Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 1

Colloquial
Spanish of
Latin America
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Colloquial
Spanish of
Latin
America
Roberto Rodrfguez-Saona
Senior Lecturer in Spanish,
Trinity and All Saints,
College of the University of Leeds
COLLOQUIAL CD-ROMs
Multimedia Language Courses
Available in: Chinese, French, Portuguese and Spanish
~~ ~~~1!!~~~p
LONDON AND NEW YORK
To Hazel, Emma and David

First pub Iished 1994
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX 14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1998 (twice), 1999,2000
Second edition first published 2002
Reprinted 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business
J994, 2002 Roberto Rodriguez-Saona

Typeset in Times Ten by Florence Production, Stood leigh, Devon
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
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British Librmy Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
JSBNI3 : 978-0-415-23786-4 (book)
ISBN 13 : 978-0-415-30049-0 (CDs)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-42694-7 (book and CD course)
Contents
Introduction
1 Saludos
Greetings
2 Salgo a las seis

I leave at six
16
3 Reserva en el hotel
Reserving a hotel room
27
4 lD6nde esta7
Where is it?
38
5 El clima y los viajes

Weather and travel
52
6 De compras
Shopping
64
7 l Que estas haciendo 7

What are you doing?
76
8 l Que ten go que hacer7

What do I have to do?
89
9 He perdido ...
I have lost .. .
102
10 l Que vamos a hacer hoy7

What are we going to do today?
113
viii
11 Se dice que ...

It is said that . . .
125
12 l.Oue hiciste?
What did you do?
Introduction
136
13 Iran al mercado
They will go to the market
145
14 Yo estudiaba ...
I used to study ...
154
15 Espero que puedas

I hope you can
163
16 Me gustaria ...
I would like ...
174
17 Si yo tuviera ...
If I had ...
183
18 Si hubieras enviado ...

If you had sent . ..
195
19 Ha sido ...
It has been ...
205
20 Rep a so
Review
Grammar summary
Key to exercises
Dialogue translations
Spanish-English glossary
English-Spanish glossary
Index of language points
215
226
245
276
285
317
327
Spanish in Latin America developed independently of, but at the

same time in parallel to, that in Spain. There are lexical and some
grammatical differences between the two main varieties of the
language, but they share the same basic structure. Within Latin
America regional accents have developed due to a number of
factors, which include the influence of the language of Southern Spain
and the Canaries, the language of the indigenous people of Latin
America, African languages brought by the slaves and in recent times,
American English. However, by acquiring the basic functions,
notions, grammar and vocabulary of Spanish the learner should be
able to communicate effectively in situations likely to be encountered
as a visitor to one of the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America.
The aim of this book is to help you achieve this level of fluency.
This book is intended for learners with little or no knowledge of
Spanish. The language in the book includes the kind of Spanish
used in everyday life by native speakers in Latin America, especially in oral communication. In some Language Points sections an
explanation is given regarding the use of an alternative form in
Peninsular Spanish, i.e. that used in Spain. In the glossary at the
back of the book you will find additional words with different uses
in Latin America and in Spain.
In each chapter - with the exception of the last one, which is a
revision chapter - the language presented to the learner is focused
on some specific functions, notions and grammar points. These concepts are explained in the Language Points section which usually
appears after a dialogue. At the beginning of each chapter you will
find a list of the main objectives expected to be achieved by the
learner. The book deals with a number of situations in which you
are likely to use Spanish, e.g. using the phone, booking a hotel
room, eating in a restaurant, routine at work, etc. There are also
a number of functions that will be learned in each chapter, e.g.
greeting people, apologizing, telling the time, expressing likes and

dislikes, describing objects, and others.
The Language points are illustrated in examples that follow each
explanation. It is essential to read these examples carefully before
proceeding to the exercises. It is advisable that you write all answers
to the exercises in a notebook to keep a systematic record of your
progress.
There is a variety of exercises; some require completion of a
sentence with a word, others involve rewriting sentences in different
words, changing the word order or matching questions with
answers, etc. With the exception of open exercises, i.e. those in
which there is more than one possible answer, you will find answers
to the exercises at the end of the book. It is advisable to consult
these answers only after you have provided your own.
The glossary at the end of the book lists, in alphabetical order, all
the vocabulary introduced throughout the chapters. In some cases it
provides a comparison between current terminology in Latin
America which is different from that used in everyday Peninsular
Spanish.
The Grammar section at the end of the book gives a brief description of the main points of the Spanish language. It is not intended to
be a comprehensive grammar but a quick, essential reference section.
The recorded material for this book is optional, but you are
advised to have access to it in order to improve your listening and
understanding skills.
The author would like to thank Katia Valdeos Ardiles, Carolina
Alegre Bellasai, Lena Gazey, Juliet Wood, Penny Levene and
Genista Horsley for their help in the preparation of this book.
Pronunciation
The following section on pronunciation is intended as a guide,
comparing the sounds of Spanish to the closest equivalent in
English. You would also find it useful to listen to the recorded
material which accompanies this book.
Vowels
Vowels in Spanish are clearer than in English, and all are considered of the same quality, that is, they are pronounced whether they
are stressed or unstressed. There are five vowels in Spanish:
a
e
0
similar to the a in 'father', but shorter

similar to the first e in 'elephant'
similar to the i in 'clean', but shorter
similar to the o in 'cot', but shorter
similar to the oo in 'boot'
casa
elegir
mirar
moto
cuna
Consonants
similar to the English b but Jess explosive
preceding e or i it is pronounced like the
sin 'simple'
preceding a, o or u, it is pronounced like
the c in 'cat'
like
the chin 'chair'
ch
in
initial
position it is pronounced like
d
the English d but not aspirated. The tip
of the tongue is placed lower than in the
production of the English d. When it is
not in initial position it is practically
imperceptible to English speakers
f like the English f
g preceding a, o, u, like the gin 'god'
preceding e or i, like the h in 'hen'
h silent
like the h in 'hen'
j
k like the English k .
I like the I in 'live'
u like the y in 'young', but a bit stronger;
in Argentina and Uruguay it is
pronounced like the s in the English
word 'vision'
m like the English m, but with the lips not
firmly closed when it is not in initial
position
n like the English n
ii like then in 'onion'
p like the English p but not aspirated
q like the unaspirated English k; found
only in the groups que and qui in a word
r more rolled than in English; in initial
position it is trilled twice
between vowels it is rolled once
b
c
baiio, ambos
ceder, hacer
carga,coro
chico, rancho
dar, cada
feria, garrafa
ganar, gol
general, agil
hacer, ahora
jefe, caja
kilo, kaiser
libro, papel
IJamar, pollo
mar, America
nada,pena
caiia, nino
papa, tapa
quince, porque
rosa, ramo
coro, pero
4 -----------------------------------------rr
s
t
w
x
y
z
strongly trilled
like the s in 'sample'
less aspirated than in English; the tip
of the tongue is placed against the back
of the upper front teeth
the same as the sound b described above
like the English w; only found in a
few words of foreign origin
softer than the English x
the same as the sound II described above
the same as the sound s described above
carro, perro
santa, suero
tomar, gato
1 Saludos
Greetings
vaca,cueva
whisky, Walter
exito, sexto
mayo, yo
zona, zapato
By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
Use some greetings

Use numbers up to 100
Make simple enquiries
Use personal pronouns (1, you, etc.)
Use some verbs in the present tense indicative
(e.g. I live in Mexico)
Dialogue 1
En Ia agencia de viajes
Miguel is trying to find out the travel agent's fax number over the
phone. He talks to a member of the staff called Cecilia
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
MrGUEL:
Al6, buenos dias. Agencia de Viajes El Sol.

Buenos dias, senorita. l,Tienen fax?
Si, senor.
l,Que numero es?
Es el dos, noventa y dos, treinta y cinco, setenta y seis,
noventa y ocho (292-357698).
l. Y pagina Web?
Si, claro. el sol, punto, com (elsol.com)
Gracias.
De nada.
Hello, good morning. El Sol Travel Agent.
Good morning. Do you have a fax?
Yes, sir.
What's the number, please?
6 ---------------------------------------- ----CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
MIGUEL:
CECILIA:
It's 292-357698.
What about a Web page?
Yes, of course. elsol.com
Thank you.
That's all right.
Language points
Numeros de telefono
When reading aloud telephone or fax numbers it is usual in Spanish
to say them in pairs: e.g. 356791, treinta y cinco, sesenta y siete,
noventa y uno; 031-705466, cero, treinta y uno, setenta, cincuenta y
cuatro, sesenta y seis.
Correa electr6nico
Two words are key to understand and/or provide e-mail addresses
in Spanish:
arroba =@ punto =.(a dot)
For example, alberto@portal.com is read out: alberto, arroba,
portal, punto, com.
Por favor
The use of por favor 'please' in requests is not as common in
Spanish as it is in English.
De nada/No hay de que

When somebody thanks you, apart from the usual response De
nada, you can use the expression No hay de que, although it sounds
slightly more formal. Both mean 'You're welcome'.
Numeros
As in English, a number precedes the noun it refers to:
two tickets
dos boletos
ten students
diez alumnos
---------------------------------------- ----- 7
Uno becomes un before a masculine noun and una before a feminine noun (see Chapter 3 for information on masculine and feminine nouns):
one dictionary
un diccionario
one lesson
una lecci6n
11 once
1 uno
doce
12
2 dos
trece
13
tres
3
14 catorce
4 cuatro
15 quince
5 cinco
16 dieciseis
6 seis
17 diecisiete
7 siete
18 dieciocho
8 ocho
19 diecinueve
9 nueve
20 veinte
10 diez
jMas numeros!
Note: in Spanish, an exclamation mark is used at the beginning as
well as at the end of a sentence. The same rule applies to question
marks.
60 sesenta
21 veintiuno
63 sesenta y tres
22 veintidos
setenta
70
25 veinticinco
setenta y siete
77
treinta
30
80 ochenta
36 treinta y seis
88 ochenta y ocho
40 cuarenta
90 noventa
49 cuarenta y nueve
91 noventa y uno
50 cincuenta
100 cien
52 cincuenta y dos
Note: Numbers ending in -uno, such as veintiuno, setenta y uno,
become ventioo, setenta y un before a masculine noun. Examples:
veintioo estudiantes, setenta y un afios.
Exercise 1
Arrange these numbers in order of value and write next to the word
or phrase the corresponding figure.
(a) cien
(b) noventa y tres
(c) uno
(g) quince
(h) doce
(i) noventa y cuatro
8 -----------------------------------------G) siete
(k) sesenta y dos
(1) setenta y nueve
(d) treinta y cuatro
(e) trece
(f) veintisiete
Exercise2
I:Jl
Write the Spanish word for the answer to these operations.

(a) 16+9=
(b) 17x4=
(c) 91-15 =
(d) 39+3=
These are the dates of birth of some people. How old were they
on 1st January 2001? Write the Spanish words for the answers.
(Note: aiios =years.)
_ _ _ aiios
Carlos
27/07/1981
_ _ _ aiios
Luisa
19/03/1978
_ _ _ aiios
Milagros
02/12/1946
_ _ _ aiios
Carolina
25/05/1974
_ _ _ aiios
Esteban
28/07/1903
In Latin America the most common way of saying goodbye is chao

or chan, while in Spain it is adios.
Exercise 4
Write in your notebook what you would say to greet somebody in

Spanish at these times:
(d) 10.00 p.m.
(e) 11.30 p.m.
(a) 10.00 a.m.

(b) 2.00 p.m.
(c) 6.00 a.m.
Language points
The infinitive
The infinitive is the form of a verb given in a dictionary. It is also the
form that you will find in the glossary at the back of this book.
According to the ending of the infinitive there are three types of
verbs in Spanish:
Language points
Sa/udos l:!l
These are the phrases most frequently used to greet somebody:
Hello
Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening; Good night
During the evening/night Buenas noches is used to say 'Hello' or

'Goodbye'.
Sometimes in informal spoken language to greet somebody, Buenas
replaces the phrases Buenos dias, Buenas tardes, Buenas noches.
verbs ending in -ar

verbs ending in -er
verbs ending in -ir
Saying goodbye
Goodbye (informal)
Goodbye (more formal)
also called verbs of the first conjugation

also called verbs of the second conjugation
also called verbs of the third conjugation
Examples:
-ar
comprar
trabajar
estudiar
to buy
to work
to study
-er
comer
vender
comprender
to eat
to sell
to understand
-ir
vivir
escribir
subir
to live
to write
to go up
Despedidas
Chao/Chan
Adios
See you later (slightly formal)

See you (informal)
Hasta luego
Nos vemos
(e) 27+17=
Exercise 3
Hola
Buenos dias
Buenas tardes
Buenas noches
------------------------------------------ 9
11
10 ------------------------------------------
The present tense indicative

The present tense indicative is used with actions which are habitual
or timeless.
I always go by train.
Teresa does not work on
Saturdays.
timeless
Mi gato come mucho queso. My cat eats a lot of cheese.
Martha es peruana.
Martha is Peruvian.
Subject pronouns
Usually, it is not necessary to use the words for '1', 'you', 'he', etc. to
indicate who performs the action. For example, tengo means 'I
have'. You do not need to include yo 'I'.
Pronouns may be used to emphasize the subject of a verb or to
avoid ambiguity. For example:
Yo trabajo en Lima,
Maria no.
I work in Lima, Maria doesn't.
There are two ways of addressing a second person in Spanish.

To for friends, relations, people of the same age group as you, your
classmates. Usted for people you do not know, somebody you have
just met, somebody much older than you, your superior. Usted
is abbreviated as Ud. In the plural ustedes, abbreviated as Uds., is
used for both formal and informal situations. (In Spain the abbreviated forms are written V d. and V ds.)
yo
to
us ted
ei
ella
I
you (informal)
you (formal)
he
she
You (pl.) work in Guatemala.
;,Habeis visto a Juan? (Spain) Have you seen Juan?

;,Han visto a Juan? (Latin America)
Examples:
habitual
Siempre voy en tren.
Teresa no trabaja los
sabados.
Vosotros trabajms en
Guatemala. (Spain)
Ustedes trabajan en
Guatemala. (Latin America)
nosotros
ustedes
ellos
ellas
we
you (formal and informal)
they (masculine)
they (feminine)
Unlike Peninsular Spanish, Latin American Spanish does not use

the vosotros form of a verb for the informal second person plural.
Compare these sentences:
What time do you leave?

;,A que bora os vais? (Spain)
;,A que bora se van? (Latin America)
Regular verbs
Most Spanish verbs are regular. They follow a certain pattern or
rule when changing their endings, depending on which person
performs the action. Here are three examples of regular verbs:
trabajar, comer and escribir.
trabajo
trabajas
trabaja
I work
you work (informal)
you work (formal); he/she works
trabajamos
trabajan
trabajan
we work
you work (formal and informal)
they work
como
comes
come
I eat
you eat (informal)
you eat (formal); he/she eats
comemos
co men
co men
we eat
you eat (formal and informal)
they eat
escribo
escribes
escribe
I write
you write (informal)
you write (formal); he/she writes
escribimos
escriben
escriben
we write
you write (formal and informal)
they write
Irregular verbs
Some verbs do not follow the pattern or rule of regular verbs. For
that reason they are called irregular. Here is one example: tener.
12
13
ten go
tienes
tiene
I have
you have (informal)
you have (formal); he/she/it has
tenemos
tienen
tienen
we have
you have
they have
Complete the sentences with the correct form oftener.

1
2
3
4
5
See Chapter 2 for more irregular verbs.
Forming questions
Both regular and irregular verbs form questions by adding question
marks to affirmative and negative statements. When speaking you
sound as if you are asking a question. Unlike English, you do not
need an auxiliary word like 'do'.
Trabajan mucho.
zTrabajan mucho?
They work hard.

Do they work hard?
No tienes tiempo.
zNo tienes tiempo?
You don't have time.

Don't you have time?
As in English, questions can begin with a question word (who, what,

etc.) as shown below:
que (what)
zQue tienes ahi?
quien (who)
zQuien tiene uno?
emil (which)
zCuru tienes?
como (how)
zC6mo es?
cuando (when) zCuando es?
d6nde (where) zD6nde esta?
Exercise 6
What have you got there?

Who has one?
Which one have you got?
What is it like?
When is it?
Where is it?
Exercise 5
Yo
el asiento 7D y Maria
el 7C.
(Nosotros)
problemas en el hotel.
zUstedes
un peri6dico?
La impresora no
papel.
clase.
Silvia y Luisa
asiento
impresora
papel
clase
2m
Dialogue
l Cambia d61ares?
While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to
these questions:
How much money does Amalia want to change?
Does she have traveler's checks to change?
AMALIA:
J A VIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
Give the Spanish equivalent for these expressions:

1
2
3
4
Arturo has a car.

Lupe works in Mexico.
The travel agency has a fax.
Do you work?
seat
printer
paper
lesson, class
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
Buenas tardes.
Buenas tardes. i,Oue desea?
i. Cambia d6lares?
Si, senora. i,Billetes o cheques de viajero?
Billetes.
i. Cmintos d6lares?
Doscientos cuarenta.
Un momento, por favor. Aca tiene. Doscientos cuarenta
d6lares en moneda nacional.
Gracias.
A usted.
Good afternoon.
Good afternoon. Can I help you?
Do you change dollars?
Yes, madam. Notes or traveler's checks?
Notes.
How many dollars?
Two hundred and forty.
One moment, please. Here you are. Two hundred and
forty dollars in local currency.
15
14
AMALIA:
JAVIER:
Thanks.
Thank you.
Is Spanish the only language in Latin America?

Are any indigenous languages spoken?
Language points
ldiomas de Latinoamerica
1. Que desea 7
La mayorfa de Ia poblaci6n de Latinoamerica habla castellano. En

Brasil hablan portugues y en algunos pafses del Caribe, ingles o
frances. Los indfgenas del Peru y Bolivia hablan quechua y aymara.
The polite expression ;.Que desea? 'Can I help you?' is usually used
by assistants in shops to greet you as a potential customer.
1. Cuanto 7I 1_Cuantos7
To find out amounts you use ;,cuanto? 'how much' and ;,cuantos?
'how many'- masculine- or ;,cuanta? and ;.cuantas?- feminine.
;. Cuanta plata tienes?
;. Cuantos empleados
trabajan aci?
How much money do you have?

How many employees work here?
Addressing people
Senor is the usual polite expression to address a man, joven if it is a
young man, senora for a lady and senorita for a young lady. In the
case of children, nino is for a boy and niiia for a girl. In everyday
language there are several ways of referring to children, for example: chamaco/chamaca in Mexico; pibe/piba in Argentina; chiquillo/
chiquilla in Peru.
Aca tiene/Aqui tiene

Aci tiene/Aqui tiene 'Here you are' is an expression said when you
hand over something to another person, e.g. money to the taxi
driver, passport to the immigration officer, etc. Aci tienes/Aqui
tienes is used when addressing somebody informally.
Reading
While reading the passage below, see if you can find answers to
these questions:
Note: In Paraguay guarani is widely spoken.

idiomas
mayo ria
poblacion
habla
casteUano
portugues
ingles
frances
indigenas
languages
quechua
majority
population
speaks
aymara
Spanish
Portuguese
English
French
nahuatl
indigenous people
indigenous
language spoken
in the Andes
indigenous
language spoken
in Peru and
Bolivia
indigenous
language spoken
in Mexico and
Guatemala
17
2 Salgo a las seis

I leave at six
the first person singular (the 'I' form), sometimes in several forms.
The following are the most commonly used irregular verbs in the
present tense.
decir to say
digo
dices
dice
decimos
dicen
dicen
Example:
Rosario dice Ia verdad.
Use some irregular verbs in the present tense

Identify and use colors
Use numbers over 100
Ask and give information about times
Make negative statements using no
Dialogue 1 C'l
Rosario tells the truth.
hacer to do, to make

hago
haces
hace
hacemos
hacen
hacen
Examples:
;, Que haces los sabados?
Quiero hacer una torta.
What do you do on Saturdays?

I want to make a cake.
ir to go
lA que hora sales?

MARINA: ;,A que hora sales?
GABRIEL: Salgo a las seis. A esa hora podemos discutir el plan para
mafiana.
MARINA: Muy bien. Yo vengo a la cafeteria de abajo a las seis y
cuarto.
GABRIEL: Muy bien. Hasta mas tarde.
MARINA:
GABRIEL:
MARINA:
GABRIEL:
What time do you leave?

I leave at six. Then we can discuss our plan for tomorrow.
Fine. I'll come to the cafe downstairs at a quarter past six.
Fine. See you later.
Language points
The present tense indicative of irregular
verbs
Apart from the verb tener studied in Chapter 1, there are other
irregular verbs. The irregularity of these verbs is sometimes only in
voy
vas
va
vamos
van
van
Example:
;, Vas al colegio?
Do you go to school?
salir to leave, to go out

salgo
sales
sale
salimos
salen
salen
Example:
Salgo de casa a las seis.
I leave home at six.
venir to come
vengo
vienes
viene
venimos
vienen
vienen
19
18 --------------------------------------------
Example:
;,A que bora viene Eduardo? What time is Eduardo coming?
Ia una
Negative statements
The particle no is always used before a verb to make a negative
statement:
Gabriela no trabaja.
Hugo no babla ingles.
Gabriela doesn't work.

Hugo doesn't speak English.
las cuatro y media
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below with the correct present indicative

form of the verb in brackets.
1 Delia (venir) temprano al trabajo.
2 ;,A que bora sales de Ia reunion?
(Yo) (salir) a las siete.
3 Victor no (ir) aclases de nocbe.
4 Oscar no (bacer) sus tareas.
5 Nosotros (decir) lo mismo.
las tres y cuarto
las ocbo y veinte
Language points
l,Oue hora es7
;, Que bora es? is the question to ask the time. Sometimes the plural
version ;,Que boras son? is used, especially in spoken Spanish in
Latin America. In Spain, only ;, Que bora es? is used.
las doce
diez para las nueve
un cuarto para las doce
21
20
Note: in Latin America the expression para is used to indicate minutes 'to the hour'. In Spain, menos is used.
it leaves
it arrives
sale
II ega
Examples:
Son veinte para las cuatro. (Lat. Am.) It's twenty to four.
Son las cuatro menos veinte. (Spain)
La cita es a un cuarto para las once.
The appointment is at a
(Lat. Am.)
quarter to eleven.
La cita es a las once menos cuarto. (Spain)
lA que hora?
llegada
departure
arrival
2m
En Ia tienda
these questions:
Does Pablo ask for a particular color of shirt?
Does he buy the shirt?
;,A que bora ? is the question you ask to find out at what time
something takes place.
;,A que bora es el concierto? At what time is the concert?
;,A que bora terminas?
At what time do you finish?
As in British English, Spanish speakers sometimes use the 24-hour
clock for departures and arrivals of trains, flights, etc.
12.05
17.52
23.10
07.15
Dialogue
salida
las doce cero cinco

las diecisiete cincuenta y dos
las veintitres diez
las cero siete quince
Exercise2
Look at the departure and arrival chart below and then ask and
answer questions as in the example.
Pablo sees a shirt he likes in a shop in Lima.
PABLO:
Buenas tardes, (.tiene esta camisa para caballero en

talla 15?
EMPLEADA: Si, tengo en blanco, azul, verde o marr6n.
PABLo:
(.Cminto cuesta?
EMPLEADA: 35 soles.
PABLo:
jMuy cara!
EMPLEADA: Pero . .. muy fina.
PABLO:
AssiSTANT:
PABLO:
AssiSTANT:
PABLo:
AssiSTANT:
Good afternoon, have you got this shirt in size 15?

Yes, 1 have it in white, blue, green or brown.
How much is it?
35 soles.
That's very expensive!
But . .. it is very good quality.
Language points
Example:
;,A que bora sale el avion a Miami?
Sale a las once.
;,A que bora Uega el avion de La Habana?
Llega a las quince cero cinco.
Salidas
Miami
Caracas
Lima
Quito
11.00
13.45
09.20
06.00
lCuanto cuesta?
;,Cuanto cuesta? is used to find out the price of an item. If it is more
than one item, you use ;,Cuanto cuestan?
Llegadas
La Habana
Madrid
Santiago
Mexico D.F.
15.05
11.45
11.50
10.20
;,Cuanto cuestan las blusas? How much are the blouses?

;, Cuanto es? is the expression used to find out how much it all adds
up to at the end.
23
22 ----------------------------------------
Muy
Muy is used to intensify the meaning of the adjective which follows.
Here are some examples:
muy inteligente
muy interesante
muy bonitalo
muy baratalo
Co/ores
very intelligent
very interesting
very nice
very cheap
white
black
red
blue
Hay un problema
verde
amarillo
marron
green
yellow
brown
white blouse
green car
Exercise 3
The following products are reduced. What is their new selling price?
Give the answers in full, in Spanish.
articulo
Camisas
Blusas
Abrigos
Paiiuelos
Pantalones
Camisetas
Exercise4
precio normal
$40.00
$35.00
$99.00
$6.00
$48.00
$12.00
descuento
these questions:
Is the problem something to do with the room itself?
Can the problem be solved at once?
Mr Carter explains to the receptionist at the hotel where he is staying
that something is not working
Examples:
blusa blanca
auto verde
sueter/chompa
blusa
calzoncillo
paiiuelo
aretes
lapiz labial
Dialogue 3 rfJ
blanco
negro
rojo
azul
camisa
zapatos
corbata
medias
vestido
falda
precio de venta
10%
20%
5%
10%
20%
10%
f!l
Arrange the following words in three groups under the headings

Hombres (items usually worn by men), Mujeres (items usually worn
by women) and Ambos (items usually worn by either sex).
Disculpe. Hay un problema. El televisor no funciona.

REcEPCIONISTA: lOue m1mero de habitaci6n?
SR CARTER:
Cuarenta y uno.
REcEPCIONISTA: Bien. Vamos.
(They go in the room, and the receptionist tests the TV.)
Un momento, por favor.
(He leaves the room and comes back after a few minutes with another
TV set.)
Aca tiene. Otro televisor.
SR CARTER:
Aver ... jFunciona! Gracias.
REcEPCIONISTA: De nada.
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONIST:
MR CARTER:
REcEPTIONisT:
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONIST:
Excuse me. There is a problem. The TV doesn't

work.
Which room number is it?
Forty-one.
Right. Let's go.
One moment, please.
Here you are. Another TV set.
Let me see. It works! Thank you.
You're welcome.
25
24 ---------------------------------------------
Exercise 5
Language points
You cannot say no funciona when something goes wrong for all
things listed below. But for some, you can. Which ones?
Disculpe
Disculpe 'Excuse me' is one way of catching other people's attention (formal). There is also the form disculpa (informal).
Disculpe, ;,habla castellano? Excuse me, do you speak Spanish?
Disculpa, ;,eres mexicano? Excuse me, are you Mexican?
1 Ia maquina de escribir
2 el pasaporte
3 Ia motocicleta
4 el carro
5 el diccionario
Disculpe/Disculpa also mean I am sorry (apology)

The expression por favor, which literally means please, is also
frequently used with the meaning of Excuse me in order to catch
somebody's attention. For example:
Por favor. ;,Hay menu economico? Excuse me. Is there a set menu?
Hay
Hay indicates existence or presence. The same word is used in singular or plural, in question or statement.
hay
hay
there is
there are
;,hay?
;.hay?
is there?
are there?
Language point
iY mas numeros!
Hay un problema en el hotel. There is a problem at the hotel.

;,Hay clases de castellano? Are there Spanish lessons?
doscientos
trescientos
cuatrocientos
quinientos
seiscientos
setecientos
ochocientos
novecientos
mil
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Examples:
BANCO COMERCIAL
2,000
10,000
50,000
100,000
500,000
1,000,000
dos mil
diez mil
cincuenta mil
cien mil
quinientos mil
un millon
. Fecha.............
Paguese a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Ia suma de _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
No funciona
To explain that something is not working, you use the expression no
funciona. In the dialogue above, the television doesn't work. Here
are more examples:
El telefono no funciona.
The phone is not working.
La maquina no funciona.
The machine does not work.
*EI computador no funciona. The computer is not working.
* To refer to a computer some Latin American countries use the

feminine noun computadora, e.g. Peru, and others prefer the
masculine computador, e.g. Mexico.
Exercise 6
You have to pay Viajes El Sol (El Sol Travel Agent) a bill for 245
dollars (d6lares). You are paying by cheque. Rewrite the cheque in
your notebook including the amount in words.
paguese a
Ia suma
payable to
the amount, the sum
firma
fecha
signature
date
26 ----------------------------------------
Reading
these questions:
3 Reserva en el hotel
Reserving a hotel room
Where does Carmen want to travel to?

Does she buy a ticket?
En Ia agencia de viajes
aJ
Carmen tiene un carro amarillo muy bonito. Carmen visita la agencia de viajes El Sol. El viaje a Canada cuesta mucho y ella no tiene
suficiente dinero. jQue pena!
carro
viaje
suficiente
car
trip
enough
dinero
que pena
money
what a pity
Reserve a room at a hotel

Ask and give information about dates
Write a short letter
Use definite and indefinite articles
Introduce yourself
Dialogue 1
Reservando una habitaci6n

these questions:
When is Mr Carter starting his stay at the hotel?
How many nights will he be staying?
RECEPCIONISTA: jAl6! Buenas tardes. Hotel Excelsior.
SR CARTER:
Buenas tardes. i,Tiene una habitaci6n libre a
partir de maiiana?
REcEPCIONISTA: l,lndividual o doble?
SR CARTER:
Individual.
REcEPCIONISTA: i,Para cuantas noches?
SR CARTER:
Para cinco noches.
REcEPCIONISTA: Un momento, por favor.
Al6. Si, tenemos una habitaci6n individual libre.
90 d6lares por noche.
Esta bien. Mi nombre es Carter.
RECEPCIONISTA: Bueno, Sr. Carter. Hasta manana.
SR CARTER:
Hasta maiiana.
28
--------------------------------------------- 29
REcEPTIONisT:
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONIST:
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONIST:
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONisT:
MRCARTER:
REcEPTIONIST:
MRCARTER:
Hello. Good afternoon. Hotel Excelsior.

Good afternoon. Do you have a room available
from tomorrow?
Single or double?
Single.
How many nights?
Five nights.
Just one moment, please.
Hello. Yes, we have one single room free. It is 90
dollars per night.
That's all right. My name is Carter.
Right, Mr Carter. See you tomorrow.
See you tomorrow.
Language points
Ala
Another way of asking a name is zCuai es to nombre? (informal)

or zCmil es so nombre? (formal).
Masculine and feminine nouns

Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Usually nouns
ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine. This
rule is for guidance only, since there are exceptions. It is advisable
to try to learn the gender as you learn the noun. The glossary at the
end of the book will help you.
Examples:
libro (m.)
vuelo (m.)
revista {f.)
impresora (f.)
estudiante ( m. & f.)
papel (m.)
book
flight
magazine
printer
student
paper
When somebody answers the phone, the usual expression is Alo. It

is also used when you want to resume a conversation after a brief
pause. In Mexico, Bueno is used instead.
The definite article
Me llamo ...
Ell Ia
Me llamo 'I am called . . .' is one way of telling somebody else

what your name is.
The words el and Ia correspond to the English 'the'. The definite

article el is used before masculine singular nouns and the definite
article Ia is used before feminine singular nouns:
Me llamo Esteban.
Me llamo Juan Garcia.
Another way to introduce yourself is to use Mi nombre es, followed
by your name.
Mi nombre es Guillermo.
Mi nombre es Jorge Castaneda.
el colegio
Ia niiia
The majority of nouns ending in -nte keep the same form for
masculine and feminine.
el estudiante
Ia estudiante
l,C6mo te llamas?
the school
the girl
the student (m.)

the student {f.)
Nouns ending in a consonant are usually masculine.
You say zComo te llamas? to ask somebody else what his or her
name is, addressing that person informally. zComo se llam~? or
zComo se llama usted? is the formal question.
'
el actor
elcampeon
the actor
the champion
30
31
Los/las
The definite article los is used before masculine plural nouns and
the definite article las is used before feminine plural nouns. There
has to be agreement between article and noun in both gender and
number.
los colegios
los libros
las mananas
las motocicletas
1 centrico
(a)
the schools
the books
the mornings
the motorcycles
Exercise 1
2 estacionamiento
(b)
3 acceso para minusvaiidos
(c)
4 servicio medico
(d)
5 television en Ia habitacion
(e)
Which definite article should be before these nouns?

1
2
3
4
5
documentos
casa
carro
alumnos
adolescente
6
7
8
9
10
profesor
bailarina
representante
amigos
papel
The indefinite article

The words un and una correspond to the English 'alan'. Un is used
before a masculine noun and una is used before a feminine noun.
un libro
una pregunta
un animal
a book
a question
an animal
In English the indefinite article appears in a sentence before a noun

indicating profession or occupation. In Spanish this is not the case.
Elena es secretaria.
Jorge es arquitecto.
Elena is a secretary.
Jorge is an architect.
Exercise2
Match the symbol with the word or words:
2fe
32
------------------------------------- ----33
desayuno incluido
cambio de moneda
restaurante
telefono en Ia habitacion
6 aire acondicionado
(f)
centrico
piscina
calefaccion central
aire acondicionado
caja fuerte individual
7 bar/cafeteria
(g)
Language points
Dias de Ia semana
Days of the week

8 calefaccion
(h)
9 cabina Internet
(i)
domingo
Junes
martes
miercoles
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
jueves
viemes
sabado
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
In Spanish it is not necessary to write the days of the week begin-
ning with a capital letter, except at the start of a sentence.

El sabado llega mi hermana. My sister arrives on Saturday.
Sundays: from 10 to 5.
Domingos: de 10 a 5.
10 correo electronico
Exercise 5
Exercise 3
Explain what you plan to do each day based on the page of a diary
below. (The abbreviated form of each day in Spanish is given in
brackets.)
Write down the facilities mentioned in the previous exercise in

order of priority when you choose a hotel.
In your opinion,
What is most important for a disabled person?
What is most important for a business person?
What is most important for a family on holiday?
Exercise 4
You want to reserve a room in a hotel. You like quiet places. At the
moment it is very hot in the city you are going to. You sort out your
travel money in advance and you like to have all your meals in nice
little cafes and local restaurants. Which of the following facilities
are advantages (ventajas) and which are disadvantages (desventajas) in your case? Write them down in two separate lists.
Example:
;, Que piensas hacer ellunes?
Mis planes para ellunes ... comprar los boletos de avion y comprar una maleta nueva.
Lunes
(Lun)
Comprar los boletos de avion

Comprar una maleta nueva
Martes
(Mar)
Leer Ia guia turistica

Comprar un mapa
Miercoles
(Mie)
Buscar informacion
Navegar en Internet
Jueves
(Jue)
Estudiar el informe
Escribir comentarios
35
34 ------------------------------------- -----
Viemes
(Vie)
Preparar documentos
Bacer las maletas
Exercise 7
Sabado
(Sab)
Llegar al aeropuerto a las 2.30

Comprar una novela
Say and write in Spanish the date of the following events.
Domingo
(Dom)
Descansar
comprar
boleto de avion
mal eta
nuevo, nueva
guia turistica
buscar
comentarios
to buy
flight ticket
suitcase
new
tourist guide
to look for
comments
i Hasta manana!
informe
preparar
Uegar
novela
descansar
mapa
navegar en Internet
Example:
Exercise6
Until/See you tomorrow

Until/See you Saturday
Until/See you next lesson
Until/See you later
Exercise 8
1 What type of room does Mrs Stewart want?

2 Which day of the week will she leave the hotel?
TELEFAX
Dirigido a: Sr. A. Sanchez
HOTEL EXCELSIOR
aJ
How could you say goodbye using basta in the following circumstances?
Your next lesson is on Monday.
You will see this person this coming Saturday.
You will meet again on Sunday.
You will see each other on Tuesday.
5 Your next meeting is tomorrow.
1
2
3
4
Meses del aflo
Christmas
Your birthday
New Year
Today
5 Your mother's birthday
1
2
3
4
Answer these questions about the fax below.
Basta, meaning 'until', is used to form expressions of farewell like

the following:
Basta manana
Basta el sabado
Basta Ia proxima clase
Bastaluego
31 de diciembre
New Year's Eve

report
to prepare
to arrive
novel
to rest
map
to surf the Net
Fax No 00 52 74 298765
Estimado seiior:
Le ruego reservar una habitaci6n individual con baiio para 5
noches a partir del domingo pr6ximo.
Atentamente
Months of the year

enero
febrero
marzo
abril
mayo
junio
julio
agosto
septiembre
octubre
noviembre
diciembre
le ruego
would you please

(literally: I beg you)
from
as
de
a partir
proximo
next
dirigido a
for the attention of
36 ------------------------------------- -----
Language points
Starting a letter
In Spanish, a colon appears after the salutation in written correspondence. In English a comma is used. Here are some examples:
Estimada senora:
Querido Esteban:
Dear Madam,
Dear Esteban,
Dear Sir,
Distinguido senor:
Querido senor Milla: Dear Mr Milia,
(formal, no name used)

(informal, first name
used)
(formal, no name used)
(formal, followed by
surname)
Ending a letter
A straightforward way of finishing a formal _letter in Spanish is by
using one of the following expressions:
Muy atentamente
Le saluda atentamente
Yours faithfully
Yours sincerely
If it is a more informal letter, it can be finished with:
Saludos
Con carino
Regards
Love
Exercise 9
Write a fax to reserve a room at Hotel Embajador. You want a

double room for three nights from next Saturday, with bathroom
and telephone in the room. The person in charge is Sra Urrutia.
Reading
Ecuador
these questions:
What type of terrain predominates in Ecuador?
Which racial groups are in the majority in Ecuador?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37
La mitad del territorio de Ecuador es zona de selva. Una tercera

parte es zona de montafias y el resto lo forman Ia costa y las Islas
Galapagos. Los mestizos y los indfgenas forman el ochenta por ciento de Ia poblaci6n (40% cada grupo) y los blancos y negros forman
el otro veinte por ciento. La capital es Quito y otra ciudad muy
importante es Guayaquil. Quito esta a unos tres mil metros de
altura. Guayaquil es un puerto.
mitad
selva
el resto
mestizos
half
jungle
the rest
mixed-race people
poblacion
otro
ciudad
puerto
population
other, another
city
port
-----------------------------------------39
4 lD6nde esta7
Where is it7
Here you are. The list of models.

A NA:
KAREN: Is there a Citroen free for tomorrow?
There isn't a Citroen, but we have a Renault.
ANA:
KAREN: Is it economical?
Yes, it's economical and comfortable.
ANA:
KAREN: Fine. At what time tomorrow?
ANA:
From half past seven in the morning.
Exercise 1
t.C6mo es tu carro?
Enquire about location

Describe people and objects
Talk about nationality
Use the verbs ser and estar (to be)
Dialogue 1
Rentar un carro
these questions:
Does Karen find the car she wants?
Does she want the car for that same day?
Karen Stewart wants to rent a car in Mexico City
ANA:
KAREN:
ANA:
KAREN:
ANA:
KAREN:
ANA:
l,En que puedo servirle?

Quisiera rentar un carro.
Aqui tiene Ia lista de modelos.
l,Hay un Citroen libre para manana?
Citroen no hay, pero tenemos un Renault.
l,Es econ6mico?
Si, es econ6mico y c6modo.
KAREN: Muy bien. l,A que bora maiiana?
A partir de las siete y media de Ia manana .
.ANA:
ANA:
How can I help you?
KAREN: I would like to hire a car.
Describe your car (or the car you would like to have, if you do not
have one at the moment) choosing features from the list below.
Start your answer like this:
Mi carro es .
potente
deportivo
ecologico
nuevo
co modo
incomodo
grande
mediano
potente
deportivo
ecologico
co modo
incomodo
powerful
sporty
ecological, 'green'
comfortable
uncomfortable
Dialogue
2m
chico
anti guo
economico
grande
mediano
chico
anti guo
economico
large
medium
small
old
economical
Congreso empresarial
Three people attending a business conference introduce themselves to
each other at the bar during a break
HELEN: Me llama Helen Stewart. Soy consultora de negocios. l,ES
usted consultor, tambien?
PETER: No, soy representante de ventas. Mi nombre es Peter
Harris.
LuPE:
Yo me llama Lupe Arenas. Soy agente de viajes.
HELEN: I'm Helen Stewart. I'm a business consultant. Are you a
consultant as well?
PETER: No. I'm a sales representative. My name is Peter Harris.
LuPE:
I'm Lupe Arenas. I'm a travel agent.
41
40 -----------------------------------------3 Managua es una _ __
Language point
5 EI Titicaca es un _ __
Ser
One equivalent of 'to be' is ser. The other, estar, is explained later
on in this chapter. The difference between the two is not easily
learned by an English speaker.
Ser is used to explain the nature of people or objects and also to
identify them.
Ramon es respetuoso.
zEres socialists?
Bogota es Ia capital de
Colombia.
Es un libro de castellano.
Ram6n is respectful.
Are you a socialist?
Bogota is the capital of Colombia.
It is a Spanish book.
To describe your occupation or profession you use soy, as in soy

consultors 'I am a consultant', soy representante 'I am a representative'.
To describe somebody else's occupation or profession you say es,
as in Lorena es profesora 'Lorena is a teacher'. For the second
person (formal) you also use es, as in zEs usted consultor? 'Are you
a consultant?'.
In the case of the second person (informal) you use eres. For
example: zEres turista? 'Are you a tourist?', Eres estudiante. Yo
tambh~n 'You are a student. Me, too'.
These are all the forms:
soy
eres
es
somos
son
son
(c) rio
(d) escritor
(e) politico
4 EI Amazonas es un _ __
In the following short dialogue three people talk about their nationalities
1: Soy inglesa. ;,Usted es ingles tambien?

2: No, soy mexicano. Mi padre es ingles.
PERSONA 3: Yo soy nicaragiiense.
PERSONA
PERSONA
1:
2:
PERSON 3:
PERSON
PERSON
I am English. Are you English too?

No, I am Mexican. My father is English.
I am Nicaraguan.
Language point
Nationality
Soy, es, eres can be used to describe nationality for people. Es can
be used for things as well. For example:
Pablo es panameiio.
Todos somos
latinoamericanos.
El ron es cubano.
EI producto es canadiense.
Pablo is Panamanian.
We are all Latin Americans.
The rum is Cuban.
The product is Canadian.
Some more examples in the plural:
lam
you are (informal)
You are (formal), he/she/it is
we are
you are (formal and informal)
they are
Exercise2
Marta y yo somos
estadounidenses.
Manuel y Esteban son
salvadoreiios.
Los carros son europeos.
Ustedes son estudiantes.
Marta and I are Americans.

Manuel and Esteban are
Salvadorians.
The cars are European.
You are students.
Exercise 3
Match the unfinished sentence with the correct word in the column
on the right.
1 Edward Kennedy es _ __
2 Gabriel Garcia Marquez es _ __
Soy mexicano
(a) lago
(b) capital
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb ser.
Examples:
(Nosotros) __ estudiantes
Somos estudiantes.
43
42 ---------------------------------------------
Mario
inteligente
Mario es inteligente.
1
2
3
4
5
(Yo)
profesor.
Elena y Sara
amigas.
(Nosotros)
colombianos.
Caracas
Ia capital de Venezuela.
El Espectador y El Comercio
periodicos.
Paises y naciona/idades
Here are some useful country names and nationalities:
MR. CARTER: Good morning. I am Mr Carter and . ..

Ah, yes. It's a Renault, isn't it?
JuLIAN:
MRCARTER: Yes. Where do you pick up the car?
Opposite, at the garage. Here you are. The keys.
JuLIAN:
MRCARTER: Excuse me, where is the Renault?
The Renault is over there on the right.
PAULINA:
MR CARTER: Thank you.
You're welcome.
PAULINA:
Language point
Estar
Argentina
Bolivia
Brasil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
El Salvador
Estados
Unidos
Guatemala
Haiti
argentino
boliviano
brasileiio
canadiense
chile no
colombiano
costarricense
cubano
ecuatoriano
salvadoreiio
estadounidense
guatemalteco
haitiano
Honduras
Inglaterra
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Republica
Dorninicana
Uruguay
Venezuela
hondureiio
ingles
jamaiquino
mexicano
nicaragiiense
panameiio
paraguayo
peruano
puertorriqueiio
dominicano
Estar also means 'to be' (see ser, earlier in this chapter, for the other
use of 'to be'). Estar is used to describe location or a temporary state.
Examples of description of a state with estar:
Esta enfermo.
Estoy triste.
Estamos seguros de eso.
Examples indicating location with estar:
El carro esta a Ia derecha.

Guadalajara esta en Mexico.
Atlanta esta en los Estados
Unidos.
El hotel esta en el centro.
uruguayo
venezolano
lD6nde esta el carro 7
He is ill.
I am sad.
We are sure about that.
The car is on the right.

Guadalajara is in Mexico.
Atlanta is in the United States.
The hotel is in the center of town.
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences with the correct form of ser or estar.
Mr Carter goes to pick up the car he has hired
SR CARTER: Buenos dias. Soy el Sr Carter y ...

JuLIAN:
Ah, si. Es un Renault, l, verdad?
SR CARTER: Si. j,D6nde se recoge el carro?
JuLIAN:
Enfrente, en el garaje. Aca tiene las naves.
(Mr Carter asks Paulina, the attendant, at the garage)
SR CARTER: Disculpe, j,d6nde esta el Renault?
PAULINA:
El Renault esta alia a Ia derecha.
SR CARTER: Gracias.
PAULINA:
De nada.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
El restaurante
en Ia calle principal.
estudiante (yo).
Maria _ _ _ molesta.
en Ia casa de mi hermana (nosotros).
Estela y Lucrecia
pintoras.
Guadalajara
en Mexico.
El autor dellibro
peruano.
El banco
cerca.
_ _ _ vendedores (Nosotros).
No _ _ _ en su casa (eUa).
44
45
Preposlt,ons of place
enfrente de
en
allado de
sobre
46 -------------------- -------------------- -----
------------------ ------------------ ----- 47
abajo de/debajo de
atnis de/detras de
delante de
entre
48 --------------------------------------------Exercise 5
A LA IZQUIERDA
ALADERECHA
------------------------------------------ 49
:.
Juan esta enfrente de Luis

(a) Ask and/or answer questions based on the street plan above.
Example:
;,Donde esta el bar?
El bar esta a Ia izquierda.
Continue: ;,Donde esta el hotel?, etc.
(b) Look again at the street plan and ask and/or answer questions,
as in the following example.
El bar esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del hotel.
Now continue asking and/or answering questions about the hotel,
supermarket, etc.
(c) Look once again at the street plan and ask and/or answer questions, as in the following example:
El bar esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del hotel, allado de Ia libreria.
Juan esta al /ado de Lucia.
50 --------------------------------------------
Continue asking and answering questions about the hotel, supermarket, etc., giving as much information as possible.
- --------------------------------------- 51
raza
race
ejercito
indigena
army
indigenous
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Complete the sentence on the left with one (or more) expression(s)
from the column on the right.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Viajar es
La comida latinoamericana es _ _ _
La Ciudad de Mexico es
Comer fruta es
Los animales domesticos son
La politica es
Las reuniones de negocios son
Los problemas ecologicos son
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
agradable(s)
interesante(s)
variada(s)
saludable(s)
grande(s)
complicado (/a)(s)
necesario (/a)(s)
urgente(s)
Language point
Pero
As in English, pero ('but') is used to contrast two ideas or statements without contradicting the first one.
Hablo frances, pero solo
un poco.
No tengo auto, pero no
me importa.
I speak French, but only a little.

I haven't got a car, but I don't
mind.
Note: For more on pero, see Chapter 19.
Reading
Costa Rica
Costa Rica es uno de los paises latinoamericanos con menos

poblaci6n. Cuenta con unos tres millones de habitantes. El ochenta
por ciento de los habitantes de Costa Rica son de raza blanca y
el diecisiete por ciento son mestizos. El resto son de raza negra e
indigena. San Jose es su capital. En su zona metropolitana se
encuentra medio mill6n de habitantes. Costa Rica es un pais que no
tiene ejercito. Es un pais exportador de cafe.
Based on the passage above, say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false).
1
2
3
4
5
Costa Rica no tiene ejercito.

La mayoria de Ia poblacion es de raza mestiza.
Es uno de los paises mas poblados.
El cafe es un producto importante para su economia.
San Jose es su capital.
55
54 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
In the following cases a different expression is needed:
((
hace frio
it's cold
~~,
(~
esta Uoviendo
lloeve
it's raining
it rains
esta nevando
nieva
it's snowing
it snows
hace viento
it's windy
Poco/mucho
When you use poco and mocho as adjectives, they agree in number
and gender with the noun they refer to.
hace sol
it's sunny
The four expressions above can be used to describe the usual

clim~tic _conditions, e.g. En enero hace calor en Lima (January is
hot m Luna.), or to refer to what the weather is like at the time of
speaking, e.g. Hoy no hace sol (It's not sunny today.).
Hay pocos estodiantes.

