RybinYK_diss.pdf

05.11.
01
( )
2014
................................................................................................................ 5
1.
.............................................................. 18
1.1. ............................. 18
2. ......... 32
2.1. ,
............................................................................. 34
2.2. ................................................... 42
2.3.
..................................................................................... 46
2.4. ..................... 58
2.4.1. ......... 59
2.4.2.
................................................................................ 73
2.4.3.
................................................................................... 77
2.5. .............................. 84
2.5.1.
........................................................................................................... 88
2.5.2. ......... 92
...................................................................................................................... 97
3. ..................................... 98
3.1.
......................................................................... 103
3.2. ....... 117
3.2.1. RC- ...................................................... 119

3.2.1.1
......... 119
3.2.1.2. c
............................................................... 139
3.2.1.3.
............................................................................................................ 150
.................................................................................................................... 154
4.
............................................................... 156
4.1. ,
......................................................................................................... 157
4.2. .................................. 167
4.3.
............................................................................................................ 172
4.4.
.......................................................................................................... 182
4.5. . 197
4.5.1.
.................................................................................................................................. 197
4.6. . 206
.................................................................................................................... 212
5. ........................ 213
5.1.
.......................................................................................................... 214
5.1.1. RC-220
5.1.2. RC- 228
5.2. ........... 234
5.3.
............................................................................................. 245
5.4. ............................... 255
5.4.1. 266
5.4.2.
................................................................................ 275
5.4.3.
................................................................................. 286
.................................................................................................................... 289
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a0 N
y (t ) =
A0 + An sin(n0 t + n ) .
+ an cos(n0 t ) + bn sin(n0 t ) =
n 1
=
=
2 n 1=n 1
, N -

,
. ,

-1, . .
, , , . . , , .
i (t ) , Ai Ti , . ,
N , .
.
, .
i (t ) ,
60
Ai Ti ,
N
x(t ) y(t ) , .
[32].
,
. y(t ) , , t . y(t )
y* (t ) , ( ) { i (t )} a n .
a n . [32, 33]. y(t )

y* (t ) , y(t )
x(t ) .
.
.
.
,
i (t ) [ H (t i ) H (t i 1 )] ,
x(t ) , -

- . , . . ,
.
61
y(t ) .
, , Y 0 . x* (t ) ,
, x* (t )
y(t ) .
X
,
X = Y ,
0x = 0y . , -
0x ,
0x =
2
2 ,
= I
T
Ti
i =0
: Ti , N ,
X cp
=
1
T
i +1
Ai
i =1
i (t i )dt .
Ti i (t ) .
I
2
1
Ai ,
=
=
=
, X cp
I T
T
i =1
x
0
i +1
i dt .
X x(t ) : x=
(t )
=
i =
Ai i (t )[ H (t i ) H (t i 1 )], Ti=
I T,
Ai
=
i =
X cp
.

62
, Ti 0 , Ai 0 .

q y = {a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ,...., an , b1 , b2 , b3 , ...., bn } , ai , bi -
.
y(t ) x(t ) x(t ) ( ), . ,
, i (t ) , ,

I
i =1
i =1
x(t ) = ci +
cij cos( j 0 t ) +
j =1
d ij sin( j 0 t )
i =1 j =1

i (t ) .
ci = 0 ,
i =1
cij = k ,
i =1
k =1
k =1
d ij = d k , i =1
x(t ) = 0 + ck cos(k 0 t ) + d k sin( k 0 t ) .
x(t ) ,
q x = {c0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n , d1 , d 2 , d 3 ,..., d n } . , ,

2
i =
T
i +1
2
ij =
T
2
d ij =
T
A j (
t i
)dt ,
Ti
Ai (
t i
) cos( j 0 t )dt ,
Ti
i +1
i +1
Ai (
t i
) sin( j 0 t )dt ,
Ti
0 =
2
I
Ti
i =1
63
i , cij , d ij
i +1
ij = i Ai cos( j 0 t )dt = i Ai [sin( j 0 i +1 ) sin( j 0 i )],

i
i +1
d ij = i Ai sin ( j 0 t )dt = i Ai [cos( j 0 i ) cos( j 0 i +1 )],

i
: i , m i M , m, M , , i (t ) , .. 0 1.
, ,
0 = 1 A1 + 2 A2 + 3 A3 + .... + i Ai + .... + I AI
1 = 1 A1c11 + 2 A2 c21 + 3 A3c31 + .... + i Ai ci1 + .... + I AI c I 1

2 = 1 A1c12 + 2 A2 c22 + 3 A3c32 + .... + i Ai ci 2 + .... + I AI c I 2
----------------------
(2.6)
n = 1 A1c1n + 2 A2 c2 n + 3 A3c32 + .... + i Ai ci 2 + .... + I AI c In

d1 = 1 A1d11 + 2 A2 d 21 + 3 A3 d 31 + .... + i Ai d i1 + .... + I AI d I 1
d 2 = 1 A1d12 + 2 A2 d 22 + 3 A3 d 32 + .... + i Ai d i 2 + .... + I AI d I 2
--------------------
d n = 1 A1d1n + 2 A2 d 2 n + 3 A3 d 32 + .... + i Ai d i 2 + .... + I AI d In

: ij = [sin( j 0 i +1 ) sin( j 0 i )],
d ij = [cos( j 0 i ) cos( j 0 i +1 )].
(2.6)
c = Q E C A , d = Q E D A ;
: c = {c0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n }T , d = { d1 , d 2 , d 3 ,...., d n }T ,
A = { A1 , A2 , A3 ,...., An }T , = { 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n }T ,
(2.7)
64
C = {cij }, D = {dij },
E .
(2.7) C D
0,
cij [sin( j 0 i +1 ) sin( j 0 =
=
i + I )]
i =1
I
=
dij [cos( j 0 i+1 ) cos( j 0 =
0, .. i + I = i + T .
i + I )]
i =1
, . (2.7) . ,
2 N + 1 ,
3I , I i (t ) , I
Ti I Ai .
, I 2 .
2 N + 1 6 N . ,
(2.7) 4 N . ,
, . :
1. ;
2. ;
3. , , , , .
. ,
65
, , . , . .
. , ,
, . .
C = {cij } D = {dij } . , I , , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. T , (2.7)
c = Q E C A , d = Q E D A ,
: cij = cos [ j
(2.8)
t
t
(2 j 1 2 0 I )], d ij = sin [ j (2 j 1 2 0 I )],

I
T
I
T
q = {2 i cos( j )}T .
I
cij d ij , , , ,
cij = c j ( 2 k 1) I , d ij = d k I j , cij = c j ( 2 k 1) I , d ij = d ( k I i ) j .
2
C D .
.2.8 .
, .
66
C=
C=
i=0
i=N
D=
D=
j=0
0
0
0
j=N
-
I-
I-
. 2.4. C D () ()
I

2 , . (2.8) C D
. ,
r = I 2
I r = ( I 1) 2 I .
I
. 2 N + 1 -
67
, , N < I ,
2
.
, , I T
, N .
, N
I
2 N . N .
(2.6), I = 2 N :
qx= G A ;
(2.9)
: qx {=
c0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n , d1 , d 2 , d3 ,..., d n } 1T2 n , G {qij } ,
qij= cij j= 1, n gij= dij j= n + 1, 2n,
A = { A1 , A2 , A3 ,...., An }T ,
(2.9) .
. q = q x q y . ,
q x = q y . q = q min = 0

qy = G A ,
(2.10)
.
(2.10) G ,
A ( )
, ,
..
68
(2.10) G 1 1 .
A = G 1 1 q y ,
A.

N .
.
,
. 5
y (t ) = sin(n0t ) 0 .
n =1
( ), (). (2.4)
, ,
, . . ,
. , . .
,
, y(t).
. .
,
, ci,j
. di,j
69
=
di , j
=
j [1,2...5]
t
sin
)dt i [1,2...5],
sin( j0t=
ti1 ti ti1
2
ti
ti =
t0 0,=
t1 1,047,=
t2 1,2567,=
t3 2,0944,=
t4 2,5133,=
t4 .

0,207 0,077 0,332 0,126 0,078

0,331 0,063 0,066 0,166 0,144
D = 0,333 0,026 0,277 0,096 0,189 .
0,236
0,083
0,105
0,033
0,208
0,103 0,041 0,189 0,132 0,2

1
1
q y = 1 ,
1
1
(2.10) , ,
3, 69
2.26
A = 1,341 .
0, 786
0,837
. 2.5, y(t), ,
x(t) , , . , .
. 2.5, . ,

70
, . . . , , . 2%.
, , , , ,
, , ,
. , .
, ,
5
d2
s (t ) = 2 y (t ) =
n 2 (0 ) 2 sin(n 0 t ) .
dt
n =1
.
2.6, .
. 2.5. ( )
( ) )
71
,
, , . , ,
.
, , , , , . 2.6, .
.
,
.
. 2.6. ) ),
, ,
72
2 Ai
i
i
sin
cos
(2 j 1) ,
I
I
i =0 i
I 1
ci =
2 Ai
i
i
sin
sin
(2 j 1) ,
I
I
i =0 i
I 1
di =
i = 1, I ,
j = 1, N .
(I-1)/2 ,
, N . 3
,
.

N/2. , (2.11),
. D
ckI j = c j
g kI j
d=
dj
kI j
g kI j
gj
gj
(2.12)
, j (0, N 1).
(2.12)
N, ..
(c
j = N +1
2
j
+d
) = (c
2
j
k =1 j =1
2
j
+d
2
j
2
g kM
j
g 2j
73
(c
j = N +1
2
j
+d
j
c + d
kI
) = (
2
j
k =1 j =1
2
j
2
j
j
+
j kI +
,
, I N.
, , y(t)=a1cost,
I,
1
=
2
a1 2 a1 2 1,8
a1.
+

I
k =1
kI 1 kI + 1
, .

. , ,
, .
2.4.2.
K a =
A
, A
, X .
(Ka)
.
, 14014-91 , , , -
74
. .
Ka.
Ka ,
, , .
,
, . ,

.
.
, , .
, 14014-91

, .
. ,
.
: , ,
. , -
75
, , ,
=
y (t )
a
n =1
cos(n t + n ),
1 , N ,
dy
dt
V max,
max
, ,
Vmax-
i
.
, . , .
N, . ,
.
y(t), Ka N.
. ,
N
sin
t
N
N +1
2
cos(nt ) cos
yopt (t )
t
=
=
.
2 sin t
n =1

2
(2.13)
. 2.7 -
76
K a = 2,45 , 3 . . 2.7,
( )
( ) , 2.3 . 2.7, . , 5%, .
2.4 (2.13),
, .
6
3
x( t )
y ( t)
0
3
6
10
10
0.5
0.25
x( t ) y ( t )
0
0.25
0.5
4
t
.2.7.
) )
:
- (2.13) , ;
- Ka >> 1
4 , (. 2.4);
77
- () ;
- , 98 %
.
,

.
2.4.3.
(K)
( ) [50 54], , , .
14014-91 ,
, , .
, ,
. , , ,
, " " [8], "
" [8] .. , , , . , ,
78

, , . ,
, , ,
.

, . , "" . , ,
, .. , . ,
, [50] , [53] 50 .
,
, . , . ,
, . [52] ,
.
79
NN
/
1
2.4 K
3
4
5
y (t ) = cos n 0 t
1.5
K a = 10
5
K = 3,162,
V max 12,5 0
max 5 0
aj , n
y ( t)
n =1
2
0
()
11
t i 1
[H (t i 1 ) H (t i )]
x(t ) = Ai sin
Ti
i =1
Ti = i i 1 i , i i ,
11000
Ti = i i 1 i- , i I ,
K = 3,162,
V max 12,5 0
max 5 0
xj
x( t )
10
1.5

3
t i 1
[H (t i 1 ) H (t i )]
x(t ) = Ai sin
T
i =1
i
11000
10
K = 3,162,
V max 12,5 0
max 5 0
xj
x( t )
2
0
11000
10
80
2.4 ()
1
1.5
K = 3,162,
V max
max 55 0
x(t ) = Ai [H (t i 1 ) H (t i )]
i =1
Ai i ,
i i
x( t )
xj
2
0
11000
10
1.5
K = 3,162,
V max 8,75 0
max 5 0
x(t ) = K i (t i 1 )[H (t i 1 ) H (t i )]
i =1
K i i , i i
x( t )
xj
2
0
11000
10
5 sin t , 0 < t T 11, (10 11) T < t

x(t ) =
0, (1 11)T < t (10 11)T .
= 2/T.
1.5
K = 3,162,
V max 50 0
max 20 0
xj , 0
x( t )
6
0
11000
15
81
, [52] , ,
. [8]
,
.
,
, . [54] , . ,

.

