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International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

Volume 2014, Article ID 505798, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/505798
Research Article
On the Products of -Fibonacci Numbers and -Lucas Numbers
Bijendra Singh, Kiran Sisodiya, and Farooq Ahmad
School of Studies in Mathematics, Vikram University Ujjain, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Farooq Ahmad; mirfarooq357@gmail.com
Received 3 January 2014; Accepted 22 May 2014; Published 12 June 2014
Academic Editor: Hernando Quevedo
Copyright 2014 Bijendra Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this paper we investigate some products of -Fibonacci and -Lucas numbers. We also present some generalized identities on
the products of -Fibonacci and -Lucas numbers to establish connection formulas between them with the help of Binets formula.
1. Introduction
Fibonacci numbers possess wonderful and amazing properties; though some are simple and known, others find broad
scope in research work. Fibonacci and Lucas numbers cover
a wide range of interest in modern mathematics as they
appear in the comprehensive works of Koshy [1] and Vajda
[2]. The Fibonacci numbers are the terms of the sequence
{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 } wherein each term is the sum of the two
previous terms beginning with the initial values 0 = 0 and
1 = 1. Also the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers
converges to the Golden mean, 0 = (1 + 5)/2. The Fibonacci
numbers and Golden mean find numerous applications in
modern science and have been extensively used in number
theory, applied mathematics, physics, computer science, and
biology.
The well-known Fibonacci sequence is defined as
0 = 0,
1 = 1,
= 1 + 2
for 2.
for 2.
,1 = 1,
,+1 = , + ,1 ,
where 1, 1.
(3)
The first few terms of this sequence are

{0, 1, , 2 + 1, 2 + 2 } .
(4)
The particular cases of the -Fibonacci sequence are as

follows.
If = 1, the classical Fibonacci sequence is obtained:
0 = 0,
1 = 1,
+1 = + 1
for 1,
(5)
{ } = {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 } .
If = 2, the Pell sequence is obtained:
0 = 0,
1 = 1,
= 1 + 2
,0 = 0,
(1)
In a similar way, Lucas sequence is defined as

0 = 2,
The -Fibonacci sequence introduced by Falcon and Plaza [3]

depends only on one integer parameter and is defined as
follows:
(2)
The second order Fibonacci sequence has been generalized in several ways. Some authors have preserved the
recurrence relation and altered the first two terms of the
sequence while others have preserved the first two terms
of the sequence and altered the recurrence relation slightly.
= 1,
+1 = 2 + 1
for 1,
{ } = {0, 1, 2, 5, 12, 29, 70 } .
(6)
Motivated by the study of -Fibonacci numbers in [4], the Lucas numbers have been defined in a similar fashion as
,0 = 2,
,1 = ,
,+1 = , + ,1 ,
where 1, 1.
(7)
The first few terms of this sequence are

{2, , 2 + 2, 3 + 3 } .
(8)
The particular cases of the -Lucas sequence are as follows.

If = 1, the classical Lucas sequence is obtained:
{2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18 } .
(9)
If = 2, the Pell-Lucas sequence is obtained:

{2, 2, 6, 14, 34, 82 } .
2. On the Products of -Fibonacci and

-Lucas Numbers
Theorem 1. ,2 ,2 = ,4 , where 1.
Proof.
,2 ,2 = [
(10)
In the 19th century, the French mathematician Binet devised

two remarkable analytical formulas for the Fibonacci and
Lucas numbers [2]. The same idea has been used to develop
Binet formulas for other recursive sequences as well. The wellknown Binets formulas for -Fibonacci numbers and -Lucas
numbers, see [35], are given by
, =
1 2
,
1 2
(11)
, = 1 + 2 ,
2 + 4
2 =
.
2
1
[ 4 2 4 ]
1 2 1
Theorem 2. ,2 ,2+1 = ,4+1 1, where 1.
,2 ,2+1
(12)
(13)
=[
=
1 2 2 2
] [1 2+1 + 2 2+1 ]
1 2
1
[ 4+1 + 1 2 2 2+1 1 2+1 2 2 2 4+1 ]
1 2 1
(16)
We also note that
1 + 2 = ,
1 2 = 1,
1
2
2
[ 4 + (1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2 4 ]
1 2 1
(15)
= ,4 .
which are given by