Lloeve poco en enero.
Tengo poca informacion.
There are few students.

It doesn't rain much in January.
I have little information.
No hay mochas mojeres

en este grupo.
Hace mocho calor
Tiene mocha soerte.
There aren't many women in this

group.
It is very hot
He is very lucky.
57
56 ------------------------------------- -----
Voy al club semanalmente.

Este es un pago mensual.
Escribo a esos amigos
mensualmente.
Expressions of frequency/habit/routine
generally
normally
generalmente
normalmente
Examples:
I go to the club weekly.

This is a monthly payment.
I write to those friends monthly.
Exercise 1
Normalmente salimos a
las siete.
Generalmente hace calor
en diciembre.
Normally we leave at seven.
siempre
nunca
always
never
Generally it is hot in December.
Classify the following activities according to their frequency in your

life , e.g. diario, mensual, etc.
desayuno
vacaciones
cuenta del teh~fono
sueldo
5 compras en el supermercado
1
2
3
4
Examples:
Siempre vamos al mercado
los sabados.
Nunca viajamos al
extranjero.
We always go to the market on

Saturdays.
We never travel abroad.
a veces
sometimes
desayuno
vacaciones
cuenta del teh!fono
sueldo
compras
supermercado
breakfast
holiday
telephone bill
salary
shopping
supermarket
Examples:
A veces vamos al cine.
A veces juego flltbol.
Sometimes we go to the cinema.

Sometimes I play football.
These expressions have the same meaning in English, but some are
used as an adjective- to indicate the characteristic of a noun- or as
an adverb - to indicate the manner in which it is done.
daily
weekly
monthly
quarterly
six-monthly
yearly
Es una publicacion diaria.

Se publica diariamente.
Es una visita semanal al
club.
It is also possible to form expressions of frequency using the word
cada:
Daily, weekly, etc.
diario (/a)
semanal
mensual
trimestral
semestral
annal
Cad a
diariamente
semanalmente
mensualmente
trimestralmente
semestralmente
anualmente
It is a daily publication.
It is published daily.
It is a weekly visit to the club.
cada dia
cada semana
cada mes
cada tres meses
cada aiio
each day
each week
each month
every three months
every year
Vez/veces
These words are used to form expressions of frequency such as
'once', 'twice', etc.
una vez
dos veces
tres veces
a veces
once
twice
three times
sometimes
58
59
Por
Dialogue 2
The word por can also express frequency:
A Cancun
Desayuno en el tren dos

veces por semana.
Limpian las ventanas dos
veces por mes.
I have breakfast on the train twice

a week.
The windows are cleaned twice a
month.
Exercise2
Complete the phrases with a suitable expression of frequency.
1
2
3
4
5
Limpio el carro _ __
Escucho Ia radio _ __
Compro leche _ __
Voy a Latinoamerica _ __
Voy de vacaciones _ __
Exercise 3
Complete the phrases with something that you do with the frequency
suggested.
1
2
3
4
5
una vez por semana.

anualmente.
a veces.
diariamente.
cada domingo.
Sr Ruiz wants to make a reservation to fly to Cancun in Mexico the

next morning. Unfortunately that flight is full
Quisiera reservar un pasaje para Canclin.

i,En que vuelo?
Manana por Ia maiiana.
Por Ia manana esta completo, pero hay espacio en el
vuelo de Ia tarde, a las 14:20.
Muy bien. Por la tarde.
SR Rmz:
EMPLEADA: i,Fumador o no fumador?
No fumador.
SR Rmz:
EMPLEADA: i,Pasillo o v~ntanilla?
SR. Rmz:
Ventanilla.
SR Rmz:
EMPLEADA:
SR Rmz:
EMPLEADA:
MRRmz:
AssiSTANT:
MRRmz:
AssiSTANT:
MR Rmz:
AssiSTANT:
MRRmz:
AssisTANT:
MRRmz:
I would Like to book a seat to Cancun.

When is it for?
Tomorrow morning.
The one in the morning is full, but there is room on the
14:20 afternoon flight.
That's fine. In the afternoon then.
Smoking or no smoking?
No smoking.
Aisle or window?
Window.
Exercise 4
Language point
Answer the following survey:
Quisiera
In your own town or city, what happens to the weather in January?
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hace calor
Hace frio
Hace viento
Llueve
Nieva
Hace sol
si
si
si
si
si
si
no
no
no
no
no
no
poco
poco
poco
poco
poco
poco
mucho
mucho
mucho
mucho
mucho
mucho
a veces
a veces
a veces
a veces
a veces
a veces
Quisiera is used to express what you would like. It is usually followed by a verb in the infinitive.
Quisiera hablar con el Sr
I would like to talk to Mr Fuentes.
Fuentes.
;, Quisiera hablar con el en Would you like to talk to him in
private?
privado?
Quisiera un boleto para el I would like a ticket for the ten
o'clock flight.
vuelo de las diez.
Quisieramos una habitacion We would like a double room.
doble.
60
61
Here are all the forms:
quisiera
quisieras
quisiera
ExerciseS
Exercise 7
quisieramos
quisieran
quisieran
Write out things that are usually done in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening/at night. Write the usual time when most
people do it or when you do it. Below there are some suggestions of
activities.
Example:
Give Spanish equivalents for the following:

1 I would like to buy a newspaper.
2 We would like to visit the museum.
3 We would like two single rooms.
4 I would like a new book.
5 I would like to go to Uruguay.
Language point
Parts of the day
To explain which part of the day you refer to, these expressions are
used:
por Ia maiiana/en Ia maiiana
por Ia tarde/en Ia tarde
por Ia noche/en Ia noche
al mediodia
a Ia medianoche
en Ia madrugada
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening/at night
at noon
at midnight
in the early hours
Note: in Latin America por and en are used with parts of the day. In
Spain usually por is the only form used.
POR LA MANANA
tomar un cafe
pas ear
comprar el
periodico
ir a trabajar
Dialogue
to have a coffee
to go for a walk
to buy the
newspaper
to go to work
ver television
escuchar musica
volver a casa
almorzar
POR LA NOCHE
to watch television
to listen to music
to return home
to have lunch
3m
Miguel wants to go to Emilio's house in Mexico City later the same

day. Emilio suggests the Metro (subway) as the quickest way to get
there
MIGUEL:
MIGUEL:
EMILIO:
Write the expression indicating the part of the day for each of these
times:
(a) 10.00 a.m.
(b) 2.30 a.m.
(c) 7.45 p.m.
(d) 2.30 p.m.
(e) 11.15 p.m.
POR LA TARDE
Viajar en el metro
EMILIO:
Exercise 6
POR LA TARDE
almorzar: 1.30 p.m.
POR LA MANANA
desayunar: 7.30 a.m.
MIGUEL:
EMILIO:
MIGUEL:
EMILIO:
MIGUEL:
i,D6nde esta tu casa, entonces?

Esta en Panteones. Aca tienes Ia direcci6n exacta.
l. C6mo voy basta alia?
Lo mejor es ir en Metro. La estaci6n Revoluci6n esta
cerca de aqui. Tomas Ia linea a Cuatro Caminos y te
bajas en Panteones.
i,Es caro?
No, es barato y rapido.
Where is your house, then?

It's in Panteones. Here is the exact address.
How do I get there?
63
62
EMILIO:
MIGUEL:
EMILio:
The best way is by subway. The Revoluci6n station is

nearby. You get on the Cuatro Caminos line and get off at
Panteones.
Is it expensive?
No, it's cheap and fast.
Language point
l,C6mo7
This is the question word used to ask the way you do things.
;,Como voy basta alhi?
;, Como funciona esta
maquina?
How do I get there?

How does this machine work?
In informal speech, ;,Como? is also the expression used when you

do not hear what somebody has just said and you want that person
to repeat the message.
Mexico
Mexico es el pais mas poblado de habla castellana. Su poblaci6n

Uega a aproximadamente 100 millones. Su capital tiene mas de
20 millones. Otras dos ciudades importantes son Guadalajara y
Monterrey.
Mexico es el principal productor de plata en el mundo. Es tambien
un importante exportador de petr6leo. Entre los productos agricolas que ofrecen beneficios para el pais estan el algod6n, Ia caiia de
azucar, el cafe, el cacao y el garbanzo. El turismo es tambien una
importante fuente de divisas.
poblado
de habla
castellana
plata
populated
Spanishspeaking
silver
algodon
cacao
garbanzo
fuente de divisas
cotton
cacao
chickpea
source of foreign
exchange
Exercise 9
A:
B:
A:
B:
Mario esta en casa.

;,Como?
Digo que Mario esta en casa.
Ah, si. Esta enfermo.
Based on the paragraph above, say if the following statements are

verdadero (true) or falso (false).
A:
B:
A:
B:
Mario is at home.
Pardon?
I'm saying that Mario is at home.
Oh, yes. He's ill.
1
2
3
4
ExerciseS
Match the word in the left column with its opposite on the right.
1
2
3
4
5
Reading
cerca
aca
caro
Iento
bajar
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
subir
barato
rapido
lejos
alia
Mexico es el pais con mas poblacion de habla casteUana.

Monterrey no es una ciudad de Mexico.
Mexico no exporta petroleo.
El comercio de algodon y caiia de arucar ofrece beneficios al
pais.
5 El turismo no aporta beneficios economicos.
------------------- ------------------- -- 65
6 De compras
Shopping
Language points
El grande/el chico
The big one/the small one
To avoid the repetition of a noun or noun phrase it is possible to use
only the article + the adjective. In these cases in English you would
use the adjective+ 'one', as in 'the small one'.
Make comparisons using adjectives

Express possibility or impossibility
Express likes and dislikes
Use radical changing verbs
Dialogue 1
;,Le gusta el plato grande o

el chico?
Do you like the big plate or the

small one?
A: Tengo una camiseta

roja y una azul.
B: La roja, por favor.
A: I have a red T shirt and a blue

one.
B: The red one, please.
;, Que modelo busca, el

liviano o el pesado?
Which model are you looking for,

the light one or the heavy one?
Comprando regales
Martha works in a gift shop. A customer wants to buy a present and
is comparing two ornaments
CLIE NTE:
MARTHA:
CLIENTE:
CusTOMER:
MARTHA:
CUSTOMER:
MARTHA:
CusTOMER:
iCuanto cuesta ese adorno?

Doscientos cuarenta el grande y ciento noventa el
mas pequeiio.
iPuedo ver el grande un momenta?
Por supuesto. Puede ver los dos.
Los dos son lindos, pero prefiero el grande. iAcepta
tarjetas de credito?
Si, aceptamos todas las principales tarjetas de credito.
How much is that ornament?
Two hundred and forty for the big one and one hundred and ninety for the smaller one.
Can I have a look at the big one for a moment?
Of course. You can have a look at both of them.
Both are pretty, but I prefer the big one. Do you take
credit cards?
Yes, we accept all major credit cards.
Lindo
The word lindo/linda is very much used in Latin American Spanish
to mean 'pretty, nice, beautiful'. In Peninsular Spanish bonito/bonita is preferred.
Tu hija es muy linda.
jQue linda casa!
Your daughter is very pretty.

What a beautiful house!
Radical changing verbs

These are verbs in Spanish which undergo a change of the stem
vowel (i.e. the vowel in the part of the verb that remains the same
when it is conjugated) when you conjugate them. In these verbs the
vowel -e- in the stem becomes -ie-, and the vowel -o- becomes -ue-.
The exception is the first person plural.
67
66
-e-- -ie-
empezar (to begin)
preferir (to prefer)

prefiero
prefieres
prefiere
preferimos
prefieren
prefieren
empiezo
empiezas
empieza
With vowel change -o- - -ue-
pensar (to think)

pienso
piensas
piensa
morir (to die)

muero
mueres
muere
pensamos
piensan
piensan
-o-- -ue-
encuentro
encuentras
encuentra
dormimos
duermen
duermen
encontramos
encuentran
encuentran
recordar (to remember)
volver (to return)

vuelvo
vuelves
vuelve
morimos
mueren
mueren
encontrar (to find)
dormir (to sleep)

duermo
duermes
duerme
empezamos
empiezan
empiezan
recuerdo
recuerdas
recuerda
volvemos
vuelven
vuelven
recordamos
recuerdan
recuerdan
soiiar (con) (to dream (of))
Some other common radical changing verbs are:
sueiio
sueiias
sueiia
With vowel change -e- - -ie-
soiiamos
sueiian
sueiian
cerrar (to close)

cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cierran
cierran
perder (to lose)

pierdo
pierdes
pierde
perdemos
pierden
pierden
pedir (to ask for)

pido
pides
pide
pedimos
piden
pi den
Exercise 1
Rewrite the following phrases using the correct form of the verb in
brackets.
1
2
3
4
5
;.A que bora (empezar) Ia reunion?

Yo (recordar) Ia visita a Costa Rica.
Nosotros siempre (cerrar) a las 7.30.
Mochas personas (morir) de cancer.
Enrique no (recordar) el problema.
68
69
Language points
2
3
4
5
The comparatives
One way of comparing people or objects is by using mas followed by
the adjective, as in the examples:
mas alto
mas caro
mas grande
taller, higher
more expensive
bigger, larger
Language point
The superlative
The superlative is formed by adding the definite article before the
comparison:
Irregular comparatives
Some adjectives do not form their comparatives with mas. They
have a special form.
Adjective
bueno
malo
mucho
poco
El juguete mas caro.

El mas flexible de todos
los materiales.
La pelicula mas interesante
del festival.
Comparative
good
bad
a lot of
little
Generalmente un televisor es mas caro que un carro.

Una computadora es mas inteligente que una persona.
Las 6 de Ia manana es mas tarde que las 10 de Ia manana.
Un carro es mas pequeno que un cami6n.
mejor
peor
mas
menos
better
worse
more
less
The most expensive toy.

The most flexible of all materials.
The most interesting film of the
festival.
If the adjective is in the plural, the superlative is formed with los or

las:
Los juguetes mas atractivos The most attractive toys are

Japanese.
son japoneses.
The most expensive bicycles are in
Las bicicletas mas caras
this section.
estan en esta secci6n.
Mas ... que

When expressing comparison you usually use mas + adjective + que:
Miami is bigger than Tampa.
Miami es mas grande que
Tampa.
In my opinion, the theater is more
En mi opinion el teatro es
mas interesante que el cine. interesting than the cinema.
Tobacco is more harmful than
El tabaco es mas damno
coffee.
que el cafe.
Exercise2
Say if the following statements are true (verdadero) or false (falso):
1 Londres es mas grande que Nueva York.
Exercise 3
Write an equivalent in Spanish for the following. See the glossary at
the back of the book for the new words.
1
2
3
4
5
The most intelligent girl in the group.

It is the worst film in the festival.
The most functional models are here.
I would like the cheapest product.
It is the most difficult problem.
71
70 ------------------------------------------
Language points
5 (Yo) No _ _ _ empezar el trabajo hoy. No tengo los matedales.
Poder
To ask if something is possible or permissible, the verb poder is used.
zPuedo ver el grande?
Can I have a look at the big one?
zPuedo usar esta
Can I use this computer?
computadora?
zPuedo mandar un mensaje Can I send an E-mail message?
por correo electronico?
Notice that you add "no" before the relevant form of poder in order
to make a negative statement showing that something is impossible,
not advisable or improper.
No puedo caminar.
Me fracture el tobillo.
No puedes entrar ahi
es peligroso.
I cannot walk. I've broken my

ankle
You can't go in there.
It's dangerous.
The forms are as follows:

can I? or I can
can you? or you can (informal)
can you? or you can (formal); can he/she? or
he/she can
can we? or we can
can you? or you can (formal and informal)
can they? or they can
puedo
puedes
puede
podemos
pueden
pueden
Notice that this is a radical changing verb.

zSe puede? is used to ask if something can be done without referring to a particular subject in the sentence.
zSe puede estacionar aca?
zSe puede fumar?
Can you park here?

Is smoking allowed?
Exercise 4
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of poder.

1
2
3
4
(Yo) No
(Nosotros)
(Ella)
Usted
asistir a Ia clase manana.

ayudar?
venir con nosotros?
hacerlo.
Saber
To indicate ability, as in 'Can you play the piano?', the verb saber is
.
~~
zSabes tocar el piano?

zSabes nadar?
zSabes manejar?
Can you play the piano?

Can you swim?
Can you drive?
The forms are as follows:

se
sabes
sabe
sabemos
saben
sa ben
Language point
Ambos/los dos
Ambos and los dos are used with the meaning of 'both'. If you refer
to a feminine pair, then ambas or las dos is used. Los dos and las
dos are preferred in spoken language, ambos and ambas, in written
language.
Los dos son lindos.
Las dos son chilenas.
Las dos estudiantes
tienen problemas.
Ambos son lindos.

Ambas son chilenas.
Ambas estudiantes tienen probemas.
Both ... and ...

The structure 'both ... and .. .' can be translated by ambos/ambas
.. y . or los/las dos .. y .. , but also by the structure tanto .
como .. Again, ambos y is preferred in written language.
Ambos Julian y Maria aprobaron sus examenes.
Los dos, Julian y Maria aprobaron sus examenes.
Tanto Julian como Maria aprobaron sus examenes.
Both Julian and Maria passed their examinations.
72
--------------------------------------- 73
Dialogue 2 rll
La nueva computadora
Lucrecia has just bought a new computer
LucREciA: Mira mi nueva computadora. Es mas potente que la

anterior. Ahara tambien tengo una impresora de
chorro de tinta, escaner, copiadora y fax. Ademas tengo
una impresora laser para trabajos de alta calidad.
PABLo:
i,Tienes impresora laser a color o blanco y negro?
LucRECIA: Es a color. No se puede trabajar con graficos en
blanco y negro.
PABLo:
i, Tienes agenda electr6nica?
LucRECIA: Si. Presionas este bot6n y se pueden ver todas las citas
de esta semana.
l,Te gusta mi escritorio?
PABLo:
Sf, es muy funcional.
LucREciA: Ahara es mas facil que antes organizar mi trabajo.
LucRECIA: Look at my computer. It's more powerful than the
previous one. I have a bubble jet printer, a scanner, a
photocopier and a fax.
PABLo:
Is it a colour printer, or black and white?
LucRECIA: It's a colour printer. You can't work with graphics using a
black and white printer.
PABLo:
Does it have an electronic diary?
LucRECIA: Yes. You press this button and you can see all the
appointments for this week.
Do you like my desk?
PABLo:
Yes. It's very functional.
LucRECIA: Now organizing my work is easier than before.
Note: presionar and apretar are used in Latin America with the
meaning of press (a button or key on a keyboard) In Spain pulsar is
preferred.
Language point
Me gusta
In order to express likes and dislikes you can use gustar or no gustar. For example:
Me gusta Ia camisa azul.

I like the blue shirt.
Nos gusta caminar.
We like walking.
A Miguel no Ie gusta el cafe. Miguel doesn't like coffee.
It is also possible to use them in questions:
;,Te gusta el hotel?
;,No Ie gusta el regalo
a Maria?
Do you like the hotel?

Doesn't Maria like the present?
Here are all the forms:

me gusta
te gusta
le gusta
nos gusta
les gusta
Ies gusta
And here are more examples:

Nos gusta montar en bicicleta.
;,Te gusta el chocolate?
A Gloria le gusta Ia moda.
A ustedes les gusta Ia clase?
We like to ride a bicycle.

Do you like chocolate?
Gloria likes fashion.
Do you like the class?
Nate: Although in these exercises like is used as a translation of gustar,

it must be said that the actual meaning is to please, so for example Me
gusta Ia camisa azul must be understood as The blue shirt pleases me.
Me gustan
If what is liked is plural, then the forms are as follows:
me gustan
te gustan
Ie gustan
nos gustan
les gustan
les gustan
Examples:
I like Sundays.
Me gustan los domingos.
My
parents don't like holidays
A mis padres no les gustan
abroad.
las vacaciones en el
extranjero.
You like strawberries!
xTe gustan las frutillas!
We like documentaries.
Nos gustan los documentales.
No me gustan las comidas
I don't like spicy food.
picantes.
Frutillas is used in Mexico. Elsewhere fresas is used for strawberries
74
75
ExerciseS
a:1
Complete the phrases stating whether you like or dislike the

following:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
los animales domesticos.

las vacaciones en el extranjero.
las ensaladas.
visitar museos.
escribir cartas.
comprar regalos.
levantarme temprano.
comer chocolate.
los niiios.
leer novelas.
'chatear' en Internet.
viajar en transporte publico.
noticieros
peliculas del
oeste
telenovelas
documentales
dibujos animados
entre vistas
news
westerns
programas comicos
reportajes
concursos
soap operas
programas
documentaries
musicales
cartoons
programas de
interviews
actualidad
comedy programs
reports
contests
music programs
current affairs
Reading
Read the information in the advertisement below and answer these
questions:
Note: chatear (or chatlear, in Colombia) is the expression used to

contact other people on the Internet.
How much discount are you given?

What kind of keyboard does the computer have?
Can you pay with a credit card?
Are these discontinued models?
PROMOCION ESPECIAL
Exercise 6
30% de descuento del precio de lista
The following are types of television programs. Which ones do you

like? Which ones don't you like?
ME GUSTAN
Los noticieros
Las peliculas del oeste
Las telenovelas
Los documentales
Los dibujos animados
Las entrevistas
Los programas c6micos
Los reportajes
Los concursos
Los programas musicales
Los talk shows
Los programas de actualidad
Otros
NO ME GUSTAN
CARACTERISTICAS
iULTIMATECNOLOGIA!
Disco duro de 2 Gigabytes
Memoria de 5iz MB
Windows instalado
Multimedia
Teclado en castellano
Monitor de alta resoluci6n
y baja radiaci6n
Procesador muy veloz
Ranuras de expansion
Los precios se pueden
pagar en moneda nacional
o su equivalents en d61ares.
Precios validos unicamente en efectivo o con tarjeta

de debito.
precio de lista
list price
raton
ultima tecnologia latest technology pagar
disco duro
hard disk
en efectivo
mouse
to pay
in cash
76
tarjeta de
debito
baja radiaci6n
pages
keyboard
high resolution
expansion slots
paginas
teclado
alta resoluci6n
ranuras de
expansion
debit card
low radiation
--0
Ill
VIDEOS
REGALOS
MUSICA
FLORES
JUGUETES
CHOCOLATES
Con Ia nueva ta~eta lntercard del Banco Porvenir puedes comprar por Internet en cualquler Iugar del
mundo. El Banco Porvenlr te brlnda seguridad para comprar c6modamente los productos que deseas.
Sa puede obtener una ta~eta lntercard con un dep6s~o mlnimo de 25 d61ares.
Puedes hacer compras segun Ia cantidad de dinero que lengas depositada.

Puedes aumentar tu saldo en Ia cuenta en cualquier memento.
Puedes consunar tu saldo en Ia paglna web del banco, ulllizando tu contrasena.
Puedes retlrar tu dinero en las ventanillas de una sucursal o en el cajero automatico.
~
~
agr'!9arel
carrito
haciendo?
What are you doing?
Windows
COMO COMPRAR EN INTERNET SIN TARJETA DE CREDITO
laue estas

Refer to actions in progress using the present continuous
e.g. (I am working)
Use possessive adjectives (my, your, etc.)
Use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (this, this one,
etc.)
Use exclamations with que+ adjective/noun (e.g. jQue
bonito!)
iracaja
Dialogue 1 D.'l
jOue lindas fotos!

enlaces:
tarjeta de credito:
te brinda:
deseas:
segun:
links
credit card
it provides
(you) wish
according to
agregar:
carrito:
add
shopping
trolley
consultar tu saldo:
contraseiia:
retirar:
sucursal:
cajero
automatico:
ventanilla:
caja:
check your balance

password,pin number
to withdraw
branch
cash dispensing
machine
counter
cash till
Based on the text above decide if the following statements are

either verdadero (true) or falso (false):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Es necesario una tarjeta de credito para comprar en Internet.

No hay un dep6sito minirno.
Es posible retirar dinero del cajero autom<Hico.
La tarjeta se llama Intercard.
Se puede consultar el saldo s6lo en una ventanilla del banco.
Ernesto is showing Maritza photographs of his birthday party

MARITZA: i Que lindas fotos! i Que estas haciendo en esa
foto?
ERNESTo: Estoy celebrando mi cumpleaftos.
MARITzA: i Yen esta foto?
ERNEsro: Julia y yo estamos bailando. Aca todos estan brindando
por mi cumpleaftos.
MARITZA: Tu estas leyendo un discurso.
ERNEsro: Sf, algo chistoso.
From here on you will find the translations of dialogues in an

appendix at the back of the book.
------------------------------------------79
78
Language point
El presidente esta explicando los planes del gobierno para el pr6ximo afio. En estos momentos esta
tratando sabre el aumento de sueldos para los
empleados publicos y privados. Sin duda, todo el
pais esta escuchando.
The present continuous tense

The present continuous tense is formed by using estar + the gerund
form of the verb. The gerund ends in -ando or -iendo (-ando for -ar
verbs; -iendo for -er and -ir verbs.) These forms correspond to the
English ending '-ing', as in 'eating', 'running', etc.
estoy estudiando
estas estudiando
esta estudiando
estamos estudiando
estan estudiando
estan estudiando
I am studying
you are studying (informal)
you are studying {formal); he/she is
studying
we are studying
you are studying (formal and informal)
they are studying
The present continuous refers to an action which is in progress at

the time of speaking.
Estoy estudiando para el
examen de manana.
Estamos jugando a las
cartas, zquieres jugar?
Reading
I am studying for tomorrow's

exam.
We are playing cards, do you want
to play?
After reading the following extract from a TV report transcript,

answer these questions:
Who is giving a speech?
What is the speaker trying to explain?
Are people interested in the message?
Rodolfo Arias is a current affairs reporter and is giving a live report
by satellite on events in a neighboring country
LocUTOR DE
TELEVISION: A continuaci6n un informe de nuestro corresponsal
en el extranjero.
RoooLFo:
El presidente esta hablando a la naci6n en estos
momentos. Esta dando un discurso de fin de afio. La
radio y Ia televisi6n estan transmitiendo el mensaje.
acontinuacion
informe
corresponsal en
el extranjero
lanacion
dandoun
discurso
de fin de aiio
Exercise 1
now follows
report
foreign
correspondent
the nation
giving a speech
esta explicando
proximo
esta tratando sobre
aumento de sueldos
sinduda
todo elpais
end of the year
esta escuchando
is explaining
next
is dealing with
wage increase
no doubt
the whole
country
is listening
Answer each question as in the example:

zQue esta haciendo Silvia? (saltar)
Esta saltando.
1 zQue esta haciendo Pepe? (estudiar)
2 zQue estan haciendo Julia y Rosana? (escribir)
3 zQue estas haciendo? (trabajar en Ia oficina)
4 zQue estan haciendo ustedes? (arreglar el jardin)
5 zQue estan haciendo las chicas? (practicar el baile)
saltar
arreglar
to jump
to tidy up
eljardin
el baile
the garden
the dance
Exercise 2
Read the following notice put up by the telephone company on the

road. Answer these questions:
1 Is it an apology? If so, what is the expression used?
2 What is the reason for this apology?
Compania de Telefonos S.A.

Disculpe Ia molestia.
Estamos instalando nuevas lineas.
80 -------------------------------------------disculpe Ia
molestia
1/we apologize for

the inconvenience
Tus amigos estan esperando.

jApurate!
Su opinion es muy importante.
to instal
lines
instalar
line as
-------------------------------------------- 81
Your friends are waiting.
Hurry up!
Your opinion is very important.
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Give the equivalent in English for the following sentences:

1
2
3
4
5
Estamos entrevistando para dos puestos de trabajo.

El grupo esta incursionando en el mercado intemacional.
La recuperacion economica esta empezando.
Estoy buscando una altemativa a este producto.
Genaro esta trabajando en un nuevo proyecto.
incursionar
bus car
to make inroads
to look for
puestos de trabajo
jobs
Rewrite the second sentence in each pair, adding at the beginning

the correct possessive adjective for the person mentioned or implied
in the first sentence.
Example:
Sandra tiene problemas.
Su madre esta enferma.
1 Marina y Lupe estan adentro.
_ _ _ amigas tambit~n.
Language point
2 Felipe sabe manejar.

_ _ _ carro es nuevo.
Possessive adjectives
3 El producto es bueno.
_ _ _ precio es competitivo.
Possessive adjectives appear in front of the noun they refer to and

correspond to the English 'my', your', etc. They agree in number
with the noun possessed. The possessive adjective for the first person plural ('our') also agrees in gender.
Singular
my
your
(informal)
your (formal)
his/her/its
our
your
their
Plural
mi
tu
mis
tus
su
su
nuestro(/a)
su
su
sus
sus
nuestros(/as)
sus
sus
Examples:
Mi casa esta cerca.
Nuestra clase es a las nueve.
My house is near.
Our lesson is at nine.
4 Estoy contento.
_ _ _ padre ahora esta bien.
5 Juan tiene una motocicleta.
_ _ _ hermano menor tiene una bicicleta.
language point
Demonstrative adjectives
The demonstrative adjectives 'this' and 'that' are translated by the
Spanish este and ese and other forms associated with them (see
below). They agree in number and gender with the noun they refer
to. Aquel, which also means 'that', is preferred to indicate something that is far away.
82
------------------------------------ ----- 83
Plural
Singular
fern.
esta
esa
aquella
masc.
este
ese
aquel
masc.
estos
esos
aquellos
fern.
estas
esas
aquellas
Examples:
Este periodico es el mas
popular.
Esa camisa es cara.
Estos amigos viven en
Guadalajara.
Estas mesas son para el
colegio.
Esas chicas estudian medicina.
Aquel senor es el presidente
del club.
AqueUos animates son
especies en peligro.
This newspaper is the most

popular one.
That shirt is expensive.
These friends live in Guadalajara.
These tables are for the school.
Those girls study medicine.
That gentleman (over there) is
the president of the club.
Those animals are endangered
species.
Exercise 5
Teh~fono celular
A salesperson is showing a mobile phone to a potential customer.

Vendedor: Este celular* es digital, tiene un disefio moderno y
es de prepago para mayor control de su cuenta telef6nica. Puede hablar a todo el pais y tambien bacia
y desde el extranjero. En ese folleto se encuentra mas
informaci6n.
This digital mobile phone has a modern design and it is
prepaid so that you have better control over your telephone bill. It covers the whole country and also abroad.
This leaflet gives you more information.
Memoria para 90 numeros

ldentificaci6n de llamadas
Peso de 200 gramos
Hasta 180 minutos de
conversaci6n ininterrumpida
De 4 a 8 dfas en stand by
120 minutos Iibras por 60 dias
Casilla de mensajes
Mensajes por Internet
Discado por voz
Roaming lnternacional
prepago
cuenta
telefonica
bacia
foUeto
llamada
prepaid
telephone bill
towards, to
leaflet
telephone call
peso
ininterrumpida
libre
casilla de
mensajes
discado por voz
weight
uninterrupted
free
voice
mail
voice activated
dialing
*In some Latin American countries a mobile phone is called

telefono movil.
1 If you have a mobile phone, explain or write down in Spanish
which features of the phone above are similar to yours.
2 Rearrange the features above in order of importance.
Language points
Demonstrative pronouns
In spoken Spanish, demonstrative pronouns are identical in form
to demonstrative adjectives. In writing, the difference is that the
pronouns have an accent. 'This one' and 'that one' correspond to
este and ese and their associated forms. Again, aquel and related
forms are used for something remote.
84 -------------------- -------------------- ----Plural
Singular
rnasc.
este
ese
aquel
fern.
esta
esa
aqueUa
rnasc.
estos
esos
aquellos
fern.
estas
esas
aquellas
Examples:
No quiero este periodico,
quiero aquel.
Quisiera comprar estas.
;, Cuanto cuestan estos?
Ese video no me gusta.
Prefiero este.
I don't want this newspaper, I want

that one.
I would like to buy these ones.
How much are these?
I don't like that video. I prefer this
one.
There are also the neuter pronouns esto and eso and aqueUo, as in
;,Que es esto? 'What's this?', Eso es todo 'That's all'.
- ------------------ ----------------- --- 85

Spain, aqui and alii are preferred. In both varieties of Spanish abi is
used regularly. Ac8/aqui refers to a place near the speaker. Ahi
refers to a place not far from the speaker, perhaps near the hearer.
AU3!alli refers to a place far from the speaker.
Aca en Ia tienda tenemos una Here in the shop we have a wide
amplia variedad de
variety of products.
productos.
ADa en el norte se vive mejor. People live better in the north.
Ahi esta. Cerca de Ia puerta. It's there. By the door.
Dialogue
2m
Mas fotos
Ernesto and Maritza are looking at more photographs of his birthday
party
jOue!
The structure que + adjective translates the English 'how + adjective'.
iQue Iindo!
iQue interesante!
iQue caro!
1Que tonta!
How lovely!
How interesting!
How expensive!
How stupid!
The structure que +noun corresponds to the English 'what (a) +

noun'.
1Que dia!
iQue tiempo!
iQue pelicula!
1Que desastre!
What a day!
What weather!
What a film!
What a disaster!
ERNEsTo: En esta foto estoy leyendo las tarjetas de saludos.

MARITZA: Mira, aca estas con un plato repleto.
ERNEsTo: Y en esta, Rosana esta posando para el fot6grafo. Esta
mirando las flores.
MARITzA: Esta muy bien.
ERNEsTo: Si, esta bien.
Language points
Leer --+ leyendo
When the verb has -ee- in the infinitive, there is a spelling change in
the gerund ('-ing') form.
leer (to read)
Esta leyendo en Ia biblioteca. He's reading in the library.
Aca/aqui; alia/alii
The English 'here' is translated by aca or aqui; 'there' is translated
by abi, alia or alii. In Latin America, aca and alia are preferred. In
creer (to believe)

Creyendo que era facil de
hacer, empezo a pintar el
retrato.
Believing that it was easy to do,

she started to paint the
portrait.
-----------------------------------------87
86
Construir --. constr,uyendo
Exercise 8
When the infinitive ends in -uir, there is also a spelling change.

construir (to build)
Estan construyendo un
They are building a new school.
colegio nuevo.
Choose the correct answer from the words in brackets.
disminuir (to go down)

El nivel del agua esta
disminuyendo.
The water level is going down.
1 (Maribel/Nosotros) esta viendo television.

2 (Asuncion y Genaro/Yo) estan hablando por telefono.
3 (TU/Usted) esta preparando el infonne y (ttilusted) estas
preparando los gr3ficos, ;,verdad?
4 (Maritza/Yo) estoy can tan do en esta foto.
5 (La radio/Los periodicos) esta transmitiendo el partido de futbol.
el informe
los gr&ficos
;.verdad?
Exercise6r:!:J
the report
graphics
right?
cantando
transmitiendo
partido
singing
broadcasting
match
Complete this dialogue, changing the verb in brackets to the continuous form.
Ana arrives home from work and finds her son in the kitchen.
ANA:
;,Que estas (hacer)?

MARio: Estoy (preparar) un infonne.
ANA!
Y Tomas, ;,que esta (hacer)?
MARio: Esta (escribir) una carta a una amiga.
ANA:
;,Donde esta?
MARio: En su cuarto.
hacer
infonne
carta
cuarto
Conjunctions
to do, to make
report
letter
room, bedroom (note that other words used for bedroom are
pieza, alcoba, reclimara, donnitorio)
In Spain usually donnitorio and habitaci6n are used for bedroom.
Exercise 7
The conjunctions y and o correspond to 'and' and 'or' in English

and are used in a similar way.
When y precedes another word beginning with the sound i, it
changes to e, as in Felipe e Ignacio.
When o precedes a word beginning with the sound o, it changes
to u, as in Aconsejar u orientar es dificil. 'To advise or give guidance is difficult'.
Reading
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of estar.

1 (Yo)
hablando por telefono a Bogota.
2 Maria
explicando el problema.
3 Dolores y Fernando
platicando.
4 El abuelo
tomando fotos a los niiios.
exprimiendo las naranjas para el jugo.
5 Mi madre
explicar
platicar
tomar fotos
Language point
to explain
to talk
to take photographs
exprimir
jugo
to extract
juice
these questions:
What happens on the Day of the Dead according to popular
belief?
What do children usually buy?
88
El Dia de Muertos
El dos de noviembre en todo Mexico se celebra el Dfa de Muertos,
una de las fiestas mas importantes del pafs. Se cree que los muertos
vuelven a visitar a su familia y se les ofrece alimentos, frutas y
flores. Ademas, se encienden velas y se quema incienso. Por todas
partes hay calaveras de 'papier-macbe' y los nifios compran calaveras de dulce para comer.
muertos
fiesta
se cree
alimentos
frutas
ftores
the dead
festival
it is believed
food
fruit
flowers
se encienden
vel as
incienso
por todas partes
calaveras
dulce
are lit
candles
incense
everywhere
skulls
sweet
8 l Que ten go que

hacer?
What do I have to do 7
By the end of this chapter you will be able to:

Express necessity or obligation using tener que and hay
que
Talk about your routines at work and at home
Describe a house
Describe a room
Use con + pronoun/conmlgo, contlgo (with me, with
you, etc.)
Dialogue 1
Tengo que ir al banco

Mark wants to change some traveler's checks
MARK:
Tengo que cambiar cheques de viajero. Necesito mas

plata. Vamos a Ia casa de cambio.
CARMEN: No. El banco es mejor.
MARK:
~Por que?
CARMEN: El banco cobra menos comisi6n y paga mas por
d6lar.
MARK:
Entonces, vamos al banco.
CARMEN: Tenemos que ir rapido. El banco cierra a las tres.
iApurate! Quedan diez minutos.
90
91
Language point
9 utilizar Ia computadora
10 leery contestar el correo electronico
En casa (At home)
Tener que
To explain that something has to be done the expression tener que
is used. This is the equivalent of the English 'to have to'. Here are
all the forms:
tengo que
tienes que
tiene que
tenemos que
tienen que
tienen que
I have to
you have to (informal)
you have to (formal); he/she has to
we have to
you have to (formal and informal)
they have to
The expression tener que is always followed by a verb in the infinitive.

Tengo que cambiar cheques I have to change traveler's checks.
de viaje.
Tenemos que terminar
We have to finish soon.
pronto.
1 preparar Ia comida
21impiar
3 pasar Ia aspiradora
4 planchar
5 ayudar a los niiios con sus tareas
6 contestar el telefono
7 atender el jardin
8 hacer reparaciones
9 pagar las cuentas
10 ordenar las recimaras
enviar
basta tarde
pasar Ia
aspiradora
plan char
las cuentas
to send
until late
to vacuum
to iron
the bills
ayudar
tare as
a tender
hacer reparaciones
ordenar
to help
homework
to attend to
to do repairs
to tidy up
Now practise the same sentences again, adding some expressions of

frequency/habit/routine.
Exercise 1
Which of these things do you do at work and at home? Use the

expression tener que to say what you have to do both at home and
at work. Then write the phrases down in your notebook.
Example:
En el trabajo tengo que presentar informes.
En el trabajo (At work)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
abrir Ia correspondencia
enviar faxes
escribir cartas
supervisar Ia produccion
trabajar basta tarde
presentar informes
llamar por telefono
tratar con el publico
generalmente
normalmente
a veces
siempre
nunca
generally
normally
sometimes
always
never
Examples:
En casa, generalmente tengo que contestar el telefono.
En el trabajo siempre escribo cartas.
Reading
A professor of Economics is talking about the problems of the
nation
'En rni opini6n, el gobierno tiene que rebajar las tasas de interes,
el sector privado tiene que invertir mas, los sindicatos tienen que
92
93
moderar sus expectativas, y todos tenemos que trabajar juntos para

estimular Ia economia del pais.'
gobierno
government
rebajar
to reduce
tasas de interes interest rates
sector privado private sector
invertir
to invest
sindicatos
moderar
expectativas
juntos
trade unions
to tone down,
to moderate
expectations
together
Exercise2
tiene que discutir precios

tiene que ver muestras
tiene que probar el producto
tiene que estudiar el contrato
Dialogue
People from various sources mentioned in the speech above have

commented on the contents of it. Are they in favor (en favor) or
against (en contra) what was said in the speech?
the factory
to discuss
prices
ta fabrics
discutir
precios
pro bar
muestras
to try, to test
samples
2m
Tareas de Ia casa
1 Vocero del gobiemo: '; las tasas de interes estan bien '
2 Sociedad de Empresarios: 'Tenemos que invertir mas
capital . '
3 Lider sindical: 'Tenemos que luchar por un salario justo.'
While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to this
question:
vocero
sociedad de
empresarios
lider sindical
Sra Huertas explains some of the things she has to do at home
spokesperson
industrialists'
confederation
union leader
luchar
salario
justo
to fight
salary
fair, just
Does Sra Huertas do housework or does she do a paid job from

home?
ENTREVISTADOR:
SRA HuERTAs:
Exercise 3
Mr Miller has a few things to do during his one-day business visit

to a Latin American client. In what order does he have to do things,
do you think? Write it down in your notebook. The following
expressions may help you to link your sentences:
primero
despues
luego
entonces
mas tarde
por Ultimo
first
afterwards
next, then
then
later
lastly
Example:
Primero, tiene que preparar el informe.
tiene que visitar Ia fabrica
(,Que tareas domesticas tiene que hacer en Ia

casa Sra Huertas?
Tengo que lavar Ia ropa, tengo que lavar los
platos, tengo que limpiar Ia casa, tengo que
preparar el desayuno, tengo que llevar a los
niiios al colegio ...
Language point
Personal
After certain verbs, such as conocer (to know), Uevar (to carry),
acompaiiar (to accompany), ver (to see), visitar (to visit), it is
necessary to use the 'personal' a when the direct object (i.e. the
person, animal or thing directly affected by the verb) that follows is
a person or the name of a person. You do not need the 'personal' a
if the direct object is not a person.
94 ------------------------------------- ----Me gusta l'isitar a mi tia.

Me gusta l'isitar Chile.
Llevo a los nifios al colegio.
Llevo mochas cosas al
colegio.
I like to visit my aunt.

I like to visit Chile.
I take the children to school.
I take many things to school.
Study the following examples:

I have to take my car to work.
We have to take Julia to town.
No:-v make similar sentences including other things or people you

have to take somewhere, e.g. al colegio (to school), al trabajo (to
work), al parque (to the park), etc., either regularly or occasionally.
SOLUCI6N POSIBLE
1 Imagen impedecta.
2 Buen sonido, pero Ia
pantalla no esta iluminada.
3 Imagen llul'iosa y ruido.
(a) Hay que regular el contraste.

(b) Hay que ajustar Ia antena.
imagen
ajustar
sonido
pantalla
antena
chequear
contraste
TV picture
adjust
sound
screen
aerial
check
contrast
(c) Hay que chequear Ia conexion

de Ia antena.
(d) Hay que regular el brillo.
lluviosa (imagen) snowy (TV picture)
(literally, 'rainy')
adjust
regular
noise
ruido
lines
lineas
brightness
brillo
Exercise 6
Here are the names of well-known daily newspapers from Latin

America. Use the map below to match each paper with the country
where it is published.
Language point
Hay que
Another way of expressing that something needs to be done is by
using hay que followed by the infinitive.
Hay que parar Ia guerra.
Hay que comprar por
docenas.
PROBLEMA
4 Aparecen lineas horizon

tales.
Exercise4
Tengo que Uevar mi carro

al trabajo.
Tenemos que llevar a Julia
al centro.
--------------------------------------95
The war must be stopped.

You have to buy by the dozen.
In this case the expression is more impersonal than tener que since
you do not refer to any person in particular. The emphasis is on the
need to perform the action.
Exercise 5
Match the possible solutions to the problems in the following

troubleshooting chart for a television set.
1 Excelsior
2 El Mercurio
3 La Nacion
4 El Comercio
5 El Espectador
6 ABC
7 El Universal
8 Gramma
9 La Prensa
lO EI Pais
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
Cuba
Argentina
Colombia
Uruguay
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Bolivia
Chile
96
97
Los cuartos de Ia casa
MARCARIBE
ff.
OCEANO PACIFICO
OCEANO ATLANTICO
Once you have finished Exercise 6, explain where each newspaper is

published.
Example:
Excelsior se publica en Mexico
Excelsior is published in Mexico.
You may use se publica it is published, or se lee it is read. You will

learn more about similar expressions in Chapter 11.
1
2
3
4
entrada
sal a
comedor
cocina
5 garaje
6 dormitorio
7 baiio
Al entrar a la casa, en la planta baja a la izquierda esta la sala. A la

derecha esta el patio. Mas adentro, a la izquierda esta el comedor y
a la derecha esta la cocina. En la planta alta hay dos dormitorios y
un baiio. Tambien hay un estudio.
-------------------------------------~
98
Note: in Latin America entrar a is usually the preferred form, while
in Spain entrar en predominates.
al entrar
planta baja
as you go in
downstairs
planta alta
mas adentro
upstairs
further inside
Iado de Ia cama esta el ropero. A Ia derecha esta mi estereo.

Tambien a Ia derecha hay estantes para libros. En los estantes
tengo mi camara fotografica y fotos. Cerca de Ia puerta estan mis
zapatos y zapatillas. La ventana es grande y da al jardin.
chico
comodo
cam a
Exercise 7
Based on the description above, now try to describe your own

house. You can start by saying: Vivo en una casa 'I live in a house'
or Vivo en un departamento 'I live in a flat/apartment' and then
describe the layout, i.e. AI entrar a Ia casa/al departamento 'As
you go into the house/flat ... '.
Note: In Spain people use the word piso for a flat/apartment.
Apartamento is also used when it is for short holiday stays.
Reading
Mi cuarto
Mi cuarto es chico, pero c6modo. A Ia izquierda esta mi cama. AI
estantes
ventana
shelves
window
Note: Spanish speakers in Latin America prefer the word chico/

chica to mean 'small'. In Spain pequeiio/pequeiia is preferred.
Now try to describe in Spanish your own room and some of the
things there are in it:
;. Como es tu cuarto?
;. Que tienes en tu cuarto?
Dialogue 3
r:!l
small
comfortable
bed
What's your room like?

What do you have in your room?
r:!l
Hablando por telefono

Ana Maria and Adela are talking on the phone
ANA MARfA: i,Adela? l,que estas haciendo?
Estoy escuchando mis 'compact discs'. i,Ouieres
escuchar musica conmigo?
ANA MARiA: Bueno.
ADELA:
Ven a mi casa, entonces.
ANA MARiA: Si, voy ahorita.
ADELA:
As well as 'compact discs ' people also use the letters CD.
Example:
Estoy escuchando mis COs.
(pronounced 'mis ce des')
I am listening to my CDs.
101
100 --------------------------------------------
Language points
Reading
Ahorita
Here is a message from a charity collecting donations for Christmas.

While reading the text, see if you can find answers to these questions:
This word is used to indicate that something will be done straight

away, without delay. In Spain the equivalent expression is enseguida.
Conmigo/contigo
The special forms conmigo and contigo are used for 'witq me' and
'with you'. For other persons con+ pronoun is used.
conmigo
contigo
con el
con ella
con nosotros
con ustedes
con ellos
con elias
with me
with you (singular)
with him
with her
with us
with you (plural)
with them
with them (if all are female)
Examples:
Ven conmigo.
;, Quieres ir a comer con
ellos?
Come with me.

Do you want to go out for a meal
with them?
Note: if you want to refer to a mixed group of people, the masculine

plural form is used.
Exercise 8
Give the Spanish equivalent for the following phrases.

1
2
3
4
5
I want to go with you.

Sra Rosas lives in a small house with them (two daughters).
Come with me.
They want a meeting with you.
He always arrives with them (all male).
What are they collecting for?

