SPE 104429

A New Methodology on Reservoir Modeling in the Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Rock of

Tahe Oilfield1
Xueli Liu, Jian Yang, Zongyu Li, and Yang WangSinopec Northwest Co.

Copyright 2006, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2006 SPE International Oil & Gas Conference
and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 57 December 2006.
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Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.

Abstract
Tahe, one of the largest scale oilfields which are discovered in
western China recently, in which Ordovician carbonate as the
main storage, characterized with deeply embedding and
various storage type, mainly are cavities and fractures. It is
difficult to describe as its serious heterogeneity and there is
rare technical reference regarding the reservoir modeling
methodology.
Commonly, the geology modeling is based on well logging
and seismic data, and the stochastic method is reasonable
applied. However, Tahe oilfield has very limited seismic data
and poor well logging interpretations, especially for the
fracture-cavern section. Furthermore, as it is controlled by
paleukarst, the stochastic geological method, which is widely
used in the ordinary sedimentary, is unacceptable to Tahe. The
volumetric reserves calculation, which is suitable to sandstone
but is not applicable to the fracture-cavity reservoir either, as it
can not be proved in the severe anisotropy fracture-cavity
carbonate formation. Furthermore, the concept of porosity and
saturation is less meaningful in this kind of reserves. As a
result, there is no applicable modeling method to describe the
geological characters of the Tahe carbonate reservoir.
A new methodology which is characterized by the fracturecavity volume is presented in this paper. Accordingly, a new
reservoir modeling and a new reserve calculation is built up.
Mainly from geology, combined with static and dynamic data,
a quantified 3-D reservoir model of Ordovician reservoir is
formed, and this modeling methodology is proved practically
by the results of history match from the streamline numerical
simulation. The result will technically support the exploitation
of Tahe oilfield.

1 This work was funded by Project of the National Grand

Fundamental Research 973 Program of China (No.2006CB202403).

Introduction
Most reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield are Carbonate rocks, which is
controlled by karst, and with low matrix porosity and without
oil storage capability. As the main storage space and seepage
path, fracture-cavity and redeposit erosive cavities are well
developed. Erosive vuggy, solution cavity and fracture are
combined together in different modes, which form three main
reservoir types: fracture, fracture-vuggy and fracture-solution
cavity [1-4]. In field, this kind reservoir is generally divided into
two types, type I, which includes fracture-vuggy and fracturecavity, while type II is mainly composed of fracture with
undeveloped karsts. Strong anisotropy results in more
difficulty in describing carbonate reservoir [5].
Previous reservoir modeling was based on logging data and
seismic data, applied the stochastic method. However, the
Tahe oilfield is deeply buried, which results in the limitation
of seismic data interpretation and inaccurate log data judgment
for fracture-cavity payzone. On the other hand, it is so
unacceptable that the Tahe oil field, which sedimentary is
controlled by paleo-karst, is modeled by the stochastic
geological method that is used to apply for the sedimentary
faces. Therefore, geological reservoir model of Tahe oilfield
based on the present data and method could not reflect the
actual situation of the reservoir [6-9].
In addition, the reserve was calculated by volumetric method
as the following steps: first, determine the oil and gas
containing area on T70 structural which drawing of seismic
reflecting layer, then determine an oil basis for calculation,
calculate the effective thickness of the oil layers above the oil
basis, calculate the effective porosity by effective thickness
average weight, and achieve the average oil saturation of pores
with the effective volume weight. Fracture oil saturation was
achieved by referring to the value adopted by other foreign
oilfields, and the ground crude oil density was achieved by
averaging of actual analytical materials. This method did not
take the anisotropy of the formation into consideration, and
more importantly, the difference between the recoverable
reserve of formation type I and II could not be presented while
combining the reserve in the fracture-cavity of formation type
I and II for calculation, so that the distribution of the reserve
could not be reflected at all.
There is rare report about the modeling method of the fracturecavity reservoir [10-13]. This paper focuses on geology, based on
the research achievements of our predecessors, describes the
geometric form of storage body in 3D space based on the
analysis of reservoir characteristics and by the method of

