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Aggregate
In civil engineering the term aggregate means a mass of crushed stone, gravel,
sand etc., predominantly composed of individual particles, but is some cases
including clays .The largest particle size in aggregates may have a diameter as
large as 150 mm (6 in.), and the smallest particle can be as fine as 5 to 10
microns.
There are two main uses of aggregates in Civil Engineering:
As an underlying material for foundations and pavements
Aggregate Properties
I.
Absorption
Determine: (a) Total moisture content, and (b) free moisture content
IV.
Specific Gravity
Four types of specific gravity are defined based on how voids in the
aggregate particles are considered.
Three of these types are widely
accepted:
Coarse aggregate is placed in a rigid bucket and rodded with a tampering rod to
determined its unit weight. The following data are obtained:
Volume of bucket = 1/3 ft3
Weight of empty bucket = 18.5 lbs..
Weight of bucket filled with dry rodded coarse aggregate = 55.9 lbs.
a. Calculate the dry-rodded unit weight
b. If the bulk dry specific gravity of the aggregate is 2.630, calculate the
percent voids in the aggregate
Answer:
a. 112.3 lb./ft3; b. 31.5%
Calculate the percent passing each sieve, and draw a 0.45 power gradation
chart.
Sample Problem 1.4
Calculate the fineness modulus of the sieve analysis results of sample
problem 1.3
Fineness Modulus
Fineness Modulus is a measure of fine aggregates gradation, and is used
primarily for portland cement concrete mix. The fineness modulus is onehundredth of the sum of the cumulative percentage weight retained. The
fineness modulus for fine aggregate should be in the range of 2.3 to 3.1, with
a higher number being a coarser aggregate.
According to the definition of fineness modulus, sieve 2.00 and 0.075 (No. 10
and 200 are not include in computing for fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
IX. Cleanness and Deleterious Materials
Since aggregates are a natural product, there is the potential they can be
contaminated by clay, shale, organic matter and other deleterious materials, such
as coal. A deleterious substance is any material adversely affects the quality of
portland cement or asphalt concrete, deleterious substances are clay lumps, soft or
friable particles, and coatings. These substances decrease the adhesion between
asphalt and aggregate particles.
The Superpave mix design method requires use of the Sand Equivalency test,
AASHTO T`76
X. Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity
Some aggregates react with portland cement, harming the concrete structures. The
most common reaction is between the active silica constituents of an aggregate and
the alkalis in cement. The alkali-silica reactions results in excessive expansion,
cracking or pop-out in concrete.
Evaluation for a potential alkali-silica reactions: