RESULT:

(A-B) x 1/100 x 56
-------------------------3

Acid value of the given oil sample is ---------------------------.

18

EXPERIMENT N O:- 10
OBJECT: Detection of functional groups in an organic compound by wet tests
APPARATUS: Test tubes, beaker, Test tube holder
CHEMICALS: Distilled water, Samples with required functional groups
Sodium bicarbonate solution, Neutral Ferric chloride solution, Sulphuric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide,
Phthalic anhydride, Sodium Metal, Na2SO4, Ethanol, Sodium nitroprusside, etc.
Theory: Test for Functional Groups:SL.
Experiment
I
For Carboxylic Acid
2
Take a few drops sample and add 5 ml of cold
NaHCO3 solution. in water
3
To a part of original solution add 5 drops of
ethyl alcohol and conc. H2SO4 and lead
acetate
II
For Phenols
1
To a part of alcoholic solution of original
solution and 2-3 drops of aq. FeCl3 solution.

Observation
Effervescence due to
the evolution of CO2
A fruity smell of ethyl
ester

-COOH

Violet, green, red, blue

colour indicate the
presence of phenolic
OH group

Violet phenol
(O-cresol or Pcresol)
Blue Violet
(Resorcional)
Shows the
presence of
Phenol.

Take part of original solution and add phthalic A green fluorescence

anhydride in a dry test tube, add 0.5 ml of
conc H2SO4 and heat. Pour the content of the
test tube into 50 ml water containing about 1
ml dilute aq. NaOH.

III
1

For Carbohydrate

2
3

IV
1

V
1

Take part of original solution in a dry test

tube and 1-2 drops of conc. H2SO4
Heat part of original solution with 1 ml of
conc. H2SO4
Take 2 ml of aqueous solution of original
sample and add 1 ml of Molischis reagent and
then add carefully 1 ml of conc. H2SO4 from
the side of the test tube.

Inference

A red or crimson
colour
An immediate charring
A reddish violet ring at
the junction of the two
liquid is formed.

-COOH

presence of
carbohydrate
presence of
carbohydrate
presence of
carbohydrate

For Ketones
Take 2 ml of aqueous or alcoholic solution of
original solution, and add 0.5 ml of Sodium
nitroprusside and 2-3 drops of aq. NaOH
Take 1 ml alcoholic solution of original
solution and add 1 ml of 2;4-dinitro phenyl
hydrazine solution, boil and cool

A yellow or red colour

presence of a
Ketone

A yellow orange or red

precipitate

presence of a
Ketone

A red precipitate of
Cu 2O is obtained

presence of
and aldehyde

For Aldehyde
Take 1 ml of a mixture of equal amounts of
Fehling solution A & B, and add a few drops
of original solution and heat on a water bath

19

for 5 minutes.
Take 1 ml of Tollens reagent and a few drops A silver mirror is
of original solution and heat on a water bath
obtained due to
for 5-10 minutes.
deposition of metallic
silver on the side of the
test tube.

presence of an
aldehyde.

RESULT:
1. Sample-1 contains-------------2. Sample-2 contains-------------3. Sample-3 contains-------------4. Sample-4 contains-------------5. Sample-5 contains--------------

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the test tubes should be cleaned properly
2. All the reagents should be freshly prepared
3. Test tubes should be hold away from the face

20