SPE 104429

quantitative drawings and combination of static and dynamic

state, presents the developing and distributing laws of storage
body, establishes quantitative reservoir model by applying
deterministic modeling technique, and then conducts the
simulation research by applying streamline numerical
simulation technique.
Characterization Methodology for the fracture-cavity
carbonates rock
Continuous characteristic scale
Make well S86 as an example. The average permeability of
matrix rock from experiment is 0.1310-3m2, which is
belonging to the category of extremely low value. The average
permeability summarized by logging interpretation result is
0.410-3m2. The average permeability of the formation
analyzed by the method of complete diameter core is 7.53103
m2. The permeability of stratum achieved by unstable well
test interpretation is 116710-3m2.
From mentioned above, the bigger core scale is measured, the
bigger numerical value of permeability is achieved. The
permeability of core analysis obviously does not reflect the
actual situation of the reservoir. The result of logging
interpretation does not reflect the actual situation of the
reservoir either, in that the logging interpretation is calibrated
according to the result of core analysis. Permeability gained
from on-the-spot survey for small-scale core cannot represent
the permeability of reservoir, while the well testing for the
interpretation result of large-scale core can instead.
The core is easy to be broken in the sections with relatively
developed fracture-cavity, so that the qualified rock samples
cannot be achieved here. Qualified core samples can only be
achieved in the wells where fracture-cavity are not well
developed, in which case it does not present effective reservoir
characteristics. However, oilfield exploitation is focusing on
large-scale reservoirs, so it is not helpful at all to study the
macroscopic behavior of mediums in a small scale. Only the
research based on continuous medium can achieve instructive
conclusions for oilfield exploitation.
As far as cavity type reservoir, if the density of the cavity is nh
pieces/m, the representative scale of block is:

Lc =

100
nh

Fig.1 shows that the relational curve between the core

characteristic scale and the density of cavity [14].
As it is indicated by the curve in Fig. 1, one-meter-long core is
required in case of 100 cavities in every one-meter distance to
measure the parameter of representative reservoir
characteristic; 100-meter-long core is required in case of 1
cavity in every one-meter distance to measure the parameter of
representative reservoir characteristic.
For Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate rock, it is obvious
that the continuous characteristic scale of the reservoir is as
much as several dozens of meters and even several hundred
meters, whereas it is unpractical to get such a long core and
carry out measurement of the characteristic parameter in the
lab. Therefore, small-scale conception and research method is
not applicable to Tahe Oilfield, a special medium provided
with large cavity and factures.

Presentation of fracture-cavity volume

In the fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir in Tahe Oilfield, the
continuous characteristic scale of the reservoir varies from
several dozens meters to several hundred meters, so it is can
not be represented by the small-scale porosity.
Pore volume can be adopted directly to measure the reservoir
characteristic of the cavity in special large-scale fracturecavity carbonate reservoir, indicated by Vrp. The volume of
the fracture-cavity in the unfilled cavity is:

Vrp = Ah
Where in the above, A refers to the area of the cavity, and h
the height of the cavity.
Thus the fracture-cavity volume in the reservoir in unfilled
cavity is:

Vrp = AhRV
Where, RV refers to the ratio between pore volumes. RV is
represented as follows:

RV =

Vrp
Vt

RV refers to the ratio between the unfilled fracture-cavitys

volume and the fracture-cavitys volume in the cavity. In
general cases, fracture-cavity volume ratio is less than 1. RV is
1 in empty cavity.
Evaluation of fracture-cavity volume ratio in the
cavity
Cavity reservoir is divided into three types, namely, unfilled,
semi-filled and completely filled, of which RV (the fracturecavitys volume ratio) of unfilled cavity can be calculated
according to the thickness of emptying section; Cavity
reservoir corresponds to lower drilling time, more sound wave
time difference, higher neutron and lower density, and the
drilling curve and higher fracture-cavity section correspond
especially well, There is some relationship between natural
gamma, neutron and density, so we can calculate RV of semifilled cavity.
Selection of key wells
Key wells are selected by the following principle: drilling
record and core observation shall correspond to the
experimental analysis of the core in lab; key wells shall
include all the reservoir types in this specific zone; and static
and dynamic materials for key wells are relatively complete.
Ten cavity sections for key wells are selected based on this
principle.
Selection of evaluating parameters:
Based on the actual situation in the research area and combing
with the results of differential analysis and actual experiences,
three drilling and testing parameters, including drilling time,
natural gamma and sound wave time difference are selected as
the parameters to evaluate RV. Refer to Tab. 1 for details.
Using method of multi-parameter regression, relative
relationship between RV and drilling data, natural gamma and
sound wave time difference is compared respectively,
achieving multi-parameter regression relationship formula
between RV and drilling parameters:
RV=0.47770568-0.0200529DT+0.0007344GR-0.0001191AC