How can you make a donation?
CONTAMOS CONTIGO
Esta Navidad con Ia ayuda de todos vamos a lograr sonrisas. Como
siempre, esperamos contar contigo. Toda ayuda sera bienvenida:
ropa, medicinas, juguetes. Llama al teletono 49 - 4949 de 8 de Ia
manana a 6 de Ia tarde para ofrecer tu donativo.
Navidad
vamos a lograr
sonrisa
como siempre
esperamos
Christmas
we are going to get
smile
as always
we hope
contar
bienvenida
juguetes
ofrecer
donativo
to count on
welcome
toys
offer
donation
103
9 He perdido
I have lost ...
Language points
l,Oue pasa7
This question is used to find out what the matter is with somebody.
It is similar to 'What's happening? /What's the matter?'
The present perfect tense

By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
Refer to recent events using the present perfect tense {e.g.
I have finished, we have eaten, etc.)
Use the present perfect continuous tense {e.g. I have been
working)
Give a basic physical description of objects and materials
Use por and para
The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliary verb haber and
the past participle of the main verb of the sentence.
Example:
He perdido mi maletin.
The forms of haber are:
he
has
Dialogue 1 I'll
He perdido mi pasaporte
JAIME:
CATHERINE:
JAIME:
CATHERINE:
JAIME:
CATHERINE:
lOue pasa?
He perdido mi pasaporte.
lD6nde? lC6mo?
No se. No estoy segura. Quizas en el mercado.
Hay que ir a la comisaria y luego al consulado.
Si. Necesito un duplicado.
I have lost my briefcase.
ha
hemos
han
han
I have
you have (informal)
you have (formal); he/she has
we have
you have (plural)
they have
Note: when the meaning of 'to have' is 'to possess', then you must
use tener and not haber, i.e. tengo (I have), tienes (you have), etc.,
as in
Tengo una camara
digital.
I have a digital camera.
You form the past participle of a verb by replacing the infinitive

ending -ar by the ending -ado, and the endings -er and -ir by -ido.
trabajar
comer
vhir
trabajado
comido
vivido
The most common irregular past participles are:

abrir (to open)
decir (to say)
escribir (to write)
abierto
dicho
escrito
105
104 ------------------------------------- -----
hacer (to do, to make)

morir (to die)
poner (to put)
romper (to break)
ver (to see)
volver (to return)
hecho
muerto
puesto
roto
vis to
vuelto
The present perfect is used to indicate that an event has happened

in a period of time in the past but which includes the present or
whose effects still bear on the present.
He perdido mi pasaporte.
Hemos terminado.
;,No ha llegado?
I have lost my passport.

We have finished.
Hasn't he/she arrived?
The present perfect continuous

This tense is used to indicate that an action has been in progress
over a period of time and continues to be in progress at the time of
speaking. It is formed by using haber plus the past participle plus
the gerund (e.g. escribiendo 'writing', viajando 'traveling').
Examples:
Hemos estado trabajando
We have been working on this
todo el dia en este asunto.
matter all day.
;,Has estado estudiando
Have you been studying all the
to do el tiempo?
time?
Desde
is similar to the English structure 'for' + period of time.

Examples:
Trabajo aci desde hace dos I have been working here for two
years.
aiios.
;,Desde hace cuanto tiempo How long have you been in
Santiago?
que estas en Santiago?
I have been studying at the univerEstudio en Ia universidad
sity for two months.
desde hace dos meses.
Exercise 1
Translate the following into Spanish:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I have finished my work.

I have been writing this letter for two hours.
Elena and I have written a letter to the newspaper.
Roger has been in Cali for a week.
Carlos Fuentes has published a new book.
You have lived in Paraguay for a long time.
The bank has opened a new branch.
We haven't seen Lorena since this morning.
They have arrived.
Haven't you finished?
Exercise 2
Here are two things you may have done today. Continue the list
with other things you have completed during the day - on your own
or with somebody else.
He escrito una carta.
Mi madre y yo hemos preparado el desayuno.
The word desde is the equivalent of 'since'.

He estado trabajando desde I have been working since half
past seven.
las siete y media.
Hemos estado preparando el We have been preparing the conference since January.
congreso desde enero.
The following structure in Spanish:
desde + hace + period of time
Dialogue 2 al
En Ia comisarfa
these questions:
107
106 ------------------------------------- -----
Why is Mark at the police station?

Would you carry the same things in your briefcase if you visited a
Latin American country?
Por is also used in the following idiomatic expressions:

por ahora
por el momento
por otra parte
por si acaso
por ejemplo
por fin
Mark has lost his briefcase and is reporting the loss at a police station
PoudA:
MAruc
PoudA:
MARK:
PoudA:
MARK:
PoudA:
MAruc
Buenas tardes.
He perdido mi male tin con docurnentos personales.
Su nombre, por favor.
Mark Williams.
(,Que hay en su maletin?
Un momento, por favor. He escrito una lista. Aca
esta: mi pasaporte, boleto de avi6n, cheques de
viajero, una guia de Latinoamerica, una lista de
hoteles y una agenda.
Voy a apuntar los detalles.
Quisiera una copia del informe policial. Es para el
seguro.
Sf, por supuesto.
Language point
Por/para
Por usually indicates the source of the action ('because of, by,
through'). Para usually expresses destination or purpose ('to, in
order to'). These two prepositions can often be confusing to English
speakers because both may also translate the English preposition
'for '.
Fue elegida por su experiencia. She was elected for her experience.
Answer by fax.
Contestar por fax.
Por Maria acepto Ia invitacion. Because of Maria he accepted
the invitation.
Este regalo es para ti.
This present is for you.
;. Que estas haciendo? Estoy
What are you doing? I'm looking
mirando por Ia ventana.
through the window.
Empuje Ia palanca para
Push the lever to open the door.
abrir Ia puerta.
;.Para que quieres esto? Para What do you want this for? To
fix it.
arreglarlo.
for the time being

for the moment
on the other hand
just in case
for example
at last
Exercise 3
Complete these sentences choosing por or para.

Susana.
1 Este libro es un regalo
que no has terminado tu comida?
2 ;.
Ia reunion.
3 Estoy preparando Ia agenda
Ia tienda? (on your way to)
4 ;.Vas
esta puerta.
5 Hay que salir
Exercise 4
These are features you might find in a Latin American publication.

Write down those which also belong to the journal/magazine that
you usually read. Are there any others you can name?
Edicion actualizada
Direcciones utiles de Internet
Informes
An8lisis de encuestas
Cartas de lectores
Entrevistas
Disposiciones legales
Reportajes
Reseiias de publicaciones
450 paginas
53 cuadros estadisticos
90 graficos
Glosario tecnico
Terminologia en castellano, frances e ingles
Mapas y fotos
Temas: sociedad, nutricion, pobreza, mujer, sector informal,
pequeiia y mediana empresa.
109
108
actualizada
cuadro
estadistico
grafico
temas
sociedad
util, utiles
informes
encuestas
lectores
up to date
chart
graphics
topics, themes,
subjects
society
useful
reports
surveys
readers
nutricion
nutrition
poverty
pobreza
sector informal the 'informal'
sector (of the
economy)
empresa
firm, company
direcciones
addresses
entre vistas
interviews
reportajes
report (special feature)
reviews
reseiias
publications
publicaciones
Reading D.'l
these questions:
Why are there so many street vendors in Latin America?
How do they announce the goods they sell?
Dialogue 3 D.'l
l Por que estas triste?

Mark has not yet recovered his briefcase
i,Por que esHis triste?

MARK: Porque he perdido mi maletin con mi agenda.
DELIA: i. Cuando?
MARK: El otro dia. He ido a la comisarfa, pero no han encontrado
el maletfn.
DELIA: i,Por que no te compras otra agenda?
MARK: Ya tengo una nueva. Pero he perdido nombres y direcciones con contactos importantes.
D E LIA:
Language point
l,Por que?/porque
Vendedores ambulantes
Los vendedores ambulantes, hombres, mujeres y niiios, Henan las
calles de las principales ciudades latinoamericanas. Ofrecen todo
tipo de productos, alimentos, artfculos de tocador importados,
verduras, bebidas gaseosas, etc. El desempleo y la pobreza obligan
a muchos a trabajar horas y horas voceando sus productos. Son
parte del sector informal de la economia.
vendedores
ambulantes
llenan
articulos de
tocador
street sellers
fill
toiletries
verduras
bebidas gaseosas
voceando
desempleo
pobreza
vegetables
soft drinks
shouting
unemployment
poverty
Are there any street sellers in your city/town/village? What do they

sell? Can you think of the names of some of their products in
Spanish?
;,Por que?, the equivalent of 'why?', is written as two words.

Porque, the equivalent of 'because', is one word.
;,Por que no ha venido
Sofia?
Porque esta enferma.
Why hasn't Sofia come?

Because she is ill.
Exercise 5
Below is a list of possible presents. Which one would you choose

for ...
un enamorado/una enamorada
tu niiio o niiia
tu abuela
un amigo
tu oficina
;,y para ti?
a boyfriend/girlfriend
your child
your grandmother
a friend
your office
and for you?
111
110
Caja fuerte de acero. Con sistema

electr6nico. Muy segura.
Juegos de construcci6n
en phistico s6lido
transparente y calido.
Carpeta para guardar

facturas o apuntes.
Hecha de phistico.
Muy uti!.
Poleras/Polos de algod6n.
De moda.
Silla plegable. El asiento es de lona y cuero. Para

conciertos al aire libre. Es c6moda.
Sortija de plata. Elegante.
Llavero de oro. Atractivo.
Abrigos de lana.
Gruesos.
112
wood
metal
cardboard
glass fiber
glass
plastic
fabric
madera
metal
carton
fibra de vidrio
vidrio
plastico
tela
Reading
hacer hoy?
What are we going to do today?
these questions:
When did Europeans arrive in Latin America?
What does Latin America buy from industrialized countries?
Does your own country produce or import one or more of these
products?
Desde Ia llegada de los europeos en el siglo XVI, America Latina

ha exportado materias primas y ha importado productos manufacturados de los paises industrializados. Algunas de las principales
materias primas que exporta Latinoamerica son petr6leo, cafe, azucar de cafia, algod6n, cobre.
since the arrival
century
raw materials
countries
some
Explain what you intend to do using lr a

Order a meal and/or a drink
Use subject relative clauses (e.g. the music that I like)
Use expressions of agreement (e.g. according to)
Dialogue 1
En Lima
Latinoamerica exporta
desde Ia llegada
siglo
materias primas
paises
algunas
laue vamos a
10
Algunos otros materiales:
petroleo
cafe
azucar de caiia
algodon
cobre
oil
coffee
cane sugar
cotton
copper
these questions:
What are the tourists going to visit?
Are they going to do anything in the afternoon?
A group of tourists are visiting Lima. The travel agent is talking to

them about their itinerary for the day
TuRISTA: 6Que vamos a hacer hoy?
Primero, vamos a visitar el Museo Arqueol6gico. Aparte
GufA:
de Ia exposici6n van a ver un video de diez minutos y

luego vamos a almorzar en un restaurante criollo. En Ia
tarde vamos a recorrer las iglesias antiguas de Ia capital
y a comprar recuerdos. El guia va a explicar ...
115
114
Language point
pasear
i r a + infinitive
malecon
nadar
mar
mirar tiendas
One way of expressing the future is by using the present tense of the
verb ir (to go) followed by a plus the infinitive expressing the
intended action. This is similar to the English structure 'to be going
to + infinitive'
Vamos a visitar el museo.
Elena va a viajar a Mexico.
We are going to visit the museum.

Elena is going to travel to Mexico.
Here are all the forms of the verb ir + a:

voya
vas a
va a
vamos a
van a
van a
I am going to
you are going to (informal)
you are going to (formal); he/she/it is going to
we are going to
you are going to
they are going to
Exercise2
1 Voy a visitar el Museo de Ia Inquisicion.

2 Voy a pasear por el malecon.
3 Voy a nadar en el mar.
4 Voy a mirar tiendas.
5 Voy a tomar helados.
6 Voy a cambiar plata.
And this is what a local person has to say about each activity. Can
you match the comment with the corresponding sentence above?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
En el mercado paralelo pagan mas.

Es muy romantico.
Esta cerca de Ia catedral.
El de frambuesa es muy rico.
Yo prefiero Ia piscina.
Hay un centro comercial muy cerca.
tomar helados
mercado paralelo
frambuesa
piscina
cambiar plata
to have ice cream

free rate
currency market
raspberry
swimming pool
change money
laue vas a hacer?

This is a list of possible activities for the week ahead. Look at the
example and practise similar questions and answers for each day.
Use y tambien 'and also' to link both sentences.
Example:
Que vas a hacer ellunes?

El Junes voy a telefonear a casa y tambien voy a preparar Ia
reunion.
LUNES
telefonear a casa
preparar Ia reunion
MARTES
asistir a Ia reunion
comer en un restaurante centrico
Exercise 1
This is what a tourist intends to do one day while visiting Lima:
to walk about,
to go for a stroll
promenade
to swim
sea
window shopping
MIERCOLES estudiar el reglamento

escribir cartas
JUEVES
probar el equipo nuevo

entrevistar a posible jefe de ventas
VIERNES
recoger Ia nueva impresora laser

comprar 'compact discs'
SABADO
descansar
DOMINGO
descansar
asistir
reglamento
equipo
entrevistar
to attend
regulations
equipment
to interview
jefe de ventas
recoger
impresora
descansar
head of sales
to pick up
printer
to rest
117
116
Some more useful connectors:
en primer Iugar
luego
mas adelante
finalmente
first , in the first place

then
later
finally, lastly
Exercise 3
Say what you are going to do at the weekend. Use events from the
list below. Here is an example:
A: ;,Adonde vas a ir el viemes?
o: Voy air a Ia Exposicion de Juguetes.

A: ;,Donde es?
o: En el Museo Antropologico.
A: ;,A que bora?
o: A las cinco de Ia tarde.
Gufa de Fin de Semana
VIERNES
P.M.
Exposici6n. Ganadores del Concurso de Pintores J6venes.
5.00
Auditorio Municipal.
5.00
Exposici6n. Juguetes de otra epoca. Museo Antropol6gico.
Sala Especial 1.
El grupo Arena interpreta los temas de su nuevo compact.
8.00
Restaurante Bartolo. Playa Las Piedritas.
9.00
La cantante Tania ofrece una noche de rock en el teatro La
Primavera. Cerca de Ia Catedral.
SABADO
P.M.
Exposici6n fotografica. 'Paisajes y personas'. En blanco y
4.00
negro y en color. Entrada gratis. Instituto de Cultura.
7.00
Ballet Nacional. Danzas folkl6ricas y modernas. Palacio de
Ia Musica.
Teatro Marsano. Obra c6mica. 'Las Brujas'. Decima semana
8.00
en cartelera.
BarEl Autentico. Jazz basta las 2 de Ia madrugada.
9.30
DOMINGO
A.M.
Competencia automovilistica. En Ia Via Expresa.
9.00
10.00 Exposici6n de monedas antiguas. Banco Central.
Final del Campeonato de V6ley. Estadio Nacional.
2.00
fin de semana
ganado res
concurso
juguetes
otra epoca
sal a
interpreta
ofrece
cantante
paisajes
Exercise4
weekend
winners
competition
toys
bygone era
hall
sings
gives
singer
landscapes
entrada
obra comica
en cartelera
madrugada
monedas
antiguas
campeonato
estadio
admission, ticket
comedy
on at the theater or
cinema
early hours of the
morning
old coins
championship
stadium
RESTAURANTE 'TERRENAL'
Direcci6n:
Telefono:
Tarjetas:
Horario:
Lisina 844
343-9983
Reservas:
Nivel de Precios:
tarjeta
horario
Visa y Diners
Lunes a Sabado
a partir del mediodfa
Recomendables
DeS/ .10 (menus especiales) aS/ .25
card
opening hours
nivel de precios
a partir de
price range
from, as from
Based on the information above, say which of the following statements are possible and which are not. Use the words Si es posible 'It
is possible' or No es posible 'It is not possible' for your answers.
1
2
3
4
5
Voy a pagar con tarjeta Visa.

Vamos a almorzar el domingo.
Vamos a almorzar a las 11.30 de Ia maiiana.
Voy a pedir el menu mas barato de diez pesos.
Vas a reservar una mesa por telefono.
119
118
Language point
The relative pronoun que

Que is the relative pronoun normally used to link two phrases in
one sentence. In English it can be 'that', 'which' or 'who':
Los jovenes que prefieren on Young people who prefer a quiet
ambiente tranquilo.
atmosphere.
El restaurante que esta en Ia The restaurant which is on the
esquina.
corner.
The dish that I like.
El plato que me gusta.
Dialogue
2m
En el restaurante
After reading the dialogue below and looking at the menu, answer
the following questions:
Do the customers both choose the same?
What would you choose?
Ensaladas
(Salads)
A escoger del bar de las ensaladas

(To choose from the salad bar)
Broqueta de pollo
Broqueta de came
Panqueques de espinaca
Milanesas
(Chicken brochettes)
(Meat brochette}
(Spinach pancakes)
(Escalope)
Ensalada de fi:uta con helado
(Fruit salad and ice cream)
Lomo con salsa de berenjenas

Lenguado con jenjibre
'Hojas' de pollo con champifiones
Parrillada
(BeefSteak in aubergine sauce)

(Sole with ginger)
(Chicken with mushrooms)
(Grilled meats}
Ensalada de fi:utas
Torta de chocolate
(Fruit salad)
(Chocolate cake)
A couple are choosing something to eat from the menu below at a

restaurant in Buenos Aires
Mozo:
CLIENTE:
Mozo:
CLIENTE:
(To the waiter) i,Que es lenguado? i,Carne?

i,Pescado? i, Verdura?
Es pescado. Es muy agradable.
Para mi un lomo. Para mi esposo, lenguado con jenjibre.
i,Para heber?
Vino blanco, por favor.
Language point
Para mi
To indicate for whom something is intended, such as a meal at a
restaurant or a drink at a bar, the usual expression is para followed
by the object of the order. Here are all the forms:
para mi
para ti
para usted
para el
para eUa
forme
for you (informal)
for you (formal)
for him
for her
121
120
para nosotros
para ustedes
para ellos
para elias
for us
for you (formal and informal)
for them (all masculine or mixed group)
for them (all feminine)
Examples:
La chica es para Mariana.
Estos regalos son para
ustedes.
17 puntos
Maritimo, Costanera Norte. Reservas al 788-0409.

Pescados y mariscos. Broqueta de pez espada con
tagliatelle. Todos los dias al mediodia y par la noche.
$30 a $40 por persona.
14 puntos
Sabor, Pelliza 319. Reservas al 726-5341. Cocina

europea. Martes a domingo por la noche. $30 a $50
por persona.
The small one is for Mariana.

These presents are for you.
Exercise 5
Reading
Decide if the following statements are true (verdadero) or false

(falso).
In each issue a weekly magazine recommends some restaurants

following the International Classification System, giving points for
cooking, service, decoration, etc. Read this week's results and then
answer the questions in Exercise 5:
1
2
3
4
5
El Jardin esta en Ia calle Ugarteche.

El Jardin abre solo por las tardes.
El Grill es on restaurante promedio.
El Maritimo se especializa en pescados.
El Sabor es on restaurante malo.
CLASIFICACI6N
0-10 puntos
11-15 puntos
16-20 puntos
21-25 puntos
26-30 puntos
Malo/Regular
Promedio
Bueno
Muy bueno
Excelente
Segun el sistema de clasificaci6n internacional, se otorgan puntos

por cada aspecto del restaurante: cocina, servicio, decorado, etc.
Esta semana recomendamos
24 puntas
18 puntos
Language point
Segun
This word means 'according to', as in SegU.n el gobiemo, Ia inftaci6n
esta bajo control. 'According to the government, inflation is under
control.'
Other expressions with similar meaning are:
de acuerdo con
conforme a
de conformidad con
El Jardin, Calle Ugarteche 315. Reservas al802-1555.

Cocina argentina moderna y de nipida preparaci6n
'fast-food'. Broquetas de langostinos y champifiones.
Todos los dias desde las 12 del mediodia hasta las 4 de
la madrugada. De $10 a $30 por persona.
Conforme a and de conformidad con are used in a more formal or

legal context.
The Grill, Calle Reconquista 1875. Reservas al

312-2477. Cocina inglesa y portefia. Lunes a viernes
mediodfa y noche. $20 a $40 por persona.
De acuerdo con las normas. According to the rules.

De conformidad con Ia ley According to current legislation.
actual.
123
122
Readings
COMIDA DIETETICA Y NATURAL
While reading the advertisement below, see if you can find answers
to these questions:
Is the advertisement offering travel abroad?
What does the Gran Hotel offer, and what is required from you?
* EL GRAN HOTEL *
PRESENT A
NOCHE CUBANA
NOCHE BRASILENA
NOCHE PERUANA
NOCHEPARAGUAYA
NOCHE ME]ICANA *
viaje
imaginacion
ambiente
baile
travel
imagination
atmosphere
dance
Nosotros ofrecemos el ambiente,

la musica, el baile, la comida
adecuada.
Usted aporta su grata presencia.
comida
aporta
grata
presencia
low-fat pasties
isotonic drinks
low-fat bread
pudding
Elaboramos menus dieteticos para bajar y/o

mantenerse en el peso deseado.
food
contribute
pleasant
presence
vegetable pie
low-fat sweet pie
'healthy' snacks
Tarta de verduras
Tarta dulce dietetica
Bocaditos dieteticos
Empanadas dieteticas
Jugos y licuados energeticos
Budrn dietetico
Bizcochuelo de zanahoria
Pan de salvado
Pan de queso
Cada fin de semana viaje

con su imaginaci6n a otros paises.
While reading the list of food and drinks from a health food shop,
see if you can find answers to these questions:
Can you ask them to deliver or do you have to collect?
How many dishes a day are recommended?
tarta de verduras
tarta dulce
dietetica
bocaditos
dieteticos
empanadas
dieteticas
jugos y licuados
energeticos
budin dietetico
Dos platos diarios: uno de carbohidrato y otro de protefnas.
Reparto a domicilio.
Note: health food shops usually announce their products as

dieteticos .
Exercise 6
bizcochuelo de
zanahoria
pan de salvado
pan de queso
elaboramos
bajar de peso
mantener el peso
deseado
reparto a
domicilio
carrot cake
bran bread
cheese bread
we make
to loose weight
to maintain a
certain weight
that you want
home delivery
Note : The usual spelling is Mexico and Mexicana/o; but occasionally you find the
alternative spelling using a ' j ' instead of an ' x '.
Match the food/drink on the left with the country on the right where
it is a typical dish/drink. The glossary at the back of the book might
help.
1
2
3
4
5
chipa
guacamole
carapulcra
tinto
mate
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Peru
Colombia
Paraguay
Mexico
Argentina
Exercise 7
You have just ordered sole as the main course. Which of these two
wines goes well with it?
124 --------------------------------------------
VINOS
11 Se dice que
Naturaleza Blanca
Clasico
buen color
aroma debil
alga dulce
ligero
agradable
aroma tradicional
neutro
frutal
cuerpo media
Buena combinacion con

jamon, melon o con frutas
en general.
Adecuado para acompafiar a

mariscos o pescados asados.
It is said that ...
Reading Ill
these questions:
What's the atmosphere like in this restaurant?
What are the restaurant's special attractions?
El restaurante 'La Plata'
Make impersonal statements using se

Understand basic travel and leisure information
Use some expressions of comparison with tan . como
(as ... as)
Make comparisons using mas de (more than) and menos
de (less than) followed by numbers or quantities
Dialogue 1 Ill
El restaurante 'La Plata' esta situado en Ia zona del sur de Ia Plaza

de Mayo en Buenos Aires, donde hay un ambiente romantico y
melancolico. Los restaurantes tienen un aire de antiguos, aunque
muchos son edificios nuevas. La zona es concurrida par adultos y
tambien par jovenes que prefieren un ambiente tranquilo. Esta
parte de Buenos Aires es diferente del norte o del oeste. El restaurante 'La Plata' esta en un inmenso local decorado con pinturas
modemas. Se utiliza un proyector de video laser para mostrar video
clips sabre una amplia pared.
esta situado
zona
ambiente
tiene un aire de
antiguo
edificio
is located
area
atmosphere
has an air of
old
building
jovenes
tranquilo
norte
well attended,
busy (of a place
but not a person)
young people
quiet
north
sur
este
oeste
inmenso local
south
east
west
huge premises
pinturas
se utiliza
mostrar
amplia pared
paintings
it is used
to show
large wall
concurrido
Turismo en Mar Del Plata

these questions:
Is tourism on the increase?
What has been done to attract more tourists?
The mayor of Mar del Plata is being interviewed about tourism in his
town
ENTREVISTADOR: Este afio el turismo muestra un incremento del

30 par ciento. ;,Como se lagro esto?
ALCALDE:
Se trabaja para el crecirniento. Anualmente se
destina 25 par ciento de los recursos a obras
publicas. Se ha reducido el personal (en 35 par
ciento ). Se mejora continuamente Ia limpieza de
plazas, paseos y calles. Hay que atraer al turista.
127
126
ENTREVISTADOR: l.Oue otros planes hay?
Se van a construir atracciones deportivas y culturales. El turismo esta relacionado con el
deporte y Ia cultura.
Exercise 1
ALCALDE:
Language point
Give the equivalent in Spanish using the impersonal se.

1
2
3
4
5
It opens early.
Cars are made here.
Computers repaired.
A report is prepared daily.
It is said that he is very ill.
Exercise2
Impersonal se
Se with a third person verb usually has an impersonal meaning. In
English, the usual equivalent is a sentence in the passive voice. (See
also Chapter 19.)
Read the following information about holidays and then complete

the chart given below.
Examples:
DELUJO
Se dice que tiene cancer.
It is said that he/she has

cancer.
Se iniciara en 1999.
It will be started in 1999.
Se van a construir veinte casas. Twenty houses are going to be
built.
The price has been increased.
Se ba aumentado el precio.
Se babla espafiol.
Spanish spoken.
The band 'Los Gitanos' will perEl grupo musical 'Los
Gitanos' se presenta en
form in various stadia in the
next few weeks.
distintos estadios en las
proximas semanas.
Las canciones de Daniela se Daniela's songs are inspired by
inspiran en su trabajo de
her work as a teacher.
maestra.
Con una computadora:

se puede procesar textos
se puede bacer una base
de datos
se puede emplear una hoja
de c81culo
se puede bacer graficos
With a computer,
you can do word processing
you can create a database
you can use a spreadsheet
you can create graphics
Hotel Amsterdam
7 noches en Hotel de Primera Categoria con desayuno, piscina.
Precio incluye pasaje aereo y asistencia mecli c~ dur.mte la
estadia.
$495.00
ESPECIAL
Hotel Central
5 noches, con desayuno. Incluye pasaje aereo. Entrada al casino.
Asistencia medica durante la
estadia.
$435.00
129
128
ALOJAMIENTO INDEPENDIENTE
7 noches en apartamentos de dos ambientes con kitchenette.
Auto compacto con kilometraje ilimitado.
El precio incluye el pasaje aereo y Ia asistencia medica durante toda
Ia estadia.
$680.00
Based on the information about holidays above, complete the

following:
Hotel
N de naches
desayuno
piscina
pasaje
incluido
asistencia
medica
incluida
Amsterdam
Central
Apartamento
Reading
Read the following information about a weekly publication called
Pasatiempo, devoted to outdoor activities, then answer the following questions:
What are the main features of the magazine?
What are the activities covered?
Which of the activities mentioned do you like?
Pasatiempo
Una publicaci6n semanal completa y actualizada para planificar su
fin de semana.
Informaci6n indispensable:
lugares
paseos
hojas de ruta
tarifas
medias de transporte
itinerarios
pron6stico del tiempo
atracciones
cam pings
hoteles
La revista para los que gustan del descanso. Para disfrutar del tiempo libre en contacto con Ia naturaleza y el aire puro.
Actividades que incluimos:
turismo
salidas cortas
campamentismo
pesca
buceo
montaiiismo
fauna
bicicleta de montana
todo terreno
aventuras
Exercise 3
Match each present to the most suitable recipient:
1 billetera para hombre

2 cartera en negro y marron
3 garrafa de vidrio para vino
4 reloj despertador
5 mochila colegial
6 malla entera de baiio
71apicero
8 adorno de porcelana
9 un ramo de flores
10 un CO/stereo personal
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
esposo
esposa
enamorado
enamorada
una joven de 15 aiios
una abuela
tu mejor amigo
tu pareja
tu mejor amiga
billetera
cartera
garrafa
wallet
purse
carafe
maUa entera de
baiio
lapicero
one-piece
swimsuit
ball-point pen
131
130
reloj
despertador
mochila
colegial
enamorada
abuela
mejor amigo
watch/clock
alarm clock
rucksack
school (adjective)
girlfriend
grandmother
best friend
adomo
esposo
esposa
enamorado
unajoven
pareja
ornament
husband
wife
boyfriend
a young lady
partner
Suggest other suitable presents for the people mentioned above.
Dialogue 2
l:D
the middle. The adjective describes the nature of the equality. Here
are some examples:
La bicicleta es tan necesaria
como el aire puro.
Yo tengo 49 aiios. Tu tienes
20. Yo no soy tan joven
como to.
El otro libro no es tan
interesante como este.
A bicycle is as necessary as fresh

air.
I am 49 years old. You are 20. I
am not as young as you are.

The other book is not as interesting as this one.
Exercise4
Una bici
Express the following comparisons as in the example, using the clue

in brackets.
these questions:
Example:
When does the child want the bike?

Why is it a good time to buy one now?
Papi, quiero una bici. Una bicicleta de montana.
Huo:
PADRE: Tienes que esperar basta Ia Navidad. Ademas, las bicicletas de montana son mas caras que las bicicletas tradicionales.
Pero ahora estan de oferta basta el sabado.
Huo:
PADRE: Montar bicicleta puede ser peligroso.
Si, pero voy a usar un casco protector. He visto uno
Hno:
amarillo que me gusta. No es tan grande como un casco
para ir en moto.
Although the correct phase is 'montar bicicleta', many people say
'montar en bicicleta' in casual speech.
Language point
Tan ... como
When you compare in terms of equality you use the expression
tan ... como. It translates as 'as . . . as', often with an adjective in
El mapa cuesta 20 pesos. Ellibro cuesta 250 pesos. (caro)

El mapa no es tan caro como ellibro.
1 Carlos vive a dos horas de aqui. Graciela vive a cinco horas de

a qui. (cerca)
2 Carolina mide 1.78m y so hermano Jose tambien mide 1.78m
(alto/a)
3 La rosa es una Oor muy linda. El clavel tambien es una Oor muy
linda. (lindalo)
4 Mi televisor es de 14". El televisor de mi novia es de 17".
(grande)
5 Esta impresora produce 4 paginas por minuto. La otra impresora produce 8 paginas por minuto. (rapida)
Exercise 5
Read the following advertisement offering prizes, then match the

prizes 1 to 5 with their use (a) to (e).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
para escuchar musica en diversas formas

para ver programas
para pasear
para preparar Ia comida
para grabar musica
133
132 ------------- ------------- ------------- ----BICI REINA

Con Ia compra de una Bici Reina recibes un termo de regalo.
En el termo hay un cup6n para un sorteo de grandes premios.
PREMIOS PARA LOS COMPRADORES :

1 Un ciclomotor 50 cc.
2
3
4
5
Un televisor a color de 14".

Un equipo de sonido.
Una cocina de 4 hornallas.
Una radiograbadora stereo.
adelgazar
sabor
to do
porcion
antes de
comidas
grasas
azucares
ganar
en vase
fonnulario
reUenar
datos
sorteo
concurso
to slim
flavor, taste
all
portion, serving
before
meals
fats
sugars
to win
packet, container
sin
obligacion
compra
form
to fill in
information, data
draw, raffle
contest,
competition
without
obligation
purchase
Note: the phrase Concurso sin obligaci6n de compra is the equivalent of the English 'No purchase necessary'.
Fecha del sorteo: 22 de diciembre
Language point
Mas de/menos de
Reading
While reading the advertisement below, see if you can find answers
to these questions:
Can you win a prize if you buy this product?
How do you enter the draw?
The expressions mas de and menos de ('more than' and 'less than')
are used to establish comparison before numbers or quantities.
Hay mas de 10 sabores.
Tiene menos de 2 calorias.
Hay mas de 100 personas.
Hay menos de 50 dolares en
Ia cuenta.
There are more than 10 flavors.

It has less than 2 calories.
There are more than 100 people.
There is less than 50 dollars in
the account.
ADELGAZAR CON 'GELA SLIM'

Mas sabor y mas color
Gela Slim es un 'postre' que adelgaza. Es una gelatina deliciosa con
todo su color y sabor.
S61o 1.8 calorfas en cada porci6n de 100 gramos.
Consumir media hora antes de las co midas.
Gela Slim absorbe grasas y azucares.
Me nos de 2 calorfas. Mas de 10 sa bores para escoger.
Es posible ganar un autom6vil 0 km.
En cada envase de Gela Slim hay un formulario. Rellenar los espacios
con sus datos y a participar en el sorteo.
(Concurso sin obligaci6n de compra.)
Exercise 6
Complete with mas de or menos de:

1 Tienen 23 empleados. Tienen
de veinte empleados.
2 Hay 1,050 asistentes. Hay
mil asistentes.
3 Cuesta $64.99 por semana. Cuesta
sesenta y cinco
do lares.
4 Ha viajado 32,045 km. en ese carro. Ha viajado
treinta y
cinco mil km.
5 Normalmente asisten 107 diputados. Normalmente asisten
_ _ _ de cien diputados.
135
134
Exercise 7
ExerciseS
Read the following advertisements:
Read the following invitation:
INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL
Turno diumo y noctumo
Ingles
Procesamiento de textos
Computaci6n
Mecanica de autom6viles
Jr C6rdoba 911
FUNDACI6N LEXIS
Cursos par correspondencia
Manualidades en 10 lecciones
Pintura sabre madera en 12 lecciones
Contabilidad basica en 15 lecciones
Precio de cada lecci6n $20
Pagar al cartero
Solicite informaci6n al 825 3257
INSTITUTO DE DEPORTES
N atatorio climatizado
Clases individuales y grupales de nataci6n
Bebes - Niiios - Adultos
Jr Zepita 765
Say if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false)
based on the three advertisements above.
1 Para estudiar ingh~s se puede ir al Instituto de Deportes.

2 Es posible estudiar ingles por correspondencia en Ia Fundacion
Lexis.
3 Manualidades por correspondencia se estudia en diez lecciones.
4 El curso de contabilidad basica cuesta $300.
5 Cuando se estudia por correspondencia en Fundacion Lexis se
paga directamente en Ia oficina principal.
6 Procesamiento de textos es un curso que ofrece el Instituto
Internacional.
7 Solo se puede estudiar de dia en el lnstituto lnternacional.
8 Pintura sobre madera Ileva mas tiempo que manualidades.
9 Un niiio de seis meses puede empezar a nadar en el Instituto de
Deportes.
10 Se puede aprender mecinica de automoviles por correspondencia.
CLUB DE TENIS
Se invita a los socios a una reuni6n el miercoles 3 de diciembre a
partir de las 19.30 horas, a fin de conformar Ia subcomisi6n de
tenis del club.
Based on the information above, say if the following statements are
verdadero (true) or falso (false).
1 Members and non-members are invited.

2
3
4
5
The meeting is on a Friday.

The meeting starts at 7.30 p.m.
The purpose of the meeting is to form a subcommittee.
The meeeting is at the beginning of the year.
a fin de
as from,
beginning from
in order to
Reading
a partir de
reunion
subcomision
meeting
sub-committee
While reading the passage below see if you can answer this question.
Is there African and Spanish influence in Cuban music?
Cuba
Cuba es la mayor de las islas antillanas. Esta situada en el Mar

Caribe. Tiene una problaci6n aproximada de dace rnillones de habitantes, de los cuales mas de dos millones viven en La Habana, la
capital. Dos productos cubanos conocidos por todo el mundo son el
ron y los puros. El azucar y el turismo son las dos actividades
econ6rnicas principales de su economia. El son es el origen de Ia
musica actual conocida como salsa. El son es una manifestaci6n de
Ia fusi6n entre la herencia musical africana y la hispanica.
Ia mayor
ron
puros
fusion
africana
hispamca
the largest
rum
cigars
fusion, merge
African
Hispanic
137
12 lOue hiciste?
What did you do 7
Language points
The past tense or preterite

The past tense, or preterite, is used to express an action in the past
already complete at the time of speaking.

Use the past tense with regular verbs
Use the past tense with irregular verbs
Use a range of expressions for past time reference
Ayer comimos en un
Yesterday we went to a restaurant for a meal.
restaurante.
AI fin terminamos el proyecto. At last we finished the project.
Vivimos en Quito durante
We lived in Quito for two years.
dos aiios.
Regular verbs
Reading
Below are some news headlines from a newspaper.
The past tense of regular verbs, i.e. those which follow a certain
pattern or rule, is formed using endings which vary according to the
person.
-ar verbs: terminar (to finish)
LOS TITUL ARES
Ayer Jleg6 a Lima el nuevo embajador de Ia Republi.ca de Chile.

El d6lar subi6 cliez centimos en el mercado de camb10s.
Empatamos en futbol, ganamos en v6ley.
.
Anoche tennin6la PrimeraJomada de Educadores Lannoamericanos.
Volvi6la cantante Tania Libertad.
THE HEADLINES
The new ambassador from Chile arrived in Lima yesterday.

The dollar rose ten cents in the currency market.
We drew in football and won in volleyball.
The first conference of Latin American teachers came to an end
last night.
The singer Tania Libertad is back.
Note: it is not unusual to find headlines written in the past tense in
Latin American newspapers.
termine
terminaste
termino
terminamos
terminaron
terminaron
I finished
you finished (informal)

you finished (formal); he/she/it finished
we finished
you finished
they finished
Note that the form for the first person plural is the same as the present tense. The context of the sentence, or the addition of a reference to the time when the action took place, usually avoids any
confusion.
-er verbs: comer
comi
comiste
comio
-ir verbs: vivir
vi vi
viviste
viviO
comimos
comieron
comieron
vivimos
vivieron
vivieron
138
139
Dialogue 1
Quehacer
Barranco
I:D
El fin de semana
Carola tells Elsa about her weekend in Lima
CAROLA:
ELSA:
Hola, cuentame de tu fin de semana.

El viernes por Ia noche cornimos en un restaurante
tipico. Bailamos 'land6' y luego regresamos al departamento. El sabado por Ia manana compramos varias cosas
en el centro, luego compramos comida para llevar y
almorzamos en el departamento. Por Ia tarde vimos una
pelicula en un cine de estreno y luego vimos Ia obra No
me toquen ese vals en un teatrito de Ia A venida Brasil.
Muy linda Ia obra.
1,Y el domingo?
El domingo, descansamos.
Language points
Expressions of time in the past
Here are some useful expressions for specific reference to time in
the past.
Exercise 1
Give an account in Spanish of your (or somebody else's) weekend
in Lima, based on the information below. Say the sentences in the
preterite, and in the order that you find most suitable. Omit some
and/or add others if you wish.
Useful connectors:
despues
luego
mas tarde
pintura
Forum
asistir
quena
llamar
cebiche
coctel
current affairs publication in Peru

district of Lima where many cultural events take place
and where many restaurants which offer live shows
are located
painting
well-known art gallery in Lima
to attend (a lesson, a meeting, etc.)
traditional Andean musical instrument
to call
popular dish made with raw fish marinated in lemon
cocktail
afterwards
then
later
Comprar Ia revista Quehacer.

Ver una obra de teatro en Barranco.
Visitar una exposici6n de pintura en Ia galeria Forum.
Asistir a Ia clase de quena.
Llamar por telefono a un amigo/una amiga.
Bailar en Ia discoteca.
Practicar aerobicos en el gimnasio.
Comer un cebiche.
Preparar unos cocteles.
ayer
anteayer
anoche
Ia semana pasada
ellunes pasado
el viernes pasado
el mes pasado
yesterday
the day before yesterday
last night
last week
last Monday
last Friday
last month
As you can see, pasado/a can be used to form a number of expressions in the past. It is not the literal translation of 'last' (ultimo).
Ultimo is used to indicate that something or somebody is the last of
a series; that there are no more, as in: Esta es Ia Ultima funci6n.
'This is the last show'.
Hace
Hace is used to indicate how long ago something happened.
141
140 --------------------------------------------
Examples:
CoLLAR:
;,Cuando Uego? Hace dos dias. When did she arrive? Two days
ago.
Termino Ia universidad hace
He finished college a year ago.
un aiio.
P E RIODISTA:
CoLLAR:
PERIODISTA:
CoLLAR:
Exercise2
Desde los diez aiios tuve que trabajar. Primero en

una farmacia y luego como ayudante de imprenta.
Luego tuve mi propia oficina de diseiio grafico.
(, C6mo nace su trabajo de pin tor?
Estudie en Ia Escuela de Bellas Artes. Poco a poco
participe en muestras individuales y colectivas.
(,Que premio importante ha obtenido?
Recientemente gane el Premio Martel de Artes
Plasticas.
Match the phrases 1 to 5 with the phrases (a) to (e).

1
2
3
4
5
Lei un cuento ...

Vimos una linda pintura modernista ..
Visitamos tres iglesias ...
Anoche ...
Rellenamos el formulario ..
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Reading
De visita en ciudad de Mexico
. en Ia galeria Forum.
. para renovar el pasaporte.
. en el centro de Ia capital.
. soiie contigo.
en Ia biblioteca.
cuento
renovar
short story
to renew
Dialogue 2
sonar
to dream (of)
Ayer empezamos nuestra visita de la ciudad de Mexico. Primero

partimos del Z6calo y fuimos a! Palacio de Bellas Artes que esta
construido de marmol. Luego estuvimos en el Museo
Antropol6gico y mas tarde en el Museo de Arte Modemo. De ahi,
fuimos a! Bosque de Chapultepec, que esta muy cerca del Museo de
Arte Modemo. Yo compre artesania de Oaxaca en un mercado
local. Los tapetes son lindos. La senora Chavez va muy seguido a
ese mercado. Dice que alii venden mas barato.
empezamos
partimos
mlirmol
artesania
we started
we set off
marble
handicraft
tapetes
lindos
muy seguido
barato
tapestries
pretty
very often
cheap
l D6nde naci6?
Here is an interview with a young painter from Paraguay
PERIODISTA:
CoLLAR:
PERIODISTA:
CoLLAR:
P E RIODISTA:
i,D6nde naci6?
Naci en ltaugua Guazu en 1964.
(,D6nde pas6 sus primeros afi.os?
Pase mis primeros aiios con mi abuela materna.
Aprendi guarani como primera lengua. Luego me
adapte al castellano.
(, Tuvo una infancia feliz?
Language points
Irregular verbs in the past
Irregular verbs do not follow the rules which apply to the majority
of verbs. Their stems or their endings differ from those of regular
verbs.
Compare these verbs in the past:
142 ------------------------~------------------
escribir (regular)
ir (irregular)
escribi
escribiste
escribio
fui
fuiste
foe
escribimos
escribieron
escribieron
fuimos
fueron
fuerou
143
9 (Nosotros)(ver) mariachis y otros conjuntos,musicales.

10 Maria (escribir) dos cartas muy largas a sus hermanos.
Exercise 4
As you see, the stem in the past forms of ir has changed.

comer (regular)
comi
comiste
comio
comimos
comieron
comieron
hacer (irregular)
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicieron
hicieron
Other frequently used irregular verbs in the past are:

ser
fui
fuiste
foe
venir
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
tener
tuve
tuviste
tuvo
vinimos
vinisteis
vinieron
estar
tuvimos
tuvieron
tuvieron
saber
supe
supiste
supo
vine
viniste
vino
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvieron
estuvieron
dar
supimos
supieron
supieron
di
diste
clio
dimos
die ron
die ron
Somebody attended a short training course for two weeks. Say

in Spanish what this person did during that time based on the
information below. Consult the glossary at the end of the book if
necessary.
You can start your sentences like this:
En Ia primera semana ..
En Ia segunda semana .
The first week ...

The second week ...
Semana 1
Estudiar el sistema operativo.
Escribir texto y formulas.
Imprimir Ia hoja de cilculo.
Diseiiar pantallas.
Alimentar datos.
Semana2
Analizar economia empresarial.
Preparar estrategias financieras.
Aplicar estadisticas y probabilidades.
Desarrollar metodos de valuacion de proyectos.
Exercise 5
Exercise3
Replace the infinitives with the correct past form.

1 La semana pasada (ir)(yo) al Museo de Arte Moderno.
2
3
4
5
(Nosotros)(ver) obras de Frida Kahlo.

Ayer Julian y Carmela (visitar) Guadalajara por primera vez.
(Yo)(comprar) dos libros en Ia libreria del Sotano.
;.(Tu)(visitar) el Salon de Ia Informatica en el Hotel Maria
Isabel- Sheraton?
6 ;.Cuando (Ud.)(Uegar) a Ciudad de Mexico?
7 (Yo)(aprender) el castellano en Ia escuela secundaria.
8 Anoche (nosotros)(estar) en el restaurante Santa Anita.
Change these sentences to the preterite using the information in

brackets.
Example:
Compro una revista de deportes. (ayer)
Ayer compre una revista de deportes.
1 Escucho un programa de radio. (anoche)

2 Marcelo y Estela diseiian ropa para una firma extranjera. (el aiio
pasado)
3 Carlos imita a Elvis Presley en Ia tele. (el sabado pasado)
4 La revista Decoraci6n sale los viernes. (ayer)
145
144 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --
El servicio medico es criticado siempre. (ayer)

Siempre gana las carreras. (el sabado pasado)
Pochita entrena todos los domingos. (ayer y anteayer)
Leonardo come en casa. (anoche)
El jefe organiza una reunion de ejecutivos cada semana. (el
viernes pasado)
10 Steven vuelve los Junes. (hace dos horas)
5
6
7
8
9
Reading
13 Iran al mercado
They will go to the market
While reading the passage below about working hours in Paraguay,

see if you can find answers to these questions:
Are working hours in Uruguay the same as in your own country?
Do banks open on Saturdays in Uruguay?
Express ideas using the future tense (I will)

Use specific time reference in the future
Use irregular verbs in the future tense
Horarios de trabajo
Reading fn
Los horarios promedio para la actividad comercial son de 9.00 de la

manana a 7.00 de la noche, de Junes a viernes y de 8.30 de Ia manana
a 12.30 de Ia tarde los sabados. Los servicios esenciales publicos y
privados se mantienen sin interrupcion todo el dia. Las oficinas
publicas, los bancos e industrias no trabajan sabado ni domingo. La
mayor parte abre de 12.00 a 5.00 de la tarde y algunos solo cierran a
las siete de Ia noche. Las oficinas privadas y la industria abren
desde las 9.00 de Ia manana basta las 5.00 de Ia tarde.
While reading the following newspaper article, see if you can find
answers to these questions:
horarios
promedio
opening hours
average
Ia mayor parte
algunos
most
some
Have the price increases taken effect already?

What is the highest increase expected in domestic bills?
Tarifas de electricidad aumentaran entre el 5% y 10%

El incremento se efectivizara en julio. La proxima semana se publicaran las tarifas que cobraran a los usuarios.
Las tarifas electricas se incrementaran entre 5% y 10% a partir
del primero de julio. Asf lo manifesto el Presidente de Ia Comision
de Tarifas Electricas.
Las tarifas de los consumos industriales y comerciales experimentaran un incremento promedio de 10%. El incremento maximo de
las tarifas de consumo domestico sera de 5%. Con estos aumentos
las tarifas comerciales e industriales estaran muy cerca de las tarifas
objetivo.
Electricity prices to go up between 5% and 10%

The increase will be implemented in July. The new prices to be
charged to the users will be published next week.
147
146 ------------------------------------------
Electricity prices will be increased between 5% and 10% from

1 July, said the Chairman of the Electricity Price Regulation
Committee.
Prices for industrial and commercial consumption will go up by
an average of 10%. The maximum increase in domestic electricity
prices will be 5%. After this adjustment, prices for commercial and
industrial consumption will be very near the target price.
Voy a empezar un curso

de casteUano.
I am going to start a Spanish

course.
Exercise 1
Change these sentences to the future tense. See page 238 for a list of
irregular verbs in the future.
Example:
Voy a ir al centro en Ia manana.
Ire al centro en Ia manana.
Language points
The future tense

To form the future of regular verbs you add the same endings to the
infinitive of all -ar, -er or -ir verbs.
trabajar
comer
vivir
trabajare
trabajaras
trabajara
trabajaremos
trabajarao
trabajarao
comere
comeras
comera
comeremos
come ran
comerao
vivire
viviras
vivira
viviremos
vivirao
viviran
Examples:
La empresa ampliara sus
actividades.
El gobierno aplicara las
medidas necesarias.
The firm will expand its activities.

The government will take the
necessary action.
The future tense is used mainly in written language. In conversation

the future tense is less common than its equivalent in English.
Spanish speakers tend to prefer the 'ir + a + verb' structure (see
Chapter 10) to express ideas in the future.
El Presidente viajara a
The President will travel to
Europa.
Europe.
El nuevo entrenador del
The new team manager will
equipo Uegara esta noche.
arrive tonight.
Manana vamos a ir a Ia playa. We are going to go to the beach
tomorrow.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Vamos a comer juntos.