)
x(t=
t i
[ H (t i ) H (t i +1 )] ,
T
i
a sin
i =
(2.17)
: Ti = i +1 i , ai = a (1)i .
(2.4) , . . 2.8
. Ti ..... = T1 = T0 = T1 = T2 = ...... = Ti = T / 2 (2.17)
, K = 0 .
1
0.5
x1( t )
x2( t )
1.57
3.14
0.5
1
t
4.71
6.28
82
1
0.5
x1( t )
x2( t )
1.57
6.28
4.71
3.14
0.5
1
t
. 2.8.
, K .
, , .
, .
, [30].

=
K
2
j =2
a 2j
=
a1 / 2
1 a12
a1
K
100%=
a 2j
2
j =2
=
a1 / 2
1 a12 a02 / 2
a1
100%
83
K =
a 2j
j =2 2
=
a2
j
j =1 2
1 a12 100% K =
a 2j
j =2 2
=
a2
j
j =1 2
1 a12 100%
, .2.14, , .2.14,
K
=
a
j =2
2
j
=
a1
1 a
2
1
a1
100% K =
a
j =2
a
j =1
2
j
1 a12 100% ,
2
j
, , a j .
. 2.9 K , , , ( . 2.9, )
( . 2.9, ) . , , . 0 . , , ,
, .
, K = 0%
, .
84
60
120
50
100
K1 j 40
K1 j 80
K2 j
30
K2 j
60
20
40
10
20
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
.2.9. K %
) )
, , , , , .
6 . , . 3 , , .
2.5.
, [30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 41]. . , [33] ,

=
x(t )
V
k =1
f k (t ),
85
f k (t ) - , Vk - .
, V , f (t ) . , [68], :

;
, .
. ;

Vk;
.
, . ,
. , . ,
,
.

-
.
, . . . ,
x(t ) = (t , 1 , 2 ,...n ),
86
1 , 2 ,... n -
(t , 1 , 2 ,... n ) -
.
. ,
[42]
y (t=
) A(t , ) cos[ B(t , ), ],
A(t , ), B(t , ) , , .
,
. . . , .
,
. ,
, ,
. .
[37]
=
(t ) Ai h(t ti , i ), < t < ,
i =
{ A } , {t } , { } , : , i
, h(t ti , i ) . .
.
, ,
87
.
,

. (2.4).
,

(2.4), x(t ) = {x(t ) : x(t ) = ai i (t , bi , i , i , Ti )[ H (t i ) H (t i 1 )], i = 1, }

i =0
: (z) ; Ai ,
PA(x), Ai = const ( i 1 , i ), ; i i
i , i = Tk ), Ti i-
k =1
PT (x) , Ti = i i 1 , i, H(z)- .
[3, 4, 55, 56]
(2.4) Ai (z) H(z) Ti i. [37]. , , ,
. (2.4)
. , ,
Ai Ti.

(z), Ai, Ti, , (z), PA(x), PT(x), RA(), RT() -
88
M [ x(t )] , D[ x(t )] , PX ( y ) , S ( ) , R X ( ) , M [ x(t )]

, D[ x(t )] , PX ( y ) ,
S ( ) , RX ( ) x(t).
, ,
,
, . ,
. 1 . . . .
[45], , ,
, , ..
PX (1 , 2 ,.... n , t1 , t2 ,..., tn=
) PX (1 , 2 ,.... n , t1 + , t2 + ,...., tn + ) .

,
, PX ( , t ) = PX ( ) , PX (1 , 2 , t1 , t 2 ) = PX (1 , 2 , t 2 t1 ) , ,
PX ( , t ) = PX ( , t + T ) , PX (1 , 2 , t1 , t 2 ) = PX (1 , 2 , t 2 t1 T ) ,
: T .
2.5.1.

.., [45]
89

Py (z ) . . . X = {x(t ) : PA ( z ), M [ x(t )], M [ x 2 (t )] = 2 } .
F [36 38 ]. x(t)
, , A
1
z du
, PX ( z ) = P (u ) PA ,
0
u u
P { (t ) u} = P {0 (t ) 1 (u )} + P {[1 1 (u )] (t ) 1} = 2 1 (u ),

1
z du
PX ( z ) = 2 1 (u ) PA ( ) .
u u
0
(2.18)
F, x(t) (t)
Px(z) ,
-1(u). ,
, , PA(z).
, PA(z), (2.18) . , ,
1/ 2, x 1,
PA ( x) =
0, x > 1.
(2.18)
y
( y) =
z Px (t ) ( z )dz .
1
(2.19)
90
(t),
v = z/u 1
PA(y)
1

=
Px ( t ) ( ) 2 1 PA ( z )dz , 0 .
0 z
z
(2.20)
Py(t)(z) Px(t)(z).
, : , .
""
Px ( t ) ( z ) Py ( t ) ( z ) dz.
=0 , Py(t)(z) = Px(t)(z) ,
1

Py (t ) ( ) 2 1 PA ( z )dz , 0 .
=
z
0
(2.21)
(2.21) , ,
, . , , , , .
, (t ) = sin t , 0 t < 1 . (2.21)
PA(z) [36]
91
PA ( z )
2
(
)
P=
v
dz , v 0,
y (t )
v v 2 z 2
(2.22)
[47]
Py (t ) (v)
z
PA ( z ) =
dv, z > 0.
2
2
v z
v
(2.23)
(2.23) [19].
v2
Py (t ) (v) =
e 2 .
2
. . , ,
PA ( z )
=
z2
z
2
e 2 , z .
2
, x(t)
(t )= sin(t ), 0 t < 1, -
PA ( z ) =
1
PR ( z ). PR ( z ) 2
92
t i 1
1
sin
( z)
A
PR ( z ).
[ H (t i 1 ) H (t i )], PA=
i
2
T
i =0
i
=
x(t )
Ti 0
. , .
, , Px ( t ) ( y ) = PA ( z ), .. , , ,
.
2.5.2.
,
[44],
2 M 2 [ A] 2
=
S x (t ) ()
x g (x ) PT ( x)dx
M 1[T ] 0
1
: g (x ) = (t ) e
j t
(2.27)
dt (t ) , M [ A2 ] ,
M [T ] .
(2.27)
[57] , , , .
S y (t ) () , PT ( x) = x 2 PT ( x), K ( y ) = g ( y ) 2
, , ,
(2.27) p 1 0
93
2 M 2 [ A]
=
S ( p)
PT ( x) p 1 K (x) d dx.
M 1[T ] 0
0
p 1
K (x) dx =
(x)
p 1
K (x) / x p d (x) = K ( p ) x p .
2 M [ A2 ]
2 M [ A2 ]
p
S ( p)
K ( p )=
P
x
x
dx
K
p
P
(
)
(
)
(1 p ),
=
T
0
M [T ]
M [T ]
, (2.28)
S (1 p ) M [T ]
P( p)
=
K (1 p ) 2 M [ A2 ]
: P( p ) , S(p), K(p) PT (x), Sy(t)(), K(y).
(2.28)
[31] , PT (x) , K ( y ). ,
. ,
.
.
Sy(t)() PT (x)=1, x (0,1). , 2 M [ A2 ]
,
=
M [T ]
S y (t ) () = x 2 g (x) PT ( x)dx = 3 y 2 g ( y ) dy,

0
0
(2.29)
, ,
94
2
3S y (t ) () + S y (t ) () = g () .
(2.30)
(2.30) , , .
Sy(t)()
PT(x)
3S y (t ) ( ) + S y (t ) ( ) 0, . , , ,
,
=
g ()
3S y (t ) () + S y (t ) ().
(2.31)
(2.30), , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, . ,
,

)
. c (t=
2
g () cos(t )d ,

, -
)
s (t=
2
g ()sin(t )d , .
, , , , , -
95
, , .

p
2
S X (t ) (=
) 2T g () M [ A ] 1 + 2 (1) RA ( p) cos pT , (2.32)
p =0
: T , RA(p) {Ai}; [19] (-1)p. T, g(), M[A2] , RA(p) . .

S y ( t )=
() S x (t ) (), 0,
(2.33)
: .
(2.33) (2.32),
G ()
=
R
p =1
G ()
=
( p )cos pT , 0, ,
S y (t ) ()
1
.
4T g () M [ A2 ] 2
2
RA(p)
2
R=
p
(
)
A
G()cos pT d .
(2.34)
Sx(t)() Sy(t)() 0, , ..
(2.34). , ,
96
{Ai} . RA(p)=[RA(1)]p,
.
"" RA(p),
. . , .
, p (p={-100, +100})
.
5 6
.
.
x(t)
.
x(t) . .
, , .
, Py(t)(y), (2.21),
,
(-1, 1). ,
(2.23)
.
, (2.29), -
97
. Py(x), , (2.24).

, (2.34),
, , ,
.
Ry() PT(x)
(2.26).
, ( )
, .
1. (
)
-
.
2. (
) , .
3. , , .
4.
, , ,
, ,
.
98
3

. 2 ,
.
() , .
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
,
. ,
,

.

. ,
.

, , . 2.

, , . .
.

99
Q X.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
, . .
X
, .
, ,

, .
,
.
. ,
,
. ,

[58]. , ,
.

, .

[59].

100
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
. .

, .
n qi m x(t),
, l k
, .
(),
- (),
(), . . ,
(. 3.1).
. 3.1.

, Q (q1, , qn)
(
, X(x1(t), , xm(t))
.
Z (z1, , ql) ( ,
101
, . .)
, V(v1, , vk)
(,
). ,
, .
, ,
,
, :
.
,
5 35 , 2098 %,
.
, ,
.
,
V
, Z

. , , Q
,
,
X. Q
, ,
, . . X
,
. ,
F,
Q
X.
.
102
, ,
, ,

, ,
.
F.
. ,
, . .
. ,

()
).

. ,

[60], [61],
[62] . . , ,
[63],
[61], ,
.
, , ,

.
,
,
.
103
.

,
.
, .
, ,
,
: ,
-. ,
,
, . ,
,
, , ,
, , . .
.
3.1.

(.3.2)
[6]. ()
X
Y A, (),
, Y X.
{A, X, Y} .
( )
Y = AX;
X = A 1Y.
(3.1)
104
X Y , ,
A , .
(3.1) . ,
, Y , X ,
(. 3.2).
x1
y = Ax1 ;
1
x1 = A y;
x2
x2 = By;
1
y = B x2 .
. 3.2.
x1 x2
. B = A 1,
()
(), ,
, .
X1 X2
. AA 1 = E A 1A = E, . . -
A A 1 x1 = x2, . . X
X .
,
.
.
1.
A () A 1, B () B 1,
:
105
{ A : x1 X ,
{B :
y Y , y =
Ax1} ;
y Y , x2 X , x2 =
By} .
(3.2)
2. x1 x2 :
, .
3. y , ,
X .
4. A A 1 , . .
(A 1)1 = A; (A)1 = A 1.

(2) .
- . 3.2
() ,
. . x2 x1

.
, . .3.3,

(1) ,
() (). -
.
. 3.3, ,
. . 3.3, .
3.3,
.
,
x(t), .

.
106
x1
x2
x, y
x1, y1
x2, y2
. 3.3.

, [33],
. x1(t)

=
x1 (t )
mn
sin(n0t + xn ).
n =1
, , x1(t)
.

y (t=
)
ymn sin(n0t + yn=)
(n ) x
0
mn
sin(n0t + xn + arg( (n0 ))).
=
n 1=
n 1
x1(t)
, . .
107
ymn = (n0 ) xmn yn = xn + arg( (n0 )),
.
y(t) ,
, x2(t). y(t)
x2(t).
y(t) x2(t) =
xmn K (n0 ) ymn
xn = yn + arg( K (n0 ).
.
.

=
x2 (t )
K (n ) y
0
n =1
mn
sin n0t + yn + arg( K (n0 )) ,
(3.3)
x=
2 (t )
K (n ) y
n=1
mn
cos yn + arg( K (n0 )) sin ( n0t )
K (n0 ) ymn sin yn + arg( K (n0 )) cos ( n0t ) .

n=1
.
, ,
. ,
, , arg( K (n0 )) =
0
x(t ) =
K (n0 ) ymn sin ( n0t ).
n=1
.
, ,
. /2,
arg( K (n0 )) =
/ 2
108
x(t ) =
K (n0 ) ymn cos ( n0t ).
n =1
.