SPE 104429

Relative coefficient is 1.0874 and marked level 0.001,

indicating that the established regression formula can be used
to calculate RV for semi-filled cavity of Tahe oilfield.
Calculation method of reserves
While calculating sandstone reserves, porosity and oil
saturation are two parameters with great significance. Oil
saturation is less than 1. While the oil saturation should be
regarded as one in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir of Tahe
Oilfield, due to zero capillary force applied for the large size
fracture-cavity reserve space, bound water saturation or
residual oil saturation and the balance between oil and water is
affected by gravity only.
Previous reserve calculation formula is as follows:

N = A h (1 S

wc

os

/ B oi

In consideration of the knowledge about above fracture-cavity

carbonate reservoir, the reserve calculation formula for
reserves of fracture-cavity type reservoir in Tahe Oilfield is
simplified to:
N = V rp o s / B o i = A h R V o s / B o i
Where in the above, A refers to area of fracture-cavity zone, h
refers to thickness of fracture-cavity zone, refers to density of
crude oil, B refers to volume coefficient, and RV refers to the
volume ratio of fracture-cavity.
Modeling for fracture-cavity carbonate rock
The main body of Ordovician reservoir in Tahe Oilfield is
located in residual hillock zone on karst slope. The northeast
part of zone eighth in Tahe Oilfield is located in the southeast
part of cavity slope residual hillock, whose fracture-cavity is
well developed as well, in which case the research zone is
selected.
Technical routine for fracture-cavity modeling
Refer to Fig. 2 for the technical routine for fracture-cavity
reservoir modeling, which focuses on geology, adopts
reservoir management as theory, applies carbonate reservoir
development and distribution as the main tread, adopts the
technology with combination of static and dynamic research,
follows the process of single well geological model profile
geological model 3D geological model, and introduces
determinacy modeling technology to establish 3D geological
model.
Research on single-well geological model
Focusing on logging materials, combining with drilling,
logging, testing, core sampling analyzing and production
performances, dividing the thickness of various formations,
establishing single-well static geological model, of which,
quantification of fracture-cavity and fracture is the emphasis
and difficult point for establishing single-well geological
model.
Calculation for fracture porosity
Fracture porosity refers to the porosity value achieved by
logging interpretation. Double-lateral logging is usually
applied to calculate the porosity of fracture (f):
f=(8.52253/ Rs-8.242778/ Rd+0.00071236) Rmf100 (Rd
> Rs)
f=(1.99247/ Rd-0.992719/ Rs+0.000318291) Rmf100 (Rd
< Rs)
Where,

f - fracture porosity
Rd - deep lateral logging response;
RS - shallow lateral logging response.
Calibration for RV of cavity
Judging from the multi-parameter regression formula between
pore volume ratios and drilling and testing parameters of semifilled karst section in key wells, the RV of karst section well
matches the drilling time, natural gamma and sound wave time
difference. The RV between each semi-filled karst in the
research zone is calculated by applying this regression
formula, with the result indicated in Tab. 2.
Geological model of profiles
Based on single-well geological model, conduct united-well
profile comparation by referring to the seismic reflecting
features, vibration amplitude change rate, impedance and
dynamic production performances between wells, and
characterized the distribution change rules for all kinds of
reservoirs on profiles, then established profile geological
models.
3D reservoir model
Based on single-well geological model and profile geological
model, focused on special reflection and vibration amplitude
change rate section, integrated seismic logging united reserve
development and other materials, described the distribution
rules of fracture-cavity reservoir, and established fracturecavity reservoir distribution model according to the
distribution rules of the three fracture-cavity zones.
Based on the characteristic of Tahe Oilfield, there was strong
anisotropy in fracture-cavity carbonate rock, applied
deterministic modeling technology, and established 3D static
geological model. The reservoir can be divided into three units
in vertical direction.
(1) Surface karst zone is located 30 meters below the
paleokarst unconformity surface. It belongs to secondary oil
and gas section due to worse penetrability and being filled
with silt substances. Refer to Fig. 3 for details.
(2) First-layer fracture-cavity zone is located 50 to 100 meters
below the surface karst zone. It belongs to main reservoir layer
due to development of fracture-cavity and good penetrability.
Refer to Fig. 4 for details.
3) The scope of 50 meters below the first-layer zone belongs
to main reservoir layers as well due to less area of karst
development compared with first-layer fracture-cavity zone,
less thickness and extremely good penetrability. Refer to Fig.
5 for details.
Integrating all kinds of information, including drilling,
geology, seismic, logging, testing and analytical experiment, a
3D quantification geological model for fracture-cavity type
carbonate formation is established, which will be calibrated by
dynamic data in following section.
Simulation of fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir
The choice of numerical simulation method
In order to indicate the heterogeneity of fracture-cavity
reservoir, about hundreds of thousands or more grid nodes of
the geologic model will be established. The definite difference
method is sensitive to the size of grids and their direction, so
the simulation by using definite difference method is
controlled mainly by the non-linear time step and numerical
dispersion will occur, while by using the streamline simulation