Marcelo va a preparar Ia comida manana.
Esteban y yo vamos a escribir el informe.
Vamos a esperar basta que Uegue Ia nueva computadora.
Van a abrir a las 9.30, en vez de las 10.00.
To vas a venir manana temprano, ;,no?
Se van a Uevar todo.
Elena va a empezar a trabajar ellunes.
La reunion va a ser en mi despacho.
Voy a dejar a mi hija en Ia escuela.
El pr6ximo/la proxima
When expressing ideas in the future, such phrases as Ia proxima
semana, el proximo domingo, etc., may be useful. Generally speaking, proximo/proxima means 'next', as in 'next week'.
el proximo Junes
Ia proxima semana
el proximo mes
el proximo verano
las proximas vacaciones
el proximo ano
E//unes que viene

Another way to express a specific moment in the future is by using
the phrase que viene (literally 'the one which is coming').
149
148 ------------------------------------------
Language point
ellunes que viene

Ia semana que viene
el mes que viene
el verano que viene
las vacaciones que vienen
el aiio que viene
Dentro de
Expressions with que viene have the same meaning as and are interchangeable with those using el proximona proxima, especially in
spoken Spanish.
There is a tendency in Spanish to prefer expressions of time at the
beginning of a sentence rather than at the end, although both are
correct.
Example:
Manana iremos al centro.
Dentro de dos dias se

clausurara Ia Feria.
El grupo rockero Uegara
dentro de tres semanas.
The Fair will close in two days'

time.
The rock band will arrive in three
weeks' time.
Exercise4
We will go to town tomorrow.
Exercise2
Translate these sentences into Spanish:

1
2
3
4
5
To explain when something will be completed, Spanish uses the

expression dentro de followed by the period of time.
Ann and I will go to the travel agent's next Tuesday.

I will travel to Guatemala and Nicaragua next year.
We will discuss prices at our next meeting.
The company will grow in the next few years.
New prices for gas will be announced next week.
This is somebody's plan of activities for next week. Say what he or

she will do each day and explain each action using the future tense.
Then do it again using the 'ir + a + verb' pattern. The glossary at the
back of the book will help you with new vocabulary.
Example:
Ellunes estara en una reunion de diez a once.
La pr6xima semana en el trabajo
LUNES
Estar en Ia reuni6n (10 -11)

Ir a la feria de informatica
Comprar nuevo equipo
Exercise 3
MARTES
Visitar Ia tienda de repuestos
Rewrite these sentences using the alternative way of expressing

time.
MIERCOLES
Enviar fax a las sucursales

Informar sobre cambios en el horario
Example:
JUEVES
Terminar el informe anual
VIERNES
Empezar las negociaciones con nuevo socio
El proximo aiio visitaremos Cuba.

El aiio que viene visitaremos Cuba.
1
2
3
4
5
La proxima semana saldremos de paseo al campo.

El proximo Iones firmaremos el contrato.
El proximo semestre sera decisivo para Ia empresa.
El proximo mes terminamos el proyecto.
La proxima entrevista sera con el Director.
Say what your main activities at work or at home will be next week.
Again, use the future tense. Write them down in your notebook.
You might start like this:
Ellunes ire a Ia oficina a las ocbo.
151
150 -------------------------------------Exercise 5
Dialogue 1
Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions below.
lOue haras?
AI mercado
Ana y Maria iran al mercado a las ocho de Ia manana el sabado.

Compraran frutas y verduras. A eso de las nueve, se reuniran con
Javier en Ia cafeteria El Sol para tomar un refresco o un cafe. Luego
a las diez y media estaran en casa de Cecilia, una arniga de los tres.
Los cuatro arnigos saldran para el centro de Ia ciudad a las doce.
Almorzaran en un restaurante centrico y luego asistiran a una
exposici6n de pintura en un parque situado en el Norte de Ia ciudad.
Quizas compraran uno o dos cuadros y mas tarde tomaran helados
con un grupo de tres arnigos de Ia universidad.
Are the following verdadero (true) or falso (false)?
1
2
3
4
5
Ana y Maria iran al mercado el sabado a las ocho.

Mas tarde tomaran on cafe o refresco.
No iran al centro de Ia ciudad.
A sus amigos no les gustan los helados.
Quizas compraran cuadros en una exposicion de pinturas.
Carmen and Santiago are making plans for the afternoon
CARMEN:
l,Que vas a hacer esta tarde? l,lras al centro o vendras

a Ia universidad?
SANTIAGo: Ire a Ia universidad y pondremos el toque final al trabajo que estamos preparando. Los otros estudiantes de
nuestro grupo querran saber c6mo va el proyecto.
Tendremos una reuni6n a las siete en Ia cafeteria. l. Que
te parece?
CARMEN: Esta bien. l,Que haras despues de Ia reuni6n?
SANTIAGO: RaUl, Silvia y yo saldremos al cine. l. Quieres ir tambien?
CARMEN: Si, claro.
Language point
Irregular verbs in the future
These are verbs which do not follow the standard rule or pattern of
formation of verbs in the future.
vi vir
vivire
viviras
vivira
salir
viviremos
viviran
viviran
saldre
saldras
saldra
saldremos
saldran
saldran
Notice how the irregular verb salir undergoes changes in the stem as
it is conjugated.
Here are the most common irregular verbs in the future:
hacer
decir
dire
diras
dira
diremos
diran
diran
hare
haras
hara
haremos
haran
haran
153
152
poner
poder
podre
podras
podra
podremos
podran
podran
querremos
querran
querran
sabre
sabras
sabra
sabremos
sabran
sabran
venir
tener
tendre
tendras
tendra
pondremos
pondran
pondran
tendremos
tendran
tendran
vendre
vendras
vendra
Complete the sentences with the future tense of the verb in brackets.
Use the glossary at the back of the book to check the meaning of any
new words.
Los visitantes (venir) a Ia reunion el proximo sabado.
La charla (empezar) a las diez de Ia manana.
Nosotros (regresar) allocal del sindicato a Ia una.
Leonor (poner) el anuncio en el periodico.
Ellos (establecer) nuevas normas de calidad para el producto.
EI 23 de abril se (celebrar) el Dia del Idioma.
Pronto (aparecer) un nuevo libro del mismo autor.
La Galena de Arte (presentar) una exposicion de arte colonial.
Un especialista en el tema (hablar) a los asistentes.
Dentro de cinco minutos nosotros (ver) un video sobre el histo
rial de Ia empresa.
Exercise 7
Match the phrases in 1 to 5 with (a) to (e).

1
2
3
4
5
Voy a llegar tarde a Ia reunion.

Estaremos en el centro manana.
Ayer compramos un nuevo juego de muebles.
Se ha dislocado el brazo.
Hace frio.
Reading trJ
El Dia de Ia Tierra
vendremos
vendran
vendran
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Hay que lie varia al hospital.

Ponte una chaqueta.
No hay problema. Se ha postergado para manana.
;,Es de roble o caoba?
Yo tambien. Tengo que hacer compras.
saber
querer
querre
querras
querra
pondre
pondras
pondra
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
El 22 de abril se celebrani el Dia de Ia Tierra. La municipalidad

entregani distinciones a los pioneros de Ia conservaci6n local.
El acto tendra Iugar el viernes 22 a las 8.00 de Ia noche en el auditorio municipal. El sabado 23 habra un gran concierto en el auditorio del Parque Central en el cual tomaran parte varios grupos
musicales que interpretaran temas ecologistas. El concierto se llevara a cabo a partir de las 6.00 de Ia tarde. Este evento durara
aproximadamente tres horas.
entregar
pioneros
conservacion
el acto
tener Iugar
to give, to deliver
pioneers
conservation
the event
to take place
tomar parte
llevar a cabo
temas
durar
to take part
to take place,
to carry out
themes
to last
Exercise 8
Answer the following questions stating whether each statement is

verdadero (true) or falso (false) based on the reading passage
above.
1
2
3
4
5
El Dia de Ia Tierra no se celebra.

Los pioneros de Ia conservacion recibiran distinciones.
Habra un concierto en el Parque Central.
El concierto terminara a las seis de Ia tarde.
El concierto incluye temas ecologistas.
155
14 Yo estudiaba
Language points
I used to study . . .
The imperfect indicative tense

The imperfect tense is used to indicate a habitual or repeated action
in the past. It is the equivalent of verbs with 'used to' or 'was' in
English.

Use the imperfect tense (e.g. I used to study)
Use the imperfect continuous tense (e.g. I was studying)
Use negative words
Dialogue 1
Yo estudiaba por Ia neche

Ram6n is telling Julia about his time at college
En esa epoca, yo estudiaba en Ia universidad. Era una

casona antigua donde habia patios y balcones. Las clases
se daban desde las cuatro de Ia tarde basta las diez de Ia
noche. Muchos de los estudiantes trabajaban y par eso el
horario era conveniente.
1,Era diffcil estudiar y trabajar?
Si. Llegabamos a clases media dormidos. Estabamos
cansados por el trabajo durante el dia. A veces perdiamos
Ia primera bora de clase y s6lo asistiamos a partir de Ia
segunda bora.
JULIA:
1,C6mo hacian para estar al dia?
RAMoN: Los fines de semana nos reuniamos en grupos y
tratabamos de ponemos al dia en todos los cursos.
Los fines de semana nos

We used to gather in groups at
reuniamos en grupos.
the weekends.
ibamos a Ia playa todos los
We used to go to the beach every
domingos durante el verano. Sunday during the summer.
It is also used to describe characteristics in the past when such
characteristics continued to exist for a period of time. In the
preterite actions are finite.
La gata se llamaba Magdalena. The cat used to be called/was

(imperfect)
called Magdalena.
Tomas Uamo a su gata.
Tomas called for his cat.
(preterite)
More examples with the imperfect:
La casa estaba muy cerca
del centro.
Todo costaba menos en
aquellos dias.
The house was very near the center of town.

Everything cost less in those
days.
Regular verbs have their forms in the imperfect indicative as

follows:
comprar
vender
vi vir
compraba
comprabas
compraba
comprabamos
compraban
compraban
vendia
vendias
vendia
vendiamos
vendian
vendian
vivia
vivias
vivia
viviamos
vivian
vivian
There are only three verbs which are irregular in the imperfect
indicative:
157
156
ir
ser
ver
iba
ibas
iba
ibamos
iban
iban
era
eras
era
eramos
eran
eran
vela
veias
vela
velamos
veian
velan
Examples:
Entonces iba al colegio a pie. Then I used to go to school on
foot.
Eramos veintitres en Ia clase. We used to be twenty-three in
our class.
Antes vela mocha television. She used to watch television a
lot.
estaba trabajando
estabas trabajando
estaba trabajando
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences with either the preterite or the imperfect of

the verb in brackets.
1
2
3
4
5
6
The imperfect continuous tense

Example:
Estaba estudiando.
estabamos trabajando
estaban trabajando
estaban trabajando
7
8
9
10
Estela antes (trabajar) los sabados. Ahora ya no.

Cuando era nina (ir) al cine con so mama.
Ayer (llegar) el nuevo director de Ia empresa.
Este periodico (costar) on dolar basta el aiio pasado.
El sabado pasado (Damar) a mi hermana que vive en
Panama.
Ana y Julio (ir) al mercado a comprar y (volver) hace una
bora.
Foe a Ia tienda y (comprar) frutas exoticas.
Antes no (tener) aire acondicionado. Ahora lo han instalado.
La casa (tener) cuatro habitaciones. Luego Ia ampliaron.
Anoche ( volver) Estela.
I was studying.
This tense in Spanish is very similar in use to its English equivalent.

In Latin America it is very common. In Spain however, there is a
tendency to use the imperfect indicative instead (estudiaba).
The imperfect continuous is used to refer to an action already in
progress in the past when something else happened, interrupting
the first action.
Estaba escuchando musica
I was listening to music when the
cuando sono el timbre.
bell rang.
El cartero Uego cuando estaba The postman arrived when I was
tomando desayuno.
having breakfast.
Estabamos preparando el al We were making lunch when
muerzo cuando se apago
there was a power cut.
Ia luz.
In the imperfect continuous you use the verb estar in the imperfect
indicative together with the continuous form of the main verb.
Exercise2
Give the English equivalent for these sentences.

1
2
3
4
5
Iris trabajaba en una agencia de viajes.

Nosotros estudiabamos porIa noche.
Estabamos mirando Ia television cuando Uego Rosana.
Todos los domingos venia a visitar a sus abuelos.
Las computadoras estaban a disposicion de los estudiantes.
Exercise 3
Give the Spanish equivalent for these sentences.

1
2
3
4
5
What were you doing when the telephone rang?

The airplane was landing when we heard the explosion.
He used to travel a lot.
Food was cheap in those days.
The office used to be on the second floor.
159
158
Exercise4
Below is information from an old leaflet used to promote a private

school ten years ago. Read it and then answer the questions that
follow.
Colegio San Antonio
A venida de Ia Montana 2759
Tel. 782-9981
idiomas
dirigido
orientacion
olimpiadas
estudiantiles
viajes
estudiantiles
1
2
languages
planned, directed
guidance,
counselling
school sports
festival including
many or all of the
games which are
part of the
Olympics
school trips
Gimnasio cubierto
4 canchas de tenis
2 piletas de natacion
Habia
The imperfect of hay (there is/there are) is habia and only the
singular form exists.
There were two tennis courts.
Habia dos canchas de tenis.
Habia una pista de atletismo. There was an athletics track.
Dialogue 2 r:%1
Nadie tenfa carro
Ramon continues to talk about his university days
Ju uA:
campo de
deportes
estadio
pista
atletismo
gimnasio
cubierto
cancba
pileta
natacion
zComo se Uamaba el Colegio?

zDonde estaba el Colegio?
zQue facilidades tenia para aprender idiomas?
3
4 zQue viajes hacian?
5 zAconsejaban a los alumnos?
6 zQue deportes practicaban?
zEI campo de deportes era grande?

zOfrecia solo primaria y secundaria?
zCuantas canchas de tenis habia?
zHabia pista de atletismo?
Language point
Primaria
Secundaria
Bachillerato Intemacional
Laboratorio de Idiomas
Educacion personalizada
Estudio dirigido
Orientacion personal
Olimpiadas estudiantiles
Viajes ~studiantiles a Brasil, EE. UU, Canada, Inglaterra y
Espana y Japon.
Campo de deportes propio
(50 hectareas)
Estadio
Pista de Atletismo
7
8
9
10
sports field
stadium
track
athletics
indoor
gymnasium
court
swimming pool
swimming
j,C6mo iban ala universidad?
RAM6N: Era dificil llegar al campus. En mi grupo nadie tenia
carro. Ninguno de nosotros tenia suficiente dinero para

comprar ni siquiera un auto chico usado. Todos teniamos
que ir en 6mnibus que se demoraba casi una bora para
recorrer diez kil6metros. Nada me molestaba mas que viajar parado una bora. Aunque tenia veinte afios, ya tenia
artritis reumatoide.
language points
Negative words
As in English, negative words, e.g. nada (nothing), nadie (nobody),
ni (nor), may precede a verb.
Nadie tenia dinero.
Ninguno queria viajar en
omnibUs.
Nobody had money.

No one wanted to travel by bus.
161
160 ------------------------------------- -----
Nada parecia apropiado.
Nothing seemed suitable.
When the negative word appears after the verb, there must be
another negative word before the verb.
Nunca venia nadie a Ia tienda. Nobody would ever come to the
shop.
No habla ni ingles ni frances. She speaks neither English nor
French.
Exercise 5
Give the English equivalent for the following:

1
2
3
4
5
Nadie tiene nada.

Nunca compra ningun regalo.
Estela no come ni came ni huevos.
Nadie aprende un idioma en un dia.
Aqui no mas esta el museo.
The most frequently used negative words are:

nada
nadie
ninguno/ninguna
ni
nunca
nothing
nobody
no one
nor
never
Exercise 6
Compare the two results of a survey on the use of the Internet and
report as in the example below. Three phases will be particularly
useful: Sigue igualit remains the same, Ha subido It's gone up and
Ha bajado It's gone down.
Ejemplo:
No mas
In Latin American Spanish this expression is more frequently used
than in Spain, with the meaning of 'just', 'only' or 'no more'. In
Spain nada mas is preferred.
Cincuenta gramos no mas.
(Latin America)
Cincuenta gramos nada mas.
(Spain)
Just fifty grams.
Una no mas. (Latin America) Only one.

Una nada mas. (Spain)
The expression no mas also has other meanings peculiar to Latin
American Spanish:
to encourage others to do something
Sirvete no mas.
Escnbeme no mas. Yo te
contesto enseguida.
Do help yourself.
Do write to me. I'll answer
straight away.
to convey the idea of 'very recently' or 'very near'

Llego ayer no mas.
Aquino mas voy.
Voy a Ia tienda no mas.
He only arrived yesterday.

I am not going very far.
I'm just going to the shop.
En al aiio 2000 el 9% de los usuarios utilizaba Internet

para leer noticias. Ahora, el 9% de los usuarios utiliza
Internet para leer noticias. Sigue igual.
Afto 2000
Ahora
LEER NOTICIAS
9%
9%
HACER COMPRAS EN GENERAL
7%
6%
BAJAR MUSICA
4%
7%
ENTRETENIMIENTO
21%
17.5%
BUSCAR INFORMACION
30%
27%
COMPRAR I VENDER EN SUBASTAS
3%
6%
MAN DAR I RECIBIR e-mail
19%
23%
4%
2%
Uso del Internet
I~
.-n
~-
ORGANIZAR VIAJES
162
HACER NEGOCIOS
2.5%
4%
OTROS USOS
0.5%
0.5%
hacer compras
bajar musica
entretenimiento
subasta
I hope you can
do shopping
download music
entertainment
auction
Reading a:!
While reading the following passage, see if you can find answers to
these questions:
In which present day countries did the Maya civilization flourish?
What were their main interests?
Los Mayas
Los antiguos Mayas ocupaban Ia peninsula de Yucatan al sur de
Mexico y Ia mayor parte de lo que hoy es Guatemala. Los Mayas
empezaron a construir su civilizaci6n en el siglo V antes de Cristo.
Los mayas se dedicaban a Ia arquitectura, escultura, pintura, escritura jeroglffica, matematicas y astronomia.
antiguos
se dedicaban a
escritura jeroglffica
astronomia
15 Espero que
puedas
old
were devoted to
hieroglyphic writing
astronomy
El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico James Folan.
Use the present subjunctive with regular verbs

Use the present subjunctive with irregular verbs
Use expressions related to health (e.g. I've got a headache)
Dialogue 1 a:!
Estey buscando a alguien que me oriente
Tania hopes to find somebody to help her with her project
TANIA:
Estoy buscando a alguien que me oriente sabre el

proyecto de consultoria.
No creo que tengas que buscar mas. Yo conozco a una
persona con mucha experiencia en el asunto. Es Iris
Vidal, Directora de una firma de Consultoria y
Asesoramiento de Empresas.
i,Me puedes dar su numero de telefono?
Claro. Aca lo tengo en mi agenda.
165
164
Language points
The present subjunctive
The subjunctive is a mood which denotes attitude and is mainly
used in sentences expressing wish, hope or doubt. It is used to
indicate actions which are only hypothetical or a possibility in the
future, at the moment of speaking.
Espero que puedas venir a Ia
fiesta.
Quisiera que ayudes a Isabel.
Rosa me ha pedido que vaya
a Ia oficina.
Su papa lo ha convencido
para que vaya a Quito.
I hope you can make it to the

party.
I would like you to help Isabel.
Rose has asked me to go to the
office.
His dad has persuaded him to go
to Quito.
dar
decir
estar
haber
hacer
ir
oir
poder
poner
querer
saber
salir
ser
tener
traer
valer
de,des, de,demos, den, den

diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan, digan
este, estes, este, estemos, esten, esten
haya, hayas,haya, hayamos,hayan,hayan
haga,hagas, haga,hagamos, hagan,hagan
vaya,vayas,vaya, vayamos,vayan, vayan
oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigan, oigan
pueda, puedas,pueda, podamos,puedan, puedan
ponga,pongas,ponga, pongamos,pongan,pongan
quiera, quieras, quiera, querramos, quieran, quieran
sepa,sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan, sepan
salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgan, salgan
sea,seas,sea, seamos,sean,sean
tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan, tengan
traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigan, traigan
valga, valgas, valga, valgamos, valgan, valgan
The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed as follows:

trabajar
comer
vi vir
Use of the subjunctive
trabaje
trabajes
trabaje
trabajemos
trabajen
trabajen
coma
comas
coma
comamos
co man
co man
viva
vi vas
viva
vivamos
vi van
vivan
A first use of the subjunctive is after verbs indicating the exercise of

some kind of influence (persuasion, recommendation, etc.).
Commonly used verbs in this context are querer (to want) aconsejar
(to advise), recomendar (to recommend), sugerir (to suggest).
Examples:
No quiero que trabaje.
Quizas trabajemos el sabado.
Es importante que comamos
frutas y verduras.
No creo que coman en casa
esta noche.
Le han recomendado que
viva en el campo.
No creo que tengan una casa
tan grande.
I don't want her to work.

We may go to work on Saturday.
It is important for us to eat fruit
and vegetables.
I don't think they will eat at
home tonight.
They have recommended that he
should live in the countryside.
I don't believe that they own such
a big house.
The most commonly used irregular verbs in the present subjunctive

are:
Quiero que termines pronto.

Recomiendo que salgan por
Ia puerta lateral.
La senora dice que vuelva
manana.
Sugerimos que viajen durante
Ia noche.
Dialogue 2
I want you to finish soon.

I recommend that you leave
through the side door.
The lady says that you should
come back tomorrow.
We suggest that you travel
overnight.
al
Ouiza tenga el numero

Lola and Mirtha are talking about a mutual friend
LOLA :
Es una pena que Jose no este en su casa.
167
166
Sf. Yo creo que es necesario que le llamemos.
Quiza tenga el numero en mi cartera. A ver ... Si aca
esta. No creo que se sorprenda cuando escuche mi voz.
Pero nunca se sabe.
MIRTHA: i Cuando hablaste con el por ultima vez?
LoLA:
Hace tres o cuatro dias. Sara y yo estabamos en el centro
y el se acerc6.
MmTHA: i Cuando volvera por aca?
LoLA:
No creo que sea esta semana.
MIRTHA:
After ique! or iojala! (expressions of hope or wish):
LOLA:
iQue te vaya bien!

iQue te diviertas!
1ojala no necesite una
operaci6n!
iOjala este en casa!
Have a good time!

Enjoy it!
Let's hope he doesn't need an
operation.
Let's hope she is at home.
Exercise 1
Give English equivalents for these sentences.
Language point
More uses of the subjunctive
After expressions which indicate judgement or emotion:
Es necesario que vengas a Ia
oficina.
iQue pena que Carlos no este!
;,Note fastidia que te hable de
esemodo?
Es mejor que no salgas. Esta
lloviendo mucho.
It is necessary that you come to

the office.
What a shame Carlos is not in!
Are you not bothered that he
talks to you like that?
It's better if you don't go out. It's
raining heavily.
After expressions which indicate probability, possibility or doubt:

Es posible que traiga Ia
It is possible that he will bring the
maqueta esta noche.
scale model tonight.
Dudo que compre mas de una I doubt whether she will buy
docena.
more than a dozen.
No creemos que salga bien.
We don't think it will work out
well.
When the person or object is not specified, and you use words like
alguien (somebody), algo (something), etc.
Estoy buscando a alguien que I am looking for somebody to
me oriente en este asunto.
give me some guidance in this
matter.
Quiero algo que me alivie
I want something to relieve the
el dolor.
pain.
1 No creo que termine todo.

2 Que interesante que incluya esto en su libro.
3 Es probable que salga esta noche.
4 Quiero que vayas al medico.
5 Te pido que continues en tu puesto.
6 No les parece que ofrezca posibilidades.
7 Nos molesta que no llegue temprano.
8 Es importante que comamos verduras y frutas.
9 Dudamos que escriba desde Ecuador.
10 Lamento que usted no pueda venir a Ia reunion.
Exercise 2
Give Spanish equivalents for these sentences. Use the subjunctive
in your answers.
1
2
3
4
5
It is necessary that you eat less.

It's interesting that she answers in Spanish.
I am looking for something that will help everybody.
We advise you to do it.
They ask you to answer promptly.
169
168 ------------------------------------- ----Exercise 4
Language point
Another use of the subjunctive
Explain that you would like to see the following features in your
new car. Make use of the subjunctive in your sentences.
Example:
The subjunctive is always used after these expressions:

antes que
para que
con tal que
(or con tal de que)
a menos que
before
in order that
provided that
unless
Examples:
We will finish before your friend
Terminaremos antes que
arrives.
venga tu amiga.
Aqui esta el dinero para que Here is the money so that you
buy the presents.
compres los regalos.
Puedes Uevarte ellibro, con You can take the book, provided
tal que lo devuelvas manana. you return it tomorrow.
A menos que diga donde esta, Unless she says where it is, we
will not find it.
no lo encontraremos.
Tener levantacristales electricos.

Quiero que tenga levantacristales electricos.
1 Tener capacidad para cinco pasajeros.
2 Ser economico con el combustible.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ser de tamano mediano.

lncluir cierre electronico de puertas.
Contar con motor de 1,300 o 1,400 centimetros cubicos.
Venir con caja de cambios de cinco velocidades.
Ser de un precio razonable.
Funcionar con gasolina sin plomo.
Ofrecer fiabilidad.
Estar entre los Iideres del mercado.
Exercise 5
Match each of the expressions 1 to 10 with one of the responses (a)

to G).
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences with the correct form, choosing from the
ones given in brackets.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Carlos (vendraJvenga) el viernes a Ia casa.

Espero que Linda (vendra/venga) manana.
Quiero que (prepare/prepara) este informe para ellunes.
Esteban (trajo/traiga) Ia nueva computadora ayer.
Le recomiendo que no (compraraJcompre) el tamano grande.
jQue pena que Marcelo (estuvo/este) ocupado manana!
Dudamos que (encontraraJencuentre) al encargado.
Puedes comer dulces con tal de que no (es/sea) en exceso.
Creo que me (escucharaJescuche) cuando (hablalhable) con el.
El proximo domingo (empezar8n/empiecen) las clases.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Tiene hambre Ia nina.

No arranca el coche.
Necesitamos una secretaria mas para manana.
Casi se ha terminado el dinero en efectivo.
Tenemos que pagar Ia cuenta del telefono.
No saben adonde ira comer.
t: Vendra Carlos hoy?
Le duele Ia muela.
t: Que dice del informe?
t:Puede Uevarse Ia guia telefonica?
No creo que venga.
Que coma algo en el comedor.
Dile al encargado que saque dinero de Ia cuenta corriente.
Siempre que Ia devuelva pronto.
Que Uamen al mecinico.
Dile que haga una cita con el dentista.
Recomiendales el restaurante tipico de Ia esquina.
171
170 --------------------------------------- ----(h) Espera que no tengas que volver a escribirlo.

(i) Pide a Ia secretaria que pague manana.
(j) Es posible que contraten a otra esta tarde.
Language point
Exercise 6
This verb in Latin America has the meaning of 'to hurry up', while
in Spain it is mainly used to mean 'to worry'.
Choose the correct alternative for each sentence.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Espero que (tienes/tengas) plata. Yo no tengo.

No creo que (seales) autentico.
Este carro (tiene/tenga) cuatro puertas.
Milagros (dice/diga) que qui ere hablar contigo.
Dodo que (preparar:i/prepare) un informe.
Puedes llevarte ellibro con tal que lo (devolveras/
devuelvas ).
Juan Carlos (lleguenlegara) manana.
jOjala (traenltraigan) una muestra!
No esperamos que nos (ayudanlayuden).
Manana (sea/sera) Ia reunion.
Dialogue 3
jOue te diviertas!
While reading the dialogue below, see if you can find the answer to
this question:
Has Genaro actually forgotten something?
Genaro is about to leave for the airport. Luisa is seeing him off,
trying to make sure he hasn't forgotten anything.
GENARo: Bueno. Me voy. Tengo que llegar al aeropuerto en
veinte minutos.
LuisA:
Sf apurate. Note olvides de nada.
GENARo: Todo esta en la maleta.
LuisA:
jQue te vaya bien! jQue te diviertasl
GENARo: Gracias. Vuelvo el domingo.
Apurarse
jAptirate! jVan a cerrar Ia

tienda!
No te apures. Hay tiempo.
Dialogue 4
Hurry up! The shop is going to

close!
Don't rush. There's time.
Me duele Ia cabeza
this question:
What will Olga do if she can't get rid of her headache?
Elisa realizes that Olga is not feeling well
EusA:
OLGA:
ELisA:
OLGA:
EusA:
OLGA:
ELisA:
OLGA:
ELisA:
OLGA:
~Que te pasa?
No me siento bien. Me duele mucho la cabeza.
Toma una pastilla para calmar el dolor.
Ya tome una y no me pasa. Creo que voy a acostarme.
Sf. Te hara bien.
Si no me pasa, consultare al medico manana.
A visame, y te acompaiio.
Gracias. Te llamare manana a las diez.
Chau.
Chau.
Language point
Me due/e
To explain that you have some kind of pain you use the expression
Me duele followed by the part of the body that hurts.
172
173
_s..- -Ia garganta

(throat )
,___
Ia cal>eza
(head)
_ _ el ofdo
Is the airport near the center of town?

What are the main destinations of the national airline?
(ear)
Ia muela
(tooth)
Ia mano
(hand)
ell>razo
(arm)
Ia espalda
(l>ack)
el est6mago
(stomach)
el pie
(f oot )
Ia plema
(leg)
Me duele Ia cabeza
Ia muela
el oido
Ia pierna
el brazo
el pie
Ia mano
Ia espalda
el estomago
Ia garganta
It is possible to use Tengo dolor de instead of Me duele. In this case
you do not use the article el or Ia.

Tengo dolor de cabeza.
Tengo dolor de muela.
Reading
these questions:
El transporte aereo en Uruguay

El aeropuerto intemacional de Carrasco se encuentra ubicado a 17
km de Montevideo. En este aeropuerto operan las lineas aereas
internacionales y hay un servicio diario de puente aereo con
Argentina. Un taxi del aeropuerto al centro de Montevideo cuesta
aproximadamente veinte d6lares. La linea aerea nacional controlada por el estado se llama PLUNA. Vuela a Europa y a pafses
cercanos al Uruguay, especialmente a Argentina, Brasil, Chile y
Paraguay.
ubicado
puente aereo
cercano
located
shuttle service
nearby
175
16 Me gustaria
TRANSEUNTE 3:
I would like ...
Reading
Si, claro. Necesitamos transporte rapido. Hace

aiios habia tranvias. Eran una gran cosa.
While reading the passage below see if you can answer the question:
Why do people access the Internet?

Use the conditional tense (e.g. I would go, etc.)
Use ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.)
Use the imperative (i.e. the command form)
Dialogue 1
iOue le gustarfa?
these questions:
Do all the people interviewed agree?
Are there any advantages in having a tram service?
Some people are being asked about their views on a local issue
ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Le gustaria tener un servicio de tranvias por

a qui?
TRANSEUNTE 1: No. Seria una perdida de dinero publico y
destruiria el ambiente de Ia calle principal que
data de tiempos coloniales.
ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Estaria de acuerdo con un servicio de tranvias
por aqui?
TRANSEUNTE 2: Si. Primero, porque seria mas rapido que los
6mnibus y segundo porque es mas limpio. Menos
contaminante. Pero supongo que costaria mas,
;,no?
ENTREVISTADOR: ;,Le pareceria bien tener un servicio de tranvias
por aqui, por la calle principal?
Internet
Internet es una red mundial de computadoras para intercambiar
informaci6n. Cuando una persona se conecta a la red, puede entrar
en contacto con cualquier otra computadora conectada a la red en
cualquier parte del planeta. A traves de Internet es posible enviar
correo electr6nico, hacer compras, consultar informaci6n, leer peri6dicos, escuchar estaciones de radio, organizar viajes, preparar
trabajos academicos, realizar operaciones bancarias, entrar en grupos de chat y otras actividades mas.
red
se conecta
enviar
cualquier
a traves
operaciones
bancarias
network
is linked
to send
any
by means of
bank transactions
Language points
The conditional tense
The conditional tense (in English 'I would go', etc.) is formed by
adding the following endings to the infinitive: -ia, -ias, -ia, -iamos, ian. The same endings are used with the three conjugations.
trabajar
comer
vivir
trabajaria
trabajarias
trabajaria
trabajariamos
trabajarian
trabajarian
comeria
comerias
comeria
comeriamos
comerian
comerian
viviria
vivirias
viviria
viviriamos
vivirian
viviriao
177
176 ------------------------------------- -----
Examples:
Caroline dijo que estaria en Caroline said that she would be at
su casa.
home.
zD6nde te gustaria vivir?
Where would you like to live?
zlrias al cine con Julian?
Would you go to the cinema with
Julian?
Irregular verbs in the conditional tense

Some verbs are irregular. Although the endings present no irregularities in the conditional, the stem of the verb shows variations.
Here are the main irregular verbs:
noveno
decimo
fourth
fifth
cuarto
quinto
Primero to decimo are used in everyday speech. When preceding

nouns there must be agreement in gender and number. After decimo, there is a tendency to use the cardinal numbers (once 'eleven',
doce 'twelve', etc.)
It is the first time she has done
Es Ia primera vez que lo
that.
hace.
El cuarto concursante de hoy. The fourth contestant today.
Los europeos Uegaron en el The Europeans arrived in the sixteenth century.
siglo XVI (dieciseis ).
Note that primero and tercero become primer and tercer when they
precede a noun.
decir
haber
hacer
diria
dirias
diria
diriamos
dirian
dirian
habria
habrias
habria
habriamos
habrian
habrian
haria
harias
haria
harlamos
harlan
harlan
Exercise
poder
poner
querer
laue programas te gustarfa ver?
podria
podrias
podria
podrlamos
podrian
podrian
pondria
pondrias
pondrla
pondriamos
pondrian
pondrian
querria
querrias
querria
queniamos
querrian
querrian
salir
tener
venir
saldrla
saldrias
saldria
saldriamos
saldrian
saldrlan
tendria
tendrias
tendria
tendriamos
tendrian
tendrian
vendria
vendrias
vendria
vendriamos
vendrian
vendrian
first
second
third
Vive en un departamento
del primer piso.
Gane el tercer premio.
She lives in an apartment on the

first floor.
I won the third prize.
1m
Say what kind of programs you might like to watch on TV. Use the
expression Me gustaria ver .. Choose from the list below. Write
the sentences down in your notebook.
Programas de television
informativos
noticiarios
culturales
telenovelas
pelfculas
concursos
policiales
documentales
c6micos
infantiles
musicales
femeninos
deportivos
reportajes
talk shows
No veo televisi6n
Exercise2
Ordinal numbers
primero
segundo
tercero
ninth
tenth
sexto
septimo
octavo
sixth
seventh
eighth
Match the situations in the column on the left with the possible
course of action you would take from the list on the right.
178
179
1 Un incendio
(a)
2 El teh~fono no funciona
(b)
3 No comprendo una palabra (c)
4 El carro no arranca
(d)
5 Tienes hambre
(e)
6 Tienes sed
(f)
7 Alguien esta enfermo
(g)
8 La impresora no
imprime bien
9 La mesa esta sucia
10 Hace frio en Ia casa
Dialogue
Llamaria a un medico
Encenderia Ia calefaccion
Cambiaria el cartucho
Tomaria una bebida refrescante
La limpiaria
Llamaria a los bomberos
Me comunicaria con Ia compaiiia telefonica
(h) Comprobaria Ia bateria
(i) La buscaria en el diccionario
(j) Comeria algo
2m
Ponga Ia cebolla a macerar

Adela is explaining how to prepare a typical dish
ADELA:
MARIANA:
ADELA:
Exprima los 4 limones y ponga la cebolla a macerar en

este jugo luego de picarla. Sancoche y luego pele las
papas.
j,Se forma una masa?
Si. Machuque las papas y forme una masa con la papa
machucada, la cebolla y el jugo de lim6n. Afiada aceite
si es necesario. Coloque la masa en un molde y decore
con mitades de huevo duro, aceitunas y queso.
Language point
Examples:
Prepara Ia camioneta.
Vamos a salir.
Come toda tu comida.
Sube al carro.
Have the van ready. We are going

out.
Eat your meal up.
Get in the car.
There are some irregular verbs. The most frequently used irregular
verbs in the imperative for the second person informal (tu) are:
decir
estar
hacer
ir
oir
salir
ser
tener
venir
di
esta
haz
ve
oye
sal
se
ten
ven
The imperative for the second person singular formal (usted) is the
same as the present subjunctive for usted, el or ella.
preparar
comer
subir
prepare
coma
suba
Examples:
Have the report ready for tomorPrepare el informe para
manana.
row.
Coma antes de ir al examen Eat before going to the medical
examination.
medico.
Go up to the fourth floor.
Suba al cuarto piso.
The imperative for the second person plural (ustedes) is the same as
the present subjunctive for ustedes, ellos or elias.
The imperative
The imperative form is used to give commands, orders or instructions.
Prepare un informe para
manana. (us ted)
Toma estas pastillas. (tti)
pre para
come
sube
preparar
comer
subir
Prepare a report for tomorrow.

Take these tablets.
The imperative for the second person singular informal (tti) is

the same as the form for the third person singular in the present
indicative, in the case of regular verbs.
preparar
comer
subir
pre paren
co man
suban
Examples:
Preparen todo enseguida.
Coman despacio.
Suban por Ia escalera, no
por el ascensor.
Have everything ready straight

away.
Eat slowly.
Go up the stairs, not the lift.
181
180
Negative commands
Exercise 3
These are formed using the negative particle no before the imperative. The negative imperative in the informal singular uses the
present subjunctive.
Change these commands to the negative.
Affirmative
pre para
come
sube
Negative
no prepares
no comas
no subas
Examples:
No prepares nada.
No comas antes de acostarte.
No subas al despacbo basta
las diez.
Don't prepare anything.

Don't eat before going to bed.
Don't go to the office until ten.
The negative imperative in the formal singular also uses the subjunctive.
Affirmative
prepare
coma
suba
Negative
no prepare
no coma
no suba
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
V engan a Ia fiesta.
Llama a to novia.
Compra cigarrillos.
Abra Ia ventana.
Copien el documento en diskette.
Pide diez cuadernos.
Ven con to novio.
Tome fotos.
Prepare el plato que le recomende.
Instala Ia antena.
Exercise 4
Change the following sentences to the imperative form.
Ustedes deben venir manana.

Vengan manana.
Don't prepare a long

presentation.
Don't eat sweet things.
Don't go up in the elevator.
The negative imperative in the plural is the same as the affirmative,

but preceded by no.
no preparen
no coman
nosuban
Examples:
No preparen las cuentas
basta maiiana.
No coman muy tarde.
No suban al tren cuando
este en movimiento.
Compren revistas.
No compren revistas.
Examples:
Examples:
No prepare una
presentacion larga.
No coma dulces.
No suba por el ascensor.
Example:
Do not prepare the accounts

until tomorrow.
Do not eat too late.
Do not board the train while it is
moving.
Tienes que decir emil es el problema.

Di emil es el problema.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tienes que bajar al primer piso.

Usted debe ser mas eficiente.
Tienes que tomar esto.
Ustedes deben revisar este contrato.
Debes regresar pronto.
Tienes que comer mas proteinas.
Usted debe enviar el paquete por via aerea.
Tiene que ir el proximo domingo.
Tienes que hacer lo que dice esta senorita.
Ustedes deben vender Ia maquina.
182
Reading
these questions:
17 Si yo tuviera
If I had
Does Colombia have a strategic location?

Which racial group is in the majority in Colombia?
Colombia
Colombia tiene costas en el Oceano Pacifico y en el Oceano
Atlcintico. Su situaci6n geogratica es muy estrategica. Ademas esta
cerca del Canal de Panama. Como el resto de America Latina, su
poblaci6n crece aceleradamente. La mitad de Ia poblaci6n es mestiza, alrededor del 20 ciento es blanca, otro 20 por ciento esta formado por mulatos y zambos y el resto por gente de raza negra e india.
estrategica
como el resto
crece
aceleradamente
mitad
mestiza
mulatos
zambos
strategic
like the rest, like the others
grows
fast
half
Spanish and indigenous mixed-blood race
people who have one white and one black parent
people who have one black and one Indian parent

Use the imperfect subjunctive
Use open conditional sentences (e.g. If I arrive early)
Use remote/hypothetical conditional sentences (e.g. If I
had a car)
Dialogue 1
Si yo tuviera un ingreso extra

After reading the dialogue below, see if you can find answers to
these questions:
Would both people do the same things with the extra money?
What would you do?
Two people are talking about hypothetical plans
GENARo: Si tuviera un ingreso extra, compraria algo para Ia

cas a.
ALAN:
i,Que comprarias?
GENARo: Compraria una nueva aspiradora, porque Ia que tenemos ya es muy antigua, y tambien un escritorio para los
chicos.
ALAN:
i,Pagarias a credito?
GENARo: Si. Hay buenas ofertas para pagar en 24 meses sin
intereses.
l-
184
185
language point
The imperfect subjunctive
Similar to the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive indicates actions which are hypothetical, but also remote possibilities at
the time of speaking. Compared to the present subjunctive, the
action is less likely to take place. The imperfect subjunctive is used
for sentences expressing hopes or wishes which are unlikely to happen. (Another use, in hypothetical conditional sentences, is
explained later in this chapter.)
Ojalallame.
I hope he rings. (And he probably
Ojala llamase.
will.)
I wish he would ring. (But he probably won't.)
The. imperfect subjunctive has two alternative conjugations, which

are mterchangeable.
The most common irregular verbs used in the imperfect subjunctive

are:
dar
decir
estar
haber
hacer
ir
oir
poder
poner
querer
Examples of regular verbs:

saber
trabajar
trabajara
trabajaras
trabajara
trabajaramos
trabajaran
trabajaran
trabajase
trabajases
trabajase
trabajasemos
trabajasen
trabajasen
comer
comiera
comieras
comiera
comieramos
comieran
comieran
comiese
comieses
comiese
comiesemos
comiesen
comiesen
vi vir
vi vi era
vi vi eras
vi vi era
vivieramos
viviesen
viviesen
vivieran
vivieran
salir
ser
tener
traer
valer
venir
ver
diera,dieras, diera,dieramos,dieran,dieran
dijera, dijeras, dijera, dijeramos, dijeran, dijeran
estuvieramos,
estuviera,
estuvieras,
estuviera,
estuvieran, estuvieran
hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubieramos, hubieran,
hubieran
hiciera, hicieras, hiciera, hicieramos, hicieran, hicieran
fuera,fueras,fuera,fueramos,fueran,fueran
oyera,oyeras,oyera,oyeramos,oyeran,oyeran
pudiera, pudieras, pudiera, pudieramos, pudieran,
pudieran
pusiera, pusieras, pusiera, pusieramos, pusieran,
pusieran
qwsaera, quisieras, quisiera, quisieramos, quisieran,
quisieran
supiera, supieras, supiera, supieramos, supieran,
supieran
saliera, salieras, saliera, salieramos, salieran, salieran
fuera,fueras,fuera,fueramos,fueran,fueran
tuviera, tuvieras, tuviera, tuvieramos, tuvieran,
tuvieran
trajera, trajeras, trajera, trajeramos, trajeran, trajeran
valiera, valieras,valiera, valieramos,valieran,valieran
viniera, vinieras, viniera, vinieramos, vinieran, vinieran
viera, vieras, viera, vieramos, vieran, vieran
Note: yo/ustedlel/ella share the same verb form, e.g. viera, and ustedes/ellos/ellas share the same verb form, e.g. vieran.
Dialogue
2m
Si quieres ...
viviese
vivieses
viviese
viviesemos
Two friends are making arrangements to meet
ALBERTO:
EMILIA:
Si vienes esta tarde, salimos al cine juntos.

Bueno, ya que insistes.
186
187
ALBERTO:
EMILIA:
ALBERTO:
EMILIA:
t,A que hora vienes?

Nose. Depende. Quizas vaya en el auto o quizas vaya a
pie. Como vives tan cerca.
Si vienes en el auto llegas rapido y podemos ir a la
primera funci6n. Si quieres, luego podemos ir a tamar
alga.
Me parece bien. Voy en el auto.
Language points
Open conditional sentences
In an open conditional sentence (e.g. If I go ... ) you use the present
indicative.
Condition
si + present indicative
Conclusion
present indicative
Examples:
Si vienes temprano, vamos
al cine.
Si mandas el formulario,
recibes on cupon a vuelta
de correo.
Dialogue 3
I'll
Si tuviera Ia plata
JosE Lms: Si tuviera la plata, compraria la computadora que queremos.
MARCELo: No importa. Mi papa dijo que es posible que la compremos a plazas.
JosE Lms: Pero mi mama dudaba que mi papa pudiera pagar las
cuotas mensuales ya que esta pagando tambien el
carra.
MARcELo: Si tuvieramos la oportunidad de trabajar este verano
durante las vacaciones, podriamos ayudar a pagar cada
mes.
JosE Lms: Vamos a hablar con Antonio.
MARCELo: Si, vamos.
Language point
If you come early, we can go to the
cinema.
If you send the form, you get a
voucher by return of post.
Como
In the appropriate context the word como means 'since'/'because',
as in these examples:
Como vives cerca, voy a pie. Since you live nearby I'll walk.
Como no tienes los boletos, Since you don't have the tickets,
no podemos entrar.
we can't go in.
Como pasaste los examenes, Since you passed your exams,
te compramos una bici.
we'll buy you a bike.
Remote/Hypothetical conditional
sentences
In a remote/hypothetical conditional sentence (e.g. If I had the
money I would buy it.) you use the imperfect subjunctive for the
condition and a conditional tense in the conclusion. When you use
this type of conditional sentence the conclusion is hypothetical,
since the condition expressed by the imperfect subjunctive is contrary to fact or unlikely to be fulfilled. (The imperfect subjunctive is
discussed earlier in this chapter and the conditional tense appears in
Chapter 16.)
Condition
si + imperfect subjunctive
Conclusion
conditional tense
Examples:
Si tuviera on diccionario,
buscaria Ia palabra.
Si fueran puntuales, no
causarian problemas.
Si Ia tienda estuviera en el
If I had a dictionary, I would look
the word up.

If they turned up on time, they
would not cause problems.

If the shop was in the town center,
189
188 --------------------------------------- -----
centro, iria ahorita.

Si vendiesemos mas,
podriamos ampliar Ia
gama.
I would go right now.

the range.
Compare the following examples of two types of conditional

sentences:
Si tengo tiempo, te escribo.
diversion
otra
no precisa/no responde
viajes
If we sold more, we could extend
If I have time, I'll write to you. (I
think it is likely that I will have

the time.)
Si tuviera tiempo, te
If I had time, I would write to you.
escribiria.
(But I don't have the time.)
Si eres socio te dejan entrar. If you are a member, they let you
in. (There is a possibility that you
will become one.)
Si fueras socio, te dejarian If you were a member, they would
entrar.
let you in. (But you are not and
probably will never become one.)
Exercise 2
Write an English equivalent for the following sentences.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 1
Si usted tuviera un ingreso extra a partir de este mes, ;,a que lo destinaria?
If you had extra income as from this month, what would you use it
for?
Answer the survey question above, putting yourself in the position
of (a), (b) and (c) below:
(a) If you were unemployed.
(b) If you and your partner had a secure job.
(c) If you were leaving secondary school.
entertainment
other
don't know
travel
Si pudiera, viajaria mas.

Si Marcelo fuese mejor organizado, tendria optimos resultados.
Como vienes en auto llegaras antes que Alberto.
Si escribes un cheque deletrea bien el nombre.
Si me dieran Ia oportunidad, trabajaria en Uruguay.
Visitaria Ia capital si tuviera mas tiempo, pero solo estare dos
dias por aqui.
Lo traeria en diskette, si fuera compatible.
Si las cifras indicasen lo contrario, tendriamos que hacer una
investigation.
Si Ia novela fuera mas corta, tendria mas exito.
Si sabes Ia respuesta, ;,por que no Ia dices?
Exercise 3
Write a Spanish equivalent for the following sentences:

1
2
3
4
5
If there is a problem, I will send you a fax.
I do not think Helen will go to work tomorrow.

Would you go back if you had the chance to do so?
Since you only have one, take these other two.
If he rings, we will give him the details.
Start your answers using:
Exercise4
Si tuviera un ingreso extra lo destinaria a
Match the phrases in the first group (1 to 5) with those in the

second group ((a) to (e)).
If I had extra income I would use it for ...
ahorros
alimentacion
articulos para el hogar
ropalcalzado
inversion
estudios
savings
food
household goods
clothes/footwear
investment
studies
1
2
3
4
5
;,Quisieras ir al teatro manana?