.
(3.3) y(t),
x=
2 (t )
K (n )
0
n =1
(n0 ) xmn sin n0t + arg( K (n0 )) + arg( (n0 )) .
(3.4)
x2(t) = x1(t),
K (n0 ) (n0 ) =
1, arg( K (n0 )) + arg( (n0 )) = 0, 2 .
,
.
y(t)
x2(t). ,
x2(t).
. ,
, x2(t) = x1(t)
= x(t).

y(t) x(t) ()
:
x2 (t=
) K (0 ) (0 ) xm1 sin 0 t + arg( K (0 )) + arg( (0 )) ,
x2(t) = x1(t)

K (0 ) (0 ) =1, arg ( K (0 ) + arg( (0 )=
) 0, 2 .
109
,

.
:

. [65, 66],
, ,

, , .
1. [65 67]
,
,

.
1.
.
2.
0 360 .
1 2 (3.4).
, . .

, 2.
2.
,
(
).
2
, . .
.
110

, ,
?
:
1) y(t) x(t)
2 . =
y (t )
mn
sin(nt + xn )
n=1
=
x(t )
mn
sin(nt + xn )
n =1
, x(t) y(t)
;
2) y(t) x(t)
/2 .
y (t )
=
mn
cos(nt + xn )
n=1
x(t )
=
mn
sin(nt + xn )
n =1
,
, sin(nt ) =
1 cos 2 (nt );
3)
.
3. ,
, .
4. ,
, . . .
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
111
,

. , ,
.
,
. , x1(t)
y(t) . ()
( x1 ) = y .

. .
,
,
(x, y) .
.
K ( y ) = x2 . , ,
K 1 ( x2 ) = y .
x=
x=
x,
1
2

K 1 ( x) = ( x) .
(3.5)
(3.5) ,

. (3.5) x(t) y(t)
,
().
,
112
, K i1 ( x) = i ( x) (), Z 1 ( x) = g ( x) ()
G 1 ( y ) = z ( y ) ().
) = ( )e j1
. , (
RC LC- (),
1 ( ) = K ( )e j2 ( )
. ,

0 :
0 ) K (0 ) = 1 (0 ) K (0 ) = 1 , (0 ) + k (0 ) =
(
0 . (3.6)

(
) . , ( )
0 ) = 1/ 3 ,
(
K (0 ) = 3 .
RC- .
, . . 3
1/3. . 3.4, [68]

0 . .
.

. ,

.
113
.
, ().
x2(t), y(t)
xm
x2(t), y(t)
xm K
xm
xm
y(t),
y(t), x1(t)
. 3.4. :
();
()

, . .

1, . . .

. .
3.4, 1
. (
.

, .
.
,
. ,
1,
114
,
, -
, (
).
1.
,
.
. . 3.4,
xm.

. ,
1
.

1,
() . . 3.4,
1 .
RC- .

.

, ,
, , [65]. . 3.5,
,
(. 3.5, ) (. 3.5, 3.5, ).
,
. 3.5, . RC.
115

.
,

. . 3.5, .

RC-.
a
2
1.5
1
0.5
x(t)
x(t)
0
y(t)
y(t)
-1
-2
0
2
t
z(t)=x(t)
y(t)
x(t)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
y(t)
x(t)
. 3.5. ,

116
,
.3.5, ,
. 3.5,
.
, ,
() ,
,
, . .
.

. 3.6. . 3.6,
, . 3.4, , . 3.5,
, . 3.5, 3.5, .
[44 45].
x(t) y(t) ,
. 3.5, .
R1/10k
1/ 0.02
1/ 0.02
DA / LF411A
3
7 +18V
y(t)
x(t)
y(t)
6
2/ 0.02
2
4
R2/10k
-18V
R4/15k
DA / LF411A
3
7 +18V
6 R4/1k
2
2
4 -18V
R1/22.7k
R3/3k
x(t)
R3/3k
R2/3k
VD1
BZX 55/C10
R4/10k VD1
BZX55/C10
. 3.6.
: RC- ,
RC-
117
3.2.

), .

.
[22
26].
. ,
, .
. , .

,
,
.
,
. ,
, (
) .
- .
,
.
.
.

, :
, , , ,
118
. , , ,
. ,
, . , ,

. ,
[].
:
;
- ,

;
.
,
, . .
,
. ,

. , ,

.
, ,
. :
.
. 3.3
,
.
119
3.2.1. RC-
. 3.3 -
. -
- RC-
, RC-,
LC- ,
. -
, ,
. , ,
. -
, .
3.2.1.1

. 3.3, . x y
: (
)1. x
, , y
. ,

(),
. y = V. = V. ,
x = V. = V. .
, . 3.7, . ,
,
.
1
120
(V. ) . ,
(V. ), , ,
(V. )
. 3.7.

(. 3.7, ).
. 3.7, , ,
(). . 3.7, (
, )
() , , . 3.7,
(),
.
,
.

, . . . 3.7, .
- (. 3.8) RC-,
.
121
RC- -
, .
. 3.9 RC-
(3), (1) (2)
, . 3.9
. ,
,
. .

, , . , ,
,
24 , [69].
. 3.8. : RC-; ;
,
,
.
,
.

, . ,
.
122
. 3.9. RC-

R-, L- C-,
, ,
.
. 3.10, .

Y12 = Y21 = G2.
Y11 = G1 + G2,
Y22 = G2 + G3,
123
G1, G2 G3
[70]
.
. 3.10. (); (); ()
: G1, G2 G3 (. 3.10, ),
LC- ,
, G1 (. 3.10, ), RC-
. ,
G2 G3 ,
. 3.10, .
. 3.10, : G1 G3.
.
.
, . 3.10,

G1 + G 2
Y =
G2
G1
G 2
G 2 + G 3
G 3
G1
G 3 .
G1 + G 3
124

, :
G 2 + G 3
Y1 =
G3
G 3 G1 + G 2
; Y2 =
G1 + G 3
G1
G1 G1 + G 2
; Y3 =
G1 + G 3
G2
G 2
,
G 2 + G 3
Y1 , Y2 Y3 ,
, 0.

[70].
. ,
3
:
11
12
K u =0;
Ku
Ku
11
aa
12
ab
=0;
22 12
K i =0;
Ki
Ki
22 bb
12
ab
=0;
K g =0;
12
11,22
12
K z =0,
Kg
Kg
aa
,bb 12 ab = 0;
Kz
11,22
K z 12
ab
=0,
, 12
, 22 , 12
, , 12
, 11,22
, 12

11
, ,

Ku
, , , ; aa
,
Ku
ab
,
Kg
Kg
Ki
Ki
, Kz ,
ab
bb
, ab
, aa
,bb ,
Kz
ab

( a b
).
.
, Y3,
125
3 ,
G1, G2 G3.
. 3.9.
,
.
,
.

. , 24 .
. 3.9,
,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, . 3.9,
. . 3.9,
3,
. . 3.9,
( 1) . 3.9, ( 2).

.
. 3.9
? . 3.1

.
. 3.9, .
RC-
=
v G2 (G2 + G3 )
. RC-
126
. 3.9, .
. ,
G2 (
).
. ,
, . .
,
.
RC-
, , G2
, . 3.5,

. ,
,
.
G2 ,
.
. 3.8
2. ,
. 3.9. . 3.5 ,
.
. 3.9,
G2 + G3 = KvG2. , , -,
G2. G2(0) > 0
, G2(0) < 0
. -,
G1.
G2 .
127
3.1. RC- .

RC
RC- 3
v = (1) k +l
kl
kk
RC-

. 3.9,
. 3.9,
v
v =
V23
V13
v =
V21
V31
G3
G2 + G3
G2
G2 + G3
. 3.9,
. 3.9,
v =
V13
V23
v =
G2
G2 + G1
v + v =
1
V12
V32
G1
G2 + G1
. 3.9,
. 3.9,
K v
v =
V31
V21
v =
G1
G1 + G3
G3
G1 + G3
v + v =
1
V32
V12
v + v =
1
1 K v v =
0 1 K v v =
0 1 K v v =
0 1 K v v =
0 1 K v v =
0
1 K v v =
0
(1 K v )G2 +
(1 K v )G3 +
(1 K v )G12 +
(1 K v )G1 +
(1 K v )G3 +
(1 K v )G1 +
0
+G3 =
+G2 =
0
0
+G13 =
+G2 =
0
+G1 =
0
+G3 =
0
K v
K =
1 K v
K v
K =
1 K v
K v
K =
1 K v
k l , , .
128
3.2. RC- .

i = (1) k +l
kl
ll
. 3.9,
i =
I2
I1
i =
. 3.9,
i
I3
I1
G13
G12 + G13
G12
G13 + G12
. 3.9,
. 3.9,
i =
i =
G12
G12 + G23
I3
I2
G23
G12 + G23
K i
i =
I2
I3
i =
G23
G13 + G23
i + i =
1
i + i =
1
. 3.9,
i
I1
I2
. 3.9,
I1
I3
G13
G13 + G23
i + i =
1
1 K i i =
0 1 K i i =
0 1 K i i =
0 1 K i i =
0 1 K i i =
0 1 K i i =
0
(1 K i ) G12
(1 K i ) G13 (1 K i ) G12
0
+G13 =
+G12 =
0
K i
K =
1 K i
0
+G23 =
(1 K i ) G23
(1 K i ) G23
(1 K i ) G13
+G12 =
0
+G13 =
0
+G23 =
0
K i
K =
1 K i
K i
K =
1 K i
129
3.3. RC- .

V kl
=
=
z
. 3.9,
z =
z
V23
I1
z =
V13
I2
. 3.9,
. 3.9,
z
z =
V21
I3
z
z =
V31
I2
. 3.9,
. 3.9,
K g
z =
V12
I3
z =
V32
I1
G2
G2
G3
G3
G1
G1
G2G1 + G1G3 + G2G3 G2G1 + G1G3 + G2G3 G2 G1 + G1G3 + G2 G3 G2 G1 + G1G3 + G2 G3 G2 G1 + G1G3 + G2 G3 G2 G1 + G1G3 + G2 G3
. 3.9,
z = z
z = z
z = z
0 1 K g z =
0
0 1 K g z =
1 K g z =
0 1 K g z =
1 K g z =
0 1 K g z =
0
(G1 + G3 K g )G2 + (G1 + G3 K g )G2 + (G1 + G2 K g )G3 + (G1 + G2 K g )G3 + (G2 + G3 K g )G1 + (G2 + G3 K g )G1 +
0
+G1 G3 =
+G1 G3 =
0
K g = K g
+G1 G2 =
0
+G1 G2 =
0
K g = K g
+G2 G3 =
0
+G2 G3 =
0
K g = K g
130
3.4. RC- .

. 3.9,
kl
I
= =
V kk , ll
V13
I2
K z =
g =
. 3.9,
V23
I1
K z =
I2
V13
g =
G2
I1
V23
G2
g = g
. 3.9,
V31
I2
K z =
V21
I3
K z =
g =
. 3.9,
I2
V31
g =
G3
I3
V21
G3
g = g
. 3.9,
V32
I1
K z =
V12
I3
K z =
g =
. 3.9,
I1
V32
g =
G1
I3
V12
G1
g = g
1 K z g =
0
1 K z g =
0 1 K z g =
0 1 K z g =
0 1 K z g =
0
0 1 K z g =
1 K z G2 =
0 1 K z G2 =
0 1 K z G3 =
0 1 K z G3 =
0 1 K z G1 =
0 1 K z G1 =
0

K z = K z
K z = K z
K z = K z

131
3.5
,
3.9,
3.9,
3.9,
3.9,
3.9,
3.9,
G2
G2
G3
G3
G1
G1
-,
: G3 = (Kv 1)G2.
, G2 G3 , Kv
,
, (Kv 1) .
, Kv = G2/(G2 + G3) = 1.
,
G2 = G3 Kv = 2. 0
, . . .
, ()
RC-, , ,
G2 G3, () ,
G1
G3.
RC-
. , ,
. ,
,
,
- .
RC- .