+ 2 + 4
,
1 =
2
Proof.
where 1 , 2 are roots of characteristic equation

2 1 = 0,
1 2 2 2
] [1 2 + 2 2 ]
1 2
(14)
1 2 = 2 + 4.
There are a huge number of simple as well as generalized identities available in the Fibonacci related literature
in various forms. Some properties for common factors of
Fibonacci and Lucas numbers are studied by Thongmoon
[6, 7]. The -Fibonacci numbers which are of recent origin
were found by studying the recursive application of two
geometrical transformations used in the well-known fourtriangle longest-edge partition [3], serving as an example
between geometry and numbers. Also in [8], authors established some new properties of -Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers in terms of binomial sums. Falcon and Plaza
[9] studied 3-dimensional -Fibonacci spirals considering
geometric point of view. Some identities for -Lucas numbers
may be found in [9]. In [10] many properties of -Fibonacci
numbers are obtained by easy arguments and related with
so-called Pascal triangle. The aim of the present paper is to
establish connection formulas between -Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, thereby deriving some results out of them.
In the following section we investigate some products of
-Fibonacci numbers and -Lucas numbers. Though the
results can be established by induction method as well, Binets
formula is mainly used to prove all of them.
( )
1
[ 4+1 2 4+1 ] + 1 2
( )
1 2 1
(1 2 ) 2 1
= ,4+1 (1)2
= ,4+1 1.
Theorem 3. ,2 ,2+2 = ,4+2 , where 1.

Proof.
,2 ,2+2
=[
1 2 2 2
] [1 2+2 + 2 2+2 ]
1 2
1
[ 4+2 + 1 2 2 2+2 1 2+2 2 2 2 4+2 ]
1 2 1
( )
1
[ 4+2 2 4+2 ] 1 2
[ 2 2 2 ]
1 2 1
(1 2 ) 1
= ,4+2 (1 2 ) (1 + 2 )
= ,4+2 (1)2
= ,4+2 .
(17)
Theorem 4. ,2 ,2+3 = ,4+3 (2 + 1), where 1.
Theorem 7. ,2+2 ,2 = ,4+2 + , where 1.
Proof.
Theorem 8. ,2+2 ,2+1 = ,4+3 1, where 1.
,2 ,2+3
=[
3. Generalized Identities on the Products of

-Fibonacci and -Lucas Numbers
1 2 2 2
] [1 2+3 + 2 2+3 ]
1 2
Theorem 9. , , = ,+ (1) , , for + 1,

0.
1
=
[ 4+3 + 1 2 2 2+3 1 2+3 2 2 2 4+3 ]
1 2 1
2
( )
1
=
[ 4+3 2 4+3 ] + 1 2
[ 3 1 3 ]
1 2 1
(1 2 ) 2
(18)

= ,4+3 (1) [ 1 2 ] [1 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 ]
1 2
2
Proof.
, ,
=[
= ,4+3 ( ,2 1)
= ,4+3 (2 + 1) .
Theorem 5. ,21 ,2+1 = ,4 + 1, where 1.
1 2
] [1 + 2 ]
1 2
1
[ + + 1 2 1 2 2 + ]
1 2 1
1
1
[1 + 2 + ] +
[ 1 2 ]
1 2
1 2 1 2
= ,+ [
Proof.
,21 ,2+1
=[
21
2
1 2
21
1 2 1 2
]
1 2
] [1 2+1 + 2 2+1 ]
1
[ 4 + 1 21 2 2+1 1 2+1 2 21 2 4 ]
1 2 1
(19)
( )
1
[1 4 2 4 ] + 1 2
[ 2 1 ]
1 2
2
(1 2 ) 1
21
= ,4 (1 2 )
= ,4 + 1.
= ,+ (1 2 ) [
1 2
]
1 2
= ,+ (1) , .
(21)
For different value of , we have different results:
If = 0 then ,0 , = , , = 0,
If = 1 then ,1 , = ,+1 + ,1 ,
or , = ,+1 + ,1
Theorem 6. ,2+1 ,2 = ,4+1 + 1, where 1.
If = 2 then ,2 , = ,+2 ,2 ,
or , =
Proof.
(22)
3
,+2 ,2
and so on.
,2+1 ,2
=[
1 21 2 21
] [1 2 + 2 2 ]
1 2
1
[ 4+1 + 1 2+1 2 2 1 2 2 2+1 2 4+1 ]
1 2 1
(20)
( )
1
[1 4+1 2 4+1 ] + 1 2
( )
1 2
(1 2 ) 1 2
Theorem 10. , ,2+ = ,3+ (1) ,+ , for 1,

0.
Proof.
= ,4+1 + (1)2
= ,4+1 + 1.
In the same manner, we obtain the following results.
, ,2+
=[
=
1 2
] [1 2+ + 2 2+ ]
1 2
1
[ 3+ + 1 2 2+ 1 2+ 2 2 3+ ]
1 2 1

=
+
1 +
1

[1 3+ 2 3+ ] + (1 2 ) [ 2
]
1 2
1 2
= ,3+ (1) ,+
2
1
2
[1 4+ 2 4+ ] + (1 2 ) [ 1
]
1 2
1 2
= ,4+ + , .
(27)
= ,3+ ,+ .
(23)
If = 0 then
For different values of , we have various results:

If = 0 then , ,2 = ,3 (1) , ,
If = 1 then , ,2+1 = ,3+1 (1) ,+1 ,
,2 ,2 = ,4 ,
If = 1 then ,2+1 ,2 = ,4+1 + 1,
If = 2 then ,2+2 ,2 = ,4+2 + ,
(28)
and so on.
and so on.
(24)
Conflict of Interests
Similarly we have the following result.