;,Irias a Ia inauguration de Ia nueva tienda?
;,Volverias a este Iugar?
En ese caso, Estela repetiria el mismo error.
Norma esperaria basta que lleguen los pedidos.
191
190 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(a) Solo de vacaciones.

(b) Si me invitan, si iria.
(c) No puedo, voy air a hacer unas compras urgentes
(d) Si, para ver los detalles de Ia factura.

(e) Si. Es dificil corregirla.
Dialogue 4
Examples:
Dialogue 5
Si pudiera
Si pudiera, yo lo comprara inmediatamente.
Serfa una decisi6n apresurada.
Si fueras tu, posiblemente hicieras Io mismo.
Tienes raz6n.
language points
The subjunctiv e used instead of the
conditiona l
~requently in spoken Spanish the -ra form of the subjunctive is used
~stead of the conditional. This makes the sentence sound more
info~al and therefor~ is used by ~ative speakers in colloquial,

~anuhar languag~. While the followmg example is not grammat-
Ically correct, th1s type of language is often heard in everyday

usage.
Si pudiera, lo comprara
inmediatameote.
If I could, I would buy it immedi-
ately.
Tener raz6n
This expression is used to indicate that somebody is right or to
accept somebody's argument.
tengo razoo
tieoesrazoo
tiene razon
I think there are nine, Yes, you're
right.
Miguel, you're always right.
Si tuviera mas tiempo
Enrique wishes he could buy something
ENRIQUE:
RosARio:
ENRIQUE:
RosARio:
Creo que son nueve, como

dices tu. Si, tienes razon.
Miguel, tU siempre tienes
razon.
tenemos razoo
tieneo razon
tieneo razon
Elena and Jorge are discussing business plans

ELENA: Si yo tuviera mas tiempo prepararia Ia base de datos que
necesitamos. Creo que tendremos que pedir ayuda a
alguna firma de consultorfa.
JoRGE: Estoy de acuerdo. No podemos seguir adelante sin tener
toda nuestra informaci6n bien organizada antes de discutir nuestros planes de expansi6n.
ELENA: El aiio pasado cuando tuvimos problemas de producci6n
vinieron dos consultores de una firma internacional a
orientamos y lo hicieron muy bien. Creo que podriamos
ponernos en contacto con ellos nuevamente.
JoRGE: Sf. Tenian un enfoque muy profesional y abordaron el
problema con gran eficiencia. Vamos a ponemos en
contacto con ellos otra vez.
ELENA: Aqui tengo el telefono. Voy a llamarlos.
Exercise 5
Translate the following sentences into Spanish:

1 If we had more personnel we could achieve better results.
2 We need to ask a consultancy for help.
3 Our company would expand into foreign markets if we had a
better export policy.
4 Their approach is not very professional.
5 I think it is not a very good idea.
Exercise 6
Read the following advertisements:
, .,.
192 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
193
Based on the information above, indicate if the following statements are verdadero (true) or falso (false)
1 Si quisiera comprar lentes de contacto los encontraria en 6ptica
Universitaria.
2 En Ia tienda Universo se podrian comprar muebles de caoba.
3 Si comprara los lentes de contacto descartables, estos serian
europeos.
4 Los domingos a las seis de Ia tarde seria posible comprar modo
los para estanteria en Ia tienda universo.
5 La tienda Todatalla no vende ropa de cuero.
6 Si quisiera pagar con tarjeta de credito, Ia aceptarian en Ia tien
da Todatalla.
7 La tienda Universo es un distribuidor.
8 Solamente se puede pagar al contado en Todatalla.
9 Si quisiera visitar Ia 6ptica Universitaria y Ia tienda Universo
iria a Ia misma calle.
10 Los modulos de Universo son en blanco y negro.
TODATAL LA
lmportador directo de Europa
Sacones
Pantalones
Vestidos
Ropa de cuero
Tarjetas
Planes hasta 6 pagos
Sabados abierto hasta las 19 horas
Av. C6rdoba 321
UNIVERS O
M6dulos multifunci6n para estanteria .

En roble y nogal. En blanco y negro.
Reading
Lunes a sabados: 9 a 17 horas

Domingos: 15 a 19.30 horas
Read the following passage and answer these questions:
Venta directa de fabrica.

Av. Mendoza 177
Where is Honduras?
Are there four well defined seasons during the year?
OPTICA UNIVERSITARIA
Lentes de Contacto
Descartables 12 pares
lmportados USA $140
Blandos color importados $150
Entrega inmediata
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
Calle San Marcelo 3522

Tel 931 3992
ELSALVAD OR
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
194
Honduras
Honduras esta situada en America Central. Tiene 112,000 kil6metros cuadrados y limita con tres paises: Guatemala, Nicaragua y
El Salvador. Practicamente s6lo hay dos estaciones durante el afio:
Ia epoca de lluvias y Ia estaci6n seca. La epoca de lluvias es de junio
a octubre. Durante esta epoca del aiio las temperaturas van de 1sc
en las zonas altas a 3oc en las zonas bajas. Las temperaturas son
mas altas en Ia epoca seca, que va de noviembre a mayo.
cuadrados
limita con
estaciones
square
has borders with
seasons
epoca del aiio

epoca de lluvias
18 Si hubieras
enviado ...
If you had sent ...
time of the year

rainy season
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
the pluperfect subjunctive. (e.g. If I had known)

the conditional perfect (e.g. I would have come)
expressions of concession (although, despite, etc.)
demaslado +noun (e.g too many problems)
demaslado +adjective (e.g. too long, too expensive)
Dialogue 1
Si hubieras enviado Ia carta

Juan and Marie/a talk about things that should have been done
JuAN:
MARIELA:
JuAN:
MARIELA:
Si hubieras enviado Ia carta, habrias obtenido Ia informaci6n necesaria. Asi no habrias tenido que volver
otra vez esta manana con todos los documentos.
Lo que pas6 fue que no tenia Ia direcci6n exacta. Si tu
me hubieras dado los datos completos, entonces habrfa
podido enviar Ia carta. jPero faltaba el nombre de Ia
calle! En fin, ya no importa.
Disculpame. Si hubiera notado que faltaba algo, te
habria enviado un fax o te habria llamado por telefono.
Esta bien. Todo esta resuelto ahora.
196
------------------------------------- ----- 197
Conditional sentences of the third type
Language points
The conditional perfect tense
The verb haber in the conditional tense (habria, habrias, etc.)
together with the past participle of the main verb are used to
form the conditional perfect tense which is mainly used together
with the pluperfect subjunctive in conditional sentences of the third
type. Here are the forms of trabajar in the conditional perfect.
habria trabajado
habrias trabajado
habria trabajado
habriamos trabajado
habria trabajado
habrian trabajado
The pluperfect subjunctive is used together with the conditional

perfect tense to form conditional sentences which refer to conditions that cannot be fulfilled at the time of speaking or conditions
which are contrary to fact.
Condition
si + pluperfect subjunctive
Examples:
If I had brought the map, we would
Si hubiera traido el mapa,
have found the route.
habriamos encontrado Ia
rota.
Many people would have died in
Mochas personas habrian
the explosion if it had not hapmuerto en Ia explosion si
pened on a Sunday.
no hubiese ocurrido un
domingo.
If we had had a video camera, we
Si hubieramos tenido una
would have recorded the party.
cimara de video,
habriamos grabado durante
Ia fiesta.
I would have worked
you would have worked (informal)

you would have worked (formal);
he/she would have worked
we would have worked
you would have worked
they would have worked
The pluperfect subjunctive

To form the pluperfect subjunctive, you use the imperfect subjunctive of haber together with the past participle of the main
verb. Here are the forms of comprar in the pluperfect subjunctive:
hubiera comprado
hubieras comprado
hubiera comprado
hubieramos comprado
hubieran comprado
hubieran comprado
I would have bought

you would have bought (informal)
you would have bought (formal);
he/she would have bought
we would have bought
you would have bought
they would have bought
As in the case of the imperfect subjunctive, it is possible to use the

alternative form -se. They are interchangeable.
hubiese comprado
hubieses comprado
hubiese comprado
hubiesemos comprado
hubiesen comprado
hubiesen comprado
Conclusion
conditional perfect
Exercise 1
Change the sentences below as in the example.

Example:
No visite Colombia. (tiempo)
Si hubiera tenido tiempo habria visitado Colombia.
1
2
3
4
5
No termine Ia pintura. (tiempo)

No fuimos al teatro. (entradas)
No compraste el regalo. (suficiente dinero)
Ustedes no vinieron a Ia fiesta. (invitacion)
No prepare el informe. (datos necesarios)

199
198
Dialogue
2m
Yo que
tu
TERESA:
Yo que tu no aceptaria esas condiciones.

No tengo alternativa. Necesito el prestamo. Si yo fuera
una persona con un trabajo estable, entonces podria ir al
banco a solicitar un prestamo.
Tienes raz6n. Cuando consigas un trabajo a tiempo completo tendras mayor seguridad econ6mica.
Ojala que sea pronto.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j )
Deberiamos haber comido en casa.

No deberias haber comido tanto.
Deberias haber comprado uno mas moderno.
Una talla mas grande habria sido mejor.
Ojala tuvieramos mas sillas.
Ojala hubiera traido mi agenda. Por lo menos te podria haber
dado su telefono.
Deberia haber comprado una revista especializada.
Si. Nos habria ayudado mucho.
Deberiamos haber traido mas pilas.
Si hubieras traido dos me podrias prestar uno.
3m
Language point
Dialogue
Yo que tti/usted
Aunque los graficos son buenos
Although 'If I were you' can be translated as Si yo fuera tll!usted a

~ore colloquial form is preferred in everyday speech, Yo q~e
tll!usted. The same applies to a third person, e.g. Yo que Esteban 'If
I was Esteban'.
Yo que usted no vendria
mas a este Iugar.
Yo que tu lo mandaria por
via aerea.
If I were you I would not come

back to this place.
If I were you I would send it by air
mail.
Exercise2
Match each statement in the group 1 to 10 with a suitable one from

the group (a) to (j).
1 Me duele el est6mago.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No funciona Ia linterna.
He traido un libro para leer durante el viaje.
La chaqueta le queda chica.
El modelo es anticuado.
No habia nada de comer.
1Cuanta gente!
Ojala estuviera Rosana con nosotros.
Este peri6dico no tiene mocha informacion.
No encuentro Ia direcci6n de mi tia Maria.
Sr Sosa and Sr Mendez are discussing the graphics to appear in an

advertisement
SR MENDEz: l Que le parece Ia publicidad que se ha preparado

para el producto?
Aunque los graficos en el anuncio publicitario son
SR SosA:
muy buenos, creo que el texto es demasiado largo.
Hay que recortarlo.
SR MENDEZ: Quiza es largo, pero asi recortaramos el texto, habria
que incluir suficiente informaci6n sobre las especificaciones tecnicas del producto. Es un punto muy
importante para atraer a los posibles compradores.
Es ahi donde tenemos ventajas sobre nuestros competidores.
Pienso que es cuesti6n de opini6n. Para mi, Ia imagen
SR SosA:
dice mas que las palabras. Quisiera que estudiases Ia
posibilidad de recortar el texto, digamos en un
quince a veinte por ciento.
SR MENDEz: Bueno, a pesar de que ya pas6 el plazo para entregar
el texto al Departamento de Publicidad de Ia revista,
voy a averiguar si podemos hacer algunos cambios.
201
200 ----------------------------------------A pesar de que no hay subsidios In spite of the fact that there
aren't state subsidies or ino incentivos del estado, se ha
centives, it has been possible
logrado superar Ia falta de
to overcome the lack of
inversion en el sector de Ia
investment in the construcconstruccion.
tion sector.
A pesar de que no puede uti In spite of the fact that she
can't use her right arm, she
lizar so brazo derecho, logro
managed to rescue the girl.
rescatar a Ia nina.
Demasiado
When demasiado is used as an adjective, meaning 'too much/many',
it agrees in number and gender.
Hay demasiadas fallas en esta There are too many faults in this
machine.
maquina.
We
have too many problems to
Tenemos demasiados
solve.
problemas que resolver.
Language points
Aunque
When demasiado is used as an adverb meaning 'too/too much', it

remains the same in all cases.
This expression of concession is used in a similar way to its English

equivalent 'although'. In Spanish it can be followed by a verb in the
indicative or in the subjunctive. Generally speaking they are interchangeable.
.
El texto es demasiado largo.

Los vehiculos todo-terreno
son demasiado caros.
La cotizacion del dolar es
demasiado baja.
Las excavaciones son
demasiado profundas.
Aunque los graficos son buenos, Although the graphics are good,
hay demasiado texto.
there is too much text.
Aunque los graficos sean
buenos, hay demasiado texto.
Aunque el producto es bueno, Although the product is good,
so presentacion es deficiente.
its presentation is poor.
Aunque el producto sea bueno,
so presentacion es deficiente.
The excavations are too deep.
Exercise 3
Join the two phrases using aunque as in the example.

Example:
Iremos esta tarde. El museo esta lejos.
Aunque el museo esta lejos, iremos esta tarde.
A pesar de que
This is another expression of concession which is also similar in use
to its English equivalent 'despite the fact that'.
The text is too long.

All-terrain vehicles are too expensive.
The dollar exchange is too low.
or
Aunque el museo este lejos, iremos esta tarde.
203
202 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - No compramos las camisas. Estaban rebajadas.

Aunque estaban rebajadas, no compramos las camisas.
or
Aunque estuvieran rebajadas, no compramos las camisas.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Manejo el auto. No tenia licencia de conducir.

Pago al contado. Tenia tarjetas de credito.
Compro en una tiendecita. El supermercado esta cerca.
Le regalo una locion para despues de afeitarse. No se afeita.
No contesto. Recibio su carta.
Organize) una reunion para Ia manana siguiente. Llegaba de
madrugada.
Noes compatible con las demas de Ia oficina. La computadora
es nueva.
No le gusta Ia comida picante. Es latinoamericano.
No tiene sistema computarizado. Es el archivo mas grande del
pais.
No bajo de peso. Estuvo a dieta todo el aiio pasado.
Exercise 4
Give Spanish equivalents for the following:
There are too many students in this room.
Everything is too hot.
The temperature is too cold for this time of year.
It is too high. She cannot reach.
5 I put too many coins in the machine. It doesn't work.
1
2
3
4
Exercise 5
Give English equivalents for the following:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A pesar de que no tenia dinero, pidio comida cara.

Terminamos a pesar de que las condiciones eran negativas.
A pesar de sus quejas no recibe ayuda.
Visita a sus nietos muy seguido a pesar de tener muchos aiios.
A pesar de las oportunidades que tuvo, nunca triunfo.
A pesar de tener on gran reparto, Ia pelicula no es buena.
A pesar de sus problemas de salud, sigue jugando futbol.
No sale a pesar de que el medico se lo aconsejo.
A pesar de Ia Uuvia, caminaron toda Ia tarde.
A pesar de tener on sueldo muy alto, siempre pide prestamos.
Dialogue 4 f!l
Suponiendo que
Suponiendo que no lleguen, j,que hacemos?
MARiA: Nada. Hay que esperar y luego ya veremos.
Yo crefa que tu querias resolver las casas nipido. Me
JuAN:
parecfa que no ibas a esperar.
MARfA: Cambie de opini6n.
Asf lleguen tarde, seria mejor a que no lleguen.
J U AN:
Ju AN:
Language points
Suponiendo que .
Supposing ...
This expression of concession is always followed by the subjunctive.
Suponiendo que este armado, Supposing he is . armed, what
action will the police take?
;.que medidas tomara Ia
policia?
That is supposing he was able to
Eso es suponiendo que
pudiera asistir a Ia reunion. attend the meeting.
Asi
Even if
Apart from its usual use (the equivalent of 'so', 'thus' in English), in
Latin American Spanish asi can be used as an alternative to aunque.
Asi lo castiguen, seguira
creyendo en sus ideales.
No ira, asi lo amenacen.
Even if he is punished, he will continue to believe in his ideals.

He will not go, even if he is threatened.
Exercise 6
Give the English equivalent for these phrases.
204
1
2
3
4
5
No respondera a las preguntas, asi lo torturen.

Esperara a su hijo, asi Uegue muy tarde.
Iremos, asi llueva toda Ia noche.
Te avisariamos, asi fuera muy tarde.
En mi caso te habria telefoneado, asi hubiera sido domingo.
Reading
19 Ha sido
It has been ...
these questions:
Is the lack of water going to affect Latin America in the same way
as the industrialized countries?
Which sector of the economy is going to suffer most?
Falta de agua
En un futuro cercano sera mayor la falta de agua en Latinoamerica.
Aunque en Europa y en el resto de los pafses industrializados el
agua disponible por habitante se reducira en los pr6xirnos aiios, en
Latinoamerica esta reducci6n sera mas pronunciada. Las
sociedades actuales deben detener el derroche existente y la mala
utilizaci6n de este elemento vital, de lo contrario habra repercusiones para los distintos sectores econ6micos, especialmente para
la agricultura.
Ia falta
disponible
se reducira
pronunciada
lack
available
will be reduced
marked
sociedades
derroche
de lo contrario
societies
waste
otherwise

Use the passive voice (e.g. It has been returned)
Use the impersonal se in place of the passive voice
Distinguish between pero and sino
Dialogue 1 rll
Han sido entrevistados
this question:
Do Laura and Eduardo know exactly what happened?
Laura and Eduardo are in their office talking about something in the
news
LAURA:
l,Que sabes del asunto?
EDUARDo: S6lo lo que dice el peri6dico. Escucha. Han sido entregados dos de los tres expedientes que se perdieron de
Ia oficina. Los directores han sido entrevistados por la
policfa. Los documentos han sido devueltos esta
maiiana. Nose sabe quien los devolvi6.
LAuRA:
Es un misterio. Vamos a preguntar a tu hermano.
Quizas el tenga mas noticias.
EDUARDO: Sf, vamos.
206
----------------------------------------- 207
Language point
The passive voice
The verb ser is used with the past participle to form the passive
voice. There is agreement in number and gender with the subject of
the verb ser. The passive voice is used to put the emphasis on the
action taking place rather than on the subject performing the action
(as in the active voice).
Los expedientes han sido
The dossiers have been returned.
devueltos.
Los trabajadores son
The workers are transported in
llevados en vehiculos de Ia company vehicles.
empresa.
The following are examples of the passive voice in various tenses.
Present
Imperfect
soy llevado
eres llevado
es llevado
somos llevados
son llevados
son llevados
era llevado
eras llevado
era llevado
eramos llevados
eran llevados
eran llevados
El dinero es llevado al banco The money is taken to the bank in

en cantidades peqneiias.
small amounts.
Ese dia los tres eran llevados That day the three of them were
a Ia comisaria.
being taken to the police
station.
Preterite
Future
fui llevado
fuiste llevado
fue llevado
fuimos llevados
fueron llevados
fueron Uevados
sere llevado
seras Uevado
sera llevado
seremos llevados
seran llevados
seran llevados
El ataud fue llevado por sus

amigos mas intimos.
Todos seremos llevados a Ia
sala dos.
The coffin was carried by his

closest friends.
We will all be taken to room two.
Conditional
Present perfect
seria llevado
serias llevado
seria llevado
seriamos llevados
serian llevados
serian llevados
he sido llevado
bas sido llevado
ba sido llevado
hemos sido llevados
han sido llevados
han sido llevados
El cuadro seria llevado al

museo si se garantizara Ia
seguridad del transporte.
Los acusados han sido
llevados al tribunal.
The painting would be taken to the

museum if safe transport could be
guaranteed.
The accused have been taken to
the court.
Pluperfect
Future perfect
habia sido llevado

habias sido llevado
habia sido llevado
habiamos sido llevados
habian sido llevados
habre sido llevado

habras sido llevado
habra sido llevado
habremos sido llevados
habran sido llevados
Para entonces los articulos By then the stolen goods had

already been taken to another
robados ya habian sido
country.
llevados a otro pais.
At the beginning of the next cenA principios del proximo
tury the samples will have been
siglo las muestras habran
sido llevadas a otro planeta taken to another planet in a
en un laboratorio espacial. space laboratory.
Conditional perfect
habria sido llevado

habrias sido llevado
habria sido Uevado
habriamos sido llevados
habrian sido llevados
Nosotros no habriamos sido We wouldn't have been taken in
llevados en ese helic6ptero that helicopter if the authorities
si las autoridades hubieran had insisted on carrying out more
insistido en realizar mas
tests.
pruebas.
The passive construction in continuous tenses, e.g. estoy siendo
llevado, is not very common.
---------------------------------------209
208
Exercise 1
Se sabe que no funciona.

Se espera que compren
nuestros productos.
Se decla que no tenia Ia
informacion.
Finalmente se ha establecido
por que lo hicieron.
Creo que se ha decidido que
no asistiran al Congreso.
Change the sentences to the passive voice.

Example:
El alcalde inauguro Ia feria.
La feria foe inaugurada por el alcalde.
Destruyeron Ia muii.eca.
La muii.eca foe destruida.
1 Construyeron Ia nueva autopista.
2 La municipalidad aplico Ia multa.
3 El gobierno aprobo el presupuesto.
4 La tienda rebajo los precios.
5 Terminaron Ia obra.
6 La casa editorial habria publicado Ia obra.
7 Los llevarian a todos a Ia comisaria.
8 El juez habra interrogado a todos.
9 Nos han engaii.ado.
10 Un gran nWnero de personas leeria ellibro.
Dialogue 2
a:l
Se sabe
Juan is explaining the virtues of a new material in the product he sells
Se sabe que este material dura afios sin perder color.
(,Que se tiene que hacer para mantenerlo limpio?
S6lo se necesita pasar un trapo humedo para limpiarlo y
JuAN:
ya esta.
Au ciA: (,Nose necesita tambien utilizar un limpiador abrasivo?
JUAN:
No es necesario. Un trapo humedo es suficiente.
ALICIA: Lo probare.
JUAN:
Au ciA:
Exercise2
Give a Spanish equivalent for the following sentences.
1 It has been decided that you will represent the company at the
fair.
2 It is said that the competitors are demoralized.
3 It is explained in the leaflet.
4 It was accepted in the end.
5 It has been repeated for the third time.
6 It is known that this product affects the skin.
7 It is sent by post.
8 It is offered to members of the organization.
9 They are given in advance.
10 They will be returned the next day.
Exercise 3
Give an English equivalent for the following sentences.
1
2
3
4
Language point
The impersonal se
Se is used in spoken Spanish to replace the passive construction
learned above, which is mainly used in written language.
It is known that it doesn't work.

It is expected that they will buy our
products.
It was said that she did not have
the information.
Finally it has been established why
they did it.
I think it has been decided that
they will not attend the conference.
6
7
8
9
10
Se piensa que no habra aumento de sueldos.

Se sabe que no llegaran basta maii.ana.
Creo que ahora se entiende Ia idea.
Se ha terminado Ia sesion.
Primero, el producto se coloca en el interior de Ia maquina.
Se acordo durante Ia Ultima reunion.
Se simplificarian tramites de exportadores para pagar
impuestos.
El prestamo no se invertira en obras publicas.
Se introducira un nuevo sistema de clasificacion.
La proxima semana se publicaran los nuevos precios del gas
industrial.
210 --------------------------------------- -----
Language point
The passive with the subject performing

the action
------------------------------------- ----- 211
Dialogue
3m
La puerta estaba abierta

Cuando llegue la puerta ya estaba abierta.
Yo llegue unos momentos antes cuando un empleado
estaba abriendo la puerta.
CARLOS:
l,Compraste algo?
SANDRA: Si la ropa estaba bien rebajada. Compre una blusa para
mi hermana y dos para mi.
CARLos: Estaba convencido de que encontraria algo para Celia,
pero al final no compre nada para ella.
CARLOS:
SANDRA:
Although the passive construction and the impersonal se are interchangeable in the cases introduced above, only the passive construction can be used when the subject who performs the action is
mentioned.
La noticia foe revelada a Ia The news was revealed to the press
prensa por el presidente de by the president of the committee.
Ia comision.
The biggest investment was made
La mayor inversion foe
realizada por el sector de
by the construction sector.
Ia construccion.
Language point
Estaba abierta
Exercise 4
Change the sentences from the active to the passive construction.

Examples:
El Rector clausuro el ano academico.
El aiio academico foe clausurado por el Rector.
Los alumnos han organizado Ia reunion de manana.
La reunion de manana ha sido organizada por los alumnos.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
La Directora inaugurola exposicion sobre comercio exterior.

Los comerciantes del centro publicaran una nueva revista.
El distribuidor reemplazara Ia maquina.
El Ministerio de Transportes reconstruira mas de cien kilo
metros de Ia carretera al Norte.
La Compaiiia de Telefonos introducira una nueva gama de
productos.
El Ministerio del Interior ha distribuido Ia nueva tarjeta de
identificacion.
La policia detuvo al delincuente.
Las empresas extranjeras entregaron el donativo.
El dueiio de Ia tienda dono una computadora.
Los hinchas Uevaron en hombros al entrenador.
When you use the passive with estar you usually refer to a state
which is the result of an action; the agent of the action (i.e the
person who performs the action) is usually not included: e.g. La
puerta estaba abierta 'The door was open'. When you use the
passive with ser, you describe the action itself and you can add the
agent: La puerta foe abierta (por el vigilante) 'The door was opened
(by the guard)'.
Exercise 5
Give an English equivalent for the following phrases.

Ellibro estaba destinado a ser un exito.
Ellibro foe destinado al mercado exterior.
Julian estaba castigado porno terminar sus deberes.
Julian foe castigado por su madre.
Este material es procesado en una maquina muy modema.
El alimento ya estaba procesado.
Los soldados eran instruidos cada manana.
Las ftores eran cortadas cuidadosamente por las mujeres que
trabajaban alii.
9 Las ftores estaban cortadas.
10 La capital foe atacada por tropas extranjeras.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
212
------------------------------------------ 213
4 We do not want a single, but a return ticket.
5 He has gone to Mexico, but I do not know when he will be back.
Dialogue 4 r%J
Es cara, pero es buena
Cecilia and Rosa are discussing the washing instructions on a label
CECILIA:
RosA:
CECILIA:
RosA:
CECILIA:
Esta blusa es cara, pero el material es bueno.

Es un material muy durable, pero tambien delicado.
Cuando se ensucie no lo pongas en Ia lavadora sino
lavalo a mano.
i,Por que?
Aca dice en Ia etiqueta: 'Lavarse a mano'. Lo que pasa
es que si no lo lavas a mano puede perder su forma o
color en Ia lavadora.
Muy bien. Habra que lavarlo a mano.
Language point
Language point
Sino
This expression - written as two words - must not be confused with
the one discussed above. In this case the meaning is 'if not', as in the
following examples:
Debes pagar Ia cuenta de Ia You must pay the electricity bill, if
not you will be cut off.
luz, si no te Ia cortan.
Tiene que cuidarse, si no se You have to look after yourself, if
not you'll fall ill.
va a enfermar.
Reading
Pero/sino
Argentina
The two words pero and sino mean 'but' in English. It is important
to understand the difference in Spanish.
Sabe nadar, pero nova a Ia She can swim, but she doesn't go to
pisdna muy seguido.
the swimming pool very often.
No quiere nadar, sino bucear. He doesn't want to swim, he wants
to dive.
PARAGUAY
0
5uSo!udoDeJwluy
S.ho
0 Cot<klltl
.Roulo
Pero is used to contrast the first statement but it does not contradict
it. Sino, however, contradicts the first statement. Here are some
more examples:
Quisiera ir a Ia fiesta, pero
no puedo.
No pedi vino tinto, sino
blanco.
I would like to go to the party, but

I can't.
I did not order red wine, but white.
Exercise 6
Give a Spanish equivalent for the following phrases:

1 I do not want cheese, but ham.
2 She doesn't have a house now, but perhaps next year she will.
3 They do not have a cat, but a dog.
ARGENTINA
URUGUAY
214 --------------------------------------- ----Argentina cuenta con una poblaci6n de mas de 30 millones de habitantes. Es uno de los paises con el mas alto ingreso por habitante en
Latinoamerica. El indice de alfabetismo (94%) es el mas alto de
America Latina. El pais esta situado en Ia zona templada, pero es
posible hallar todo tipo de climas, desde el tropical en el norte, basta el muy frio en las zonas altas andinas, en Ia Patagonia y en Ia
Tierra del Fuego. La mayoria de Ia poblaci6n argentina vive en las
ciudades y casi Ia mitad del total de Ia poblaci6n vive en Ia Provincia
de Buenos Aires.
ingreso
income
indice de alfabetismo literacy rate
20 Repaso
Review
Ia mayoria most of, the majority
Dialogue 1
Exercise 7
Fui al cine
Based on the reading passage above, say if the following statements

are verdadero (true) or falso (false).
Sara and Pablo are talking about what they like to do
1
2
3
4
5
Argentina es uno de los paises mas pobres de America Latina.

Tiene el mayor nUmero de alfabetos en America Latina.
Solo hay clima templado en su territorio.
La mayoria de Ia poblacion es rural.
Casi on cincuenta por ciento de Ia poblacion vive en Ia Provincia
de Buenos Aires.
SARA: i..Oue hiciste ayer?

PABLo: Fui al cine a ver una pelicula francesa. Luego compre una
revista para leer en el tren mientras volvia a casa.
SARA: i.,De que se trata Ia revista?
PABLo: Trata de asuntos de actualidad.
SARA: i.,ES interesante?
PABLO: Si. La compro todas las semanas. i.. Tu lees mientras viajas?
SARA: Sf, pero prefiero escuchar la radio.
PABLO: i..Oue programas te gustan?
SARA: Me gusta un programa periodistico que se llama 'Primera
Plana', otro que se llama 'Competencia' yes de deportes.
Tambien escucho el programa 'De noche' que es cultural,
educativo y de servicio. El programa que mas me gusta es
'Los 40 mejores'.
PABLO: i..Oue tipo de programa es?
SARA: Es de musica del momento.
PABLO: Sf, claro. Yo a veces lo escucho.
Exercise 1
Change these sentences to the preterite using the information in
brackets.
Example:
Compro una revista de deportes. ( ayer)
Ayer compre una revista de deportes.
216
------------------------------------------ 217
1 Veo on programa de television. (anoche)

2 Marcelo y Estela diseiian interiores para una firma conocida.
(el ano pasado)
3 Cecilia imita a varios personajes en Ia tele. (el sabado
pasado)
4 La telenovela 'Adoracion' se transmite los viernes. (ayer)
5 El servicio de limpieza es criticado siempre. (ayer)
6 Siempre pierde las carreras. (el sabado pasado)
7 Pochitajuega todos los domingos. (ayer y anteayer)
8 Leonardo no come en asa. (anoche)
9 Ellider sindical organiza una reunion de trabajadores todos los
meses. (el viemes pasado)
10 Steven viaja los Junes. (hace dos horas)
Exercise2
Match the phrases 1 to 10 with the phrases (a) to G).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j )
El Codigo Alimentario establece ..

En Ia foto de grupo .
Lajueza
Un coche-bomba
Parecen iguales, .
Lo que necesitan los estudiantes ..
El multimillonario pag6 .
Hay on automovil .
La comida que prepar6 Karina ..
Ha bajado ..
cuatro kilos.
denunci6 al ministro.
pero no lo son.
que hay tres clases de agua para el consumo humano.
fue deliciosa.
explot6 en el museo.
como primer premio.
aparece junto a sus companeros de escuela.
para sus trabajos de investigacion.
muchos millones de dolares por el cuadro del pintor
holandes.
Dialogue
2m
LVas a ir al teatro?
these questions:
Do both want to go to the same place?
Why does Estela refuse German's invitation to go to the
movies?
Estela and German are talking about going to the theater or movies
EsTELA:
GERMAN:
EsTELA:
GERMAN:
EsTELA:
GERMAN:
EsTELA:
GERMAN:
EsTELA:
GERMAN-:
EsTELA:
j,Vas air al teatro?

No. No me gusta Ia obra. Creo que ire al cine.
Pero tu dijiste que querias ir al teatro.
No dije cuando. Hoy no puedo. Quizas el pr6ximo fin
de semana.
Quizas yo no pueda el pr6ximo fin de semana.
1,Por que no vasal cine conmigo?
1,Esta noche?
Si. Esta noche. Es una pelicula francesa.
Creo que no. Va a venir Irene y creo que ella tambien
quiere ir al teatro. Iremos juntas.
Bueno. Nos vemos luego.
Chao.
Exercise 3
Match the phrases in 1 to 5 with the phrases (a) to (e).
1
2
3
4
5
Voy a llegar tarde a Ia reunion.

Estaremos en el centro manana.
Ayer compramos un nuevo juego de muebles.
Se ha dislocado el brazo.
Hace frio.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Hay que lie varia al hospital.

Ponte una chaqueta.
No hay problema. Se ha postergado para manana.
zEs de roble o caoba?
Yo tambien. Tengo que hacer compras.
218 ------------------- ------------------- ----
------------------ ------------------ ---219

Ademas, rni acceso a Internet por este portal es
gratuito.
Yo, en cambio, pago unos 15 d6lares a1 mes por el
servicio.
Exercise 5
Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Exercise 4
Give Spanish equivalents for the following sentences:

1
2
3
4
5
I wish you had not brought that book.

Let's hope Sharon has brought the same one.
If I were you I would send the money tomorrow.
If I were Sharon I would go there tonight.
If only I had enough time to visit all the museums and exhibitions
in this city.
Dialogue 3
r:rl
l Que software tienes?

Irkne is asking Fernando about the software he has in his computer.
Do they both have to pay to access the Internet?
(.Que software tienes?

IRENE:
procesador de texto, hoja de calculo, graficos,
Tengo
FERNANDO:
rnicroedici6n, base de datos, paquete de presentaci6n.
Si hago click aqui, hay un enlace directo a rni correo
electr6nico. Por este atajo llego a la pagina web para
mandar tarjetas virtuales.
0 sea, ya tienes Internet.
IRENE:
FERNANDo: Ahora si tengo porque hay tarifa plana de telefono.
1 Es posible que (vendraJvenga) manana.

2 Le ban recomendado que (viva/vive) en el campo.
3 ;,Le (guste/gustaria) ir ai cine esta nocbe o preferiria (quedarse/
quedara) en casa?
4 Es importante que (coma/comeria) fruta.
5 Me parece que no (tiene/tenga) plata para comprar el belado.
6 EI televisor (no funciona/no funcione).
7 No creo que (coman/comen) en un restaurante de mariscos
porque son vegetarianos.
8 Ojala (llega/llegue) pronto.
9 Si (viene/venga) dale este dinero.
10 El medico le ha recomendado que (viajar8/viaje) ai campo.
Exercise 6
Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1 Si (estaba/estuviera) en CancD.n (estaria/estare) en Ia playa y no
en Ia cocina preparando Ia comida.
2 Manana (estaremos/estuvieramos) en Rio de Janeiro. Parece un
sueiio.
3 Ojala (haya traido/trajo) el programa de actividades.
4 Caroline (trajo/trajese) el manual ayer, pero no se donde lo
dejo.
5 Si Ia tienda (estuvo/estuviese) en el centro iriamos a pie en vez
de ir en carro.
6 Quisiera (ser/fuese) diplomatico para conocer varios paises.
7 Quisiera que (ser/fuese) sabado, no Iones entonces no tendria
que ir a trabajar.
8 Le dije que no podia continuar con el trabajo, a menos que
(comiera/comera) algo primero.
9 Esteban no (saldraJsaliera) ai extranjero este mes porque tiene
mucbo que bacer en Ia empresa. Quizas (saliera/salga) el mes
221
220 --------------------------------------- ----que viene.

10 Si (podria/pudiera) te visitaria.
6 Terminaran el edificio
fines de mes.
7 Faltan muchos dias
el fin
aiio.
8 No estaba sobre Ia mesa sino
de esta.
9 He trabajado
dos dias seguidos y necesito un descanso.
10 Estare con ustedes
verano.
Exercise 7
Choose the phrase in the group (a) to (j) that best completes the
sentence started in the group 1 to 10.
1 Ralph tiene un sueter

2 La revista dedica ..
3 Muchos padres invierten ..
4 La decada del 90
5 El secretario se llama ..
6 Los colegios no dicen
7 El proximo mes ..
8 Yo .. es todo.
9 Estas son las obras .
10 Hay mocha preocupacion
Rearrange the following words in three groups under the headings

fruta (fruit), viajes (travelling) and colores (colors).
bicicleta
manzana
ciclomotor
verde
frutilla
1 ;,Adonde vas tan apurada?

2 ;, Quien es esa persona que te dio Ia llave?
3 ;,Como piensas ira Ia universidad esta tarde?
4 ;,Note parece que ya es demasiado tarde para ir al teatro?
5 ;. Cuando llegan tus padres?
(a) Creo que Marcelo va a llevarme en su auto; de lo contrario ire
Complete the sentence with a preposition from the list, if it ic; necessary.
1
2
3
4
5
para
de
abajo de/debajo de
Se casaron _ _ _ el mes pasado.

Hoy estamos a 21
septiembre.
Voy a Ia escuela
Ia manana.
Caracas, 22
enero
1994.
La tienda abre
las diez
las siete.
negro
amarillo
sandia
carro
rojo
Match each of the questions 1 to 5 with the most suitable reply (a)
to (e).
Exercise 8
a
hast a
azul
barco
platano
vuelo
piiia
Exercise 10
(a) tiempo y dinero en Ia educacion de sus hijos.

(b) .. de teatro mas vistas este aiio.
( c) .. tejido de lana de alpaca.
(d) .. sus paginas al automovilismo.
(e) .. Antonio Suarez.
( f) por el medio ambiente.
(g) ... creo que saldremos de vacaciones.
(h) .. creo que eso
( i) cuando empezara el aiio escolar.
(j) fue Ia Ultima de este siglo.
desde
por
Exercise 9
en
durante
en el metro.
(b) La Sra Taboada. Ella es Ia dueiia del hotel. Es un negocio de
familia.
(c) Hay dos posibilidades: una es a fines de este mes. Otra, a mediados del proximo.
(d) Esta noche Ia funcion empieza media bora mas tarde que de
costumbre, asi que llegaremos a tiempo.
(e) AI colegio a recoger a los chicos.
Reading
Read the following text from an advertisement for a private ambulance service.
222 --------------------------------------- ----MEDIC-MOVIL

Medic es un serVIclO de atenci6n medica especializada. Sus
unidades m6viles cuentan con equipos de atenci6n y resucitaci6n
que operan en toda la capital.
Si usted o uno de sus trabajadores sufre una emergencia medica,
llame a nuestro telefono y de inmediato un operador u operadora
con conocimientos medicos se pondni en comunicaci6n por radio a
la unidad m6vil mas cercana al Iugar donde se encuentre el
paciente.
Si esta interesado llamenos por telefono y nuestro representante
lo visitara a la brevedad posible para darle mayor informaci6n.
Informes:442255
Exercise 11
Based on the reading text above, say if the following statements

are verdadero (true) or falso (false).
1 Medic es un servicio de ambulancias que opera en todo el pais.
2 El servicio es solo para ejecutivos.
3 Los operadores se comunican por radio con las unidades
moviles.
4 Los operadores tratan de ubicar Ia unidad movil mas cercana ai
paciente.
5 Para mayor informacion hay que ir personalmente a Medicmovil.
Exercise 12
Complete the sentences with the correct form of ser or estar.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
en Ia calle Emancipacion.
abogado (yo).
molesta.
La nina
(ustedes) en Ia casa de mi hermana?
;,
obreras.
Estela y Lucrecia
en Ecuador.
Guayaquil
en Colombia.
El autor dellibro
El banco _ _ _ cerrado.
representantes sino distribuidores (nosotros).
No
en su despacho (ella).
No
El taller
------------------------------------- ----223
Exercise 13
Change these commands to the negative.

Example:
Compren frutillas.
No compren frutillas.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Vayan a Ia reunion.
Llama por telefono a tu jefe.
Trata de vender tu carro.
A bra el archivo para ver.
Copien el documento en diskette.
Pide diez cuadernos.
Ven con tu novio.
Tome fotos.
Prepare el plato que le recomende.
lnstala Ia antena.
Exercise 14
Rewrite these sentences in the imperative. Follow the examples.

Examples:
Ustedes deben venir manana.
Vengan manana.
Tienes que decir emil es el problema.
Di cu81 es el problema.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ustedes deben comprar una nueva maquina.

Tienes que oir lo que dice este senor.
Tiene que venir el proximo sabado.
Usted debe mandar el paquete por correo.
Debes escribir pronto.
Tienes que comer menos grasas.
Ustedes deben estudiar este contrato.
Tienes que hacer esto.
Usted debe ser mas paciente.
Tienes que subir ai tercer piso.
225
224 -------------------- -------------------- ----
Reading
Read the information about Maribel Hernandez and then fill in the
form which follows.
Maribel Hernandez tiene 39 afios. Esta separada de su esposo. Es
profesora en una escuela primaria en las afueras de Quito. Maribel
tiene dos hijos que se Haman Alberto y Estela. Alberto tiene 11
afios y Estela tiene 8 afios. Viven en un departamento en la calle
Iglesias 341- C. El departamento tiene dos dormitorios. Uno es de
Maribel, los nifios comparten el otro. Alberto y Estela ayudan a su
mami en las tareas de la casa.
Nombre:
Edad:
Estado civil:
HORIZONTAL
1 Primer nivel de educaci6n.
6 Aplicaci6n de las ciencias practicas o mecanicas en Ia industria y
el comercio.
8 Pais latinoamericano.
9 Uno diferente. Uno mas.
Ocupaci6n:
N11 de hijos:
Nombre de los hijos:
Edad de los hijos:
Domicilio:
Exercise 15
Based on the passage above, say if the following statements are

verdadero (true) orfalso (false).
1
2
3
4
5
Estela no tiene hermanos.

Los niiios no ayudan a Maribel en las tareas de Ia casa.
Estela es menor que Alberto.
Viven en Ia capital ecuatoriana.
Tienen un departamento de dos dormitorios.
VERTICAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fruta.
Lo contrario de activo.
Lo contrario de bajo.
Hay muchos en las calles, carreteras y autopistas.
Pais latinoamericano de Ia zona andina.
Normalmente hay mucha en el centro de una ciudad.
227
Grammar summary
papel
color
ciudad
When there is a deviation from these rules an acute accent is written on the vowel of the stressed syllable.
aca
latOn
pacifico
The Spanish alphabet

a
b
c
ch
d
e
f
g
h
j
k
I
u
m
a
be (alta, grande)
ce
che
de
e
efe
ge
hache
i (latina)
jot a
ka
ele
elle
erne
n
ii
Word order
ene
efie
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
pe
cu
erre
ese
te
u
ve (corta, chica)
ve doble
equis
y griega
zeta
w
X
Word order (position of the subject in relation to the object of a

sentence) is not as rigid in Spanish as it is in English. The most common patterns are:
subject + verb + object
Mariela vendi6 Ia casa.
object + verb + subject
La casa Ia vendi6 Mariela.
object + subject + verb
La casa Mariela Ia vendi6.
In most cases adjectives are placed after the noun they qualify. In
negative sentences no always precedes the verb.
Nouns and gender

Stress and written accent
If the word ends in a vowel, -n or -s the stress is on the penultimate
syllable, i.e. the syllable before the last one.

trabajo
escnbes
delegado
Cannen
If the word ends in a consonant, except -n or -s, the stress is on the
final syllable.
Nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine. Not only people

and animals are included in this classification, but things as well.
masc.
hombre man
gato
male cat
sol
sun
fem.
mujer
gata
luna
woman
female cat
moon
Generally speaking, the ending of a noun tells you whether it is

masculine or feminine. The following are the most common
endings.
Masculine: -o, -1, -r, -y; e.g. alumno, papel, actor, rey.
228 -------------------- -------------------- ----
------------------ ------------------ --- 229
Feminine: -a, -ion, -dad, -tad, -tud, -itis; e.g. alumna, cancion,
ciudad, libertad, altitud, artritis.
Articles
Usually when the masculine ends in -o, you form the feminine by
changing it to -a.
The definite article
alumno
alumna
Usually when the masculine ends in a consonant, you form the feminine by adding -a.
vendedor
vendedora
Some nouns are both masculine and feminine but with a difference
in meaning, as in the following examples:
el capital the capital (money)
Ia capital the capital (city)
el policia the police officer
Ia policia the police
sing.
pl.
rnasc.
el
los
When a noun ends in an unstressed vowel or a stressed -e, an -s is

added
the
the
The definite article agrees in gender and number with the noun it
precedes.
el carro
Ia casa
the car
the house
los carros
las casas
the cars
the houses
Note: if the definite article precedes a singular feminine noun which

starts with a stressed a- or ba-, then el is used instead of Ia.
elagua
el baba
Plural of nouns
fern.
Ia
las
the water
the broad bean
The indefinite article
Examples:
nifia
cafe
nifias
cafes
When a noun ends in a consonant, -y or a stressed vowel (except

-e), -es is added
Examples:
pared
cuy
rubi
paredes
cuyes
rubies
Note: There are exceptions to this third case (stressed vowel, other
than -e). The most common exceptions are: mama-mamas;
papa-papas
Nouns ending in -z change the -z to-e, before adding -es
The neuter article

The neuter article lo never precedes a noun. Its main use is to form
abstract nouns. In this case it is followed by an adjective or a past
participle.
lo interesante
lo dicbo
Examples:
luz
cruz
fern.
rnasc.
un
una
a/an
pl.
unos
unas
some
.
.
The indefinite article agrees in gender and number w1th the noun 1t
precedes.
a jack
una gata
a cat
un gato
unas Iibras some pounds
unos libros some books
sing.
luces
cruces
what is interesting
what has been said
231
230
Adjectives
estos
esos
aquellos
pl.
Almost all adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun or
pronoun they refer to.
When the adjective ends in -o the feminine is usually formed by
changing the final letter to -a.
distribuidor exclusivo
moda exclusiva
sole distributor
exclusive fashion
Adjectives ending in a consonant usually add -a.

activador
frances
activadora
francesa
activating
French
Although the usual position of the adjective in a sentence is after

the noun, it can appear before it.
una casa nueva
una nueva casa
a new house
When an adjective ends in a vowel you add -s to form the plural,

unless the final vowel is stressed, in which case you add -es.
When it ends in a consonant you add -es.
un medico peruano
medicos peruanos
a Peruvian doctor
Peruvian doctors
una palabra guarani

dos palabras guaranies
a Guarani word
two Guarani words
una solucion facil

soluciones faciles
an easy solution
easy solutions
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives agree in number with the noun which they
precede. Only nuestro (our) has a feminine form, nuestra, which
agrees in number and gender with the noun.
my
your (sing.)
his, her, its, your (formal)
our (masc.)
our (fern.)
your (pl.)
their
mi
tu
su
nuestro
nuestra
su
su
These adjectives agree in number and in gender with the noun and
usually precede it.
fem.
esta
esa
aquella
mi cuademo de ejercicios
su diccionario bilingiie
my exercise book
her bilingual dictionary
If the noun possessed is in the plural you add an -s to the possessive
adjective.
Mis amigos no han llegado. My friends haven't arrived.
Nuestras empresas firmaron Our companies signed the contract.
el contrato.
Personal pronouns
These pronouns are used far less than their equivalents in English.
Sometimes they are used for emphasis or to avoid confusion.
Demonstrativ e adjectives
sing.
these
those
those (distant)
Examples:
Plural of adjectives
masc.
este
ese
aquel
estas
esas
aquellas
this
that
that (distant)
yo
tU
usted
ei
ella
Singular
I
you (informal)
you (formal)
he
she
Plural
nosotros
nosotras
ustedes
ellos
elias
we (masc.)
we (fern.)
you
they (masc.)
they (fern.)
233
232 ------------------------------------ -----
Adverbs
Examples:
These are usually formed by adding the ending -mente to the feminine adjective. Note that adjectives ending in -e have the same form
in the masculine and the feminine.
lentamente
sinceramente
urgentemente
Iento
sincero
urgente
slowly
sincerely
urgently
When an adverb appears with a verb in the same sentence, it usually follows the verb. It can precede the verb for emphasis.
Se dirigieron a Ia escuela
lentamente.
Lentamente pasaron uno
por uno.
They made their way to school

slowly.
They slowly went past one by one.
to buy
to work
to study
-er
comer
vender
comprender
to eat
to sell
to understand
-ir
vi vir
escribir
subir
to live
to write
to go up
The present tense indicative
Examples:
These link parts of a sentence and usually express manner, time or

place:
to, at
in, on, at
of, from
from
towards
for, by, through
for
ante
bajo
delante de
detnis de
encima
entre
sobre
before
under
in front of
behind
over
between
on
Verbs
Siempre voy en tren.