method, the fluid flows along the direction of pressure

gradient. Thus the solution achieved by streamline method
will be stable and lightly related with the size of grids, which
is more similar to the actual flowing situation of reservoir
fluid [15-18].
Moreover, the streamline analysis method can show the
dynamic of flow with better effect, including showing the
shape of streamline, the zones and square which supply oil,
the factors that affect the production and injection, etc. The
adaptability of streamline simulation method is better than any
other methods, providing with faster speed and more
allowable nodes. Also it can be used to simulate the reservoir
with a strong heterogeneity and high flowing speed and screen
the geological model [19-22].
Grid system of the model
The grids used to simulate the reservoir were adopted
according to the 18 wells with commercial value and the
corner-point grid system was adopted, the simulation zones
were separated into 14 layers, accounting for 15313914=
297738 grids used in this study accumulatively. Refer to Fig. 6
for details.
Fluid properties and PVT
The oil density of the reservoirs is 945.9kg/m3, the oil
viscosity is 220.40 mPas at (50), bubble point pressure is
15.59MPa. Refer to Tab. 3 for the PVT parameters.
Relative permeability and Oil/Water contact
Relative permeability curve
As for fracture-cavity reservoirs, there is no connate water
saturation and residual oil saturation, so the relative
permeability curve is taken as two crossed lines while
matching the history in the fracture-cavity reservoirs.
Due to strong heterogeneity of Ordovician reservoirs, the oilwater contact is not in the same depth. According to the
statistics data of the oil-water contact of the producing wells in
Tahe Oilfield, the depth of oil-water contact in the Ordovician
reservoir in the Tahe Oilfield is lowered in the direction of
NE-SW. The change of the oil-water contact puts the
simulation in this reservoir into more difficulty. According to
the in-situ status in the research zone, the reservoir is
separated into 4 oil-water contacts when initiating the oilwater contact. Refer to Tab. 4for details.
History matching
Based on the reservoir geological model, the history match
was carried out. Compared with the other sections in Tahe
Oilfield, the research zone had a short production time and no
pressure data, so the oil production rate was chosen as the
control condition while matching production history. The
history matching of the whole section is shown in Fig.7. The
matching results were similar to the real data.
The relationship between the distribution of streamlines by
simulation and oil zones with fracture and cavity was shown
by Fig. 8, which indicates that the streamlines are scattered
around the oil zones with fracture and cavity. The more
streamlines, the higher production rate; while less streamlines,
lower production rate. This phenomenon indicates the strong
heterogeneity of formation and complexity of fluid flow.
The results of history matching achieved by the numerical
simulation indicate that the geological model built by the
reservoir description method can represent the characteristics
of the real reservoir. Streamline method can be used to