: v = V23 V13 ; v = V13 V23 ; v = V21 V31 . . (
132

,
). , , V12a + V23a =
V13a . 3.9,
, , V21 = V12a ; V31 = V13 ; V32 = V23 , ,
V13a ,

v + v =1
v + v =1 ,
v + v =1
i
v
=3
(3.7)
i=1

(3.7).
. 3.9
(3.7).
(3.1)
RC-
,
[69]
, , .
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. , (3.7),
. 3.9, ,
2. . 3.9,
1,
133
. . 3.9, 3,
.
. ,
.
. ,
a
V=
V12a + V23a
13
V=
V21 + V13 .
23
4, , . .
V13a = V23 V23 = V13
V12a = V21 , -
, . - ,
, V12a V21 .
, ,
-,
.
- .
, -
, , 3.9, ,
, - : . 3.9, -.
(3.7)
V23 = v (V13a ) ,
V13 = v (V23 ) ,
V21 = v (V31 ) ,
V31 = l (V21 ) ,
V12 = v (V32 ) , V12 = v (V32 ) ,

V13 ;
v (V13a ) + v (V31 ) =
v (V23 ) + v (V32 ) =
V23 ;
V12 .
v (V12 ) + v (V21 ) =
- .. [22].
(3.8)
134
x
vx (VAB
) (3.7) ,
(3.8)
, ,
.
,
, .
,

. K V23 = V13 , . 3.9, .
V31 , K u =
1.
. 3.9, K V21 = V31 .
V31 ,
K=
K (1 =
v ) 1.
v
K =
K
.
1 K
K ,
.
.
,
. K v ,
()
K .

K v
, . . 3.6

.
135
3.6

RC-
RC-
RC-
(. 3.9, )
(. 3.9, )
K =
K
1 + K
K =
180
K =
K
1 + K
K =
K
1 K (1 )
K
1 + K (1 + )

K = K/(1 + K). K,
K = K/[1 K (1 )] .
< 1
.
K = K/(1 + K).
K = K/[1 K (1 )].

(3.7), . RC : v = v e j ,
, ,
(. . 3.6),
RC- v < 1 ,
v > 1 , v = 1 v = 1 Re ( v ) j Im ( v )

.
.
136
. 3.1
:
K v =
K v /(1 K v ),

K v /(1 K v ),
Kv =
K v /(1 K v );
K v =
K v /(1 K v ),
K v =

K v /(1 K v ),
Kv =
K v /(1 K v );
K v =
(3.9)
[69]
, , .
, , ,
RC-
(. . 3.1). ,
, . 3.9, ,
,
(. 3.9, )
,
. . 3.9,
; . 3.9, .

V13 ;
v (V13a ) + v (V31 ) =
v (V23 ) + v (V32 ) =
V23 ;
v (V12 ) + v (V21 ) =
V12 .
V=
V13 (t ) V23 (t );
21 (t )
V12 (t ) + V13 (t ) =
V23 (t );
V31 (t ) + V32 (t ) =
V12 (t ).
(3.10)
,
.
RC-
i =i2 i1 , i =i1 i2 , i = i2 i3
137
. . i1a= i2a + i3a , . 3.5, , ,

i1 = i1a , i3 = i3 , i2 = i2 , i1a , ,
, (3.11)
:
.
RC-
,

i + i =1
i + i =1 ,
i + i =1
j
i
=3 ,
j=1
i2 + i3 =
i1
i1 + i3 =
i2 .
i2 + i1 =
i3
(3.11)

. (3.11) ,
. 3.9 i1 ,
i2 i3 .
. 3.1 3.2
:
v =i , v =i ;
v =i , v =i ;
v =i , v =i .
(3.12)
. 3.7
:
z = z ; g =g ;

z = z ; g = g ;
z = z g =g .
(3.13)
138
, u, i, z g
: u, i , z g ,
.
, . 3.13.4,
LC- RC-
. , . 3.9,
. 3.9, ,
. 3.9,
. .

. , (3.7) ,
G1 . ,
.
G 3 , .

. G1 = 0
G 3 = 0.
( G
K g G 2 =
0. , G 2
0, G1 K g G 2 =
(
). G 3 K g =
0
G1 K g =
0.
. , ,
G1 G 3 ,
. ,

.
139
=
K v K=
K i ;
i , Kv

=
K v K=
Ki ;
i , Kv
=
K v K=
K
K
,
.
i
v
i

:
G 2
;
G 2
;
-
;
-
, ( : G1 , G 2 G 3 ).
3.2.1.2. c

:
(), . .
,
.
, [71, 72],
, .

, . .
, .
.
140
.
, ,
.

(. 3.11). , .
DA1 , DA2
.
. (3)
: - RLC- (1 2). 3
.
() ,
.
1
2, 3. ,
.
.
3 .

. ,
. 3.8, a ,
. 3.11, .
, .

Z1 ( )GDA1Z 2 ( )GDA 2 = 1 ,
(3.14)
141
GDA1 , GDA 2 DA1 DA2,

Z1 ( ) , Z 2 ( )
1 2.
DA2
DA2
DA1
x1 y1
x2
DA1
x
1
. 3.11.

,
.
1 DA2,
, , x2,
GDA 2 ( x2 ) = y1 , GDA1 ( x1 ) = y2
(3.15).
(3.15).
Z1 (GDA 2 ( x2 )) = x1 , Z 2 (GDA1 ( x1 )) = x2 ,
(3.15)
GDA1 ( x1 ) , GDA 2 ( x2 )
DA1 DA2, 3;
Z1 ( y1 ) , Z 2 ( y2 ) 1
2 .
,

142
Z1 (GDA 2 ( Z 2 (GDA1 ( x1 )))) = x1 Z 2 (GDA1 ( Z1 (GDA 2 ( x2 )))) = x1
(3.16)
.
, . 3.11,
,
: .
, DA2 1,
DA1 2.
,
(4),
Z LFDC1 (GDA 2 ( x2 )) = x1 ,
GDA 2 1 ( Z LFDC11 ( x1 )) = x2 ,
Z LFDC 2 (GDA1 ( x1 )) = x2 ,
GDA11 ( Z LFDC 2 1 ( x2 )) = x1 .

GDA1 ( x1 ) = Z 2 1 ( x2 ) GDA 2 ( x2 ) = Z 11 ( x1 ) .
(3.17)
(3.17)

2
DA1.
(3.17)
DA2
1.
3 ,
, .
x1(t), y1(t), x2(t) y2(t)
, ,
143
DA1 DA2.
(3.17) .
, , ,
x1(t) x2(t),
.
,
x(t)
y(t) . ,
2 1,
DA1.
1
2 DA2.
. 3.12
.
DA1 / AD844AN
+7.8V 7
R4/10 k
x
(t)
DA2 / AD844AN
3
+10V
(t)
7.8V 4
5
2
y2
x1
-10V
x2
R1/20 k
R2/20 k
R3/10 k
C/0.1
y1
. 3.12. () () x1 x2
3
AD844AN, 1
= 0.1F, 2
144
R1 R2 20 k.
x1(t)
x2 (t)
.

. (3.17) 3.
3. [68]

,
,

,
.
, .
. 3.12, .

.
,
(. 3.12, )
(. 3.12, ) [44] ,
: .
(. 3.12, )
, , ,
.
,
. 3.12,
V= K (V V )= K V
V ;
Z + R2
145
=
U
K
(U U )
=
U ; I
,
Z
R
1
1 K
Z + R2
I
=
V ( K + 1) R2 + 2Z
V R2
.
R1 (1 K ) Z + R2
R1 Z
. 3.12. ();
(, ) ()
I
R 1
R
=
2
=
2 G .
G =
V
R1 Z
R1
.
R1 R2
G .

146
. (. 3.12, ).
,
R2 C2 (
), G3 ( p ) =
1 + pR2 C2
,
R2

G ( p ) =
R3 1 + pR2 C2
. G1
R4
R2
, ,
G ( p ) = G ( p ) + G13 ( p ) =
pC1
R 1 + pR2 C2
3
.
1 + pR1C1 R4
R2

G(p) = 0,
G ( p)
pC1 R2 R4 R3 pR2C2 R3 pR1C1 R3 p 2 R1C1 R2C2 R3

= 0.
1 + pR1C1
, . .
Q=
( p ) pC1 R2 R4 R3 pR2 C2 R3 pR1C1 R3 p 2 R1C1 R2 C=
0.
2 R3
R3

R4
=
Q( p ) p 2 R1C1 R2 C2 + p R1C1 + R2 C2 R2 C=
+ 1 0.
1
R3
147
R1 C1 + R2 C2 R2 C1
R4
=
0;
R3
02 R1 C1 R2 C2 =
1.
(
) R4 = 2R3,
, .
,
,
G2 .
, .
, ,
G2.
, , ,
.
. , 3.12,
, .
-,
(. 3.9).
, ,
,
.
Z1
Z2
R C R
C R1 R2 ,
(DA).

= =
Z2
R3
=
.
Z1 + Z 2 R3 + R4
V1 = V1,
148
. 3.13. :
; ; ,

:
Z 2 R4 = Z1 R3 ,
(3.18)
,
.
(3.18)
, (a, b) (c, d)
(b, ) (d, c) .

(. 3.13,, ).
149
. 3.13,
.
-
, (. 3.14, ). ,

.
. 3.14. -
(. .
) , ( )
Mathcad Electronic Workbench
, .
150
3.2.1.3.
. 3.4, ,

. :
- RLC-
(2) (, ,
).
,
,
, . .
.
RLC-.
RLC-.
. ,

. ,
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
.

[68].
151
, ,
:
.

(x,y).

,
. ,
,
, .
,
( ), (
).
. ,
, ( )

.

RC , . 3.5, .
x(t) y(t), . 3.5, .
. 3.16, a

.
G ( x) = G ( x)
(3.19)
152
y(t)
y(t)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
x(t)
x(t)
. 3.15. ()
()

,
. . 3.15,
,
, . 3.15, a.
. 3.5,
, y(t)
, x(t). ,

.
. x(t)
.
,
3.
153
4. [68]
OS,
,
()

().

. 3.16, a.
[73]. , .

R .
x(t) R- R
C =
= 10 k
0.1 uF.

. 3.16, .
AD844AN
R2 R3 .
x(t) .
x(t)
DA / AD844AN
7 +10V
2
y(t)
y(t)
x(t)
3
5
-10V
R
R3/20k
R2/ 20k
. 3.16. ()
DA CFOA (Current feedback operational amplifier) ()
154
. 3.16, a
. 3.16, . 3.15, a,
4.

.
,
, .
,
. , .
, ,
, :

, ;
;

.
,

, , .

.
,

, ,
155
: .

.

,
()
().
,

.
(3.5), (3.17) (3.19),

,
,
.

.
- -
. ,
,
.
156
4

. ,

.

, . 2.

() , ,
. ,

, ,
[7484].
,
.
, ,
, . ,
. ,

,
, .

157
.
.
4.1. ,

x + x =x (1 x 2 ),
(4.1)
, x, x ,
x .
-- [75]
.
.
:
[75], [76], [77] . .
(4.1)
( x). = 0
x (1 x 2 ) =
xf
x+x=
u ( x, x ) u ( x, x ) =
x+x=
0,
x(t) = xm cos (0t + 0), xm ; = 1 0
. ,

, . . x(t0) x (t0 ).
, x(t0) = xm
x (t0 ) = 0,
x(t) = xm cos (0t). ,

(4.1), ,
158
. ,
, , .

,
,
x + x + x = 0,
> 0, < 0.