Martha es peruana.
The infinitive is the form of a verb given in a dictionary. It is also the

form that you will find in the glossary of this book. According to the
ending of the infinitive there are three types of verbs in Spanish:
also called verbs of the first conjugation
also called verbs of the second conjugation
also called verbs of the third conjugation
I always go by train.
Martha is Peruvian.
Here are three examples of regular verbs in the present tense

indicative: trabajar (to work), comer (to eat) and escribir (to write).
I work
you work (informal)
you work (formal); he/she works
we work
you work (formal and informal)
they work
trabajo
trabajas
trabaja
trabajamos
trabajan
trabajan
como
comes
come
The infinitive
verbs ending in -ar

verbs ending in -er
verbs ending in -ir
comprar
trabajar
estudiar
The present tense indicative is used with actions which are habitual
or timeless.
Prepositions
a
en
de
desde
bacia
por
para
-ar
comemos
co men
co men
escribo
escribes
escribe
escribimos
escriben
escriben
Irregular verbs
Some verbs do not follow the pattern or rule of regular verbs. For
that reason they are called irregular. Here is one example: tener.
tengo
tienes
I have
you have (informal)
234
------------------------------------- ----235
tiene
tenemos
tienen
tienen
you have (formal); he/she/it has

we have
you have
they have
Forming questions
Both regular and irregular verbs form questions by adding question
marks to affirmative and negative statements. When speaking you
sound as if you are asking a question. Unlike English, you do not
need an auxiliary word like 'do'.
Trabajan mucho.
zTrabajan mucho?
They work hard.

Do they work hard?
No tienes tiempo.
zNo tienes tiempo?
You do not have time.

Don't you have time?
Radical changing verbs
verbs; -iendo for -er and -ir verbs.) The forms correspond to the
English ending '-ing', as in 'eating', 'running', etc.
I am studying
you are studying ( informal)
you are studying (formal); he/she is
studying
we are studying
you are studying (formal and informal)
they are studying
estoy estudiando
estas estudiando
esta estudiando
estamos estudiando
estan estudiando
estan estudiando
The present continuous refers to an action which is in progress at

the time of speaking.
The present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliary verb haber and
the past participle of the main verb of the sentence.
Example:
He perdido mi maletin.
These are verbs in Spanish which undergo a change of the stem

vowel (i.e. the vowel in the part of the verb that remains the same
when it is conjugated) when you conjugate them. In these verbs the
vowel -e- in the stem becomes -ie-, and the vowel -o- becomes -ue-.
The exception is the first person plural.
Examples:
-e-- -iepreferir
prefiero
prefieres
prefiere
preferimos
prefieren
prefieren
-o-- -uedormir
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
duermen
duermen
The present continuous tense

The present continuous tense is formed by using estar + the gerund
form of the verb. The gerund ends in -ando or -iendo (-ando for -ar
I have lost my briefcase.
The forms of haber are:

he
has
ha
hemos
han
han
I have
you have (informal)

you have (formal); he/she has
we have
you have (plural)
they have
You form the past participle of a verb by replacing the infinitive

ending -ar by the ending -ado, and the endings -er and -ir by -ido.
trabajar
comer
vivir
trabajado
comido
vivido
The most common irregular past participles are:

abrir (to open)
decir (to say)
escribir (to write)
hacer (to do, to make)
morir (to die)
abierto
dicho
escrito
hecho
muerto
236 ---------------------------------- ---poner (to put)

romper (to break)
ver (to see)
volver (to return)
puesto
roto
visto
vuelto
!he pre~ent per~ect ~s used to indicate that an event has happened

m a penod of time m the past but which includes the present or
whose effects still bear on the present.
The present perfect continuous

This tense is used to indicate that an action has been in progress
over a period of time and continues to be in progress at the time
of speaking. It is formed by using haber plus the past participle
plus the gerund, i.e. the verb showing action in progress, (e.g.
escribiendo 'writing', viajando 'traveling'.
Example:
-------------------------------------- ---237
The past tense or preterite

The past tense, or preterite, is used to express an action in the past
already complete at the time of speaking.
Example:
Ayer comimos en un
restaurante.
Yesterday we went to a restaurant

for a meal.
The past tense of regular verbs is formed as follows:

-ar verbs: terminar (to finish)
termine
terminaste
termino
terminamos
terminaron
terminaron
I finished
you finished (informal)
you finished (formal); he/she/it finished
we finished
you finished
they finished
-er verbs: comer
Hemos estado trabajando

We have been working on this
todo el dia en este asunto.
matter all day.
i r a + infinitive
One way of expressing the future is by using the present tense of the
~erb ir (to go) followed by a plus the infinitive expressing the
mtended action. This is similar to the English structure 'to be going
to+ infinitive'.
comimos
comieron
comieron
comi
comiste
comio
-ir verbs: vivir
vivimos
vivieron
vivieron
vi vi
viviste
vivi6
Here are some examples of irregular verbs in the past:
Example:
hacer
ir
tener
dar
Vamos a visitar el museo.

We are going to visit the museum.
Here are all the forms of the verb ir + a:
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicieron
hicieron
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron
fueron
tuve
tuviste
tuvo
tuvimos
tuvieron
tuvieron
di
diste
dio
dimos
dieron
die ron
voy a
vas a
va a
vamosa
van a
van a
I am going to
you are going to (informal)
you are going to (formal) he/she/it is going to
we are going to
you are going to
they are going to
239
238 -----------------------------------------Regular verbs have their forms in the imperfect indicative as

follows:
The future tense

To form the future of regular verbs you add the same endings to the
infinitive of all -ar, -er or -ir verbs.
trabajar
comer
vi vir
trabajare
trabajaras
trabajara
trabajaremos
trabajaran
trabajaran
co mere
comeras
comera
comeremos
co merlin
co merlin
vivire
viviras
vivira
viviremos
viviran
viviran
The future tense is used mainly in written language. In conversation

the future tense is less common than its equivalent in English.
Spanish speakers tend to prefer the 'ir + a + verb' structure to
express ideas in the future.
Here are some irregular verbs in the future:
decir
hacer
salir
venir
dire
diras
dira
diremos
diran
diran
hare
haras
hara
haremos
baran
baran
saldre
saldras
saldre
saldremos
saldran
saldran
vendre
vendras
vendra
vendremos
vendran
vendran
The imperfect indicative tense

The imperfect tense is used to indicate a habitual or repeated action in
the past. It is the equivalent of verbs with 'used to' or 'was' in English.
Example:
Los fines de semana nos
reuniamos en grupos.
We used to gather in groups at the

weekends.
It is also used to describe characteristics in the past when such
characteristics continued to exist for a period of time.

Example:
La gata se llamaba
Magdalena.
The cat used to be called/was

called Magdalena.
comprar
vender
vi vir
compraba
comprabas
compraba
comprabamos
compraban
compraban
vendia
vendias
vendia
vendiamos
vendian
vendian
vivia
vivias
vivia
viviamos
vivian
vivian
There are only three verbs which are irregular in the imperfect
indicative:
ir
ser
ver
iba
ibas
iba
ibamos
iban
iban
era
eras
era
eramos
eran
eran
vela
veias
vela
veiamos
veian
veian
Theimperfectcontinuoustense
This tense is used to refer to an action already in progress in the
past when something else happened, interrupting the first action.
Example:
Estaba escuchando musica
cuando sono el timbre.
I was listening to music when the

bell rang.
In the imperfect continuous you use the verb estar in the imperfect
indicative together with the continuous form of the main verb.
trabajar
estaba trabajando
estabas trabajando
estaba trabajando
estabamos trabajando
I was working
you were working (informal)
you were working (formal);
he/she was working
we were working
240 ------------------------------------- -----
estaban trabajando
you were working (formal and

informal)
they were working
estaban trabajando
The present subjunctive

The subjunctive is a verb form used in Spanish to express attitude,
such as wishing, hoping, doubting, etc., and to indicate actions
which are only hypothetical or a possibility in the future, at the
moment of speaking. It is little used in English.
Examples:
I hope you can make it to the
Espero que puedas venir
party.
a Ia fiesta.
Quisiera que ayudes a Isabel. I would like you to help Isabel.
The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed as follows:
trabajar
comer
vivir
trabaje
trabajes
trabaje
trabajemos
trabajen
trabajen
coma
comas
coma
comamos
coman
co man
viva
vi vas
viva
vivamos
vivan
vi van
--------------------------------------- ----- 241
Here is a list of the main irregular verbs in the conditional tense:

decir
haber
hacer
diria
dirias
diria
diriamos
dirian
dirian
habria
habrias
habria
habriamos
habrian
habrian
haria
harias
haria
hariamos
harlan
harlan
poder
poner
querer
podria
podrias
podria
podriamos
podrian
podrian
pondria
pondrias
pondria
pondriamos
pondrian
pondrian
querria
querrias
querria
querriamos
querrian
querrian
salir
tener
venir
saldria
saldrias
saldria
saldriamos
saldrian
saldrian
tendria
tendrias
tendria
tendriamos
tendrian
tendrian
vendria
vendrias
vendria
vendriamos
vendrian
vendrian
The imperative
The conditional tense
The conditional tense (in English 'I would go', etc.) is formed by
adding the following endings to the infinitive: -Ia, -las, -Ia, -iamos,
-ian. The same endings are used with the three conjugations.
trabajar
comer
vivir
trabajaria
trabajarias
trabajaria
trabajariamos
trabajarian
trabajarian
comeria
comerias
comeria
comeriamos
comerian
comerian
viviria
vivirias
vivi ria
viviriamos
vivirian
vivirian
The imperative form is used to give commands, orders or instructions.

Examples:
Prepare on informe para
manana. (usted)
Toma estas pastillas. (tu)
Prepare a report for tomorrow.

Take these tablets.
The imperative for the second person singular informal (tu) is

the same as the form for the third person singular in the present
indicative, in the case of regular verbs.
preparar
comer
subir
prepara
come
sube
243
242
The most frequently used irregular verbs in the imperative for the
second person informal (tU) are:
decir
estar
hacer
ir
oir
di
esta
haz
ve
oye
salir
ser
tener
venir
sal
se
ten
ven
The imperative for the second person singular formal (usted) is the
same as the present subjunctive for usted, el or ella.
preparar
comer
subir
prepare
coma
suba
The imperative for the second person plural (ustedes) is the same as
the present subjunctive for ustedes, ellos or elias.
preparar
comer
subir
preparen
co man
suban
The conditional perfect tense

The verb haber in the conditional tense (habria, Jtabrias, etc.)
together with the past participle of the main verb are used to form
the conditional perfect tense. Here are the forms of trabajar in the
conditional perfect:
habria trabajado
habrias trabajado
habria trabajado
habriamos trabajado
habrian trabajado
habrian trabajado
The pluperfect subjunctive

To form the pluperfect subjunctive, you use the imperfect subjunctive of haber together with the past participle of the verb. Here are
the forms of comprar in the pluperfect subjunctive:
The imperfect subjunctive
hubiera comprado
hubieras comprado
hubiera comprado
The imperfect subjunctive indicates actions which are hypothetical

and also remote possibilities at the time of speaking. Compared to
the present subjunctive, the action is less likely to take place. One
use of the imperfect subjunctive is for sentences expressing hope.
Another is in hypothetical conditional sentences.
hubieramos comprado
hubieran comprado
hubieran comprado
Ojala llamase.
The imperfect subjunctive has two alternative conjugations, which
are interchangeable. Here is an example of a regular verb, trabajar,
in the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive:
trabajara
trabajaras
trabajara
trabajaramos
trabajaran
trabajaran
trabajase
trabajases
trabajase
trabajasemos
trabajasen
trabajasen
I would have worked

you would have worked (informal)
you would have worked (formal);
he/she would have worked
we would have worked
you would have worked
they would have worked
I would have bought

you would have bought (informal)
you would have bought (formal);
he/she would have bought
we would have bought
you would have bought
they would have bought
As in the case of the imperfect subjunctive, it is possible to use the

alternative form -se. They are interchangeable.
The passive voice

The verb ser is used with the past participle to form the passive
voice. There is agreement in number and gender with the subject of
the verb ser. The passive voice is used to put the emphasis on the
action taking place rather than on the subject performing the action
(as in sentences in the active voice).
-------------------------------------------- 245
244
The impersonal se
Example:
Los expedientes han sido
devueltos.
The dossiers have been returned.
The following are examples of the passive voice in various tenses.

Present
soy llevado
eres llevado
es llevado
somos llevados
son llevados
son Uevados
Imperfect
era llevado
eras llevado
era llevado
eramos llevados
eran Uevados
eran llevados
Preterite
fui llevado
fuiste Uevado
foe Uevado
fuimos llevados
fueron Uevados
fueron llevados
Future
sere Uevado
seras llevado
sera Uevado
seremos llevados
seran llevados
seran llevados
Conditional
seria llevado
serias llevado
seria llevado
seriamos llevados
serian Uevados
serian llevados
Present perfect
he sido llevado
has sido Uevado
ha sido llevado
hemos sido Uevados
han sido Uevados
han sido Uevados
Pluperfect
habia sido llevado
habias sido Uevado
habia sido Uevado
habiamos sido llevados
habian sido Uevados
Future perfect
habre sido Uevado
habras sido Uevado
habra sido llevado
habremos sido llevados
Conditional perfect
habria sido llevado
habrias sido llevado
habria sido llevado
habriamos sido Uevados
habrian sido Uevados
Se is used in spoken Spanish to replace the passive construction

learned above, which is mainly used in written language.
Examples:
Se sabe que no funciona.
Se espera que compren
nuestros productos.
It is known that it doesn't work.

It is expected that they will buy our
products.
I ~'
247
Key to exercises
Exercise 4
(a) Buenos elias
(b) Buenas tardes
(c) Buenos elias
(d) Buenas noches

(e) Buenas noches
Exercise 5
I
Please note that with open-ended exercises, answers will not always appear
in the Key.
1
2
3
4
Arturo tiene carro/auto.

Lope trabaja en Mejico/Mexico.
La agenda de viaje tiene fax.
;,Trabajas? ;,Trabaja (ud.)?
Exercise 6
1 tengo . tiene
2 tenemos
3 tienen
Chapter 1
4 tiene
5 tienen
Exercise 1
(c)
U)
(h)
(e)
(g)
(f)
1
7
12
13
15
27
(d)
(k)
(1)
(b)
(i)
(a)
Chapter 2
34
62
79
93
94
100
Exercise 1
1 viene
2 Salgo
3 va
Exercise2
Exercise2
(a) 25
(b) 68
(c) 76
veinticinco
sesenta y ocbo
setenta y seis
Exercise 3
Carlos veinte aiios
Luisa veintitres aftos
Milagros cincuenta y cinco aiios
Carolina veintisiete
Esteban noventa y ocho aiios
4 bace
5 decimos
(d) 13
(e) 44
trece
cuarenta y cuatro
;,A que bora sale el avion a Caracas?

Sale a las trece cuarenta y cinco.
;,A que bora sale el avion a Lima?
Sale a las nueve veinte.
;.A que bora sale el avion a Quito?
Sale a las seis (horas).
;,A que bora Uega el avion de Madrid?
Llega a las once cuarenta y cinco.
;,A que bora Uega el avion de Santiago?
Llega a las once cincuenta.
;,A que bora Uega el avion de Mexico D.F.?
Llega a las diez veinte.
248
--------------------------------------- ----- 249

Exercise 3
Camisas
Blusas
Abrigos
Paiiuelos
Pantalones
Camisetas
Exercise 2
1 (j)
2 (d)
3 (b)
4 (a)
5 (f)
treinta y seis
veintiocho
noventa y cuatro, cinco
cinco, cuarenta
treinta y ocho, cuarenta
diez, ochenta
6 (i)
7 (e)
8 (g)
9 (h)
10 (c)
Exercise 4
Exercise 4
Hombres
Mujeres
Ambos
corbata
calzoncillo
medias
lapiz labial
aretes
blusa
falda
vestido
zapatos
sueter
paiiuelo
camisa
VENTAJAS
DESVENTAJAS
piscina
aire acondicionado
caja fuerte individual
centrico
desayuno induido
calefaccion central
cambio de moneda
restaurante
telefono en Ia habitacion
Exercise 5
Exercise 5
Mi plan para el martes es leer una guia turistica y comprar un mapa.
Mi plan para el miercoles es buscar informacion y navegar en Internet.
Mi plan para el jueves es estudiar el informe y escribir comentarios.
Mi plan para el viemes es preparar documentos y hacer las maletas.
Mi plan para el sabado el llegar al aeropuerto a las 2.30 y comprar una
novela.
Mi plan para el domingo es descansar.
1
3
4
Exercise 6
Paguese a Viajes El Sol Ia suma de doscientos cuarenta y cinco dolares.
Exercise 6
Chapter 3
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
los
Ia
el
los
ellla
6
7
8
9
10
el
Ia
ellla
los
el
1
2
3
4
5
Hasta ellunes
Hasta el sabado
Hasta el domingo
Hasta el martes
Hasta maiiana
Exercise 7
1 25 de diciembre
3 1 de enero
250
251
Exercise 8
zD6nde esta Ia comisaria?

La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda.
1 individual con baiio

2 el viemes
zD6nde esta el cine?

El cine esta a Ia izquierda.
Exercise 9
zD6nde esta el hotel?

El hotel esta a Ia derecha.
TELEFAX
Dirigido a Seiiora Urrutia
Hotel Embajador
zDonde esta el banco?

El banco esta a Ia derecha.
Estimada seiiora:
Le ruego res~rvar una habitaci6n doble con baiio y telefono para
3 noches a partir del sabado pr6ximo.
Atentamente
Chapter 4
4 (c)
5 (a)
1 soy
4 es
2 son
3 somos
5 son
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
(a)
zD6nde esta Ia libreria?
La libreria esta a Ia izquierda.
zDonde esta Ia comisaria?

La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del supermercado.
zDonde esta el cine?
El cine esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente de Ia panaderia.
Exercise 3
1 esta
2 soy
3 esta
4 Estamos
5 son
zD6nde esta Ia panaderia?

La panaderia esta a Ia derecha.
(b)
zDonde esta Ia libreria?
La libreria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del banco.
Exercise2
1 (e)
2 (d)
3 (b)
zD6nde esta el supermercado?

El supermercado esta a Ia derecha.
6 esta
7 es
8 esta
9 Somos
10 esta
zDonde esta el hotel?

El hotel esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del bar.
zDonde esta el banco?
El banco esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia libreria.
zDonde esta el supermercado?
El supermercado esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia comisaria.
zDonde esta Ia panaderia?
La panaderia esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del cine.
(c)
zDonde esta Ia libreria?
La libreria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del banco, allado del bar/allado de
Ia comisaria.
zDonde esta Ia comisaria?

La comisaria esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente del supermercado, a1 lado de Ia
librerialdel cine.
253
252 -------------------------------------------;.Donde esta el cine?

El cine esta a Ia izquierda, enfrente de Ia panaderia, allado de Ia comisaria.
;.Donde esta el hotel?
El hotel esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del bar, allado del banco.
;.Donde esta el banco?
El banco esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia libreria, al lado del hoteUdel
supermercado.
;.Donde esta el supermercado?
El supermercado esta a Ia derecha, enfrente de Ia cornisaria, al lado del
banco/de Ia panaderia.
;.Donde esta Ia panaderia?
La panaderia esta a Ia derecha, enfrente del cine, allado del supermercado.
Exercise 6
1 (b)
2 (c)
3 (b), (e)
4 (d)
2 F
3F
5 (a)
6 (f), (g)
7 (h)
8 (f), (h)
4
5
Chapter 5
Exercise 1
Exercise 3
(Answers may vary according to individual choice or circumstances.)
1
2
3
4
5
Hago las compras

Voy de vacaciones
Limpio las ventanas
Desayuno
Voy a Ia iglesia
1
2
3
4
5
Quisiera comprar on periodico.

Quisieramos visitar el museo.
Quisieramos dos habitaciones individuales.
Quisiera on libro nuevo.
Quisiera ir a Uruguay.
Exercise 6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Por/en Ia maiiana
En Ia madrugada
Por/en Ia noche
Enlpor Ia tarde
Enlpor Ia noche
Exercise 7

1 diario
2 annal
3 trimestral
una vez por semana.

todos los dias.
tres veces por semana.
dos veces por aiio.
una o dos veces por aiio.
Exercise 5
Exercise 7
1
1
2
3
4
5
4 mensual
5 semanal
Exercise2
POR LA MANANA PORLATARDE

despertarse: 7.00 a.m. trabajar: 2.00 p.m.
jugar al tenis: 4.00 p.m.
desayunar: 7.45
conversar/platicar: 5.30 p.m.
vestirse: 8.15
PORLANOCHE
cenar: 9.00 p.m.
rnirar Ia tete: 22.00
acostarse: 23.45
254
---------------------------------------- ----255
Exercise 8
1 lejos
2 ana
3 barato
Exercise 7
4 rapido
5 subir
Exercise 9
1 v
2F
3 F
4 mueren
5 recuerda
Exercise2
4 F
5 v
La chica mas inteligente en eUdel grupo.

Es Ia peor pelicula del festival.
Los modelos mas funcionales estan aclilaqui.
Me gustaria el producto mas barato.
Es el problema mas dificil.
Exercise 4
1 puedo
2 Podemos
3 Puede
Esta estudiando.
Estan escribiendo.
Estoy trabajando en la oficina.
Estamos arreglando el jardin.
Estan practicando el baile.
Exercise2
1 The telephone company apologizes for the inconvenience.
2 They are installing new telephone lines.
Exercise 3
Exercise 3
1
2
3
4
5
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
Exercise 1
1 F
2 F
3 F
4 v
5 F
Chapter 7
4
5 F
Chapter 6
1 empieza
2 recuerdo
3 cerramos
1F
2V
3V
1
2
3
4
5
We are interviewing candidates for two positions.

The group is making inroads into the international market.
The economic recovery is beginning.
I am looking for an alternative to this product.
Genaro is working on a new project.
Exercise 4
1 Sus
2 Su
3 Su
Exercise 6
4 puede
5 puedo
A: haciendo
M: preparando
A: haciendo
M: escribiendo
4 Mi
5 Su
257
256 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Exercise 7
1 Estoy
2 esta
3 estan
Exercise 3
4 esta
5 esta
Exercise 8
1 Maribel
2 Asuncion y Genaro
3 Usted t6
4 Yo
5 La radio
Chapter 8
Exercise 1
(Answers may vary according to individual choice.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
En el trabajo tengo que abrir Ia correspondencia.

En el trabajo tengo que enviar faxes.
En el trabajo tengo que escribir cartas.
En el trabajo tengo que supervisar Ia produccion.
En el trabajo tengo que trabajar basta tarde.
En el trabajo tengo que presentar infonnes.
En el trabajo tengo que Damar por telefono.
En el trabajo tengo que tratar con el publico.
En el trabajo tengo que utilizar Ia computadora.
En casa tengo que preparar Ia comida.
En casa tengo que limpiar.
En casa tengo que pasar Ia aspiradora.
En casa tengo que planchar.
En casa tengo que ayudar a los niiios con sus tareas.
En casa tengo que contestar el telefono.
En casa tengo que atender el jardin.
En casa tengo que hacer reparaciones.
Exercise2
1 en contra
2 en favor
3 en contra
(Answers may vary according to individual choice.)

Primero tiene que preparar un infonne, despues tiene que visitar Ia fabrica.
Entonces tiene que ver muestras y probar el producto. Mas tarde tiene que
discutir precios. Por Ultimo tiene que estudiar el contrato.
Exercise 5
1 (b)
2 (d)
3 (c)
4 (a)
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
(e)
U)
(b)
(g)
5 (c)
6 (f)
9 (i)
10 (d)
7 (h)
8 (a)
Exercise 8
1
2
3
4
Quiero ir contigo.
La Sra Rosas vive en una casitalcasa chica con ellas.
Ven conmigo.
Quieren una reunion contigo.
5 Siempre llega con ellos.
Chapter 9
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
He terminado mi trabajo.
He estado escribiendo esta carta desde hace 2 horas.
Elena y yo hemos escrito una carta al periodico.
Roger esta en Cali desde hace una semana.
Carlos Fuentes ba publicado un libro nuevo/otro libro.
Haslha vivido en Paraguay desde hace mucho tiempo.
El banco ha abierto una sucursal nueva.
No hemos visto a Lorena desde esta manana.
Han Uegado.
;.No has/ha terminado?
259
258 ---------------------------------------Exercise 3
1 para
2 Por
3 para
Exercise 6
4 por
5 por
Clasico
Exercise 1
4 {f)
5 {d)
6 (a)
Exercise2
El martes voy a asistir a Ia reunion y tambien voy a comer en un restaurante
centrico.
El miercoles voy a estudiar el reglamento y tambien voy a escribir cartas.
El jueves voy a probar el equipo nuevo y tambien voy a entrevistar a1 posible jefe de ventas.
El viernes voy a recoger Ia nueva impresora laser y tambien voy a compar
'compact discs'.
El sabado voy a descansar.
El domingo tambien voy a descansar.
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
5
Si es posible.
No es posible.
No es posible.
Si es posible.
Si es posible.
Chapter 11
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
Se abre temprano.
Se fabrican carros aqui.
Se arreglan computadoras.
Se prepara un informe cada dia.
5 Se dice que esta muy enfermo.
Exercise2
N denoches desayuno piscina pasaje asistencia medica
Hotel
sf
sf
sf
sf
7
Amsterdam
sf
sf
no
sf
5
Central
sf
sf
no
no
7
Apartamento
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
Graciela no vive tan cerca como Carlos.

Carolina es tan alta como Jose.
La rosa es tan linda como el clave).
Mi televisor no es tan grande como el (televisor) de mi novia.
5 Esta impresora no es tan rapida como Ia otra (impresora).
Exercise 5
1 v
2F
3 F
4 {b)
5 (e)
Exercise 7
Chapter 10
1 (c)
2 (b)
3 (e)
1 (c)
2 (d)
3 (a)
Exercise 5
5 F
1 (c)
2 {b)
3 (a)
4 {d)
5 (e)
260
261
Exercise 6
1 mas de
2 mas de
3 menos de
4 Compre
5 Visitaste
4 menos de
5 mas de
Exercise 7
1 F
2F
3V
4V
5 F
6 v
7 F
8
9 v
lOF
Exercise 8
1 F
2F
3V
5 F
Chapter 12
Exercise 1
9 Vimos
10 Escribi6
Exercise 4
En Ia primera semana estudi6 el sistema operativo. Escribi6 texto y f6rmulas.lmprimi61a hoja de trabajo, diseii6 pantallas y aliment6 datos. En Ia
segunda semana analiz6 economia empresarial y prepar6 estrategias
financieras. Entonces, aplic6 estadisticas y probabilidades. Por fin, desarrollo metodos de valuacion de proyectos.
Exercise 5
1 Anoche escuche un programa de radio.
2 El aiio pasado Marcelo y Estela diseiiaron ropa para una firma extranjera.
3 El sabado pasado Carlos imit6 a Elvis Presley en Ia tele.
4 Ayer sali6 Ia revista 'Decoraci6n'.
5 Ayer fue criticado el servicio medico.
6 El sabado pasado gano las carreras.
7 Ayer y anteayer entren6 Pochita.
8 Anoche Leonardo comio en casa.
9 El viernes pasado el jefe organiz6 una reunion de ejecutivos.
10 Dace dos horas (que) volvi6 Steven.
(Other answers are possible depending on what you 'chose to do'.)

Compre Ia revista Quehacer y despues visite Ia exposicion de pintura en Ia
galeria Forum. Luego llame por telefono a una amiga y mas tarde bailamos
en Ia discoteca.
Exercise2
1 (e)
2 (a)
3 (c)
4 (d)
5 (b)
Exercise 3
1 fui
2 Vimos
3 visitaron
6 lleg6
7 Aprendi
8 estuvimos
Chapter 13
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Comeremos juntos.
Marcelo preparara Ia comida maiiana.
Esteban y yo escribiremos el informe.
Esperaremos basta que llegue Ia nueva computadora.
Abriran a las 9.30 en vez de las 10.00.
Vendras maiiana temprano, ;.no?
Se llevaran todo.
Elena empezara a trabajar ellunes.
La reunion sera en mi despacho.
Dejare a mi hija en Ia escuela.
263
262
Exercise2
Exercise 7
1 Ann y yo iremos a Ia agencia de viajes el martes proximo/que viene.
1 (c)
2 (e)
3 (d)
2 Viajare a Guatemala y Nicaragua el aiio que viene/proximo.

3 Discutiremos precios en nuestra proxima reunion.
4 La compaiiia crecera en los proximos aiios.
5 Se anonciaran nuevos precios para el gas Ia semana que viene.
Exercise 3
La semana que viene saldremos de paseo al campo.
El Iones que viene firmaremos el contrato.
El semestre que viene sera decisivo para Ia empresa.
El mes que viene terminamos el proyecto.
5 La entrevista que viene sera con el Director.
5 (b)
Exercise 8
1 F
2V
1
2
3
4
4 (a)
4 F
3V
Chapter 14
Exercise 1
Exercise4
El Iones irlilva a ir a Ia feria de informatica. Comprarli/va a comprar un
nuevo equipo.
El martes visitarli/va a visitar Ia tienda de repuestos.
El miercoles enviarlilva a enviar fax a las sucursales. Informarlilva a informar sobre cambios en el horario.
El jueves terminarlilva a terminar el informe anual.
El viemes empezarlilva a empezar las negociaciones con el nuevo socio.
Exercise 5
1v
2V
4 F
3 F
vendran
empezara
regresaremos
pondra
estableceran
trabajaba
iba
llego
costaba
5 name
fueron volvieron
com pro
tenia
tenia
10 volvio
6
7
8
9
Exercise2
1
2
3
4
Iris was working/worked/used to work in a travel agency.

We used to study in the evening.
We were watching television when Rosana arrived.
Every Sunday he used to come and visit his grandparents.
5 The computers were available to the students.
Exercise 3
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
celebrara
aparecera
presentara
hablara
10 veremos
1
2
3
4
5
Que estabas haciendo cuando sono el telefono?

I .,
El avion estaba aterrizando cuando oimos Ia exp os1on.
Viajaba mucho.
La comida era barata en esos elias.
La oficina estaba en Ia segunda planta.
(,
264
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------2 65

Exercise4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Se IJamaba Colegio San Antonio.

Estaba en Avenida de Ia Montana 2759.
Tenia un laboratorio de idiomas.
Hacian viajes estudiantiles a Brasil, EE. UU, Canada, Inglaterra,
Espana y Jap6n.
Aconsejaban a los alumnos con orientaci6n personal.
Practicaban atletismo, tenis y nataci6n.
Si, era grande.
Ofrecia tambh~n bachiUerato intemacional.
Habia 4 canchas.
Si, habia pista de atletismo.
Exercise 5
1
2
3
4
5
Nobody has anything.

He/she never buys any presents.
Estela does not eat meat or eggs.
Nobody learns a language in one day.
The museum is very near.
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
Sigue igual
Ha bajado
Ha subido
Ha bajado
Ha bajado
6 Ha subido
7 Ha subido
8 Ha bajado
9 Ha subido
10 Sigue igual
Chapter 15
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I do not believe he will finish everything.

How interesting that he is including this in his book.
It is probable that he is going out tonight.
I want you to go to the doctor.
I am asking you to continue in your job.
It does not seem to them that it offers possibilities.
It annoys us that she does not arrive early.
8 It is important that we eat vegetables and fruit.

9 We doubt that she will write from Ecuador.
10 I am sorry that you cannot come to the meeting.
Exercise2
1
2
3
4
5
Es necesario que comas menos.

Es interesante que responda en espaiiol.
Busco algo que ayude a todos.
(Te) aconsejamos que lo hagas.
Piden que contestes pronto.
Exercise 3
1
2
3
4
5
vendra
venga
prepare
trajo
compre
6
7
8
9
10
este
encuentre
sea
escuchara hable
empezaran
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Quiero que tenga capacidad para cinco pasajeros.

Quiero que sea econ6mico con el combustible.
Quiero que sea de tamaiio mediano.
Quiero que incluya cierre electr6nico de puertas.
Quiero que cuente con motor de 1300 o 1400 centimetros cubicos.
Quiero que venga con caja de cambios de cinco velocidades.
Quiero que sea de un precio razonable.
Quiero que funcione con gasolina sin plomo.
Quiero que ofrezca fiabilidad.
Quiero que este entre los Iideres del mercado.
Exercise 5
1 (b)
2 (e)
3U)
4 (c)
5 (i)
6 (g)
7 (a)
8 (f)
9 (h)
10 (d)
266
267
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
tengas
sea
tiene
dice
prepare
9 Haz lo que dice esta senorita.

10 Vendan Ia maquina.
6
7
8
9
10
devuelvas
llegara
traigan
ayuden
sera
Chapter 16
Exercise2
1
2
3
4
5
(f)
(g)
(i)
(h)
(j)
6
7
8
9
10
(d)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(b)
Exercise 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No vengan a Ia fiesta.
No Dames a tu novia.
No compres cigarillos.
No abras Ia ventana.
No copien el documento en diskette.
No pidas diez cuademos.
No vengas con tu novio.
No tomes fotos.
No prepare el plato que le recomende.
No instales Ia antena.
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Baja al primer piso.

Sea mas eficiente.
Toma esto.
Revisen este contrato.
Regresa pronto.
Come mas proteinas.
Envie el paquete por via aerea.
Vaya el proximo domingo.
Chapter 17
Exercise2
1
2
3
4
5
6
If I could I would travel more.

If Marcelo was better organized, he would have better results.
Since you are coming by car, you will arrive before Alberto.
If you are writing a check, spell the name correctly.
If they gave me the opportunity, I would work in Uruguay.
I would visit the capital if I had more time, but I will only be here for
two days.
7 I would bring it on floppy disk, if it was compatible.
8 If the figures indicated the opposite, we would have to carry out an
investigation.
If
the novel was shorter, I would have more success.
9
If
you
know the answer, why don't you say it?
10
Exercise 3
1
2
3
4
5
Si hay un problema te envio un fax.

No creo que Helen vaya al trabajo/a trabajar manana.
Si tuviese Ia oportunidad, ;.volverialregresaria?
Como tiene/tienes s61o uno, lleveselllevate estos otros dos.
Si llama, le damos los detalles.
Exercise 4
1 (b), (c)
2 (c), (b)
3 (a)
4 (e)
5 (d)
Exercise 5
1 Si tuvieramos/tuviesemos mas personal podriamos obtener mejores
resultados.
2 Necesitamos pedir ayuda a una consultoria.
3 Nuestra empresa se extenderia mercados extranjeros si tuvieramos/
tuviesemos una mejor politica de exportacion.
269
268
4 Su enfoque no es muy profesional.
5 Creo/Pienso que no es muy buena idea.
9 Aunque es el archivo mas grande del pais, no tiene sistema computarizado.

10 Aunque estuvo a dieta todo el aiio pasado, no baj6 de peso.
Exercise 6
Exercise4
1
2F
3F
4V
5F
7 F
8 F
9 F
10
1
2
3
4
5
Hay demasiados estudiantes en esta sala/aula/habitaci6n.

Todo es demasiado caliente.
La temperatura es demasiado fria para esta epoca del aiio.
Esta demasiado alto. No puede alcanzar.
Pose demasiadas monedas en Ia maquina. No funciona.
Chapter 18
Exercise 5
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
Si hubiera tenido tiempo habria terminado Ia pintura.

Si hubieramos tenido las entradas habriamos ido al teatro.
Si hubieras tenido suficiente dinero habrias comprado el regalo.
Si hubieran tenido una invitaci6n habrian venido a Ia fiesta.
Si hubiera tenido los datos necesarios habria preparado el informe.
Exercise 2
1
2
3
4
5
(b)
(i)
(j)
(d)
(c)
6 (a)
7 (e)
8 (h)
9 (g)
10 (f)
Exercise 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Aunque no tenia licencia de conducir, manej6 el auto.

Aunque tenia tarjetas de credito, pag6 al contado.
Aunque el supermercado esta cerca, compro en una tiendecita.
Aunque no se afeita, le regal6 una loci6n para despues de afeitarse.
Aunque recibi6 su carta, no contest6.
Aunque llegaba de madrugada, organiz6 una reunion para Ia manana
siguiente.
7 Aunque Ia computadora es nueva, no es compatible con las demas de Ia
oficina.
8 Aunque es latinoamericano, no le gusta Ia comida picante.
Even though he did not have any money, he ordered expensive food.
We finished, even though the conditions were negative.
In spite of his complaints, he is not receiving help.
He visits his grandchildren very often, in spite of being very old.
In spite of the opportunities that he had, he never triumphed/succeeded.
In spite of having a great cast, this film is not good.
In spite of problems with his health, he carries on playing football.
He does not go out, even though the doctor advised it.
In spite of the rain, they walked all afternoon.
In spite of having a very high salary, he always asks for loans.
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
He will not answer the questions, even if he is tortured.

She will wait for her son, even if he arrives very late.
We will go, even if it rains all night.
We would tell you, even if it is very late.
In my case, I would have rung you, even if it had been Sunday.
Chapter 19
Exercise 1
1
2
3
4
La nueva autopista fue construida.

La multa fue aplicada por Ia municipalidad.
El presupuesto fue aprobado por el gobiemo.
Los precios fueron rebajados por Ia tienda.
271
270 ------------------ ------------------ ----5 La obra fue terminada.

6 La obra habria sido publicada por Ia casa editorial.
7 Todos serian llevados a Ia comisaria.
8 Todos habran sido interrogados por el juez.
9 Demos sido engaiiados.
10 Ellibro seria leido por un gran n6mero de personas.
6 La nueva tarjeta de identificacion ha sido distribuida por el Ministerio

del Interior.
7 El delincuente fue detenido por Ia policia.
8 El donativo fue entregado por las empresas extranjeras.
9 Una computadora fue donada por el dueiio de Ia tienda.
10 El entrenador fue llevado en hombros por los hinchas.
Exercise 2
Exercise 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Se ha decidido que representaras a Ia empress en Ia feria.

Se dice que los competidores estan desmoralizados.
Se explica en el folleto.
AI final se acepto.
Se ha repetido por tercera vez.
Se sabe que el producto afecta Ia piel.
Se manda/envia por correo.
Se ofrece a los socios de Ia organizacion.
Se dan por adelantado.
Se devolveran el proximo dialal dia siguiente.
The book was destined to be a success.

The book was destined for the external market.
Julian was punished for not finishing his homework.
Julian was punished by his mother.
This material is processed on a very modern machine.
The food was already processed.
The soldiers were instructed every morning.
The flowers were cut carefully by the women working there.
The flowers were cut.
The capital was attacked by foreign troops.
Exercise 3
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
It is thought that there will not be an increase in salaries.

It is known that they will not arrive until tomorrow.
I believe that the idea is understood now.

The session has finished.
First, the product is placed inside the machine.
It was agreed upon during the last meeting.
Procedures for paying export taxes could/would be simplified.
The loan will not be invested in public services.
A new system of classification will be introduced.
The new prices of industrial gas will be published next week.
No quiero queso, sino quiero jamon.

No tiene una casa ahora, pero quizas tenga una el aiio proximo.
No tienen (un) gato, sino (un) perro.
No queremos un boleto de ida, sino uno de ida y vuelta.
Ha ido a Mexico, pero no se cuando vuelve.
Exercise 7
1 F
2V
4 F
5
3 F
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
La exposicion sobre comercio exterior fue inaugurada por Ia Directors.

Una nueva revista sera publicada por los comerciantes del centro.
La maquina sera reemplazada por el distribuidor.
Mas de cleo kilometros de Ia carretera ai norte seran reconstruidos por el
Ministerio de Transportes.
5 Una nueva gama de productos sera introducida por Ia Compaiiia de
Telefonos.
Chapter 20
Exercise 1
1 Anoche vi un programa de television.
2 El aiio pasado Marcelo y Estela diseiiaron interiores para una firma
conocida.
------------------------~---------------- 273
272
3 El sabado pasado Cecilia imit6 a varios peronajes en Ia tele.
4 Ayer se transmitiola telenovela 'Adoracion'.
5 Ayer criticaron al servicio de limpieza.
6 El sabado pasado perdi6 las carreras.
7 Ayer y anteayer jug6 Pochita.
8 Anoche Leonardo no comi6 en casa.
9 El viernes pasado el lider sindical organiz6 una reunion de trabajadores.
10 Hace dos horas (que) viaj6 Steven.
Exercise2
1
2
3
4
(d)
(h)
(b)
(f)
5 (c)
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 6
1
2
3
4
5
estuviera estaria
estaremos
haya traido
trajo
estuviese
(g)
(e)
(a)
Exercise 8
Exercise 3
1 -
2 de
1 (c)
2 (e)
3 (d)
4 (a)
5 (b)
Ojala no hubieraslhubieses traido ese libro.

Ojala Sharon haya traido el mismo.
y 0 que ru, mandaria el dine rolla plata manana.
Yo que Sharon, iria alia esta noche.
Ojala tuviera/tuviese tiempo para visitar todos los museos y exposiciones
en esta ciudad.
(i)
(g)
(h)
(b)
(f)
6
7
8
9
10
a
para de
abajo deldebajo de
durante
en
3 enlpor
4 de .. de
5 desde . basta
FRUTA
manzana
frutilla
platano
pifia
sandia
VIAJES
bicicleta
ciclomotor
barco
vuelo
carro
COLO RES
verde
azul
negro
amarillo
rojo
Exercise 10
ExerciseS
1 venga
2 viva
3 gustaria quedarse
4 coma
5 tiene
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise9
Exercise 4
1
2
3
4
5
ser
fuese
comiera
saldra. salga
pudiera
Exercise 7
1 (c)
2 (d)
3 (a)
40)
5 (e)
(i)
G)
6
7
8
9
10
6 no funciona
7 coman
8 Uegue
9 viene
10 viaje
1 (e)
2 (b)
3 (a)
4 (d)
5 (c)
275
274
Exercise 15
Exercise 11
1F
2F
3V
5 F
CRUCIGRAMA
Exercise 12
1 esta
2 Soy
3 esta
4 estan
5 son
6 esta
7 esta
8 esta
9 somos
10 esta
Exercise 13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No vayan a Ia reunion.
No Dames por teh!fono a tu jefe.
No trates de vender tu carro.
No abra el archivo para ver.
No copien el documento en diskette.
No pida diez cuademos.
No vengas con tu novio.
No tome fotos.
No prepare el plato que le recomende.
No instales Ia antena.
Exercise 14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Compren una nueva maquina.

Oye lo que dice este seiior.
Venga el proximo sabado.
Mande el paquete por correo.
Escribe pronto.
Come menos grasas.
Estudien este contrato.
Haz esto.
Sea mas paciente.
Sube ai tercer piso.
1F
2F
3 V
4 F
5 v
277
Dialogue
translations
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Dialogue 1
Dialogue 1
MARITZA: Nice photographs! What

are you doing in that photograph?
ERNESTO: I'm celelxating my birthday.
MARITZA: And in this one?
ERNESTo: Julia and I are dancing.
Here everybody is making a toast.
MARITZA: You're reading a speech.
ERNESTO: Yes, something funny.
MAruc I have to change some

traveler's checks. I need some more
money. Let's go to the Bureau de
Change.
CARMEN: The bank would be better.
MARK: Why?
CARMEN: The bank charges less
commission and pays more per dollar.
MARK: Then Jet's go to the bank.
CARMEN: We have to rush. The
bank closes at three. Hurry up!
We've got ten minutes.
Dialogue 2
ERNESTo: In this photo I'm reading my cards.
MARITZA: Look, here you are with
a huge serving on your plate.
ERNESTo: And in this one Rosana
is posing for the photographer. She's
looking at the flowers.
MARITZA: She looks great.
ERNESTo: Yes, she does.
Dialogue 2
INTERVIEWER: What sort of housework do you have to do, Mrs
Huertas?
MRs HuERTAs: I have to do the
washing, I have to do the washing
up, I have to clean the house, I have
to prepare breakfast, I have to take
the children to school ...
Dialogue 3
ANA MARfA: Adela? What are
you doing?
ADELA: I am listening to my compact discs. Shall we listen to music
together?
ANA MARiA: Alright.
ADELA: Come round, then.
ANA MARfA: Yes, I'll come round
straight away.
Lesson 9
Dialogue 1
JAIME: What's the matter?
CATHER1NE: I've lost my passport.
JAIME: Where? How?
CATHERINE: I don't know. I'm not
sure. Perhaps in the market.
JAIME: We must go to the police
station and then to the consulate.
CATHERINE: Yes. I need a replacement.
Dialogue 2
PoLICEMAN: Good afternoon.
MARK: I've lost my briefcase with
all my documents in it.
PoLICEMAN: Your name, please.
MARK: Mark Williams.
POLICEMAN: What is in the briefcase?
MARK: Just a moment, please. I've
made a list. Here it is. My passport, flight ticket, traveler's checks,
a guide to Latin America, a Jist of
hotels and a diary.
PoLICEMAN: I'll write down the
details.
MARK: I would like a copy of the

police report. It's for the insurance.
PoLICEMAN: Yes, of course.
Dialogue 3
DELIA: Why are you sad?
MARK: Because I've lost my briefcase with my diary in it.
DELIA: When?
MARK: The other day. I've been to
the police station, but they haven't
found the briefcase.
DELIA: Why don't you buy another diary?
MARK: I've got a new one. But
I've lost the names and addresses of
important contacts.
Lesson 10
Dialogue 1
TouRIST: What are we going to do
today?
GUIDE: First, we are going to visit
the Archaeological Museum. Apart
from the exhibition, you are going to
watch a ten-minute video and then
we are going to have lunch in a typical restaurant. In the afternoon we
are going to go round the old
churches in the capital and we are
going to buy souvenirs. The guide is
going to explain ...
279
278
Dialogue 2
CusTOMER: What is 'lenguado'?
Meat? Fish? Vegetable?
WAITER: It's fish. It's very nice.
CusTOMER: A steak for me. For
my husband, sole with ginger.
WAlTER: Something to drink?
CusTOMER: White wine, please.
SoN: Yes, but I'm going to wear a

helmet. I've seen a yellow one I like.
It's not as big as the one you need to
go on a motorbike.
Note: Bici is short for bicycle.
Lesson 12
Dialogue 1
Lesson 11
Dialogue 1
INTERVIEWER: This year tourism
has shown an increase of 30 per
cent. How was this achieved?
MAYOR: We are working for
growth. We allocate 25 per cent of
resources to public works annually.
Staff have been reduced by 35 per
cent. Cleanliness is improved continuously in squares, promenades
and streets. We have to attract
tourists.
INTERVIEWER: What other plans are
there?
MAvoR: Sport and cultural venues
will be built. Tourism is linked to
sport and culture.
Dialogue 2
SoN: Dad, I want a bike. A mountain bike.
FATHER: You'll have to wait until
Christmas. Besides, mountain bikes
are more expensive than ordinary
bicycles.
SoN: But they are on special offer
until Saturday.
FATHER: Riding a bike can be dangerous.
CAROLA: Hello! Tell me about

your weekend.
ELSA: On Friday evening we had a
meal in a typical restaurant. We
danced 'land6' and then we went
back to the apartment. On Saturday
morning we went to town and
bought a few things. Later we
bought some take-away food and
had lunch in the apartment. In the
afternoon we saw a film at the cinema and then we saw the play Don't
Play That Waltz in a little theater on
Avenida Brasil. A beautiful play.
CAROLA: And on Sunday?
ELSA: On Sunday, we had a rest.
Note: Lando is a type of AfroPeruvian music.
Dialogue 2
JoURNAUST. Where were you born?
CoLLAR: I was born in ltaugua
Guazu in 1964.
JouRNALIST: Where did you spend
the first years of your life?
CoLLAR: I was with my maternal
grandmother. I learned Guarani as
my first language. Later I got used to
speaking Spanish.
JouRNALisT: Did you have a hapPY childhood?
CoLLAR: I had to work from the

age of ten. First in a cheinist's and
then as an apprentice in a printing
workshop. After that I had my own
graphic design studio.
JouRNALIST: How did your work
as a painter start?
CoLLAR: I studied in the School of
Fine Arts. Gradually I took part in
individual and group exhibitions.
JouRNALIST: Have you won any
awards?
CoLLAR: I recently won the Martel Prize for the Arts.
Lesson 13
Dialogue 1
CARMEN: What are you going to
do this afternoon? Will you go to
the town center or will you come to
the university?
SANTIAGO: I'll go to the university
and we'll put the finishing touches to
the work we are preparing. The
other students in our group will
want to know how this project is
coining on. We'll have a meeting at
seven in the cafeteria. What do you
think?
CARMEN: Fine. What are you going
to do after the meeting?
SANTIAGo: Raul, Silvia and I will
go to the cinema. Do you want to
go, too?
CARMEN: Yes, of course.
Lesson 14
Dialogue 1
RAM6N: At that time, I was studying at the university. It was an old
mansion with courtyards and balconies. The lessons were from four
in the afternoon until ten at night.
Many of the students worked, so the
evening lessons were convenient.
JuuA: Was it difficult to study and
work?
RAM6N: Yes. We used to arrive at
the university half asleep. We were
tired due to our work during the
day. Sometimes we would Iniss the
first hour and would only start to
attend from the second lesson.
JuLIA: How did you manage to
keep up to date?
RAM6N: We used to gather in
groups at weekends and try to catch
up with work on our course.
Dialogue 2
JULIA: How did you travel to the
university?
RAM6N: It was difficult to reach
the campus. In my group nobody
had a car. None of us had enough
money to afford even a small used
car. We all had to go by bus, which
used to take one hour to cover ten
kilometers. Nothing was more irritating for me than having to travel
standing for one hour. Although I
was 20, I already had rheumatoid
arthritis.
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280
Lesson 15
Dialogue 1
TANIA: I'm looking for somebody
who can give me some guidance
regarding the Consultancy project.
LAuRA: I don't think you need to
look any further. I know a person
with a lot of experience in this matter. It's Iris Vidal, head of a Business
Consultancy and Advice Bureau.
TANIA: Could you give me her
telephone number?
LAuRA: Sure. I have it here in my
diary.
Dialogue 2
LOLA: It's a shame that Jose is not
at home.
MIRTHA: Yes. I think we need to
give him a ring.
LoLA: Perhaps I have his number
in my handbag. Let's see . . .
Yes. Here it is. I don't think he will
be surprised to hear my voice. But
you never know.
MIRTHA: When did you talk to
him last?
LoLA: Three or four days ago. Sara
and I were in the town center and he
came up to us.
MIRTHA: When will he be back?
LoLA: I don't think it will be this
week.
Dialogue 3
GENARo: Well. I'm off. I have to
be at the airport in twenty minutes.
LursA: Yes, hurry up. Don't forget
anything.
GENARo: Everything is in the suitcase.
LuisA: I hope everything goes well!
Have a good time!
GENARo: Thanks. I'll be back on
Sunday.
Dialogue 4
ELisA: What's the matter?
OLGA: I don't feel well. I've got a
bad headache.
ELisA: Take a tablet to relieve the
pain.
OLGA: I've already taken one and
the pain is still there. I think I'll go
to bed.
ELisA: Yes. It'll do you good.
OLGA: If the pain doesn't go, I'll
go to the doctor tomorrow.
EusA: Let me know and I'll go with
you.
OLGA: Thanks. I'll give you a ring
tomorrow at ten.
ELisA: Bye.
OLGA: Bye.
PASSER-BY 1: No. It would be a

waste of public money and it would
destroy the atmosphere of the main
street which goes back to the colonial days.
lNTERVrEWER: Would you support
a tram service around here?
PAsSER-BY 2: Yes. First, because it
would be faster than buses and second, because it would be cleaner.
Less pollution. Mind you, I guess it
would be dearer.
INTERVIEWER: Would you say that
it is a good idea to have a tram service running here, along the main
street?
PASSER-BY 3: Yes, of course. We
need fast transport. Years ago we
used to have trams. It was great.
Dialogue 2
ADELA: Squeeze the four lemons
and after chopping the onions marinate them in this juice. Boil the
potatoes and then peel them.
MARIANA: Do you mash them?
ADELA: Yes, mash the potatoes,
onions and lemon juice. Add oil if
necessary. Put the mixture in a
mould and garnish with boiled eggs,
olives and cheese.
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
Dialogue 1
Dialogue 1
INrnRVrEWER: Would you like a

tram service around here?
GENARo: If I had some extra income, I would buy something for the
house.
ALAN: What would you buy?
GENARo: I would buy a new vacuum cleaner, because the one we
have is very old, and also a writing
desk for the kids.