SPE 104429

simulate the carbonate reservoirs with strong heterogeneity

and high flowing rate.
Conclusions
The following conclusions were achieved by this study:
Aimed at the characteristics of the Ordovician carbonate
reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield, the concept of porosity and
saturation are less meaningful in this kind reservoir; a new
methodology characterized by the fracture-cavity volume is
presented in this paper. Accordingly, a new reservoir
modeling and a new reserve calculation are presented.
Taken one section of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe
Oilfield as an example, the deterministic modeling and
simulation were carried out. The results showed that reservoir
model can represent the characteristics of the real reservoir.
Fracture-cavity reservoirs are the main reservoirs in the
Ordovician carbonate rock in Tahe Oilfield. The main drive
force is from water and the capillary force can be ignored. It is
reasonable to simulate the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in
Tahe Oilfield by using streamline method.
The integrated research method offers an effective tool to
understand Ordovician reservoirs and to optimize the
development of Ordovician carbonate reservoir, to adjust the
oilfield development plan and to improve the ultimate oil
recovery.
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by Project of the National Grand
Fundamental
Research
973
Program
of
China
(No.2006CB202400). The authors would like to thank Jiao
Fangzheng (President of Northwest Branch Company,
Sinopec) and Zhai XiaoXian (Vice-President of Northwest
Branch Company, Sinopec) for their help, involvement and
enthusiasm during this study. The authors would like to thank
all staff of Northwest Branch Company for their help also.
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SPE 104429

Table1. Key Wells and Evaluating Parameters

Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Cavity section
5526.20-5534.05
5681.57-5687.57
5450.60-5459.50
5496.12-5501.92
5493.95-5498.57
5731.5-5733.21
5680.60-5683.98
5372-5377
5484.94-5490.70
5504.05-5510.31

Drilling time
24.50
6.51
4.20
1.98
18.21
2.36
7.92
8.16
9.61
11.58

GR
26.22
8.12
35.10
81.93
19.36
10.32
12.556
9.5308
8.93
74.59

AC
51.58
47.99
82.33
96.48
74.27
48.53
79.994
57.089
48.65
875.47

RV
0.018
0.35
0.37
0.5
0.08
0.44
0.333
0.374
0.319
0.198

Tab. 2 Fracture-cavity Volume of Fracture-cavity Section in Research Zone

well
T701
T702B
TK741
TK742
T801
T806
T807
T808
T811
T813
T815

layer
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

section
5660.5-5674.0
5688.5-5692.5
5554.6-5567.5
5650-5657.6
5636-5644.5
5566-5597.5
5577.3-5587.5
5618-5640.8
5661-5681
5696.98-5746
5690-5707.8
5735-5796.
5607.0-5618.0
5686-5774
5545-5565
5625-5670
5654-5674

thickness
13.5
4
12.9
7.6
8.5
31.5
10.2
21.2
20
49
17.8
61
11
88
20
45
20

RV
0.29
0.58
0.27
0.49
0.191
0.053
0.78
0.72
0.46
0.75
0.2196
0.60
0.023
0.60
0.023
0.29
0.54

Tab. 3 PVT parameters

Rs(m3 /m3)

59.77

Pbub(Mpa)
59.10
32.96

Bo(rm3/sm3)
1.1149
1.1449

u(mPa.s)
20.64
19.159

19.14
15.59

1.1577
1.1679

17.958
16.616

Tab. 4 Pressure and Oil-Water Contact of Different Sections

Section

Depth (m)
Pressure(Mpa)
OWC (m)

5,500
58.5
5,560

5,550
59
5,630

5,600
59.5
5,680

5,700
60.5
5,750

10.0

Lc(m)

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0

20

40
60
n h (/m)

80

100

Fig. 1 Relational Curve between the Core Characteristic Scale and the Density of Cavity

SPE 104429

FMI data

Logging data

Core data

Drilling data

Drilling, logging
and core
observation

Seismic profile

Seismic data

Vibration
amplitude change
rate
Coherency body
analysis

Single-well
geological model
mainly based on
geology

Production data
Dynamic test
Test data

Jason inversion
Geological
profile model
Quantitative
drafting

3D geological
model

Determinate
modeling

Streamline
numerical
i l i

Fig. 2 The technical routine for fracture-cavity reservoir modeling

Fig. 3 Reservoir Zone for Surface Karst

SPE 104429

Fig. 4 First-layer Erosive Fracture-cavity Zone

Fig. 5 Second-layer Erosive Fracture-cavity Zone

Fig. 6 3D Simulating Grids of Subject Reservoir

SPE 104429

Fig.7 Result of History Matching of the Whole Zone

Fig. 8 Relationship of Fracture-cavity Formation and Streamline Distribution