(4.1). ,
, ,
. f(x)
, x
. f(x)

, f(x) = 1 x2.
f(x) x2
.
--, ,
(4.1) .
, ,
.
. --

.
, ,
(4.1), . .
.
. ,

(. 4.1). . 4.1, (4.1)
159
: x(t) y (t ) = x (t )
.
,

, 2, , 1,
.
3
2
x1( t )
x2( t )
1
0
1
2
3
15.71
31.42
47.12
62.83
2.5
2.5
1.25
1.25
y1( t )
y2( t )
y1( t )
y2( t )
1.25
2.5
2.5
1.25
1.25
1.25
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.25
x1( t ) , x2( t )
1.25
2.5
x1( t ) , x2( t )
. 4.1. --: ;
( = 0,1
= 0,5 )
160
(. 4.1, )
. x(t),
( . 4.1, ).
,
(. 4.1, ). ,
. ,
( = 0,1)
. :
, ,
,

.
.
.
,

.
, ,

[76]:
x = xm cos() + u1(xm, ) + 2u2(xm, ) + ,
x = xm cos() ,
; u1(xm, ), u2(xm, ) ,
; xm ; = t +
.
xm
,
161
(4.1). 0. , ,
u1(xm, ) 2u2(xm, ), ,
, ,
, . .

xm = F1 ( xm ) + 2 F2 ( xm ) + ...;
= + G1 ( xm ) + 2 G2 ( xm ) + ...
Fi(xm)
Gi(xm)
x f ( x) =
xm sin() f (xm cos ()) (4.1) .
F ( x) = f ( x)dx :
*
=
F ( x)
*
*
n
( xm ) cos(n ).
(4.2)
n =0
,
x f ( x) ,
(4.2)
xm sin( ) f ( xm cos() ) =
nF
*
n
( xm )sin(n ).
n =0
( )
(4.1).
f (x) = 1 x2
x
F (=
x)
*
dx
f ( x)=
1
x 1 x 2 .
3
(4.3)
162
f (x)
. :
1
F1* (=
xm ) xm 1 xm 2 ;
4
(4.4)
F3* ( xm ) = xm xm 2 .
12
(4.2)
xm 2
F (
=
) xm 1
4
xm 3
cos( ) 12 cos(3 ).
. 4.2 F1* ( x) F3* ( x) .
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
F1( x) 0.5
F3( x) 0.75
1.5
1.25
1.5
x
. 4.2. (3.4): F1 ( x); F3 ( x)

*
F1* ( xm ) (4.4)
(. 4.2, ).
(4.1) ,
,
, F1* ( xm ) = 0.
xm = 2 (
163
. 4.1, ). . 4.2,
(2, 0).
F3* ( xm ), ,
(. 4.2, ).

[62]
dxm *
d
= F1 ( xm );
= = 0 .
dt
dt
2
, ,
,
F1* ( xm ) = 0, .

, , .

.

dxm *
d
= F1 ( xm ) + 2 F2* ( xm );
= + G1* ( xm ) + 2G2* ( xm ),
dt
2
dt
G1* ( xm ) G2* ( xm ) .
xm = 2, = 1
2/16. , 2
,
.

=
x xm cos( ) +
0
nFn* ( xm )
cos(n ),
2
n=2 n 1
(4.5)
164
0 = 1 , xm ; n

Fn* ( xm )
n- .
,
(4.5) . --

,

n
1
3 1 xm3
*
K =
2
F3 ( xm )
=
=
.
n 1
xm
8 12 xm 8
(4.6)
(4.5) , n, ,
, ,
,
() (4.1).
.
[77]
d
xm2 7 xm4
2 1
= 1
+
.
dt
8 8 256
= 1 2/16.
-- ,

[75],
2
n
2 =02
n =1
n
n =1
,
2
2
n
(4.7)
165
xn n- ,
.

dF1* ( xm ) 3 2
= 1 xm = .
dxm
2 4
(4.8)
.
xm 2
[66]
=
xm
xm 1
. ,
2
4
t
=
1
( xm ) 2
( xm ) 2
ln
ln
.
4 ( xm ) 2
4 ( xm ) 2
,
, , xm = 0,1 xm = 1,9 ,
t = 8,2/. = 0,1 13
( 2).
, ,
, :
xm = 2 ;
= 1 2/16 ;
K = /8 ;
U 1/ ;
t 8,2/ .
166
. .
,
.
,
.
. ,

, (4.1) , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, (4.1),
,
.
K
V
t
f
. 4.3. : K ; t
; f ; V

,
.
167
,
(. 4.3), [2].
.
4.2.
, ,
.
RC-,
- - .

1. ,

.
,

[2, 25 26],
, [2,
25] .
RC-
(. 4.4),
RC-
[2, 25].
. 4.4,
, .
168
k
Xm
kx
X
x
1
>
;
m
K
K
X
X
=
f ( x) Kx m x m ;
K
K
kx X m 1 x < X m ,
K
(4.9)
k K , Xm
x.
. 4.4,
,
k = 0,
, k > 0.

. , , . 4.4,
,
,
, - ,

.
. 4.4. :
;
169
,
,

d2x 2
dx
dy
+
3
+
=
x
, y ( x=
) f ( x).
dt 2
dt
dt
,
d ( f ( x(t )) )
d2x 2
dx
dx
+
3
+
x
=
K ( x),
dt 2
dt
dt
dt
K() . 4.4,
Xm
k x > K ;
X
X
=
K ( x) df (=
x) / dx K m x m ;
K
K
Xm
k x <
.
(4.10)
= 1 ,

+ x x ( K ( x) 3) .
x=
(4.11)
..
[2].
, x(t),
.
(k = 0).

. ,
, (4.4):
170
2
2K
X
X
X
X
m
m
m
arcsin
x m ;
+
1
K
xK xK
xK
F1* ( xm ) =
Xm
K
4 X
m
F3* ( xm ) = 3x K
2
2
Xm 2 Xm
Xm
2
x
K
K
K
Xm
x
.
K

(. 4.5, ) x Xm/K F1 K
( ). x > Xm/K
,
.
( )
(4.11) , .
K = 3,16
Xm = 10 xm 3,607,
.
. 4.5,
. ,
f(x) . 4.4, ,
.
, ,
. , xm = 3,607 (. 4.5, )
5,2 %. ,
, .
,
,
171
. ,
0,005 %
[2],
. ,
,
( 10 ).
0.2
3.6
3.2
3.6
0.16
0.12
2.4
F3( x)
F1( x)
1.6
0.08
0.8
0.04
0.052
10
10
. 4.5. () ()
,
[85 153].
.
( 0,005 %)
.
,
,
. .
172
.
.

.
4.3.
x + x =x f1 ( x);
(4.12)
x + x =x f 2 ( x ).

,
.

. f1(x) f 2 ( x )
,
,
.
(4.1) (4.12) , (4.1)
(4.12)

f1 ( x) = 1 x 2 . (4.12)
[151]. , -- (4.1)
173

. [2]
f (x) -
. (4.12)

[2]. :
110 %, 12 %. -,
[2]
,
. :
f (x),
(4.12) .
.
,
N
f ( x) = an x n , N
n =0
, .
f (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + + aNx2N.
N = 1,
f (x) a0 = 1, a1 = 1 ai = 0 ( i 2)
f (x) = 1 x2 (4.12)
(4.1). ,
-- , f (x)
[75].

.
[77]
x
F ( x=
)
*
a
a
aN
f ( x)dx
= x a0 + 1 x 2 + 2 x 4 + ... +
x2 N
3
5
2N + 1
(4.13)
174
Fn* ( xm ):
3a1 2 10a2 4 35a3 6
d nm xmN
F ( x=
xm x0 +
xm +
xm +
xm + ... +
;
m)
12
80
448
bn 2 N + 1
d m xm N
5a
21a3 6
1a
=
F3* ( xm ) xm 1 xm 2 + 2 xm 4 +
xm + ... + n
;
+
b
N
12
80
448
2
1
n
m
N
a
a
d
x
1
7
m
=
F5* ( xm ) xm 2 xm 4 + 3 xm 6 + ... + n
;
(4.14)
+
b
N
80
448
2
1
n
..............................................................................................
1 aN
*
F2 N +1 ( xm ) = xm
,
bn 2 N + 1
*
1
an, bn, dn, xn

.
F1* ( xm ) (4.14)
,
Fn* ( xm )
2
nFn* ( xm )
K =
=
2
n =3 xm ( n 1)
2 N +1
2N + 1
3 *
5
*
*
=
8 F3 ( xm ) + 24 F5 ( xm ) + ... + (2 N + 1) 2 1 F2 N +1 ( xm ) .
:
a3 6
aN
a2 4
xm = z3 , ,
xm = z2 ;
xm4 = z N ;
80
2N + 1
448
12
2
2
2
2
2N + 1
7
3
5
k3 , ,
k1 ; =
k2 ; =
=
kN ;
=
2
(2
N
+
1)
1
48
8
24
m 1
L1 ( z ) = z1 + 5 z2 + 21z3 + ... + d n z N ;
L2 ( z ) = z2 + 7 z3 + ... + d nm 2 z N ;
.......................................................
LN ( z ) = z N .
a1
xm2 = z1 ;
175
K = =
( z )
k1 L12 ( z ) + k2 L22 ( z ) + k3 L23 ( z ) + ... + k N L2N ( z ).
(4.15)
,
z1, z2, z3, , zN, (z), . .
.
2(z) min.

3a1 2 10a2 4 35a3 6
d nm xmN
F ( x=
xm a0 +
xm +
xm +
xm + ... +
= 0,
m)
12
80
448
bn 2 N + 1
*
1
xm 0, a0 = 1
1 + 3z1 + 10 z2 + 35 z3 + ... + d nm z N =
0.
(4.16)
Lk
zh
= 0
(3.16). 2(z)
G( z)
=
N
2 ( z )
dz j 0.
=
z
j
j =1
(4.15)
2 ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
=
dz1 2k1 L1 ( z ) 1
+ 2k2 L2 ( z ) 2
+ ... + 2k N LN ( z ) N
dz1 ;
z1
z1
z1
z1
2 ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
=
dz2 2k1 L1 ( z ) 1
+ 2k2 L2 ( z ) 2
+ ... + 2k N LN ( z ) N
dz2 ;
z2
2
2
2
......................................................................................................................
2 ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
L ( z )
=
dz N 2k1 L1 ( z ) 1
+ 2k2 L2 ( z ) 2
+ ... + 2k N LN ( z ) N
dz N .
z N
z N
z N
z N
176
Lk
= 0 k > h, z,
zh

2 ( z )
=
dz1 [ 2k1 L1 ( z ) 1] dz1 ;
z1
2 ( z )
=
dz2 [ 2k1 L1 ( z ) 5 + 2k2 L2 ( z ) 1] dz2 ;
z2
2 ( z )
=
dz3 [ 2k1 L1 ( z ) 21 + 2k2 L2 ( z ) 7 + 2k3 L3 ( z ) 1] dz3 ;
z3
...................................................................................................................................
2 ( z )
=
dz N 2k1 L1 ( z )d 22NN11 + 2k2 L2 ( z )d 22NN+11 + 2k3 L3 ( z )d 22NN+31 + ... + 2k N LN ( z ) 1 dz N .
z N
(4.16),
G( z) =
[ k1 L1 ( z ) 0, 6k2 L2 ( z )] dz1 + [7k1 L1 ( z ) 7k2 L2 ( z ) + 2k3 L3 ( z )] dz3 +
0.
+ 2(d nm 1 d nm )k1 L1 ( z ) + 2(d nm 3 d nm 1 )k2 L2 ( z ) + ... + 2k N LN ( z ) dz N =
dz G(z) = 0
, .
,
, ai. ,
f (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + a3x6,
, a0 = 1
f 6( x) 1 21, 2 x 2 + 65,7 x 4 50,1x 6 .
(4.12)
x + 02 x = 0 x (1 21, 2 x 2 + 65, 7 x 4 50,1x 6 )
(4.17)
K = 1,8 102
f 6( x)
177
,
, ,
. , ,
f(x),
,
. (4.14)

F3* ( xm )
F5* ( xm ),

L1 ( z ) = 0;
L2 ( z ) = 0;
1 + 3 z1 + 10 z2 + 35 z3 =
0.
(4.18)
(4.18)
z, f(x):
f 6( x) 1 24 x 2 + 80 x 4 64 x 6 = u6 ( x),
u6(x) .
. 4.6, (4.12)
= 0,1.

. 4.6, (t). , , ,
.

(2 N + 1) FN* ( xm )
4
= F3* ( xm ) = 2,1 102 .
K =
2
(2 N + 1) 1
48
,
.
-- (K = 12,5 102,
178
, ,
, .
1.5
0.015
y1( t )
0 ( t )
x( t )
y2( t )
y3( t )
1.5
0.015
0
1.57
3.14
t
4.71
x1( t ) , x2( t ) , x3( t )
6.28
2
. 4.6. (4.12)
: ;

= 0,1
: f 6( x) K = 0,184 %; f 6( x) K = 0,213 %.

.
.
, .
, K = 0,001 % = 1 2N

(2 N + 1) FN* ( xm )
K
(2 N + 1) 2 1
1 100.
K
179
,
,
.
,
(4.12)
,
, , -. K =
= 4,16 102.
24
, ,
,
f ( x ) = b0 + b1 ( x ) 2 + b2 ( x ) 4 + ... + bN ( x ) 2 N ,

. ,

f 6 ( x ) =
1 7,5 x 2 + 14,5 x 4 8,1x 6 .