ALAN: Would you buy on credit?
GENARO: Yes. There are good offers on 24-month interest-free credit.
Dialogue 2
ALBERTo: If you come this afternoon, we can go to the cinema.
EMILIA: All right. Since you insist.
ALBERTo: What time are you coming?
EMILIA: I don't know. It depends.
Perhaps I'll come by car or perhaps
I'll walk. Since you live so close.
ALBERTo: If you come by car you'll
be here soon and we can go to the
first show. If you want, we can go and
have a drink afterwards.
EMILIA: That's fine. I'll come by
car.
Dialogue 3
JosE. Lurs: If I had the money, I
would buy the computer we want.
MARcELo: Never mind. Dad says
that perhaps we might pay for it in
instalments.
JosE. Lurs: But mum didn't think
my dad could afford the monthly
payments since he also has to pay
for the car.
MARCELO: If we had the chance to
work this summer during the holidays, we could help with the monthly payments.
JosE. Lurs: Let's have a word with
Antonio.
MARCELo: Yes, let's.
282
283
Dialogue 4
ENRIQUE: If I could I would buy it
immediately.
RosARio: It would be a rushed
decision.
ENRIQUE: If it was you, you would
possibly do the same.
RosARio: You're right.
Dialogue 5
ELENA: If I had more time, I
would prepare the database we
need. I think we will have to ask for
help from a consultancy.
JoRGE: I agree. We cannot carry
on without having all our information properly organized before discussing our expansion plans.
ELENA: Last year when we had
production problems two consultants from an international firm
came to give us guidance and they
did it very well. I think we could
contact them again.
JoRGE: Yes, they had a very professional approach and dealt with
the problem very efficiently. Let's
contact them again.
ELENA: I've got their telephone
number here. I'll give them a ring.
Lesson 18
Dialogue 1
JuAN: If you had sent the letter,
you would have had the necessary information. Then you wouldn't have
had to come back this morning with
all the documents.
MARIELA: What happened was

that I did not have the full address.
If you had given me all the information, then I would have been able to
send the letter. But the name of the
street was missing! Anyway, it doesn't matter now.
JuAN: I'm sorry. If I had noticed
that something was missing, I would
have sent you a fax or would have
given you a ring.
MARIELA: It's all right. It's all sorted out now.
MR SosA: I believe it is a matter of

opinion. For me, the picture is worth
more than the words. I would like
you to consider the possibility of
shortening the text, let's say by 15 to
20 per cent.
MR MENDEz: All right, despite the
fact that the deadline for submission of material to the advertising
department of the magazine has
passed, I'll find out if we can make
some changes.
Dialogue 2
JuAN: It is known that this material lasts for years without fading.
ALICIA: What is needed to keep it
clean?
JuAN: You only need to wipe it
clean with a damp cloth and that's it.
ALiciA: Don't you also need to
use an abrasive cleaner?
JuAN: It's not necessary. A damp
cloth is enough.
ALICIA: I'll try it.
Dialogue 4
Dialogue 2
Dialogue 3
JuAN: Supposing they don't arrive,
what shall we do?
MARIA: Nothing. We have to wait
and then we will see.
JuAN: I thought you wanted to
solve things quickly. I thought you
were not going to wait.
MARIA: I changed my mind.
JuAN: Even if they arrive late, it
would be better than not arriving at
all.
Lesson 19
CARLos: When I arrived the door

was already open.
SANDRA: I arrived a few moments
earlier when a shop assistant was
opening the door.
CARLOs: Did you buy anything?
SANDRA: Yes, clothes were reduced. I bought a blouse for my sister and two for me.
CARLos: I was sure I would find
something for Celia, but in the end I
didn't buy anything for her.
Dialogue 3
Dialogue 1
Dialogue 4
MR MENDEz: What do you think

about the publicity for the product?
MR SoSA: Although the graphics
are very good, I think the text is too
long. It has to be shortened.
MR MENDEz: It may be long, but
even if we shorten the text, we
would have to include enough information on the technical specifications of the product. It is a very
important point to attract potential
customers. It is here that we have an
edge over our competitors.
LAURA: What do you know about

this matter?
EDUARDo: Only what is in the
newspaper. Listen. Two of the three
dossiers which went missing have
been returned. The directors have
been interviewed by the police. The
documents have been returned this
morning. It is not known who handed them back.
LAuRA: It's a mystery. Let's go
and ask your brother. He may have
more news.
EDUARDO: Yes, Jet's go.
CEciLIA: This is an expensive

blouse, but the material is good.
RosA: It is a durable material, but
it is a delicate fabric as well. When it
gets dirty don't put it in the washing
machine, but wash it by hand.
CECILIA: Why?
RosA: It says here on the label,
'Hand Wash'. If you don't wash
it by hand, what happens is ~hat it
may Jose its shape or fade m the
washing machine.
CECILIA: All right. It will have to
be washed by hand.
SIMON: If I were you I would not

accept those conditions.
TERESA: I have no choice. I need
the loan. If I was somebody with a
steady job I would be able to go to
the bank to ask for a loan.
SIMON: You're right. When you
get a full-time job you will have
more financial security.
TERESA: I do hope it is soon.
2M ----------------- ----------------- ----
Lesson 20
Dialogue 1
SARA: What did you do yesterday?
PABLo: I went to the movies to see
a French film. Then I bought a magazine to read on the train on the way
home.
SARA: What kind of magazine is
it?
PABLO: It deals with current affairs.
SARA: Is it interesting?
PABLo: Yes. I buy it every week.
Do you read while you travel?
SARA: Yes. But I prefer to listen to
the radio.
PABLo: What programs do you
like?
SARA: I like a news program called
'Primera Plana', another called 'Competencia' which is about sport. I also
listen to the program 'De noche'. It is
cultural, educational and serves the
community. The program I like most
is 'Los 40 mejores'.
PABLo: What kind of program is
it?
SARA: It plays the latest music.
PABLo: That's right. I sometimes
listen to it as well.
Dialogue 2
EsTELA: Are you going to go to
the theater?
GERMAN: No. I don't like the play.
I think I'll go to the movies.
EsTELA: But you said you wanted

to go to the theater.
GERMAN: I didn't say when. I can't
today. Perhaps next week.
EsTELA: I may not be able to go
next weekend.
GERMAN: Why don't you come to
the movies with me?
EsTELA: Tonight?
GERMA.N: Yes, tonight. It's a French
film.
EsTELA: I don't think so. Irene is

corning and I think she also wants to
go to the theater. We'll go together.
GERMAN: All right. See you later.
EsTELA: Bye.
Dialogue 3
IRENE: What software have you
got?
FERNANDo: I have a word processor, spreadsheet, graphics, desktop
publishing, database, presentation
software. If I click here, there is a
direct link to my e-mail. Using this
shortcut I can go to a web page
which sends virtual greeting cards.
IRENE: So, you are now connected
to Internet.
FERNANDo: I am now, because
there is a flat payment plan for the
telephone line. Besides, my Internet
provider gives me free access.
Spanish-E nglish
glossary
Abbreviations
(adj.)
(Ar.)
(aux.)
(Bo.)
(Ch.)
(Col.)
(conj.)
(Ec.)
(f.)
(for.)
(inf.)
(m.)
(Mex.)
(Pe.)
(pl.)
(prep.)
(pron.)
(sing.)
(Sp.)
(Uru.)
adjective
Argentina
auxiliary
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
conjunction
Ecuador
feminine noun
formal
informal
masculine noun
Mexico
Peru
plural
preposition
pronoun
singular
equivalent in Spain
Uruguay
a
a continuaci6n
a fin de
a menos que
a partir de
a pesar de
a pie
a tiempo
completo
a tiempo parcial
to; at
now follows
in order to
unless
from, as from
despite
on foot
full-time
part-time
sometimes
a veces
by return of post
a vuelta de
correo
under
abajo de
(Sp. debajo de)
open
abierto
abrasive
abrasivo
coat
abrigo (m.)
April
abril (m.)
to open
abrir
grandmother
abuela (f.)
grandfather
abuelo (m.)
abuelos (m. pl.) grandparents
here
aca (Sp. aqw')
to finish
acabar
academic
academico
access
acceso (m.)
oil
aceite (m.)
olive
aceituna (f.)
aceleradamente fast
acceptable
aceptable
to accept
aceptar
about
acerca de
to get near
acercarse
steel
acero (m.)
to go with
acompaiiar
to advise
aconsejar
to agree
acordar
to remember
acordarse
to go to bed
acostarse
activity
actividad (f.)
act; ceremony;
acto (m.)
event
286
287
actor (m.)
actriz (f.)
actual
actualidad (f.)
actualizado
actualizar
actualmente
acuerdo (m.)
acusado (m.)
adelgazar
ademas
adentro
(Sp. dentro)
adios (for.)
(Sp. for.
and inf.)
adjuntar
adolescente
(m., f.)
adonde,adonde
adomo (m.)
aerobicos
(m. pl.)
aeropuerto (m.)
afectar
afeitarse
Africa (f.)
afueras (f. pl.)
agarrar
(Sp. coger)
agencia de
viajes (f.)
agenda (f.)
agosto (m.)
agradable
agradecer
aghregar
agregar
(Sp. aiiadir)
agua (f.)
aguacate (m.)
aguaitar (Sp.
acechar, mirar)
actor
actress
present, current
current affairs
updated
to update
at present
agreement
accused,defendant
to slim
besides
inside
goodbye
to enclose
teenager
where (to)
ornament
aerobics
airport
to affect
to shave
Africa
outskirts
to take
travel agent
diary
August
pleasant
to thank
add
to add
water
avocado
to watch
ahi
there
ahora
now
abo rita
straight away
(Sp. enseguida)
ahorros (m. pl.) savings
aire (m.)
air
aire
air conditioning
acondicionado
(m.)
ajustar
to adjust
al aire libre
in the open air
al contrario
on the contrary
al dia
up to date
al final
in the end
allado de
next to
alberca (m.)
swimming pool
alcalde (m.)
mayor
alcanzar
to reach
alegre
cheerful, glad
alfabeto (m.)
alphabet, literate
algo
something
algodon (m.)
cotton
alguien
somebody
alguno
some; someone
alimentacion (f.) feeding
alimentar
to feed
alimento (m.)
food
aliviar
to relieve
almorzar
to have lunch
alo (Sp. digame) hello (answering
the phone)
alta resolucion
high resolution
(f.)
alternativa (f.)
alternative
alto
tall, high
altura (f.)
height
alumno (m.)
pupil
alia
there
alli
there
amar
to love
amarillo
yellow
amarrar (Sp. atar) to tie, to tie up
ambiente (m.)
atmosphere
ambos
amenazar
America (f.)
America Central
(f.)
America Latina
(f.)
americano
amigo (m.)
amp liar
am plio
analfabeto (m.)
analizar
an dar
andele, andale
(Mex.)
(Sp. venga)
angosto
(Sp. estrecho)
animal (m.)
animal domestico
(m.)
anoche
anteayer
both
to threaten
the Americas
Central America
Latin America
Latin American;
American
friend
to extend
ample, large
illiterate
to analyze
to walk
come on!
narrow
animal
pet
last night
the day before
yesterday
aerial
antena (f.)
glasses,
anteojos (m.)
spectacles
(Sp. gafas)
antepasado (m.) ancestor
previous
anterior
before
antes
old-fashioned
anticuado
old
antiguo
antojitos (m. pl.) snacks
(Sp. tapas)
yearly
anual
to announce
anunciar
advertisement
anuncio (m.)
year
aiio (m.)
Aiio Nuevo (m.) New Year
to blow out; to
apagar
turn off
apartado de
correos (m.)
a parte
aparte de
apellido (m.)
aplicar
aportar
apoyar
apoyo (m.)
aprender
aprendizaje (m.)
aprobar
apropiado
PObox
apart
apart from
surname
to apply
to afford
to support
support
to learn
learning
to approve
appropriate,
suitable
apuntes (m. pl.) notes
apurado (m. pl.) rushed
(Sp. apresurado)
to hurry up
apurarse (Sp.
darse prisa)
aquel, aquellos that, those
aquel, aquellos that one, those
ones
aquella, aquellas that, those
aquella, aquellas that one, those
ones
here
aqui
tree
arbol (m.)
archive(s)
archivo ( m.)
earrings
aretes (m. pl.)
(Sp. pendientes)
Argentina
Argentina (f.)
Argentinian
argentino
smell
aroma (f.)
arquitecto (m.) architect
arquitectura (f.) architecture
to start up
arran car
to tidy up
arreglar
rice
arroz (m.)
art
arte (m.)
handicraft
artesania (f.)
article
articulo (m.)
toiletries
articulos de
tocador (m. pl.)
289
288
articulos para
household goods
el hogar (m. pl.)
artificial
artificial, manmade
asado
roasted
ascensor (m.)
lift
asi
even if; so, thus
asiento (m.)
seat
asistencia
medical
medica (f.)
assistance
asistir
to be present, to
attend
aspiradora (f.)
vacuum cleaner
astronomia (f.) astronomy
asunto (m.)
matter
atacar
to attack
ataque (m.)
attack
atatid (m.)
coffin
atender
to attend to
atentamente
sincerely
(end of letter)
atento
attentive
aterrizar
to land
atletismo (m.)
athletics
atracci6n (f.)
attraction
atractivo
attractive
a traer
to attract
atras de
behind
(Sp. detras de)
auditorio (m.)
auditorium
aula (f.)
classroom
aumentar
to increase
aumento (m.)
increase
aunque
although
ausencia (f.)
absence
Australia (f.)
Australia
australiano
australian
auU!ntico
authentic
auto, autom6vil car, motorcar
(m.)
autopista (f.)
motorway
autor (m.)
author
autoridad (f.)
authority
autorizar
aventura (f.)
averiguar
avi6n (m.)
avisar
ayer
aymara (m.)
to authorize
adventure
to find out
aeroplane
to warn, to advise
yesterday
indigenous
language
spoken in Peru
and Bolivia
ayuda (f.)
assistance, help
ayudante (m., f.) assistant,
helper
ayudar
to help
azafata (f.)
air hostess
azafate (m.)
tray
(Sp. bandeja)
azticar (f.)
sugar
(Sp. m.)
azul
blue
azul marino
navy blue
bachillerato
baccalaureate,
internacional
school-leaving
(m.)
examination
bailar
to dance
bailarina (f.)
ballerina
baile (m.)
dance
bajar
to go down
bajar de peso
to lose weight
bajo
short (height)
balc6n (m.)
balcony
banco (m.)
bank
bandera (f.)
flag
banqueta (f.)
pavement
(Mex.)
(Sp. acera)
bafio (m.)
bath; bathroom;
(Sp. servicio,
toilet
aseo = toilet)
bar (m.)
bar
barato
cheap
barba (f.)
beard
barco (m.)
ship
neighborhood;
residential area
base
base (f.)
base de datos (f.) database
basic
basico
fairly
bastante
battery (for a car)
bateria (f.)
to drink
beber
drink
bebida (f.)
bebida gaseosa soft drink
(f.)
benefit
beneficio (m.)
aubergine
berenjena (f.)
library
biblioteca (f.)
bicycle
bicicleta (f.)
well
bien
welcome
bienvenida (f.)
(to be)
bienvenido
welcome
moustache
bigote (m.)
bilingual
bilingiie
banknote
billete (m.)
wallet
billetera (f.)
bizcochuelo (m.) cake
white
blanco
black and
negro
y
blanco
white
soft
blando
blouse
blusa (f.)
snacks
bocaditos
(m. pl.)
ticket office
boleteria (f.)
(Sp. taquilla)
ticket
boleto (m.)
(Sp. billete)
boleto de avi6n air ticket
(m.)
Bolivia
Bolivia (f.)
Bolivian
boliviano
bag
bolsa (f.)
bolsa de dormir sleeping bag
(f.) (Sp. saco
de dormir)
barrio (m.)
firefighter
nice
to throw away
bottle
Brazil
Brazilian
arm
brightness
to drink a toast
to
British
britanico
brochette
broqueta (f.)
to dive
bucear
diving
buceo (m.)
bread pudding
budin (m.)
good
buen
short for buenos
buenas
dias
good evening;
buenas noches
good night
good afternoon
buenas tardes
good
bueno
good morning
buenos dias
to look for
buscar
postbox
buz6n (m.)
gentleman
caballero (m.)
caballeros (m. pl.) gentlemen (sign
on toilets)
bead
cabeza (f.)
cacao
cacao (m.)
each; every
cada
coffee
cafe (m.)
cafe
cafeteria (f.)
box
caja (f.)
caja de cambios gear box
(f.)
safe
caja fuerte (f.)
cashier
cajero (m.)
cash dispensing
cajero
automatico (m.) machine
naked
calato
(Sp. desnudo)
skull
calavera (f.)
bombero (m.)
bonito
botar (Sp. tirar)
botella (f.)
Brasil (m.)
brasilefio
brazo (m.)
brillo (m.)
brindar
290
291
calefacci6n (f.)
calefacci6n
central (f.)
calentar
calidad (f.)
calido
caliente
calor (m.)
caloria (f.)
calzado (m.)
calz6n (m.)
calzoncillo (m.)
heating
central heating
to warm up
quality
hot (climate)
hot
heat
calorie
footwear
knickers
men's underpants
calle (f.)
street
calle principal (f.) main street
cama (f.)
bed
c:imara (f.)
camera
cambiar
to change, to
exchange
cambio (m.)
change;
exchange
caminar
to walk
camino (m.)
way, road
cami6n (m.)
lorry
cami6n (m.)
bus
(Mex.)
(Sp. autobUs)
camioneta (f.)
light van; station
wagon
camisa (f.)
shirt
camiseta (f.)
vest, T-shirt
campamentismo camping
(m.)
campe6n (m.)
champion
campeonato (m.) championship
campesino (m.) peasant
camping (m.)
campsite
campo (m.)
field
campo de
sports field
deportes (m.)
canadiense
Canadian
cancer (m.)
cancer
cancba (f.)
canci6n (f.)
canillita (Sp.
vendedor de
peri6dicos)
cansado
cantante (m., f.)
can tar
cantidad (f.)
cantina (f.)
(Sp. tabema)
caiia de azticar
(f.)
caoba (f.)
capacidad (f.)
capital (m., f.)
sports court or
field
song
news-vendor
tired
singer
to sing
quantity
bar
sugar cane
mahogany
capacity
capital (m. == sum
of money)
(f. ==city)
capitalista
capitalist
capitulo (m.)
chapter
cara (f.)
face
caracteristica (f.) characteristic
carapulcra (f.)
Peruvian dish
made with
dried potatoes
cargo (m.)
position Gob)
cariiio (m.)
affection
came (f.)
meat
carniceria (f.)
butcher's
caro
expensive
carpeta (f.)
desk
(Sp. pupitre)
carrera (f.)
career; run; race;
avenue (Col.)
carretera (f.)
road
carro (Sp. cocbe) car
carta (f.)
letter
cartelera (f.)
list of cinemas
and theaters
cartera (f.)
purse, handbag,
wallet
cartero (m.)
carton (m.)
casa (f.)
casa editorial (f.)
casado
casarse
casi
casilla de
mensajes (f.)
casona (f.)
cassette (m.)
castellano
(Sp. espaiiol)
castigado
castigar
castigo (m.)
catedral (f.)
categoria (f.)
cat61ico
causar
cebicbe (m.)
celebraci6n (f.)
celebrar
celular (m.)
cena (f.)
cenar
centigrado (m.)
centrico
centro (m.)
Centroamerica
(f.)
centro comercial
(m.)
cerca
cercano
cerdo (m.)
cerebro (m.)
postman, mailman
cardboard
house, home
publishing house
married
to get married
almost
voice mail
large old house
cassette
Spanish
(language)
punished
to punish
punishment
cathedral
category
catholic
to cause
dish made with
raw fish marinated in lemon
celebration
to celebrate
mobile phone
evening meal,
supper
to have an
evening meal,
to have supper
centigrade
central
center
Central America
shopping center
near
nearby
pig
brain
cerrado
cerrar
cerveza (f.)
cbequear
cbiquito
ciclomotor (m.)
cielo (m.)
ciencia (f.)
cierre (m.)
cierto
cifra (f.)
cigarrillo (m.)
cine, cinema (m.)
cine de estreno
(m.)
closed
to close
beer
to check
small
moped
sky, heaven
science
locking device
certain
figure
cigarette
cinema
cinema which
shows new
films
tape, ribbon
cinta (f.)
circulo (m.)
circle
cita (f.)
date
ciudad (f.)
city
ciudadano (m.) citizen
lesson, class
clase (f.)
clasificaci6n (f.) classification
to bring to a
clausurar
close
carnation
clavel (m.)
client, customer
cliente (m.)
climate
clima (m.)
air-conditioned
climatizado
private hospital
clinica (f.)
club
club (m.)
to charge
cobrar
(money)
copper
cobre (m.)
kitchen
cocina (f.)
cocktail
coctel (m.)
cocbe-bomba (m.) car bomb
to take (in Ar.,
coger
Mex., Uru. it
has sexual
connotations)
school
colegio (m.)
292
293
colgar
to hang up
(phone)
colo car
to place
colocarse
to place oneself
Colombia (f.)
Colombia
colombiano (m.) Colombian
colonia (f.)
residential
(Ch., Mex.)
suburb
(Sp. barrio,
urbanizacion)
colonia proletaria shanty town
(f.) (Mex.)
(Sp. chabolas)
color (m.)
color
combinacion (f.) combination
combustible (m.) fuel
comedor (m.)
dining room
comentario (m.) comment
comenzar
to start, to begin
comer
to eat
comercial
commercial
comerciante
trader,
(m., f.)
shopkeeper
comercio (m.)
commerce
comico
comic( a!)
comida (f.)
meal
comisaria (f.)
police station
comision (f.)
committee,
commission
como
how
comodo
comfortable
como siempre
as always
compaiiero (m.) classmate,
workmate
compaiiia (f.)
company
comparacion (f.) comparison
compatible
compatible
competencia (f.) competititon
competidor (m.) competitor
competitivo
competitive
completo
complete,
comprehensive
complicado
complicated
compra (f.);
purchase;
compras (f. pl.) shopping
comprar
to buy
comprender
to understand
comprobar
to check
compromiso (m.) commitment
computador (m.) , computer
computadora
(f.) (Sp.
ordenador)
comunicacion
communication
(f.)
comunista
communist
con
with
con tal que
provided that
concejo (m.)
council
concierto (m.)
concert
concurrido
well attended,
busy
concursante
contestant
(m., f.)
concurso (m.)
contest,
competition
condicion (f.)
condition
conducir
to drive
conferencia (f.) conference
confianza (f.)
confidence
confirmacion (f.) confirmation
confirmar
to confirm
confundir
to confuse
congreso (m.)
congress,
conference
conmigo
with me
contraste (m.)
contrast
conocer
to know
conseguir
to obtain
consejo (m.)
advice
conservacion (f.) conservation
conservar
to preserve
construccion (f.) construction
construir
to build
consul (m., f.)

consulado (m.)
consul tar
consultor (m.)
consultoria (f.)
consumidor (m.)
consumir
consumo (m.)
contabilidad (f.)
contacto (m.)
contador (m.)
(Sp. contable)
contaminacion
(f.)
contaminante
contar
contar con
contento
consul
consulate
to consult
consultant
consultancy
consumer
to consume
consumption
accountancy
contact
accountant
contamination,
pollution
polluting
to count; to tell
to have
contented,
happy
to answer
contestar
with you
contigo
to continue
continuar
against
contra
opposite
contrario
contrast
contraste (m.)
contract
contrato (m.)
to convince
con veneer
agreement
convenio (m.)
heart
corazon (m.)
tie
corbata (f.)
to correct
corregir
post office
correo (m.)
to
run
correr
correspondence;
correspondencia
post
(f.)
correspondent
corresponsal
(m., f.)
cut; court
corte (f.)
short
corto
thing
cosa (f.)
coast
costa (f.)
Costa Rica
Costa Rica (f.)
costar
costarricense,
costariqueiio
costo (m.)
(Sp. coste)
costumbre (f.)
crecer
credito (m.)
creer
criollo (m.)
criticar
cruzar
cuaderno (m.)
to cost
Costa Rican
cost
custom
to grow
credit
to believe
creole
to criticize
to cross
exercise book,
notebook
block (of houses)
cuadra (f.)
(Sp. manzana)
square
cuadrado
frame, painting,
cuadro (m.)
chart
statistics chart
cuadro
estadistico (m.)
which
emil
any
cualquier
any, anyone,
cualquiera
whichever
cmindo, cuando when
how much
cuanto, cuanta
cuantos, cuantas how many
fourth ; bedroom
cuarto (m.)
Cuba
Cuba (f.)
Cuban
cubano (m.)
cubiertos (m. pl.) cutlery
spoon
cuchara (f.)
spoonful
cucharada (f.)
teaspoon
cucharita (f.)
check
cuenta (f.)
cuenta corriente current account
(f.)
short story
cuento
leather
cuero (m.)
care; be careful!
cuidado (m.)
cuidadosamente carefully
295
294
cuidar
cultivar
cultivo ( m.)
cultural
cumpleaiios (m.)
cuota mensual
(f.)
cupon (m.)
curso (m.)
champiiion (m.)
chancho (m.)
(Sp. cerdo)
chao, chau (inf.)
chaqueta (f.)
charla (f.)
che (Ar., Uru.)
(Sp. oiga, oye)
cheque (m.)
(Sp. talon)
cheque de
viaje/viajero
(m.)
chequeas
chica (f.)
chicano (m.)
to look after
to cultivate
cultivation
cultural
birthday
monthly
payment
coupon, voucher
course
mushroom
pig, pork
bye
jacket
talk
hey!
check
traveler's check
to check
girl
Mexican working
in the USA
chico (m.); (adj.) boy; small
(Sp. pequeiio)
chiquito
small
Chile (m.)
Chile
chileno
Chilean
chipa (f.)
Paraguayan dish
made with com
chiste (m.)
joke
chistoso
funny
chocolate (m.)
chocolate
chompa (f.) (Pe.) jumper; sweater;
(Sp. jersey)
cardigan
dama (f.)
lady
damas (f. pl.)
ladies (sign on
toilets)
danza (f.)
dance
daiiino
dar
datos (m. pl.)
de
de acuerdo
de lo contrario
de nada
Debajo debajo
deber (m.)
deberes (m. pl.)
debil
decada (f.)
decidir
decimo (m.)
decir
decision (f.)
decisivo
declarar
decorar
dedicarse
defecto (m.)
defender
dejar
delante de
deletrear
delgado
delicado
delicioso
delincuente
(m., f.)
demasiado
democracia (f.)
democratico
demorar
(Sp. tardar)
denunciar
dentro de
depender
deporte (m.)
deportivo
harmful
to give
information, data
of; from; than
agreed! , I agree!
otherwise
you're welcome
underneath
duty
homework
weak
decade
to decide
tenth
to say
decision
decisive
to declare
to decorate
to devote oneself
to
defect
to defend
to leave
in front of
to spell
thin
delicate
delicious
delinquent,
criminal
too much/many;
too
democracy
democratic
to take (time)
to denounce
inside
to depend
sport
sporty
derecha
derecho (m.)
derechos
humanos
(m. pl.)
derroche (m.)
desacuerdo (m.)
desaparecer
desarrollar
desastre (m.)
desayunar
desayuno (m.)
descansar
descanso (m.)
descartable
descolgar
descuento ( m.)
desde
desear
desempleo (m.)
(Sp. paro)
desgraciadamente
desilusion (f.)
desilusionado
desmoralizado
despacio
despacho (m.)
despedida (f.)
despedirse
despertador (m.)
despertarse
despues
destinar
right
law; right
human rights
waste (of money)

disagreement
to disappear
to develop
disaster
to have breakfast
breakfast
to rest
rest
disposable
to take the
phone off the
hook
discount
from; since
to want, to wish
unemployment
unfortunately
disappointment
disappointed
demoralized
slowly
office
farewell
to say goodbye
alarm clock
to wake up
afterwards
to destine, to
assign
to destroy
disadvantage
to undress
destruir
desventaja (f.)
desvestir
(Sp. desnudar)
detail
detalle (m.)
behind
detras de
to give back
devolver
day
dia (m.)
dialogue
dialogo (m.)
daily
diario,
diariamente
cartoons
dibujos
animados (m. pl.)
diccionario (m.) dictionary
December
diciembre (m.)
dictatorship
dictadura (f.)
healthy (food)
dietetico
difference
diferencia (f.)
different
diferente
difficult
dificil
difficulty
dificultad (f.)
money
dinero (m.)
deputy (in
m.)
(
diputado
Parliament)
address;
direction (f.)
direction
directed
planned,
dirigido
(music)
record
disco (m.)
disco compacto compact disc
(m.)
disco duro ( m.) hard disk
discoteque
discoteca (f.)
to excuse
disculpar
to apologize
disculparse
speech
discurso (m.)
discussion
discusion (f.)
to discuss
discutir
design
diseiio (m.)
diskette, data
diskette (m.)
disk
to dislocate
dislocar
to reduce, to go
disminuir
down
available
disponible
distinction
distincion (f.)
distinguished
distinguido
different
distinto
296
297
distribuidor ( m.)
Distrito Federal
(m.)
diurno
diversion (f.)
diverso
divertido
distributor
Federal District
(Mex.)
daytime (adj.)
entertainment
diverse
entertaining,
funny
divertirse
to have a good
time
divisa (f.)
foreign currency
divorciado
divorced
divorcio (m.)
divorce
doblar
to turn
doble
double
docena (f.)
dozen
doctor (m.)
doctor
documental (m.) documentary
documento (m.) document
dolar (m.)
dollar
doler
to hurt
dolor (m.)
pain
domicilio (m.)
address
domingo (m.)
Sunday
dominicano
Dominican
donativo (m.)
donation
donde;donde
where
dormido
asleep
dormir
to sleep
dormitorio (m.) bedroom
dudar
to doubt
dueiio (m.)
owner
dulce (m.; adj.) sweet
duplicado (m.)
duplicate
durable
durable
duracion (f.)
duration
durante
during
durar
to last
duro
hard
e
and (only before
words beginning with i-)
ecologico
economia (f.)
economico
ecuador (m.)
Ecuador (m.)
ecuatoriano
edad (f.)
edicion (f.)
edificio (m.)
educaci6n (f.)
educativo
efectivizar
efectivo (m.)
ejecutivo (m.)
ejercito (m.)
el; el
el otro dia
El Salvador
(m.)
elaborar
eleccion (f.)
electo
(Sp. elegido)
electricidad (f.)
electrico
electronico
elegante
elegido
elegir
ella
eUas
ellos
embajada (f.)
embajador (m.)
embarcar
embarque (m.)
emigrar
empanada (f.)
empatar
empezar
empleado (m.)
empresa (f.)
ecological, 'green'
economy
economical
equator
Ecuador
Ecuadorean
age
edition
building
education
educational
to implement
cash
executive
army
the (m. sing.); he
the other day
El Salvador
to make
election
elected
electricity
electric
electronic
elegant
elected
to elect
she
they (f.)
they (m.)
embassy
ambassador
to board
boarding
to emigrate
pasty
to draw
to start
employee
firm, company
empresario (m.)
empujar
en
enamorado (m.);
enamorada (f.)
encantado
encargado (m.)
en cartelera
encender
encima
encontrar
encuesta (f.)
enero (m.)
enfermera (f.)
enfermo
enfrente de
engaiiar
engaiio (m.)
en peligro
ensalada (f.)
enseguida
enseiiar
entender
entonces
entomo (m.)
entrada (f.)
entrar
entre
entrega (f.)
entregado
entre gar
entrenador (m.)
entrenar
entretener
businessman
to push
in, on, at
boyfriend;
girlfriend
pleased to meet
you
person in charge
on at the theater
or at the
cinema
to light, to turn
on
over
to find
survey
January
nurse
ill
opposite
to deceive
deception
endangered
salad
straight away
to show; to teach
to understand
then
environment
admission ticket;
entrance
to enter
between, among
delivery
handed over
to give, to
deliver
coach, manager
(of a sports
team)
to train
to entertain
entrevista (f.)
entrevistar
envase
en vez de
enviar
epoca de Uuvias
(f.)
epoca del aiio (f.)
equipaje (m.)
equipo (m.)
equivalente
equivocarse
error (m.)
esa, esas
esa, esas
escalera (f.)
escaso
escoces
Escocia (f.)
escoger
esconder
escribir
escrito
escritor (m.)
escritorio (m.)
escritura
jeroglifica (f.)
escucbar
escuela (f.)
ese, esos
ese, esos
espacio (m.)
espalda (f.)
Espaiia (f.)
espaiiol (m.)
especial
especializada
especie (f.)
interview
to interview
packet, container
instead of
to send
rainy season
time of the year
luggage
team
equivalent
to be mistaken
mistake, error
that, those (f.)
that one, those
ones (f.)
stairs, ladder
scarce
Scottish
Scotland
to choose
to hide
to write
written
writer
desk
hieroglyphic
writing
to listen
school (primary)
that, those (m.)
that one, those
ones (m.)
space
back (part of the
body)
Spain
Spanish (person
and language)
special
specialized
species
299
298
especificaciones
(f. pl.)
espectador (m.)
esperar
espinaca (f.)
esposo (m.);
esposa (f.)
esqui (m.)
esquina (f.)
esta, estas
esta, estas
specification
spectator
to wait
spinach
husband; wife
ski
comer
this, these (f.)
this one, these
ones (f.)
establecer
to establish
estacion (f.)
station, season
estacionamiento car parking (m.)
estacionar
to park
estadia (f.)
stay
(Sp. estancia)
estadio (m.)
stadium
estadistica (f.)
statistics
estado (m.)
state
estado civil (m.) marital status
Estados Unidos United States
(m. pl.)
estadounidense from the United
States
estampilla (f.)
stamp (postage)
(Sp. sello)
estante (m.)
shelf
estanteria (f.)
shelving
estar
to be
estatura (f.)
height (of a
person)
estatuto (m.)
statute
este
east
este, estos
this, these (m.)
este, estos
this one, these
ones (m.)
estereo
stereo
estilo (m.)
style
estimado
dear (in a letter)
estomago (m.)
stomach
estrategia (f.)
strategy
estrategica
strategic
estudiante (m., f.) student
estudiar
to study
estudios (m. pl.) studies
etiqueta (f.)
label
Europa (f.)
Europe
europeo (m.)
European
evento (m.)
event
evitar
to avoid
exacto
exact
examen (m.)
exam
examinar
to examine
excelente
excellent
exceso (m.)
excess
exclusivo
exclusive
excursion (f.)
excursion
exigir
to demand
exito (m.)
success
expansion (f.)
expansion
expectativa (f.) expectation
(Sp. expectacion)
expediente (m.) dossier, process
experiencia (f.) experience
experime ntar
to experiment, to
experience
explicacion (f.) explanation
explicar
to explain
explosion (f.)
explosion
explotar
to exploit
exportacion (f.) export
exportado r (m.) exporter
exportar
to export
exposicion (f.)
exhibition
expresar
to express
exprimir
to extract
extranjero (m.) foreign,
foreigner;
abroad
extraiiar (Sp.
to miss (to feel
ecbar de
the absence of)
menos)
factory
fabrica (f.)
to manufacture
fabricar
easy
racil
facsimile
facsimil (m.)
invoice
factura (f.)
skirt
falda (f.)
false
falso
lack
falta (f.)
to lack
faltar
failure, fault
faUa (f.)
(Sp. fallo)
family
familia (f.)
familiares (m. pl.) relatives
famous
famoso
chemist's
farmacia (f.)
fauna
fauna (f.)
favor
favor (m.)
February
febrero (m.)
date
fecha (f.)
congratulations
felicitaciones
(f. pl.) (Sp.
eohorabu ena)
to congratulate
felicitar
happy
feliz
feminine; women's
femenino
fair
feria (f.)
festival
festival (m.)
reliability
fiabilidad (f.)
fiber
fibra (f.)
fibra de vidrio (f.) glass fiber
fever
fiebre (f.)
party, festival
fiesta (f.)
end
fin (m.)
weekend
fin de semana
(m.)
end
final (m.)
finally, lastly
finalmente
financial
financiero
fine (quality)
fino
signature
firma (f.)
to sign
firmar
flexible
flexible
ftor (f.)
folklorico (m.)
foUeto (m.)
fondo (m.)
formar
formula (f.)
formulario (m.)
Forum
fosforo (m.)
(Sp. ceriUa)
foto(grafia) (f.)
fracasar
fracaso (m.)
frambuesa (f.)
frances
Francia (f.)
frazada (f.)
(Sp. manta)
frecuente
freir
frio
frito
frontera (f.)
fruta (f.)
frutal
fruteria (f.)
frutilla (f.)
(Sp. fresa)
fuente (f.)
fuente de divisas
(f.)
fuerte
fumador (m.)
fumar
funcion (f.)
flower
folk
leaflet
bottom
to form
formula
form
well-known art
gallery in Lima
match
photo(gra ph)
to fail
failure
raspberry
French
France
blanket
frequent
to fry
cold
fried
border, frontier
fruit
fruity
fruit shop
strawberry
source
source of foreign
exchange
strong
smoker
to smoke
show(ina
cinema,
theater)
functiona
l
funcional
to
work
funcionar
funcionario (m.) official
football
fUtbol (m.)
300
301
futuro (m.)
galeria (f.)
Gales (m.)
gales
gama (f.)
ganador (m.)
ganar
garaje (m.)
garantia (f.)
garantizar
garbanzo (m.)
garganta (f.)
garrafa (f.)
gas (m.)
gasolina (f.)
gasolina sin
plomo (f.)
gas tar
future
gallery
Wales
Welsh
range
winner
to win
garage
guarantee
to guarantee
chickpea
throat
carafe
gas (fuel)
gas
lead-free gas
to spend
(money)
gasto (m.)
expense
gato (m.)
cat
general ( m.)
general
generalmente
generally
gente (f.)
people
geografia (f.)
geography
gimnasio (m.)
gymnasium
gimnasio cubierto indoor
(m.)
gymnasium
gobierno (m.)
government
gordo
fat
grabar
to record on
tape
gracias
thanks, thank
you
grado (m.)
degree
grafico (m.)
graphic
grande
big, large
grasa (f.)
fat
gratis
free
gripe (f.)
influenza, cold
grueso
thick
grupal
in groups
grupo (m.)
guacamole (m.)
group
typical Mexican
sauce or dip
guarani (m.)
language spoken
in Paraguay
guardar
to keep
Guatemala (f.)
Guatemala
guatemalteco
Guatemalan
guerra (f.)
war
guia turistica (f.) tourist guide
gus tar
to like
haber
to have (aux.)
habitacion (f.)
room
habitante (m.)
inhabitant
habla castellana Spanish speaking
(f.)
hablar
to speak
hace
ago
hacer; hace (frio/ to do, to make;
viento/etc.)
it's (cold/
windy/etc.)
bacia
towards
haDar
to find
hambre (f.);
hunger; to be
tener hambre
hungry
basta
until
basta luego
see you later
hay
there is/are
hecho (m.)
fact
helado (m.)
ice cream
helicoptero (m.) helicopter
hermano (m.);
brother; sister
hermana (f.)
hervir
to boil
hielo (m.)
ice
hijo (m.), hija (f.) son; daughter
hijos (m. pl.)
children
hincha (m.)
football fan
hispanica
Hispanic
historia (f.)
history
historial (rn.)
record, history
hoja (f.)
sheet
hoja de cliiculo
(f.)
hoja de ruta (f.)
bola
hombre (m.)
bombro (m.)
Honduras (f.)
hondureiio
bora (f.)
borario (m.)
bornalla, bornilla
(f.)
hospital (m.)
hospitalidad (f.)
hotel (m.)
hoy
huevo (m.)
bumano
hWnedo
ida (f.)
spreadsheet
route plan
hello
man
shoulder
Honduras
Honduran
hour
opening hours
burner (in a
cooker)
hospital
hospitality
hotel
today
egg
human
wet, damp
single (trip,
journey)
return
(trip,
ida y vuelta (f.)
journey)
ideal
ideal
identificacion (f.) identification
language
idioma (m.)
church
iglesia (f.)
equal, the
igual
same
equality
igualdad (f.)
ilegal
ilegal
illuminated, lit
iluminado
picture (TV)
imagen (f.)
to prevent
impedir
imperfect
imperfecto
importacion (f.) import
importador (m.) importer
important
importante
to import
importar
impossible
imposible
printing works
imprenta (f.)
printer
impresora (f.)
dot matrix
printer
to print
tax
opening,
inauguration
to inaugurate
inaugurar
fire
incendio (m.)
incentive
incentivo (m.)
incense
incienso (m.)
included
incluido
uncomfortable
incomodo
inconvenient
inconveniente
incredible
increible
incremento (m.) increase
to make inroads
incursionar
to indicate
indicar
literacy rate
indice de
alfabetismo
indigena (m., f.) indigenous
person
individual
individual
industry
industria (f.)
industrial
industrial
infancy
infancia (f.)
children's
infantil
inferior
inferior
inflation
inflacion (f.)
informacion (f.) information
to inform
informar
informatica (f.) computing
informativo (m.) news
program
report
informe (m.)
engineer
ingeniero (m.)
England
Inglaterra (f.)
English
ingles
income
ingreso (m.)
to begin
iniciar
initiative
iniciativa (f.)
immediate
iomediato
huge
iomenso
impresora
matricial (f.)
imprimir
impuesto (m.)
inauguracion (f.)
303
302
inmigracion (f.) immigration
inmigrante (m., f.)immigrant
inmigrar
immigrate
inocente
innocent
insistir
to insist
inspirar
to inspire
instalar
to install
instruir
to instruct
instrumento ( m.) instrument
inteligente
intelligent
intentar
to attempt
interes (m.)
interest
interesado
interested
interesante
interesting
intemacional
international
intemo
internal
interpretar
to sing; to
interpret
interprete
singer;
(m. , f.)
interpreter
interrogar
to interrogate
interrumpir
to interrupt
interrupcion (f.) interruption
inversion (f.)
investment
invertir
to invest
investigaci6n (f.) investigation,
research
inviemo (m.)
winter
invitacion (f.)
invitation
invitado (m.)
guest
ir
to go
ir de compras
to go shopping
Irlanda (f.)
Ireland
iriandes
Irish
isla (f.)
island
itinerario (m.)
itinerary
izquierda (f.)
left
jab6n (m.)
soap
Jamaica (f.)
Jamaica
jamaiquino
Jamaican
jamas
never
jam6n (m.)
ham
Jap6n (m.)
japones
jardin (m.)
jefe (m.)
jefe de ventas
(m.)
jenjibre (m.)
joven
juego (m.)
juego de
muebles (m.)
jueves (m.)
juez (m.)
jugar
Japan
Japanese
garden
boss, head
head of sales
ginger
young
game
suite of furniture
Thursday
judge
to play (a game
or sport)
jugo (m.)
juice
juguete (m.)
toy
julio (m.)
July
junio (m.)
June
junto a
next to
juntos
together
justo
fair, just
juventud (f.)
youth
kilo (m.)
kilo
kilometro (m.)
kilometer
Ia, las
the (f. sing.,
f. pl.)
laboratorio de
language
idiomas (m.)
laboratory
lado (m.)
side
lago (m.)
lake
lagrima (f.)
tear
lamentablemente regrettably
lamentar
to regret
lana (f.)
wool
langostino (m.) prawn
lapicero (m.),
ball-point pen
lapicera (f.)
lapiz labial (m.) lipstick
largo
long
laser (f.)
laser
lastima (f.)
pity
lateral
lateral
Latin America
Latinoamerica
(f.)
latinoamericano Latin American
washing machine
lavadora (f.)
to wash
lavar
lavar en seco (Sp. to dry clean
limpiar en seco)
would you
le ruego
please
lesson
lecci6n (f.)
reading
lectura (f.)
milk
leche (f.)
lettuce
Iechuga (f.)
to
read
leer
legal
legal
to legalize
legalizar
far
lejos
tongue
lengua (f.)
sole
lenguado (m.)
glasses,
lentes (m. pl.)
spectacles
lentes de contacto contact lenses
(m. pl.)
(Sp.lentillas)
slow
Iento
sign
letrero (m.)
levantacristales electric window
winder (car)
electrico (m.)
to lift
levantar
to get up
levantarse
law
ley (f.)
freedom
libertad (f.)
freedom of
libertad de
expresion
expresi6n (f.)
libertad de prensa freedom of the
press
(f.)
pound
libra (f.)
pound sterling
libra esterlina
(f.)
free
libre
bookshop
libreria (f.)
book
libro (m.)
driving licence
licencia de
conducir (f.)
licuado energetico isotonic drink
(m.)
leader
lider (m.)
lider sindical (m.) union leader
light
ligero
to have borders
limitar con
with
lemon
limon (m.)
to clean
limpiar
cleanliness
limpieza (f.)
Iindo (Sp. bonito, pretty
majo)
line
linea (f.)
airline
linea aerea (f.)
torch
lintema (f.)
list
lista (f.)
ready
lis to
literature
literatura (f.)
light
liviano
telephone call
Hamada (f.)
it
lo
premises
local (m.)
lotion
locion (f.)
mad
loco
to achieve
lograr
beefsteak
lomo (m.)
canvas
lona (f.)
London
Londres (m.)
length
longitud (f.)
the (m. pl.)
los
I'm sorry
lo siento
to fight
luchar
then, later
luego
place
Iugar (m.)
moon
luna (f.)
Monday
Junes (m.)
light
luz (f.)
telephone call
llamada (f.)
to call
II amar
305
304
llamarse
Uave (f.)
llavero (m.)
llegada (f.)
llegar
llenar
lie no
llevar a cabo
to be called
key
key-ring
arrival
to arrive
to fill
full
to take place, to
carry out
II over
to rain
lluvia (f.)
rain
lluviosa (imagen) snowy (TV
picture)
lluvioso
rainy
macerar
to marinate
machucar
to mash (food)
madera (f.)
wood
madre (f.)
mother
madrugada (f.)
early hours of
the morning
mal
badly
malecon (m.)
promenade
maleta (f.)
suitcase
maletin (m.)
briefcase
malo
bad; poor
malla entera de one-piece
baiio (f.)
swimsuit
man dar
to send
zmande?
pardon?
(Sp. zcomo?)
manejar
to drive
manera (f.)
manner, way
mano (f.)
hand
mantener
to maintain
manualidades
handicraft
(f. pl.)
manzana (f.)
apple
manana (f.); (m.) morning;
tomorrow
mapa (m.)
map
maquina (f.)
machine
maquinaria (f.) machinery
maquina de
escribir (m.)
mar (m.)
marca (f.)
marido (m.)
marisco (m.)
marmol (m.)
marron
martes (m.)
marzo (m.)
mas
mas adelante
mas adentro
mas tarde
matar
mate (m.)
typewriter
sea
brand, make
husband
seafood
marble
brown
Tuesday
March
more
later
further inside
later
to kill
infusion drunk
mainly in
Argentina
materia prima (f.) raw material
material (m.)
material
mliximo
maximum
mayo (m.)
May
mayor
elder; more
mayoria (f.)
majority
mec&nica (f.)
mechanics
mec&nico (m.)
mechanic
mediano
medium
medianocbe (f.) midnight
medias (f. pl.)
socks, stockings
medicina (f.)
medicine
medico (m.)
doctor
medida (f.)
measurement,
measure
medio
half a
medio ambiente environment
(m.)
mediodia (m.)
midday
medios de
means of
transporte
transport
(m. pl.)
medir
to measure
mejor
better; best
mejorar
melon (m.)
memoria (f.)
men or
menos
mensaje (m.)
mensual
mentira (f.)
menu (m.)
mercado (m.)
mercado de
cambios (m.)
mercado
paralelo ( m.)
mes (m.)
mesa (f.)
mestizo (m.)
metal (m.)
metro (m.)
mexicano,
mejicano
Mexico, Mejico
(m.)
mezcla (f.)
mi, mis
mi
miedo (m.)
mientras
miercoles (m.)
mil
milanesa (f.)
militar
millon (m.)
mineral (m.)
mineria (f.)
to improve
melon
memory
younger; less
less
message
monthly
lie
menu
market
currency
market
free rate
currency
market
month
table
person who has
one Spanish
and one
indigenous
parent
metal
subway;
meter
Mexican
Mexico
mixture
my
me (pron. after
prep.)
fear
while
Wednesday
thousand
escalope
military
million
mineral
mining
minimum
ministry
minister
handicapped
person
minute
minuto (m.)
to look
mirar
to go window
mirar tiendas
shopping
mass (religion)
misa (f.)
same
mismo
half
mitad (f.)
rucksack
mochila (f.)
fashion
moda (f.)
modales (m. pl.) manners
model
modelo (m.)
to moderate
moderar
modem
moderno
manner, way
modo (m.)
module, unit
modulo (m.)
to annoy, to
molestar
bother
trouble,
molestia (f.)
inconvenience
annoyed,
molesto
bothered
moment
momento (m.)
coin; currency
moneda (f.)
monitor
monitor (m.)
mountain
montana (f.)
montaiiismo (m.) mountaineering
mountainous
montaiioso
to ride
montar
monumento (m.) monument
to die
morir
to show
mostrar
motocicleta (f.) motorbike
much
mucho
many
muchos
muebles (m. pl.) furniture
tooth
muela (f.)
death
muerte (f.)
minimo
ministerio (m.)
ministro (m.)
minusvalido (m.)
307
306
muerto
muestra (f.)
mujer (f.)
mulato (m.)
dead
sample
woman; wife
mulatto (person
with one white
and one black
parent)
multa (f.)
fine
mundo (m.)
world
municipalidad (f.) citynocal council
(Sp. ayuntamiento)
muiieco (m.)
doll
museo (m.)
museum
musica (f.)
music
musical
musical
muy
very
nacer
to be born
nacimiento (m.) birth
naci6n (f.)
nation
nacional
national
nacionalidad (f.) nationality
nada
nothing
nadar
to swim
nadie
nobody
naranja (f.)
orange
natacion (f.)
swimming
natatorio (m.)
swimming pool
(Ch., Ar.
piscina)
natural
natural
navegar en
to surf the Net
Internet
Navidad (f.)
Christmas
necesario
necessary
necesidad (f.)
need, necessity
necesitar
to need
negar
to deny
negativo (m.)
negative
negociacion (f.) negotiation
negociar
to negotiate
negocio (m.)
business
negro
nervioso
neutro (m.)
nevar
ni
Nicaragua (f.)
nicaragiiense
niebla (f.)
nieto (m.);
nieta (f.)
ninguno
niiio (m.); niiia
(f.)
niiios (m. pl.)
ni siquiera
nivel (m.)
nivel de precios
no
nocturno
black
nervous
neutral
to snow
nor
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan
fog
grandson;
granddaughter
no one
boy; girl
children
not even
level
price range (m.)
no, not
nocturnal, in the
evening
noche (f.)
night
no fumador (m.) non-smoker
nogal (m.)
walnut tree
no hay de que
you're welcome
no importa
it doesn't
matter
no mas
no more
(Sp. nada mas)
nombre (m.)
name
no precisalno
don't know (in a
responde
survey)
norma de
quality standards
calidad (f.)
normal
normal
normalmente
normally
norte (m.)
north
norteamericano North American;
American
nosotros
we
nos vemos
see you (inf.)
nota (f.)
note; grade,
mark
no tar
noticia (f.)
noticiero,
noticiario (m.)
novela (f.)
noveno
noviembre (m.)
novio (m.);
novia (f.)
nube (f.)
nublado
nuestro/a,
nuestro/as
Nueva York (f.)
nuevamente
nuevo
nfunero (m.)
nunca
nutricion (f.)
to notice
news item
news bulletin
novel
ninth
November
fiance; fiancee
cloud
cloudy
our
New York
again
new
number
never
nutrition
or
0
target
objetivo (m.)
object
objeto (m.)
obligation
obligacion (f.)
to force, to
obligar
oblige
obligatory,
obligatorio
compulsory
obra comica (f.) comedy
obra de teatro (f.) play (theater)
public works
obras publicas
(f. pl.)
manual worker
obrero (m.)
to obtain
obtener
Australasia
Oceania (f.)
ocean
oceano (m.)
Oceano Atlantico Atlantic Ocean
(m.)
Oceano Pacifico Pacific Ocean
(m.)
eighth
octavo
October
octubre (m.)
occupation
ocupacfon (f.)
ocupado
ocupar
ocurrir
oeste (m.)
oferta (f.)
oficina (f.)
ofrecer to
oido (m.)
oir
ojala
ojo (m.)
ola (f.)
olimpiadas
estudiantiles
(f. pl.)
olvidar
omnibus (m.)
operacion (f.)
opinar
busy
to occupy
to occur
west
reduced
merchandise
office
offer
hearing, inner
ear
to hear
if only
eye
wave (in the sea)
school sports
festival
to forget
bus
operation
to give an
opinion
opinion
opinion (f.)
oportunidad (f.) opportunity
optimum
optimo
to tidy up
ordenar
ear
oreja (f.)
organizacion (f.) organization
to organize
organizar
orientacion (f.) guidance,
counselling
gold
oro (m.)
orchestra
orquesta (f.)
autumn
otoiio (m.)
bygone era
otra epoca (f.)
another, other
otro
paciente (m., f.) patient
father; parents
padre (m.);
padres (m. pl.)
to pay
pagar
Pagina Web (f.) web page
page
pagina (f.)
309
308
pago (m.)
paguese a
pals (m.)
paisaje (m.)
palabra (f.)
palanca (f.)
pan (m.)
panaderia (f.)
Panama (m.)
panameiio
panqueque (m.)
pantalon, (m.)
pantalones
(m. pl.)
pantalla (f.)
paiiuelo (m.)
papa (f.)
(Sp. patata)
papel (m.)
paquete (m.)
par (m.)
para
payment
payable to
country
landscape
word
lever
bread
bread shop
Panama
Panamanian
pancake
pants, (trousers)
screen
handkerchief
potato
paper
parcel
pair
for; to; in order
to
to take away
stop (bus)
stop (bus)
para llevar
parada (f.)
paradero (m.)
(Col., Ec.,
Pe., Bo., Ch.)
parado
standing
(Sp. de pie)
Paraguay (m.)
Paraguay
paraguayo
Paraguayan
parar
to stop
pararse (Sp.
to stand up
ponerse de pie)
parecer
to seem
parecerse
to resemble, to
look alike
pared (f.)
wall
pareja (f.)
partner
parientes (m. pl.) relations
parque (m.)
park
parrillada (f.)
parte (f.)
participacion (f.)
participar
particular
partido (m.)
pasado
pasaje (f.)
pasajero (m.)
pasaporte (m.)
pasar
pasarla
aspiradora
pasar las
vacaciones
pasatiempo (m.)
pasear
paseo (m.)
pasillo (m.)
paso (m.)
paso a paso
pastel (m.)
pasteleria (f.)
pastilla (f.)
patio (m.)
patria (f.)
paz (f.)
pecho (m.)
pedido (m.)
pedir
pelar
pelfcula (f.)
pelicula del
oeste (f.)
peligro (m.)
pelirrojo
pelo (m.)
peluqueria (f.)
pensar
grilled meats
part
participation
to take part
private;
particular
match; party
(political)
past; last
fare
passenger
passport
to pass
to vacuum
to spend your
holiday
pastime
to go for a walk
walk, stroll
aisle, corridor
step
step by step
pie, cake
cake shop
tablet
yard, courtyard
fatherland
peace
breast, chest
order
to order (goods);
to ask for
to peel
movie
western
danger
red-haired
hair
hairdresser's
to think
pension (f.)
peor
pequeiio
pera (f.)
perder
perderse
jperdont (m.)
perdonar
perfecto
periodico (m.)
periodista
(m., f.)
periodo (m.)
permiso (m.)
permitir
pero
perro (m.)
perseguir
pension;
boarding house
worse
little; small
pear
to Jose
to get lost
sorry!
to forgive
perfect
newspaper
journalist
period
permission
to allow
but
dog
to pursue, to
chase
person
(f.)
persona
character
personaje (m.)
(theater, novel,
etc.)
personnel, staff
personal (m.)
personalidad (f.) personality
Peru
Peru
Peruvian
peruano
heavy
pesado
fishing
pesca (f.)
fish
pescado (m.)
weight
peso (m.)
oil; petroleum
petroleo (m.)
piano
piano (m.)
hot (spicy)
picante
to chop (food)
pi car
foot
pie (m.)
skin
piel (f.)
leg
piema (f.)
battery
pila (f.)
pool
swimming
pileta (f.)
paint
to
pin tar
pintor (m.)
pintura (f.)
piiia (f.)
pionero (m.)
piscina (f.)
pista (f.)
plan (m.)
plan char
planta (f.)
planta alta (f.)
planta baja (f.)
plastico (m.)
plata (f.)
(Sp. dinero)
platano (m.)
platicar
plato (m.)
playa (f.)
plaza (f.)
plegable
poblacion (f.)
poblado
pobre
pobreza (f.)
poco; pocos
poco a poco
poder
poesia (f.)
poeta (m.);
poetisa (f.)
policia (f., m., f.)
policial
politica (f.)
polo (m.) (Ch.,
Ar., Uru.
polera)
polio (m.)
poner
popular
painter
painting; paint
pineapple
pioneer
swimming pool
track
plan
to iron
plant; floor level
(in a building)
upstairs
downstairs
plastic
money
banana
to talk
plate
beach
square
folding
population
populated
poor
poverty
little/few
little by little
can
poetry
poet
police;
policeman;
policewoman
police (adj .)
politics; policy
T-shirt
chicken
to put
popular
311
310
por
por ahora
por ciento
(Sp. por cien)
porcion (f.)
por correo
por ejemplo
por el momento
for; by; because