Theorem 11. ,2+ , = ,3+ + (1) ,+ , for 1,
0.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

regarding the publication of this paper.
Theorem 12. ,2 ,2+ = ,4+ , , for 1, 0.
References
Proof.
[1] T. Koshy, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications,

Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 2001.
[2] S. Vajda, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section,
Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1989.
Plaza, On the Fibonacci -numbers, Chaos,
[3] S. Falcon and A.
Solitons and Fractals, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 16151624, 2007.
[4] S. Falcon, On the -Lucas numbers, International Journal of
Contemporary Mathematical Sciences, vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 1039
1050, 2011.
[5] C. Bolat, A. Ipeck, and H. Kose, On the sequence related to
Lucas numbers and its properties, Mathematica Aeterna, vol. 2,
no. 1, pp. 6375, 2012.
[6] M. Thongmoon, Identities for the common factors of
Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, International Mathematical
Forum, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 303308, 2009.
[7] M. Thongmoon, New identities for the even and odd Fibonacci
and Lucas numbers, International Journal of Contemporary
Mathematical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 671676, 2009.
[8] N. Yilmaz, N. Taskara, K. Uslu, and Y. Yazlik, On the binomial
sums of -Fibonacci and -Lucas sequences, in Proceedings of
the International Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied
Mathematics (ICNAAM 11), pp. 341344, September 2011.
Plaza, On the 3-dimensional -Fibonacci
spirals, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 9931003,
2008.
Plaza, The -Fibonacci sequence and the
Pascal 2-triangle, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 33, no. 1, pp.
3849, 2007.
,2 ,2+
=[
1 2 2 2
] [1 2+ + 2 2+ ]
1 2
1
[ 4+ + 1 2 2 2+ 1 2+ 2 2 2 4+ ]
1 2 1
1
1
2
[1 4+ 2 4+ ] + (1 2 ) [ 2
]
1 2
1 2
= ,4+ , .
(25)
If = 0 then ,2 ,2 = ,4 ,
If = 1 then ,2 ,2+1 = ,4+1 1,
1 and so on.
(26)
Theorem 13. ,2+ ,2 = ,4+ + , , for 1, 0.

Proof.
,2+ ,2
=[
=
1 2+ 2 2+
] [1 2 + 2 2 ]
1 2
1
[ 4+ + 1 2+ 2 2 1 2 2 2+ 2 4+ ]
1 2 1
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International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

The first few terms of this sequence are

The particular cases of the -Fibonacci sequence are as

In a similar way, Lucas sequence is defined as

The -Fibonacci sequence introduced by Falcon and Plaza [3]

{ } = {0, 1, 2, 5, 12, 29, 70 } .

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

The first few terms of this sequence are

The particular cases of the -Lucas sequence are as follows.

If = 2, the Pell-Lucas sequence is obtained:

2. On the Products of -Fibonacci and

In the 19th century, the French mathematician Binet devised

Theorem 2. ,2 ,2+1 = ,4+1 1, where 1.

We also note that

which are given by

where 1 , 2 are roots of characteristic equation

Theorem 3. ,2 ,2+2 = ,4+2 , where 1.

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

Theorem 4. ,2 ,2+3 = ,4+3 (2 + 1), where 1.

Theorem 7. ,2+2 ,2 = ,4+2 + , where 1.

Theorem 8. ,2+2 ,2+1 = ,4+3 1, where 1.

3. Generalized Identities on the Products of

Theorem 9. , , = ,+ (1) , , for + 1,

Theorem 5. ,21 ,2+1 = ,4 + 1, where 1.

Theorem 6. ,2+1 ,2 = ,4+1 + 1, where 1.

Theorem 10. , ,2+ = ,3+ (1) ,+ , for 1,

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

For different values of , we have various results:

If = 1 then , ,2+1 = ,3+1 (1) ,+1 ,

For different values of , we have various results:

If = 1 then ,2+1 ,2 = ,4+1 + 1,

If = 2 then ,2+2 ,2 = ,4+2 + ,

Similarly we have the following result.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

Theorem 12. ,2 ,2+ = ,4+ , , for 1, 0.

[1] T. Koshy, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications,

If = 1 then ,2 ,2+1 = ,4+1 1,

Theorem 13. ,2+ ,2 = ,4+ + , , for 1, 0.

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