K = 2,8 103, . . ,
.
,
. ,
,
64
f 6 ( x ) =
1 8 x 2 + 16 x 4 x 6 .
7
180
f ( x )
bi =
f ( x)
ai
2i + 1
1
2,98 103 , . . ,
2
2 N + 1 (2 N + 1) 1
f(x) = 1
x2. f ( x ) ,
2 N
1.
K
101
, K = 0,001 % = 0,1 2 N
1 =21.
105
3

.

, , --,
, , 10 % xm = 1, 8 xm = 1,998 . t=
4,7
f 6 ( x )
:
x 3x 2 5 x 4 5 x6
m 1 m + m m .
xm =
2
2
8
64
,
t = 5 .
.

.
, ,
(4.12),
181
df
< 0. ,
dxm
df
=
48 x + 320 x3 384 x5
dx
xm =1
f 6" ( x) ,
=
112,
.
, 0,8, ,
0,3 . . 4.6,
, .

dF1* ( xm ) 9 2 25 4 35 6
= 1 xm +
xm xm = .
dxm
2 2
8
64
, ,
.
N
, f ( x) = an x 2 n ,
n =0
f(x) = 1 x2

.
. , ,
20 , 10 ,
. . ,

.
,
(N > 2)
182
. . 4.6, ,
,
.
,
.

.
4.4.
[79, 151, 152] ,

x + x =x ( f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x ) ) ,
(4.19)
x + x =x (1 x 2 x 2 ) .
(4.20)
, .. [79] ,
t x(t) = 2sin (0t + ).
.
(4.20)

.
, ,
,
, x x
.

183
x + 02 x = 0 ( x + x ) (1 ax 2 ( x + x) 2 ) .
a x x ,
90.
= 0,1 a
(. 4.7). 1 = 0, . .
, 2 a = 1
90.
K < 0,001 % = 0,1 ,
(a 1) a 0,2 % = 0
90 0,1 a = 1
, .
. 4.7.
. [103]
x + x =x (1 x 2 n Pn ( x 2 ) ) ;
x + x =x (1 Pn ( x 2 ) x 2 n ) ,
184
Pn ( x 2 ) Pn(x2) n
.
t .
,
x = sin(t) x (t=
) cos(t=
)
1 sin 2 (t ) , x x ,
f1 ( x 2 ) = f 2 ( x 2 ) .
f1 ( x 2 ) = x 2 n , f 2 ( x 2 )= (1 x 2 ) n .
,
2n, .
(4.20) n = 1.
( n > 1)
, ,
,
.
,

x + x =x ai x + b j x j .
=
i 0=j 0
(4.21)
,

. ,
( ),
.

,
( ). x(t) = x(t)
.
185
(4.21)
x(t) x (t ), ,
,
2k
x a2 k x + b2l x 2l ,
x+x=
=
k 0=l 0
(4.22)
,
f (4.22), x x (
a0 b0), .

(4.23)
0.
f ( x (t ), x (t ) ) =
a0 + a2 k ( x sin t ) + b2l ( x cos t ) 2l =
2k
=
k 1 =l 1
(4.22) ,
.
x=
x=
1, (4.22)
m
:
=
f1 ( x, x )
bk T2k ( x) + bl T2l ( x ),
=
k 1 =l 1
T2 k ( x), T2l ( x ) .
, f1 , bk = bl,
k = l. f1
k l,
x + x =x b2 n 1T2(2 n 1) ( x) + b2 m 1T2(2 m 1) ( x ) .
=
n 1 =m 1
(4.24)
186
f ( x, x ),
,
b2n + 1 < 0 b2m + 1 < 0.
, (4.24)
.
,
n = 1 b1 = 0,5 (4.20),
n = 3 T6(x)
f 6( x) =
1 24 x 2 + 80 x 4 64 x 6 .
, (4.24) , ,
n m

x + x =x b2(2 k 1)T2(2 k 1) ( x) + b2(2 k 1)T2(2 k 1) ( x ) .

=
k 1 =k 1
b2(2 k 1) =
.
sin[2(2k 1)]
2k 1
, 0 /4,
sin[2(2k 1)]
sin[2(2k 1)]
x + x =x
T2(2 k 1) ( x) +
T2(2 k 1) ( x ) . (4.25)
2k 1
2k 1
=
k 0
k 1=
(2, 6, 10, 14
. .).
. , x = x = 1
2 .

, (4.25)
.
187
1, , ,
(2n 1)/4.
, x < 1
( > 0), x > 1
2 f(x)
2 ,
1
x ;
f ( x, x ) > 0 xm <
2
1
x ;
f ( x, x ) = 0 xm =
2
1
x ,
f ( x, x ) < 0 xm >
2
(4.26)
.
. 4.8
f ( x, x ), .
. 4.8. f ( x, x )
. 4.8 ,
. ,
x < 1
x = 1
f ( x),
2 , x > 1 2
2 .
f ( x, x )
(. 4.9)
188
, (4.25),
.
[93, 105].
. 4.9.
.
.
,
RC-

.
.
, , (4.19)

,
, ,

.
f1(x) f 2 ( x ),
,
.
189
[152, 153]

c0
f1 ( x (t ) ) ==
f1 ( sin(t ) )
+ ( cn cos(nt ) + d n sin(nt ) );
2 n =1
a0
f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
f 2 ( cos(t ) ) =
+ ( an cos(nt ) + bn sin(nt ) ),
2 n =1
(4.27)
a, b, c, d .
(4.19)
: a0 = c0, an = cn, bn = dn.

.
[154], x (t ) = cos(t )
(4.27)
,
, . .
f 2 ( x (t ) ) + f 2 ( x (t ) ) a0
=
+ an cos(nt ) =
f 2+ ( x (t ) ) =
nTn ( x (t ) ),
2
2 n 1 =n 1
=
n ; Tn ( x (t ))
.

A0
f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
f 2 ( cos(t ) ) sign(sin(t )) =
+ ( An cos(nt ) + Bn sin(nt ) ).
2 n =1
f 2 ( x (t ) ) f 2 ( x (t ) ) A0
f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
=
+ An cos(nt ) =
k Tk ( x (t )),
2
2
=
n 1=
k 1
190
m = 2k
k ;
4 b2 k 1
4 2m
A0 =
=
b
2k 1, Ak
2
2 m
k 1=
=
k 1 m k
= 2k 1 k .
m

, ,
f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
f 2+ ( x (t ) ) + f 2 ( x (t ) ) ; f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
f 2+ ( x (t ) ) f 2 ( x (t ) ) .
f1(x),

(4.27), Tn Un
:
a0
+ nTn ( x )) n 1 ( x ) 2 U n ( x );
2 n 1 =n 1
=
f 2 ( x ) =
(4.28)
f1 ( x) =
(1) k c2 k 1 1 ( x) 2 U 2 k ( x).
k =1
, +,
, - .
(4.28) , , , (4.27)
:
a0
f 2 ( x ) =
+ nTn ( x );
2 n =1
c0
n
f1 ( x) = + (1) c2 nT2 n ( x) (1) n c2 n 1 1 ( x) 2 U 2 n ( x)
2 n 1 =n 1
=

f 2 ( x=
)
k =1
2 k 1 2 k 1
( x );
191
f1 ( x) =
(1) k c2 k 1 1 ( x) 2 U 2 k ( x).
k =1
.
f 2 ( x ) f1(x)
, + ,
f1(x) ,
x. ,
[152] (4.28). , ,
f 2 ( x )q ( x)
. ,
F ( x, x )= x 2 k T2 k ( x ) + (1) k +1 k T2 k ( x) ,
=
k 1 =k 1
2n + 2n2
a2 n 1 =
c2 n 1 =
f1(x)
2
f 2 ( x ) [152].
, . 4.10,
f 2 ( x=
xm cos(t ); f 2 ( x=
(t ) ) x=
(t ) )
(t )
T ( x
1
(t ));
n =1
f1 ( x (t ) ) =
xm 1 ( x (t )) 2 U 0 ( x (t )) =
xm 1 x 2 ;
. 4.10,
4
4
T ( x )
n +1 cos(2n 1)t
f 2 ( x (t ) ) =
( 1)
, f 2 ( x ) =
( 1) n +1 2 n 1
=
sign( x );
n 1=
2n 1
n1
2n 1
4
U ( x) 1 x > 1;
f1 ( x (t ) ) =
1 x2 2n
=
0;
0 x =
n =1
2n 1 1 x < 1.
192
. 4.10.
,
, , , .
, f1(x) f 2 ( x )
x [1,1] x [1,1]
. , +
, . . .

(4.21) . ()
,

.
[154]

) (
s 2 + 1 = s g 2 ( x ) + sg 2 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) + sg1 ( x )
s
) ,
193
g 2 ( x ), g 2 ( x ), g1 ( x ) g1 ( x )
.
,
s 3 1 g 2 ( x ) + s 2 g 2 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) + s g1 ( x ).
(4.29)
,
. ,

(4.27): g 2 ( x ) = a1 ; g 2 ( x ) = b1 ; g1 ( x ) = d1 g1 ( x ) = c1 .

,
)
(
(1 g ( x ) ) + 1 g ( x
g 2 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) = 0;
2
) = 0.
,
:
g 2 ( x ) = g1 ( x );
1 g1 ( x )
=
.
1 g 2 ( x )
, , . . ,
,
:
) g1 ( x ) 0;
g=
2 (x
g 2 ( x ) = g1 ( x ).
(4.30)
194
,
,
, f 2 ( x ) f1(x)
: .
(4.28) f 2 ( x )
, f1(x) , .
, ,
,
.
,
,
f 2 ( x ) = sign( x );
1 x > 1;
0 x 0;
f1 ( x) =
=
1 x < 1.

f 2 ( x ) f1(x)
(. 4.11). ,
x = 1 x = 1 .
.
,
195
[78],
(. 4.12).
. 4.11.
, ,
f ( x, x ) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x ).

g1(x) g 2 ( x )
,
f ( x, x ) , . . .

,
h
g1 ( x) =
0
, , x (t=
)
) g2
g=
2 (x
x 0;
x > 0.
1 [ x (t ) ] ,
2
1 x 2 . (4.30)
, . 4.11.

, . [80],
,
.
196
. 4.12.

,
,
, , .

,

2. , (4.19) ()

. ,
.
[98,
109].
[156].
( h( x, x ) f ( x, x ) ) ,
x+x=
xF
(4.31)
, h( x, x )
f ( x, x ),
2
. 6.
197
h( x, x ) = ( x ) f(x) = sign (x) x x > 0, ( x ) ,

.
[99, 110],

(0,002 %)
.
4.5.
.
( )
[152],
.
.

( ,
).
() , .
4.5.1.
x + F ( x) =
g ( x , x),
(4.32)
198
x ; F(x) ;
g ( x , x) ,
F g
.
x + F ( x ) =
0;
(4.33)
g ( x , x ) = 0,
x(t) .
().
.. )
(. 4.13),
(4.32), (
) (4.33),
( ) .
u(t),
(4.32).
.
,
u(t),
. ,
x(t),
u(t) .

,
.

199
: [159]
[62].
. 4.13. -
(4.32),
. [160]:
x(t) xF(x) > 0
x 0,
x = x(t). F(x),
F ( x) = c2 k 1 x 2 k 1.
k =1
x(t) .
x(t) ,
T/2.
x(t),
,
. . x* (t )
=
2 k 1
k =1
sin (2k 1)t .