of
for the time being
per cent
portion, serving
by post
for example
for the time
being
por favor
please
at last
por fin
por otra parte
on the other
hand
why
por que
just in case
por si acaso
of course
por supuesto
por todas partes everywhere
lastly
por Ultimo
porque
because
portugues
Portuguese
posibilidad (f.)
possibility
posible
possible
postal (f.)
postcard
postergar
to postpone
(Sp. aplazar)
postre (m.)
dessert
potente
powerful
practicar
to practise
price
precio (m.)
preferir
to prefer
pregunta (f.)
question
preguntar
to ask a question
premio (m.)
prize
prensa (f.)
press
to worry
preocuparse
preparar
to prepare
presentar
to present; to
introduce
presidente (m.) president
presionar
to press
preso (m.)
prisoner
prestamo (m.)
prestar
presupuesto (m.)
previo
primaria (f.)
loan
to lend
budget
prior, previous
primary
(education)
primavera (f.)
spring (season)
primer/o
first
principal
principal
principio (m.)
beginning
private
privado
probabilidad (f.) probability
probable
probable
probar
to try, to test
problem
problema (m.)
procesamiento
word processing
de texto (m.)
to process
pro cesar
proceso (m.)
process
to try
procurar
produccion (f.) production
producir
to produce
producto (m.)
product
teacher
profesor (m.)
profundo
deep
programas de
current affairs
actualidad
prohibicion (f.) ban, prohibition
prohibir
to ban, to
prohibit
promedio
average
promesa (f.)
promise
prometer
to promise
pronostico del
weather forecast
tiempo (m.)
pronto
soon
pronunciacion (f.) pronunciation
pronunciado
marked
pronunciar
to pronounce
propiedad (f.)
property
propietario (m.) proprietor,
owner
own
to propose
protestant
province
next
project
publication
to publish
advertising,
publicity
public; audience
publico (m.)
town, village;
pueblo (m.)
people (of a
nation)
bridge
(m.)
puente
puente aereo (m.) shuttle service
door
puerta (f.)
position (job);
puesto (m.)
stall (market)
job
puesto de
trabajo (m.)
cigar
puro (m.)
pure
puro
that; than
que
what
que
what's happen;.que pasa?
ing, what's the
matter?
what a pity!
jque penal
next
que viene
indigenous
quechua (m.)
language
spoken in the
Andean
countries
to stay; to be
que dar
left
complaint
queja (f.)
to complain
quejarse
to burn
quemar
traditional
quena (f.)
Andean
propio
proponer
protestante
provincia (f.)
proximo
proyecto (m.)
publicacion (f.)
publicar
publicidad (f.)
musical
instrument
querer
to want
querido
dear (e.g. to start
a letter)
queso (m.)
cheese
who
quien; quien
fifth
quinto
to take away
qui tar
perhaps
quiz&, quizas
radio
radio (m.)
slot
ranura (f.)
fast
rapido
while
rato (m.)
mouse
raton (m.)
lightning
rayo (m.)
race
raza (f.)
reason
razon (f.)
reasonable
razonable
reality
realidad (f.)
to carry out
realizar
reduced
rebajado
to reduce
rebajar
reception
recepcion (f.)
receptionist
(f.)
recepcionista
recession
recesion (f.)
receipt;
receta (f.)
prescription
receive
to
recibir
receipt
recibo (m.)
to pick up
recoger
recomendacion recommendation
(f.)
to recommend
recomendar
to recognize
reconocer
to rebuild, to
reconstruir
reconstruct
to remember
recordar
to go through, to
recorrer
travel
to cut back, to
recortar
trim
313
312
recreativo
rector (m.)
recuerdo (m.)
recuperacion (f.)
recuperar
red (f.)
reducir
reemplazar
refresco (m.)
regalar
leisure
vice-chancellor
souvenir
recovery
to recover
network
to reduce
to replace
refreshing drink
to give (present),
to give away
regalo (m.)
gift, present
region (f.)
region
reglamento (m.) regulation
regresar
to return
regular
regular; not too
bad
regular
to adjust
reir
to laugh
religion (f.)
religion
reloj (m.)
watch; clock
reloj despertador alarm clock
(m.)
rellenar
to fill in
remedio (m.)
remedy
remuneracion (f.) remuneration
renovar
to renew
rentar
to rent
renunciar
to resign
reparacion (f.)
repair
reparar
to repair
reparto (m.)
delivery
repetir
to repeat
representante
representative
(m.)
Republica
Dominican
Dominicana
Republic
(f.)
repuesto (m.)
spare part
requisito (m.)
requirement
rescatar
to rescue
reservacion (f.) reservation
reservar
residente (m.)
resolver
respetar
respeto (m.)
responder
respuesta (f.)
restauracion (f.)
restaurante (m.)
restaurar
resto (m.)
resultado ( m.)
retirar
retrato (m.)
reunion (f.)
revelado (m.)
revelar
revista (f.)
revolucion (f.)
rezar
rico
rio (m.)
riqueza (f.)
rizado
robar
roble (m.)
robo (m.)
rojo
romantico
romper
ron (m.)
ropa (f.)
ropero (m.)
rosa (f.)
ruido (m.)
rural
ruta (f.)
sabado (m.)
reserve
resident
to solve
to respect
respect
to reply
reply
restoration
restaurant
to restore
rest, remainder
result
to withdraw
portrait
meeting
development
(photographs)
to reveal; to
develop (a
film)
magazine
revolution
to pray
tasty, delicious
river
wealth
curly
to steal; to rob
oak
robbery,
burglary
red
romantic
to break
rum
clothing
wardrobe
rose
noise
rural
route
Saturday
saber
sabor (m.)
sacar
sala (f.)
salario (m.)
salida (f.)
salir
salsa (f.)
saltar
salud (f.)
saludable
saludar
saludo (m.);
saludos
salvado (m.)
salvadoreno
sandia (f.)
satisfecho
se puede
seccion (f.)
seco
secretario (m.),
secretaria (f.)
sector (m.)
sector informal
(m.)
to know
flavor, taste
to take out
living room; hall
wage
departure
to leave; to go
out
sauce
to jump
health; cheers!
healthy
to greet
greeting; regards
(at the end of a
letter)
bran
Salvadorian
watermelon
satisfied
one can
section
dry
secretary
sector
the 'informal'
sector (of the
economy)
secondary
secundaria (f.)
(education)
thirst
sed (f.)
frequently
seguido (Sp.
frecuentemente)
to carry on
seguir
according to
seglin
second
segundo
safety
seguridad (f.)
insurance
seguro (m.)
jungle
selva (f.)
week
semana (f.)
Semana Santa (f.) Easter
semanal
semestral
semestre (m.)
senador (m.)
sentarse
sentimiento (m.)
sentir
senor
weekly
six-monthly
semester
senator
to sit down
feeling
to feel
gentleman,
mister
lady, Mrs
young lady, miss
separated
to be
service
to serve
session
September
senora
senorita
separado
ser
servicio (m.)
servir
sesion (f.)
setiembre,
septiembre (m.)
setimo, septimo seventh
if
si
yes
si
always
siempre
century
siglo (m.)
to mean
signifi.car
silence
silencio (m.)
chair
silla (f.)
to simplify
simplifi.car
without
sin
trade union
sindicato ( m.)
no doubt
sin duda
but
sino
system
sistema (m.)
site, place
sitio (m.)
situation,
situacion (f.)
location
to locate
situar
on, over;
sobre (prep.);
envelope
(m.)
socialist
socialists
society
sociedad (f.)
member; partner'
socio (m.)
soldier
soldado (m.)
314
315
soledad (f.)
solicitar
solidaridad (f.)
solido
solo
solo
solucion (f.)
somos
son
sonido (m.)
sonrisa (f.)
soii.ar
sorpresa (f.)
sorteo (m.)
sortija (f.)
Sr
Sra
Srta
so, sus
suave
subcomision
subir
subsidio (m.)
sucesor (m.)
sucio
sucursal (m.)
Sudamerica (f.)
sueldo (m.)
suelto
sueter (m.)
suficiente
soma (f.)
supermercado
(m.)
supervisar
suponer
sur
suyo
loneliness
to request, to
apply for
solidarity
solid
alone
only
solution
we are
you are (for. and
inf.); they are
sound
smile
to dream
surprise
draw, raffle
ring
Mr
Mrs
Miss
your (for. sing.
and pl.); his; her
soft
subcommittee
to go up
subsidy
successor
dirty
branch
South America
salary
loose
sweater
enough
amount, sum
supermarket
to supervise
to suppose
south
yours (for. sing.
and pl); his; hers;
tabaco (m.)
talla (f.)
tamaii.o (m.)
tambien
tampoco
tan . como
tapete (m.)
tarde (f.)
tarea (f.)
tarifa (f.)
tarjeta (f.)
tarjeta de debito
(f.)
tarta (f.)
taza (f.)
te (m.)
teatro (m.)
teclado (m.)
tecnica (f.)
tecnico (m.)
tecnologia (f.)
tela (f.)
telefonear
telefono (m.)
telefono movil
(m.)
telenovela (f.)
television (f.)
Televisor (m.)
tema (m.)
tobacco
size (clothes)
size
also
neither
as ... as
tapestry
afternoon; late
homework
tariff
card
debit card
pie
cup
tea
theater
keyboard
tecnique
technician
technology
fabric
to phone
telephone
mobile phone
soap opera
television
TV set
topic, theme,
subject
temperatura (f.) temperature
templado
warm
temprano
early
tener
to have
tener hambre
to be hungry
tener Iugar
to take place
tener razon
to be right
tener sed
to be thirsty
tener on aire de to have an air of
tenis (m.)
tennis
terminar
to end, to finish
termo (m.)
terrible
territorio (m.)
terrorismo (m.)
texto (m.)
ti
tia (f.)
tiempo (m.)
tienda (f.)
tierra (m.)
timbre (m.)
timon (m.)
(Sp. volante)
(Ch., Ar.
manurio)
tinto (m.)
tio (m.)
tipo (m.)
titular (m.)
to car
todavia
todo
todo-terreno
todos
tolerancia (f.)
to mar
tomate (m.)
tonto (m.)
torments (f.)
torta (f.)
(Sp. tarta)
tortilla (f.)
torturar
trabajador (m.)
trabajar
flask
terrible
territory
terrorism
text
you (pron. after
prep.)
aunt
time; weather
shop
earth; soil
bell
steering wheel
red wine; black

coffee (Col.)
uncle
type
headline
to play (a
musical
instrument)
still; yet
all; whole; every
all-terrain
all; everybody
tolerance
to take; to eat; to
drink
tomato
silly, stupid
storm
cake
omelette;
maize pancake
(Mex.)
to torture
worker
to work
trabajo (m.)
work
traduccion (f.)
translation
traer
to bring
tramites (m. pl.) paperwork, red
tape
tranquilo
quiet
transeunte (m.) passer-by
to broadcast
transmitir
transporte (m.) transport
tranvia (m.)
tram
cloth
trapo (m.)
tratar conlsobre deal with
train
tren (m.)
tribe
tribu (f.)
court
tribunal (m.)
quarterly
trim estral
sad
triste
to succeed
triunfar
troop
tropa (f.)
to stumble
tropezar
tropical
tropical
your (inf.)
to, tus
you (inf.)
tu
tourism
turismo (m.)
tourist
turista (m., f.)
turn
turno (m.)
or (only before
u
words beginning with o-)
to locate
ubicar (Sp.
localizar, situar)
last; latest
Ultimo
a; one
un, uno, una
unique; single
tinico
unit
unidad (f.)
universidad (f.) university
urgent
urgente
Uruguay
Uruguay (m.)
Uruguayan
uruguayo
used
usado
to use
usar
you (for.)
usted
316
you {for. and
ustedes (Sp.
vosotros = inf.) inf.)
usuario (m.)
user
util, utiles
useful
utilizar
to use
vacaciones
holidays {f. pl.)
valer
to be worth
valid
vwido
value
valor (m.)
let's go!
vamos
variada
varied
varios (pl.)
several
vaso (m.)
glass, tumbler
vecino (m.)
neighbor
vela (f.)
candle
velocidad {f.)
speed
vendedor ( m.)
seller; salesman
vendedor
street seller
ambulante (m.)
vender
to sell
venezolano
Venezuelan
Venezuela (f.)
Venezuela
venir
to come
venta (f.)
sale
ventaja {f.)
advantage
ventana (f.)
window
ventanilla {f.)
counter
ventanilla (f.)
window (at a
bank)
ver
to see; to watch
verano (m.)
summer
truth; right
verdad {f.)
verdadero
true
verde
green
verduleria {f.)
vegetable shop
verdura (f.)
vegetable
vereda (f.)
pavement
(Sp. acera)
vespertino
vestido (m.)
vestirse
vez {f.)
viaje (m.)
viajero (m.)
vida {f.)
video (m.)
vidrio (m.)
viento (m.)
viernes (m.)
vino (m.)
visa {f.)
(Sp. visado)
visita (f.)
visitar
viuda {f.)
viudo (m.)
vivienda {f.)
vi vir
vocear
vocero (m.)
volar
volver
VOZ (f.)
vuelo (m.)
vuelta {f.)
y
ya
yo
zambo (m.)
zapatilla (f.)
zapato (m.)
zona {f.)
in the afternoon
dress; clothing
to get dressed
time, occasion
trip
traveler
life
video
glass
wind
Friday
wine
visa
visit
to visit
widow
widower
housing
to live
to shout
spokesperson
to fly
to return
voice
flight
return
and
already
I
person with
one black and
one Indian
parent
sports shoe;
trainer
shoe
zone, area
English-Spanish
glossary
a
able to, to be
abroad
add
address
advise, to
airplane
afternoon
afterwards
against
age
ago
agreed, I agree
aim
air
air-conditioned
air ticket
all
alone
already
also
always
among
ancestor
and
animal
another
answer, to
any
anyone
un,uno,una
poder
extranjero
agregar
direcci6n (f.)
avisar
avi6n (m.)
tarde (f.)
desput!s
contra
edad {f.)
hace
de acuerdo
fin (m.)
aire (m.)
climatizado
boleto de avi6n
(m.)
todo
solo
ya
tambien
siempre
entre
antepasado (m.)
y
animal (m.)
otro
contestar
cualquier
cualquiera
apologize, to
apple
area
arm
arrival
article
artificial
as
at
back (part of
the body)
bad
badly
ball-point pen
bank
banknote
bar
bath; bathroom
be, to
beach
beard
because of
bed
bedroom
beer
begin, to
behind
better
best
disculparse
manzana (f.)
zona {f.)
brazo (m.)
II egad a (f.)
articulo (m.)
artificial
como
en
espalda {f.)
malo
mal
lapicero (m.);
Iapicera (f.)
banco (m.)
billete (m.)
bar (m.)
baiio (m.)
ser; estar
playa (f.)
barba {f.)
por
cama {f.)
cuarto (m.)
cerveza (f.)
comenzar
atras de
(Sp. detras de)
mejor
eVIa/lo mejor
318
319
between
big
bill
birthday
blouse
blow out, to
blue
book
bookshop
bottle
box
boy
branch
bread
breakfast
breast
bridge
bring, to
British
brother
brown
building
burglary
bus
businessman
but
buy, to
by
cafe
call, to
car
car parking
cash
entre
grande
cuenta (f.)
cumpleaiios (m.)
blusa (f.)
apagar
cash dispensing
machine
cat
cathedral
Central America
azul
center
chair
change, to
chapter
cheap
cheers!
cheese
chemist's
check
libro (m.)
libreria (f.)
boteUa (f.)
caja (f.)
chico (m.); niiio
(m.)
sucursal (m.)
pan (m.)
desayuno (m.)
pecho (m.)
puente (m.)
traer
britanico
hermano (m.)
marr6n
edificio (m.)
robo (m.)
omnibus (m.),
cami6n (m.)
(Mex.)
(Sp. autobus)
empresario
(m.)
pero
comprar
por
cafeteria (f.)
Damar
auto (m.),
automovil (m.),
carro (m.)
(Sp. coche)
estacionamiento
(m.)
efectivo (m.)
check, to
chest
children
church
cigar
cinema
city
classroom
clean, to
climate
clock
close, to
closed
clothing
coast
coffee
cold (illness)
cold
(temperature)
color
come, to
comfortable
comment
commerce
cajero
autonuitico (m.)
gato (m.)
catedral (f.)
Centroamerica
(f.)
centro (m.)
silla (f.)
cambiar
capitulo (m.)
barato
salud
queso (m.)
farmacia (f.)
cheque (m.)
(Sp. talon)
chequear
pecho (m.)
hijos (m. pl.);
niiios (m. pl.)
iglesia (f.)
puro (m.)
cine, cinema
(m.)
ciudad (f.)
aula (f.)
limpiar
clima (m.)
reloj (m.)
cerrar
cerrado
vestido (m.)
costa (f.)
cafe (m.)
gripe (f.)
frio
color (m.)
venir
comodo
comentario (m.)
comercio (m.)
commercial
company
computer
condition
confuse, to
consulate
contact
contented
continue, to
contract
contrast
cost
cost, to
counter
country
court
current affairs
dance, to
date
date
(appointment)
daughter
day
day before
yesterday, the
dear (in a letter)
debit card
December
decision
declare, to
deliver, to
departure
dessert
dictionary
die, to
comercial
compaiiia (f.);
empresa (f.)
computador
(m.), computadora (f.) (Sp.
ordenador)
condicion (f.)
confundir
consulado (m.)
contacto (m.)
contento
continuar
contrato (m.)
contraste (m.)
costo (m.)
(Sp. coste)
costar
ventanilla (f.)
pais (m.)
tribunal (m.)
programas de
actualidad
bailar
fecha (f.)
cita (f.)
hija (f.)
dia (m.)
anteayer
estimado
tarjeta de debito
(f.)
diciembre (m.)
decision (f.)
declarar
entre gar
salida (f.)
postre (m.)
diccionario (m.)
morir
difference
difficult
dining room
direction
dirty
discussion
do, to
doctor
document
dog
dollar
door
down, to go
dress
drink (a)
drink, to
drive, to
each
early
east
easy
eat, to
electricity
embassy
end
end, to
England
English
enough
enter, to
error
Europe
European
even if
every
exchange, to
exit
expect, to
expensive
diferencia (f.)
dificil
comedor (m.)
direccion (f.)
sucio
discusion (f.)
hacer
medico (m.);
doctor (m.)
documento
(m.)
perro (m.)
dolar (m.)
puerta (f.)
bajar
vestido (m.)
bebida (f.)
beber; tomar
conducir;
manejar
cada
temprano
este
racit
comer; tomar
electricidad (f.)
embajada (f.)
fin (m.)
terminar
Inglaterra (f.)
ingles
suficiente
entrar
error (m.)
Europa (f.)
europeo (m.)
asi
cada; todo
cambiar
salida (f.)
esperar
caro
321
320
export, to
exporter
eye
face
fair
family
far
fare
fast
father
February
fever
film
find, to
fine
finish, to
fire (accidental)
firm
exportar
exportador (m.)
ojo (m.)
cara (f.)
justo
familia (f.)
lejos
pasaje (f.)
rapido
padre (m.)
febrero ( m.)
fiebre (f.)
pelicula (f.)
encontrar
multa (f.)
terminar
incendio (m.)
firma (f.);
empresa (f.)
first
primer/o
fish
pescado (m.)
flight
vuelo (m.)
food
alimento (m.)
foot
pie (m.)
for
para; por
foreign, foreigner extranjero (m.)
forget, to
olvidar
form
formulario (m.)
free
libre
Friday
viemes (m.)
from
desde; de
fruit
fruta (f.)
fuel
combustible (m.)
functional
funcional
gentleman
senor
gentlemen (sign caballeros
on toilets)
(m. pl.)
get up, to
levantarse
girl
chica (f.); nina
(f.)
give, to
dar; entregar
go, to
ir
go up, to
subir
good afternoon buenas tardes
good evening,
buenas noches
good night
good morning
buenos dias
goodbye (inf.)
chao, chau
granddaughter
nieta (f.)
grandson
nieto (m.)
green
verde
hair
pelo (m.)
ham
jamon (m.)
hand
mano (f.)
handbag
cartera (f.)
handicraft
artesania (f.)
handkerchief
panuelo (m.)
happy
contento
have, to
tener
he
el
head
cabeza (f.)
health
salud (f.)
hear, to
oir
hearing, inner ear oido (m.)
heart
corazon (m.)
heat
calor (m.)
heating
calefaccion (f.)
height (of a
estatura (f.)
person)
hello (answering alo (Sp. digame)
the phone)
hello
bola
help, to
ayudar
here
aca,aqui
high
alto
Hispanic
hispanica
holidays
vacaciones
(f. pl.)
home
casa (f.)
hope, to
esperar
hospital
hospital (m.)
hot
caliente
hotel
hotel (f.)
hour
bora (f.)
house
how
how many
how much
hunger
hungry, to be
husband
I
identification
if
ill
import, to
important
in
in front of
in order to
industry
influenza
information
innocent
insurance
interesting
international
interview
invest, to
investigation
investment
invoice
Ireland
Irish
it's cold/windy/
hot, etc.
January
July
June
just
key
kilo
kilometer
kitchen
ladder
casa (f.)
como
cmintos, culintas
cuanto, cuanta
hambre (f.)
tener hambre
esposo (m.);
marido (f.)
yo
identificacion (f.)
si
enfermo
importar
importante
en
delante de
para
industria (f.)
gripe (f.)
informacion (f.)
inocente
seguro (m.)
interesante
intemacional
entrevista (f.)
invertir
investigacion (f.)
inversion (f.)
factura (f.)
Irlanda (f.)
irlandes
hace frio/viento/
calor, etc.
enero (m.)
julio (m.)
junio (m.)
justo
llave (f.)
kilo (m.)
kilometro (m.)
cocina (f.)
escalera (f.)
ladies (sign on
toilets)
language
large
last night
late
later
Latin America
Latin American
leaflet
Jearn, to
left
leg
less
lesson, class
Jetter
lift
light
light, to
like, to
listen, to
little
little by little
live, to
London
long
look, to
lorry
luggage
lunch, to have
make, to
man
man-made
many
map
March
market
married
mass (religion)
material
matter
damas (f. pl.)

idioma (m.)
grande
anoche
tarde
luego
Latinoamerica
(f.)
latinoamericano
folleto (m.)
aprender
izquierda
piema (f.)
menos
clase (f.)
carta (f.)
ascensor (m.)
luz (f.)
encender
gus tar
escuchar
pequeno
poco a poco
vi vir
Londres (m.)
largo
mirar
camion (m.)
equipaje (m.)
almorzar
hacer
hombre (m.)
artificial
muchos
mapa (f.)
marzo (m.)
mercado (m.)
casado
misa (f.)
material (m.)
asunto (m.)
323
322
matter, it doesn't
meal
meat
medium
meeting
menu
meter
midday
midnight
milk
million
minute
miss
mistake
Miss
mobile phone
moment
Monday
money
month
more
morning
mother
motorbike
mountain
mustache
movies
Mr
Mrs
much
museum
music
my
name
navy blue
near
necessary
no importa
comida (f.)
carne (f.)
mediano
reunion (f.)
menu (m.)
metro (m.)
mediodia (m.)
medianoche
(f.)
leche (f.)
millon (m.)
minuto (m.)
senorita
error (m.)
Srta
celular (m.);
telefono
movil (m.)
momento (m.)
lunes (m.)
dinero (m.);
plata (f.)
(Sp. dinero)
mes (m.)
mas
manana (f.)
madre (f.)
motocicleta (f.)
montana (f.)
bigote (m.)
cine
Sr
Sra
mucho
museo (m.)
mlisica (f.)
mi,mis
nombre (m.)
azul marino
cerca
necesario
neither (conj.)
network
never
new
news item
newspaper
next
next to
tampoco
red (f.)
nunca
nuevo
noticia (f.)
periodico (m.)
proximo
junto a; allado
de
bonito
nice
no
no
no one
ninguno
no, not
no
nobody
nadie
noise
ruido (m.)
non-smoker
no fumador
(m.)
normal
normal
normally
normalmente
north
norte
North American, norteamericano
American
November
noviembre (m.)
now
ahora
number
numero (m.)
nurse
enfermera (f.)
occasion
vez (f.), ocasion
(f.)
occupation
ocupacion (f.)
October
octubre (m.)
of
de
office
oficina (f.)
on
en
one
un, uno,una
only
solo, solamente
opposite
enfrente de
or
0
orange
naranja (f.)
other
otro
over
encima
pain
dolor (m.)
partner
pareja (f.)
pants
pantalon (m.)
pantalones
(m. pl.)
papel (m.)
tramite (m.)
paquete (m.)
padres (m.)
estacionar
pareja (f.)
pasajero (m.)
pasaporte (m.)
empanada (f.)
pagar
lapiz (m.)
gente (f.)
pueblo (m.)
paper
paperwork
parcel
parents
park, to
partner
passenger
passport
pasty
pay, to
pencil
people
people (of a
nation)
persona (f.)
person
person in charge encargado (m.)
gasolina (f.)
petrol
Iugar (m.)
place
colo car
place, to
favor
por
please
encantado
pleased to meet
you
police, policeman, policia (f., m., f.)
policewoman
comisaria (f.)
police station
poor (in money) pobre;
poor (in quality) malo
posible
possible
correo (m.)
post office
postal (f.)
postcard
papa (f.) (Sp.
potato
patata)
pobreza (f.)
poverty
preferir
prefer, to
precio (m.)
price
probable
probable
problema (m.)
problem
producto (m.)
product
publicacion (f.)
publication
purse
put, to
question
quiet
rain
raspberry
read, to
red tape
refreshing drink
relieve, to
repair, to
repeat, to
reply
reply, to
report
research
reservation
reserve
restaurant
return (trip,
journey)
return, to
right
robbery
room
rum
rushed
sad
salad
Saturday
say, to
school
sea
season
seat
second
see, to
see you later
sell, to
cartera (f.)
poner
pregunta (f.)
tranquilo
lluvia (f.)
frambuesa (f.)
leer
trlimite (m.)
refresco (m.)
aliviar
reparar
repetir
respuesta (f.)
responder
informe (m.)
investigacion (f.)
reservacion (f.)
reservar
restaurante
(m.)
ida y vuelta (f.)
volver
derecha; verdad
(f.)
robo (m.)
habitacion (f.)
ron (m.)
apurado (Sp.
apresurado)
triste
ensalada (f.)
sabado (m.)
decir
colegio (m.)
mar (m.)
estacion (f.)
asiento (m.)
segundo
ver
basta luego
vender
325
324
send, to
September
seventh
she
shirt
shoe
short (length)
short (height)
shoulder
shuttle service
side
sign, to
signature
silver
since (as)
since (time)
single (trip,
journey)
sister
size
size (clothes)
skin
skirt
sleep, to
slow
slowly
small
small
so, thus
soap
sock
some
somebody
someone
something
son
soon
sorry!
man dar
setiembre,
septiembre (m.)
setimo, septimo
ella
camisa (f.)
zapato (m.)
corto
bajo
hombro (m.)
puente aereo
(m.)
lado (m.)
firmar
firma (f.)
plata (f.)
como
desde
ida (f.)
hermana (f.)
tamaiio (m.)
taUa (fm.)
piel (f.)
falda (f.)
dormir
Iento
despacio
chiquito
pequeiio; chico;
chiquito
asi
jab6n (m.)
media (f.)
alguien
alguien
alguno
algo
hijo (m.)
pronto
jperd6n!; lo
siento
sort
south
Spanish
(language)
speak, to
spend, to
(money)
spring (season)
square
stairs
start, to
station
stay
stocking
stomach
stop, to
street
strong
student
study, to
subway
sugar
suite of
furniture
suitcase
surf the Net, to
summer
Sunday
supermarket
surname
sweater
swim, to
swimming pool
T-shirt
table
take, to
tipo (m.)
sur (m.)
casteUano
(Sp. espaiiol)
hablar
gastar
primavera (f.)
plaza (f.)
escalera (f.)
comenzar;
empezar
estaci6n (f.)
estadia (f.)
(Sp. estancia)
media (f.)
est6mago (m.)
parar
caUe (f.)
fuerte
estudiante
(m., f.)
estudiar
metro
azucar (m.)
juego de
muebles (m.)
maleta (f.)
navegar en
Internet
verano (m.)
domingo (m.)
supermercado
(m.)
apellido (m.)
sueter (m.)
nadar
natatorio (m.);
piscina (f.)
camiseta (f.)
mesa (f.)
to mar
tall
tax
tea
teacher
telegram
telephone
telephone call
television
temperature
than
thanks, thank
you
that (m.)
that (f.)
that one (m.)
that one (f.)
the
then
then (later)
there
there is/are
these (m.)
these ones (m.)
they
thing
thirst
thirsty, to be
this (m.)
this one (m.)
those(m.)
those (f.)
those ones (m.)
those ones (f.)
thousand
throat
Thursday
ticket
tie
alto
impuesto (m.)
te (m.)
profesor (m.)
telegrams (m.)
telefono (m.)
llamada (f.)
television (f.)
temperatura (f.)
que
gracias
aquel, ese
aqueUa, esa
aquel, ese
aqueUa, esa
el (m. sing.), Ia
(f. sing.), las
(f. pl.), los
(m. pl.)
entonces
luego
alhi; ahi; alii
hay
estos
estos
ellos (m.), elias
(f.)
cosa (f.)
sed (f.)
tener sed
este
este
aquel, ese
aquellas, esas
aquellos, esos
aquellas, esas
mil
garganta (f.)
jueves (m.)
boleto (m.)
corbata (f.)
tidy up, to
time
time (occasion)
tired
to
tobacco
today
toilet
tomorrow
tongue
too much/many;
too
tooth
tourist
town
train
traveler's check
trip
trousers
truth
Tuesday
turn off, to
turn on, to
type
uncomfortable
underground
underneath
understand, to
United States
(m. pi.)
(North)
American
until
urgent
useful
vegetable
very
ordenar
tiempo (m.)
vez (f.)
cansado
para
tabaco (m.)
hoy
baiio (m.) (Sp.
servico, aseo)
maiiana (m.)
lengua (f.)
demasiado
muela (f.)
turista (m., f.)
pueblo (m.)
tren (m.)
cheque de
viaje/viajero
(m.)
viaje (m.)
pantal6n (m.),
pantalones
(m. pi.)
verdad (f.)
martes (m.)
apagar
encender
tipo (m.)
inc6modo
metro (m.)
debajo
comprender
Estados Unidos
estadounidense
basta
urgente
util, utiles
verdura (f.)
muy
326
vest
village
visit, to
voice mail
camiseta (f.)
pueblo (m.)
visitar
casilla de
mensajes (f.)
wait, to
esperar
Wales
Gales (m.)
walk, to
caminar; andar
walk, to go for a pasear
wallet
billetera (f.);
cartera (f.)
want, to
querer
warm
templado
warn, to
avisar
wash, to
lavar
watch
reloj (m.)
watch, to
ver
water
agua (f.)
we
nosotros
weather
tiempo (m.)
weather forecast pronostico del
tiempo (m.)
web page
Pagina Web
(f.)
Wednesday
miercoles (m.)
week
semana (f.)
weekend
fin de semana
(m.)
weight
peso (m.)
welcome
bienvenido
well
bien
Welsh
gales
west
oeste (m.)
what?
;,que?
what's happen;,que pasa?
ing?, what's
the matter?
when?; wheD
;,cuando?;
cuando
where?; where
;,donde?; donde
which?; which
whichever
white
who?; who
whole
wife
wind
window (at a
bank)
wine
winter
with
withdraw, to
with me
with you
without
woman
wool
word
work, to
worth, to be
wr~te , to
year
yellow
yes
yesterday
you
young
young lady
your
you're welcome
(in response
to gracias)
zone
;,cuai?; cuai
cualquiera
blanco
;,quien?; quien
to do
esposa (f.);
mujer (f.)
viento (m.)
ventanilla (f.)
vino (m.)
inviemo (m.)
con
retirar
conmigo
contigo
sin
mujer (f.)
lana (f.)
palabra (f.)
trabajar
valer
escribir
aiio (m.)
amarillo
si
ayer
tU (inf.), usted
(for.), ustedes
(for. and
inf. pl.) (Sp.
vosotros = inf.)
joven
senorita (f.)
tu, tus (inf.): su
(for.)
de nada
zona (f.)
Index of langua ge
points
The numbers refer to the lessons in the book.
a pesar de que (18)

;,a que bora? (2)
aca!aqui; alia/alii (7)
aci tiene/aqui tiene (1)
addressing people (1)
ahorita (8)
a1o (3)
ambos (6)
apurarse (15)
asi (18)
aunque (18)
both (6)
both . .. and (6)
cada (5)
colores (2)
como (since) (17)
como (5)
;,como te llamas?/;,como se llama
(usted)? (3)
comparatives (6)
conditional (16)
conditional perfect (18)
conditional sentences (17, 18)
conjunctions (7)
conmigo/contigo (8)
construir -+ construyendo (7)
cuanto/cuantos (1)
;,cuanto cuesta? (2)
;,cuanto es? (2)
de nadalno hay de que (1)
definite article (3)
demasiado (18)
demonstrative adjectives (7)
demonstrative pronouns (7)

dentro de (13)
desde (9)
despedidas (1)
elias de Ia semana (3)
directions (4)
disculpe (2)
ending a letter (3)
estar (4)
expressions of frequency (5)
expressions of time in the past
(12)
future (13)
habia (14)
hace (12)
hace (calor, frio, viento, sol) (5)
1hasta manana! (3)
hay (2)
hay que (8)
imperative (16)
imperfect indicative (14)
imperfect continuous (14)
imperfect subjunctive (17)
impersonal se (11, 19)
indefinite article (3)
infinitive (1)
ira + infinitive (10)
irregular comparatives (6)
irregular verbs in the conditional
(16)
irregular verbs in the future (13)
irregular verbs in the imperative
(16)

Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 1

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Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 1

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Colloquial

The Colloquial Series

The following languages are available in the Colloquial series:

To Hazel, Emma and David

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business

J994, 2002 Roberto Rodriguez-Saona

British Librmy Cataloguing in Publication Data

2 Salgo a las seis

5 El clima y los viajes

7 l Que estas haciendo 7

8 l Que ten go que hacer7

10 l Que vamos a hacer hoy7

11 Se dice que ...

15 Espero que puedas

18 Si hubieras enviado ...

Spanish in Latin America developed independently of, but at the

greeting people, apologizing, telling the time, expressing likes and

similar to the a in 'father', but shorter

Use some greetings

Al6, buenos dias. Agencia de Viajes El Sol.

De nada/No hay de que

(d) treinta y cuatro

Write the Spanish word for the answer to these operations.

In Latin America the most common way of saying goodbye is chao

Write in your notebook what you would say to greet somebody in

(a) 10.00 a.m.

During the evening/night Buenas noches is used to say 'Hello' or

verbs ending in -ar

also called verbs of the first conjugation

See you later (slightly formal)

The present tense indicative

I work in Lima, Maria doesn't.

There are two ways of addressing a second person in Spanish.

You (pl.) work in Guatemala.

;,Habeis visto a Juan? (Spain) Have you seen Juan?

Unlike Peninsular Spanish, Latin American Spanish does not use

What time do you leave?

Complete the sentences with the correct form oftener.

See Chapter 2 for more irregular verbs.

They work hard.

You don't have time.

As in English, questions can begin with a question word (who, what,

What have you got there?

Give the Spanish equivalent for these expressions:

Arturo has a car.

Is Spanish the only language in Latin America?

La mayorfa de Ia poblaci6n de Latinoamerica habla castellano. En

How much money do you have?

Aca tiene/Aqui tiene

Note: In Paraguay guarani is widely spoken.

2 Salgo a las seis

Use some irregular verbs in the present tense

Rosario tells the truth.

hacer to do, to make

What do you do on Saturdays?

lA que hora sales?

What time do you leave?

salir to leave, to go out

I leave home at six.

Gabriela doesn't work.

las cuatro y media

Complete the sentences below with the correct present indicative

las tres y cuarto

las ocbo y veinte