Chapter 2 The Structure of an atom

Atom , Molecule,
Ion
Structure of an atom

Standard
representation

Isotope

Electronic structure

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations

Mol
Number of
Particles

Mass of
substance

Volume of
gas

Chemical
formulae
Cations
Mg2+

Anions
Cl

Ionic compound

Chemical equation
Combustion of magnesium
Reaction between Hydrogen gas and
copper (II) oxide
Combustion of ethanol
Displacement of metal
Displacement of halogen

Periodic Table of
Elements

Proton
number

Atomic size

Melting point and

Boiling Point

Group 1
Group 17
Period 3

Transition metal

Special characteristics
1.

Example

2.
3.
4.

Properties of metal oxide in Period 3

Chemical bond
Atoms are bonded together to

Reactivity

.
Ionic bond
metal

Non metal

Example

Non metal

Covalent bond
Non metal

Example

Compare and contrast the properties of

Ionic compound
Covalent compound

Electrochemistry
Electrolysis
Electrical chemical

3 factors :
At cathode

At anode

Molten Lead (II)

Bromide

Application
Extraction of metal

Copper (II) sulphate

solution, carbon
electrode
Copper (II) sulphate
solution, copper
electrode

Purification of metal /
electroplating

0.001 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid
0.5 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid

Voltaic cell
Chemical cell electrical cell
Copper - silver

Copper - magnesium

At negative terminal:

At negative terminal :

At positive terminal :

At positive terminal :

Construct the ECS

Arrange the three metals in increasing order of electropositivity Explain.

Acids and Bases

Acid

Alkali

Strong acid -PH

Strong Alkali-pH

Weak acid- pH

Weak alkali- pH

Chemical Properties
Acid

Alkali

Concentration and Molarity

Neutralization

Titration Method

Salts
Synthesizing salts
Soluble

Soluble

Insoluble salt

Na+ / K+ / NH4+

Other salt

Qualitative Analysis of Salt

Cation

Anions

Na+ ,Fe2+ ,Ca2+ ,Fe3+ ,Mg2+ ,Pb2+ ,

Al3+ ,Cu2+ ,Zn2+ ,NH4+

CO32- , SO42-,
NO3-, Cl-

Effect of Heat on carbonate salt

Effect of heat on nitrate salt

Manufactured Substances In Industry

Sulphuric Acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid

Uses of sulphuric acid

Environmental problem

Ammonia
Manufacture of Ammonia

Uses of ammonia

Production of fertilizer ( ammonium

sulphate

Alloys
Type of alloy and its uses

Aim of alloying

Type of glass

Main component

Characteristics

Function

Soda lime,glass
Lead crystal glass
Borosilicate glass
Fused silicate glass

Rate of reaction : -

Average rate of reaction =

Instantaneous Rate of reaction at T2 =

Explain the effects of 4 factors by using Collision Theory

Presence of catalyst

Higher Temperature of
reactants

Smaller Size of
reactants

Higher Concentration
of reactants

4 factors affecting rate of reaction

(A) Size of reactants / Total surface area of
reactants

(B) Temperature of reactants

(C) Concentration of reactants

(D) Presence of catalyst

Carbon compound

Homologous
Series
Alkane
Alkene
Alcohol
Carboxylic acid

General Formula

Functional Group

Member with 2C

Chemical
Properties

Ester

Ethane

Ethene
Hydration
V

II

Ethanol

H2O (steam), 3000C,

60atm, phosphoric
acid

III

IV

Ethyl ethanoate

Ethanoic acid
Write the equations involved
I
II
III
IV
V

Difference between alkane and alkene

ALKANE CnH2n+2

ALKENE CnH2n

Saturated hydrocarbon

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Example : hexane, _______

Example : hexene, _______

Reaction with bromine water, Br2 ( uv rays)

Reaction with bromine water, Br2

Brown

Eq :

Eq :
Reaction with acidified potassium

manganate(VII) solution
No visible change

Purple ________
Eq :

burns with a yellow sooty flame

burns with a yellow _____sooty flame

Eq:

because
__________________________________
_______________
Eq :

Redox reaction
Redox reaction
Oxidation

Reduction
Transfer of oxygen
Transfer of hydrogen
Oxidation number
Transfer of electron

Example of redox reaction

(A) change of iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions and vice versa

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

Change of iron (III) ions to iron (II) ions

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

(B) Displacement of metal from its salt solution

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

(C) Displacement of halogen from its halide solution

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

(D) Transfer of electrons at a distance

Ionic equation :

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

OXIDIZIN
G
AGENTS

OBSERVATION

REDUCIN
G
AGENTS

KmnO4

MnO4 - + 8 H+ + 5e Mn2+ +
4H2O

Cl

OBSERVATION

Colourless pale yellow

Purple colourless
K2Cr2O7

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ +

2H2O

Br

Colourless orange

Orange green
Cl

Pale yellow colourless

Br

Colourless yellow
Fe

Orange colourless

3+

Yellow pale green

Thermochemistry
Usually chemical reaction involved bond breaking ( __requires energy____) and bond
formation (___releases energy_____) .
Application of exothermic and endothermic reaction.
Cold pack

Help to reduce high temperature and

swelling

Hot pack

Help to warm up something, lessen

pain.

Endothermic reaction

Is a chemical reaction that ____________________ from the surrounding, causing the

temperature of surrounding to ____________ .

Total energy contained in the products is ______________ than of the reactant.

Example:
Dissolving (water)
ammonium chloride,
ammonium nitrate,

NH4+ + NO3-

ammonium sulphate.
Dissolving of hydrated salt
Copper sulphate (5)
Sodium carbonate
Thermal decomposition of salts
Nitrates salt and carbonate
salt( copper/Ca)

Exothermic reaction
Definition

CaO +
NO2+

Heat of
displacement

The heat change when one mole of a ____________ is

_______________ from its _________________ by __________________

Heat of
precipitation

The heat change when one mole of a ________________ is formed

from _________________ in _________________________

Heat of
neutralization

The heat change when one mole of ____________ is formed from

the reaction ______________ and _____________.

Heat of
combustion

The heat change when one mole of a ____________ is

___________________ under standard conditions.

Chemical for Consumers

Soap and Detergent
Saponification

Cleansing action of soap

Effectiveness of soap and detergent in hard

water

Food Additives

Examples

Function

Side effects on health

Medicines

Examples

Function

Side effects on health