T
F N ,
2
2 j 1
(2k 1) sin (2k 1)t + c2 k 1 x (t ).
T
2
N
N
*
*
2 k 1
=
k 1 =j 1
b
x (t ) + F [ x (t )] =
200
2 j 1
, x=
x2 j 1=
(t ) + r (t ), r (t )
(t )
2 k 1
k= N +1
sin (2k 1)t

T
.
2
2

2
(t )] sin (2k 1) t c2 j 1b2 k 1,2 j 1 (2k 1) b2 k 1 +

x (t ) + F [ x =
T

T
(4.34)
2
+ c2 j 1 b2 k 1, 2 j 1 sin (2k 1) t .
T
k= N +1
=j 1
N
N
*
*
k 1 =j 1
=
N
c2j 1
,
x + F ( x ) =
R (t ),
R(t )
=
2 j 1
(4.35)
2 j 1
[ x
(t ) x2 j 1 (t )] , N*,
j =1
(4.34)
N*

2
N*
2
(2
=
1)
b
k
2 k 1
b2 k 1 sin (2k 1)t .

T
k1
T
k 1=
=
0,
x=
(0)
x=
(0)
N*
N*
F ( x) = c2 k 1 x 2 k 1.
k =1
(4.33) ,
,
. ,
, . .
2
x = ak cos kt .
T
k =1
N
(4.27).
201
N ak
2
2
a
cos
kt
F
cos
0.
k
kt =
k 2
T
T
=
k 1=
k 1
N
,
, ,
F,
N ak
a
T
x
F
w( x) F [v( x)] =
(
)
0,
k k
k 2 Tk ( x) =
=
k 1=
k 1
(4.36)
2
x = cos kt , Tn(x) n- .
T
(4.32) (4.33)
.
(4.33),
:
y = F ( x);
x = y.
, ,
[84]
2G ( x) + y 2 =
C,
x
G ( x) = F ( s )ds; .
0

,
. G(x)
[84].
202
. ,

.

, ,
u(t),
,
.
. ,
,
[134]
C ( x ) 2 2G ( x) .
x + F ( x)= xg
(4.37)
F(x)
, (t).

, ,
.
,
x=
(t ) z=
(t )
cos(kt ),
k =1
, a1T1(x) = a1 cos(kt),
a2T2(x) = a2 cos(2kt), a3T3(x) = a3 cos(3kt)
4 x3 3x
2 x2 1
w(x) = a3(4x 3x) + a2(2x 1) + a1x v( x) = a3
+ a2
+ a1 x.
9
4
3
203
F[x(t)] = w(cos(t)),
a1 = a2 = a3 = 1,
w(x) = F(v(x)) (. 4.14), w(x),
(
. 4.14, ). F(v(x))
,
(4.37), .
(. 4.15, ) z (t ) =
x* (t )
.

x(t )=
x* (t )
x (t )
. 4.14. () F(x) ()
,
.
,
. , ,
F(x)

,
. . 4.15, .

204
,
, , .

.
. 4.15. z(t) (t) ()

()
(. 4.16) ,
G(x) , ,
, .
. 4.16. () ()
(. 4.16, )
. ,
(4.37) F(x), . 4.14, ,
205
.
, .
F(x),
F(x) = 16x2 20x3 + 5x = T5(x), . . ,

x4
x2
x6
2
x + 16 x 20 x + 5 x = x 1 ( x ) 2 16 20 + 5 .
4
2
6
,
x(0) = 0,
x=
(0) y=
(0) 1
(. 4.17).
. 4.17. (), x(t),

y(t), ()
( ,
, . . x(t) = sin t) F(x) = x, (4.32)

x 1 ( x ) 2 x 2 .
x+x=
(4.38)
,
, .

206
. ,
,
,
(,
).
,

,
.
.
4.6.
,
,
(2.4) [161 166]:
.

.
, ,
,
xn + 1 = F(xn).
(4.39)
(4.39)
n- (n + 1)- ,
. xn + 1 = xn = xm, . .
. F(xn),
, , , . .
207
. ,
(4.53), ,
,
.
(4.39) ( )
[78]:
dF ( xn )
dxn
> 0.
(4.40)
- F,
(i = 1, 2, , m),
X [1,1]
Xi X j = 0
i j
Xi = X
Xi
Xi {A : Xi X}
[69], . . (Ax, Ay) (x, y), ((Ax, Ay) = Ax Ay, (x, y) = x y, (x, y)
) > 1 (x, y) Xi .
F, X
m :
k 1 xn + b1 xn X 1 ;
k x + b x X ;
2 n 2
n
2
=
xn+1 F=
( xn )
.....................................
k m xn + bm xn X m .
(4.41)
, (4.40) ,
, | ki | > 1. ,
P0(x)
x0,
P1(x) x1 . . ,
P(x) n , P0(x)
F.
208
F,
k b,
, . .
1/ 2 x [ 1,1] ;
Pn+1 ( x) Pn ( x) P( x) =
0 x [ 1,1].
(4.42)
x n- (n + 1)- :
m
dF
Pn+1 ( x) = Pn ( xi )
dx
i =1
(4.43)
(4.42) (4.43)
m
dF
1
=
=
1.
ki
dx
=i 1 =
i 1
xn + 1 i-
xn + 1 = kixn + bi 1.
, i-
Xi = Fi X. ,
xn + 1
1,
Xi (. . 4.20, ). xn + 1
[1, 1].
.

ki,
bi ki.
bi ki ,
209
. ,
:
0;
2xn p =
Rx n ( p) =
0 p 0.
(4.44)

Rx n ( p ) =
1 Np
xn xn+ p .
N p n=1
(4.55)
1 N = p n n+1
=
Rx n ( p )
[k1 k1 k1n+ p1 xn2 + k1n+1k1n+2 k1n+ p1 xnb2n + +
N p n=1
+ k1n+ p1 xnb2n+1 + + k1n+ p1 xnb2n+ p2 + + xnb2n+ p1 ],
k1n , k1n+1 , ..., k1n+ p1 , b1n , b1n+1 , ..., b1n+ p1 k1i , b1i , n-,
(n + 1)-, , (n + p)- A.
Rx(p) = 0 p 0 ,
.
,
. ,
N xn, ,
.
b2, ,
xi xj.
k b , (n + p 1)- (n + p 2)-
. , , , k
, x,
.
210
, p 0
ki = kj; bi = bj,
X,
(4.45)
x.
- ,
xn+1 (. 4.20, ).
. 4.20. - : ;
(4.58)
, (4.39)

,

[44].
.
,
ki = m, (4.41)
211
mxn + m 1 xn X 1 ;
mxn + m 3 xn X 2 ;
=
xn +1 F=
( xn ) ........................................
mxn + m 2i + 1 xn X i ;
.........................................
mx + 1 m x X .
n
m
n
(4.46)
(4.46) :
zn + 1 = mzn (i 1),
(4.47)
zn + 1 = (xn + 1 + 1)/2, zn = (xn + 1)/2, i = 1, 2, , m.

, (4.47)
mzn.

: zn + 1 = {mzn},
{mzn} mzn.
, , . .
.
[168 178],
, .
. 4.21. . 4.20,
212
. 4.21
-
.
, .
.
.
, 11,5
.
.

.
10 0,00020,001 % [95].
.

3-125 3-130,
. .
,
.
213
5

: ,

.
. - (1934), .. (1936), H.H. Scott (1938), . (1939),
..
(1948),
.. [20].

0,01 % [87, 115
117,
125],
(0,010,03) % [122]
,
- .
R, , ,
.
0,001 %.
, . .,
.
()
. RC , RC-
214
, -R-, R-, 2T-R .

R- [179189]
0,002 % 1
VP-7220B Mutsushita [180], 3-102, 3-107 3112 .
R- ,
[179, 181] , , Krohn-Hite r.
() [184] -113.
( 0,010,001 %).

: , . .
.

. .
,
.
C.
, C R-
,

.
5.1.
,

R-.
215
RC-
, [2],
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
:
,
,
. , ,

.
, ,
, .
, . ,
.
510 %.

. , 3-33 3-36,
6070- . ,
12 %.
. , 70 .
. ,
216
.. ,
.. ,
.. , .. , ..
.
. 3, ,
,

x + 02 x = 0 x f ( x, x )
(5.1)
x=
xm sin(0 t + 0 ),
(t )
xm , 0 0
() .

.
.

.
,

0, .
.
,
,
xm,
f, 0.
,
.
,
R- C-,
, .
217
R-
.
, f(x) .
,

( ).
,
.

. ,
,
. ,

.
R-,
.
, (5.1),
R-
( , -
).
, ,
. -
(. 5.1) - . 4.1
A,
, u,
( , ).
-
, ,
218
A ,
.

:
RC- ,
;
RC-,
;
RC-
,

;
() .
. 5.1.
,
v, A.

. 2
.
, (. 5.1)
RC- .
,
219
. ,
,
.

=
v2 K (v, , A=
)v1 K (v, , A) (, )v2 ,
=
1 K (v, , A) ( , )
K (v, , A) ,
( , ) RC-.
.

=
1
K (v, , A) ( , ) ,
arg K (v, , A) + arg [ ( , ) ] =

0, 2 .
(5.2)
, ,
T (v, =
, A, ) K (v, , A) ( , ) 1,
n2. (6.2) ,

: ,

. ,
,
. ., , , , RC-

,
.
, (5.2)
0.
220
,
, 20, 30, , n0: . .
, .

.
5.1.1.
RC-
, , (5.2)
. RC-
?
, -
n-
vn ,
)

=
vn K (n0 , A) (n0 , ) vn + vn
K (n0 , A) n-
; (n0 , )
.

, ,
.

vn = vn
1
1 K (n0 , A) (n0 , )
,
n- . ,
,
221
. , . n = 1
,
, n > 1 1. ,
(
), , .
( )
( ).
1,
.
. C RC ,
,
( , ,
).
()
.
, , , .
, C 3.
()
( . 6.1 , ).

vn = vn
1
1 K (n0 ) [ ( ) (n0 , )]
(5.3)
(5.3) ,
RC-
,
. ,
222

n- K (n0 ) ,
. ,
RC- (. . 3):
vn = vn
1
1 + K (n0 ) [ ( ) (n0 , ) ]
vn = vn
1
1 K (n0 ) ( ) (n0 , )
, ( , ) = 1 ( , ) , ( A) = 1 ( A)
vn = vn
1
1 K (n0 ) [1 ( ) 1 + (n0 , )]

, , .
, RC-
1.
.

( n = 1)
.

. ()
, .

(6.3): ,
,
. , .
, , ,
, . .
1
223
, T 1, = (0 ),
n-

(n)
(n)
=
( n)
,
F
K (n0 ) (0 ) (n0 )
(5.4)
vn
v
, (n) n -
=
( n) =
v1
v1
.
,
, ,
F . ,
RC-, F
. (6.4)
RC-, , ,
R- C-,
F . , RC-
: , .

, RC-.
C ,
(.
. 5.2,
),
j 1 l
k1 l 2 + j l (1 l 2 )
=
1 ( ) =
1 ,
(1 l 2 ) + j k1 l
(1 l 2 ) 2 + k12 l 2
(5.5)
=
k1
a 2 + a 2b2 + b2
1
=
, l =
, 1 ab
=
, 0
.
ab
0
RC
224
. 5.2. : ;
s2(a, b) s3(a, b)
= 0
1 (0=
)
a 2 b2
= 2
= 1 .
k1 a + a 2 b 2 + b 2

(. . 2)
(5.5) a b.
,
.
,
( ) ,
=

K
( n) =
0 (n).
1 ( ) ,
l = n F (n0 ) K (n0 )
(1 n 2 )
1 .
2
k1 (1 n ) + jk1 n
K (n0 )
, ,
,
RC-, .
225

, .
, , .
S 2(a, b)
=
F (20 )
3
, S 3(a, b)
=
=
K (20 ) k1 9 + 4k12
F (30 )
8
(5.6)
=
K (30 ) k1 64 + 9k12

,
. (5.6)
S2 S3 (s2(a, b) = lg [S2(a, b)] s3(a, b) = lg [S3(a, b)])
(. 5.2, ).
-,
0 ,
. .
S2 S3 . -,
, a
b,
-,
S2 S3
a b. ,

.

()
, a = b = 1,5,
2.
2
a b Minerr Mathcad.
226

K.

1/ K (20 ) S 2(1,5;1,5) =
5,68 / K (20 )
1/ K (30 ) S 3(1,5;1,5) =
3,56 / K (30 )
2
K
=
3 104
K
=
K 2 / 5,68 1760 K 3 / 3, 56 2809 .

(5.6)
S2 S3 (. 5.3)
a b . , a b
S2 = 0,15 S3 = 0,22 .
S2 = 0,176 a = 1,5 b = 1,5, S3 = 0,284
a = b = 1,63.
i = j = 50 i = j = 63 . a b

. a b (
),
.
S2 S3.

, ,
.
, a b
S
, .
227
. 5.3. S2 () S3 ()

,
,

. ,

K (20 ) K (30 )
, ,
.

20 % ,
() . ,
, ,
, . ,
. 6.3
,
(. . 2). ,
RC- .
228
5.1.2. RC-
RC-
(ARC-)
.
,
(. 5.4, ) ARC, . ,

u .
A ARC-.
(. 5.4, ) - .
Vf
Vf
RC1
RC2
Vf
ARC1
Vamp
RCN
RC4
RC2
RCN-1
RC3
RC1
RC
RC
. 5.4. RC-

229
ARC-
RC- (. 5.4, ),
(. 5.4, ). . 5.5
ARC-.
, ,
, r- ARC-
(. 5.4, ) :
r 1
=
Sr
=
1 Vi
i =1
N
Wi r 1
,
F
i =1
Vi i- ARC-.
, ARC-
,
. ,

. ,
ARC-,
i 1 j , ( . 5.5, )
V=
,
N
j i
1
i =1
=
s1
=
1.
N
N
1 1
1 j i
j i
i 1
=i 1 =
(5.7)

,
. ,
( RC-)
. , n-
, ARC-,

230
N
v (n)S
r
K ( n) =
r =1
V1
(5.8)
100.
K(n) n- ; vr(n)
n- r- ARC-; V1
.
RC-
s. , RC-,
[25] (.
. 5.5, a) s = 1 s
RC- a , : s2 = 0,11 s3 = 0,12.
. (. 5.5, )
s2 = 0,35 s3 = 0,42.
, s
RC-,
.
(. 5.5, ) s2 = 0,5.
a
DA1
R1
DA2
R2
C1
DA3
R3
C2
C3
R3
R6
R1
R4
DA1
DA2
V
R2
C2
C1
R5
231
R3
R1
C2
R4
V
R2
C1
R2
C1
DA1
C2
DA2
R1
DA3
R2
R3
R3
R1
DA1
R2
R4
R5
C1
R6
R7
DA2
C2
C3
Z1
DA1 CFOA
Z5
DA2 CFOA
V
Z6
Z3
Z7
Z2
Z4
Z8
Z9
232
R1
DA1 CFOA
DA2 CFOA
V
R
C9
R4
C8
R8
R9
Z1
DA1 CFOA
DA2 CFOA
V
Z4
Z8
Z9
. 5.5. RC-,
() ()
[2, 181]
RC- (. 5.4, ).

ARC- [2, 186] (. 5.4, ).
. 5.5, , ,
RCD-9 Optimation Inc.
(. 5.5, ) SG-505,
Tektronix Inc., , 0,001 %.
RC-,
, ,
(s2 = 0,66 s3 = 0,75),
233
, 0,0002 %.
-118
3R-3C- [87, 116]. s
DA2 (. 5.5, ) . DA2
, .
DA1
[87, 116].

(current
feedback operational amplifier CFOA). CFOA [190, 191]
. 5.5, 5.5, . , [192] ,
.
,

() . , ,

: , , ,
. . 4

.
,
, .
, ,
,
.

.
234

, ,
,
. ,
.
, , .
.
,
, , ,
,

.

G=
( n)
1
Sn
(1 )
(5.9)
.
, ,
. (5.9) ,

Sn. , ,
,
,
. Sn
, .
5.2.

.
235
, , ,
- ,

,
. .

,
. ,
RC-
1015 . ,
,

RC-,
. ,
.
RC-
LC-, . ,

. ,
RC- :
( )
.

. ,
. 5.2. , ,
-
K =
K0
1+ j
(5.12)
236
K0
.

() . ,

.
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, .

() - -.
. 5.2 R1 R2.
.
. 5.6 1 , 2
, -
(. . 5.2). , . .
T (),
3. . 5.6 ; 0 ,
RC-; ;
. , ,

(5.12), , : = (1 + K0),
= K0.
237
20log|K(j)|
20log(Koy)
2
20log(K)
20log(K' )
T 3
()
/2
(0)
-/4
-/2
. 5.6. () () (1),
(2) RC- (3)
0, ( )
, -
( 3 5.6, ) (0),
,
.
, .
K'
(- 20 lg K' . 5.6,
). 0 (
- ) ,
238
.
, .
,
.
, .
, :

RC-,
. .

. .
,
,
a = b = 1.
K =
1
k
k
;
+ k
1
1
1
.
1 = =
=
2
1
+
+ k
k
(5.13)
(. 5.1)
.
. ,
K0 = 10 000,
T .
239
5.1
0 = 1 K0 = 104
0,3
0,03
0,003
0,0003
0,00003
= 1/k
3,3
33,3
333,3
3,3 103
3,3 104
(0) =
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
T = K
10
100
1000
10000
100000
, %
28
4,2
0,45
0,045
0,0045
K = K/(1 + K )
3,15
3,0025
3,00003
3,0
3,0
= /(1 + K )
, T
, 10 0 = 1,
, , 28 %. ,
, 100 ,
3 fT 1000 ,
100 72 ,
. ,
, 3,15.
( 0,5 %)
, 1000
0 (. ). , RC , 1
0,45 %, 1 .
,
.
, ,
,
3
, UA741.
240
.
fT,

fT (100300) f max.
(5.14)
, 100
30100 .
1,50,5 %.

( 10 ) RC-,
3 . , , .
: ,
RC- ,
.
(5.13)
, (5.5),
=
( a, b )
1
=
1
2 + k1
T 1
1
(a 2 + a 2 b 2 + b 2 )2
2 +
a 3b3
T
(5.15)

a b
T/0 = 100 (. 5.7)
.

. ,
= 0,958.
. 5.1, 4,2 %.
241
. 5.12, , 0,962, . .
: 3,8 %.
= 0,96225,
a =
2 b = 2 .
. 5.7. RC-
: a b;
, 100

a = b = 1, a = 1,4 b = 1,4.
10 %, 20 % 4.
.
,
,
. ,
,

.
, a = b = 1,5
.
4
242
T-RC-, ,
.
K =
=
2
k ( K )
+
;
1 K
1
1
=
.
2
(1 K ) k 1 k / (1 K )
(5.16)
a b (5.7)
=
( a, b )
1 K
=
1
2 (1 K ) + k2
T 2
1
.
(1 + a + a 2b 2 ) 2
2
+
T
a 3b3
2
(5.17)
(. 5.8)
T = 100. ,
, .
(. 5.8, )
, .
, a b
. , , a = 0,02 b = 88,2
= 0,985 , ,
1,5 %.
, 3,8 1,5 %.
, T-RC- . 5.4
.
, a = 1/ 10
b = 10 . a b
10
2,2 %, .
243
. 5.8. a
b: RC- ;
, 100
,
,
RC-.

.
((0) . 5.6).
, . .
. ,
(5.12)
K =
K 0 (1 + j k )
1+ j
(5.18)
k .
k = 1/
-.
244
.
,

.
R2
(. . 5.2).

K =
K 0 (1 + j1 )
.
(1 + j ) (1 + j2 )
(5.19)
1 = 1/
, . 2 1
. ,
. ,
,
.

RC-. . 5.2

- T-R-.
, RC-
.
245
5.2
RC- K = 104
0 = 1
RC-
-
T-RC
a = 1;
a = 1,5;
a = 1;
a = 1;
a = 1;
a = 1;
b=1
b = 1,5
b=1
b = 10
b=1
b = 10
T / 0
100
100
100
100
100
100
K, T =
1,8889
1,2
1,5
K, T
3,0025
1,8895
3,0025
1,2002
1,49916
5,996
0,0025
0,0006
0,0025
0,00017
0,00084
0,004
, %
4,2
3,8
4,2
2,2
4,2
2,2
, %
0,113
0,026
0,056
0,07
0,052
0,113
5.3.

- , . .
.

,
. .
246
, ,
.
,
, .
,
.
[20, 24,
193]. ,
. ,
[20],
-
. [24],

.
,

,
[24].

- .

n- ,

. ,
247

(. 5.14). DA , (, )
-
1 K (, ) =0;
(5.20)
(, ) = 2 n, n = 0, 1, 2, ,
; K
; (, ) .

Q( s, )= a0 () s n + a1 () s n 1 + a2 () s n 2 + ... + an 1 () s1 + an (),
(5.21)
ai() i = 1, n ;
.
,
.
- RC- ,
,

. ,
. ,

248
,
.
(.
5.9,

- .
(. 5.9,
),
(. 5.15, ).
, ,
, .

.
Y. Y k k
- r ,
5:
r 1
( s ) (1) j + k j jk + (1) r + k rk
( s , ) =
j =1
rr
(5.22)
j, k, r ; jk,
rk ; j j- ; rr
(s)
(5.20).

, - . 6.15, ,
(
1) j r ( s ) j r , j 1, r 1.
249
A( p ) =
(1) r + k rk ;
Aj ( p ) =
(1) j + k jk ;
(5.23)
B( p ) = rr ,

r 1
r 1
Q ( s=
s ) B ( s ) K A( s ) + j A j (=
s ) 0,
, ) B( p ) K A( s ) + ( s ) j Aj (=
=
j 1=
j 1
(6.24)

r 1
ai ()= bi K cij + j cij , i= 0, n ,

j =1
ai(), bi, cij Q(s, ), B(s), Aj(s) i-

.
. 5.9. :
; R- ; RC-

a
250
. 5.10.
: a - ;
,
, (5.24)
:
2
Q=
( s, ) D( s )[ s 2 + =
()] 0,
(5.25)
D(s) = d0sm + d1sm 1 + d2sm 2 + d3sm 3 + + dm 1s1 + dm

m = n 2, ; 2()
.
(6.25)
Q(s, ) = d0sm + 2 + d1sm + 1 + [d2 + d02()]sm + + dm-12()s1 + dm2() = 0.
(5.26)
(5.21) (5.26)
:
251
q0 () =d 0 ;
q1 () =d1 ;
q2 ()= d 2 + d 0 2 ();
q3 () = d3 + d12 ();
(5.27)
........................................
qn 2 ()= d m + d m 2 2 ();
qn 1 (=
) d m 12 ();
qn () = d m 2 ().
2 () = 02 + ,
D(s) (5.27)
[2 ()]=0 =02 ;
[q ( s, )]=0 =
Q( s ),
(5.28)
Q(s) (5.21).
, Q(s, )
m = n 2
(s, ) = Q(s, ) Q(s),
(5.29)
i =si ; i =0, m.
(5.24) (5.29), ,
(s, ) Q(s, ),
r 1
( s, )= K ( s ) j Aj ( s ).
j =1
(5.30)
252
(5.29)
(p) r 1
i
i (=
) fi ( K , , i , cij );
=
i 0, m; =
j 1, r 1.
(5.31)
, - (s, )
,
(s)
(5.31).
RC-,
,
(. 5.3).

R- -
, . 2. .
, -
( 2 . 5.3)
.
(5.23)
=
T ( s)
A( s )
A1 ( s )
=
; T1 ( s )
,
B( s)
B( s)
A(s) = s22 + 2s + 1; A1(s) = s; B(s) = s22 + 3s + 1; = RC.

(5.21)
Q(s) = s22 (1 + K K) + s (3 + 2K 3K) + 1 + K K = 0.
253
3 + 2K
3K
Q(s) = s22 + 1 =0.
(5.24)
Q(s, ) = s22 + 1 + v = 0.
2 (=
)
1
+ . Q(s, ) (s, ) = .
2
(5.29) = K(s)s
, (s) = 1/s, . . .

() = 0 1 + ,
0 = 1/.
254
5.3.
RC-
RC-
T-RC-
RC-
1-
=0 / 1 3 , 0 =1 / RC
= 0
1 + K (1 ) K
, 0 = 1/ RC
K + (1 K )
= 0 1 3 , 0 = 1 / RC
= 0
1 + K (1 ) K
, 0 = 1/ RC
K + (1 K )
= 0
1 + 3
1 3
, 0 = 1 / RC
255
5.4.
,
,
. (. . 3.4)
. ,
( )
,
.

.
- ,

(0,010,1 %)
(12 ). ,
.
[2].
.
[105, 194] .. ,
..
.

x = y
y = x + g ( y, x),
(5.32)
256
g ( x , x) .

x = y ,
(5.33)
(
,
)
0,
x
x
g
y
x
=
x = x(t) = xm sin (t + t0) .

(5.32),
,
g(y, x),
(5.33),
.
. (5.32)
(y, x) (5.33)
. [195],
g(y, x)
g0, . . .
(5.32)
, ,
(0, +g0), (0, g0) (0, 0). ,

.
.
, (5.33)
257

.

g(t), ,
.
,
, [195]
+g0, g0 .
.
, ,

.

g0
xm:
g0 =
xm
;
2n
xm
x
g0 < m ;
2(n + 1)
2n
g0
xm
,
2n
n (1, 2, 3, ).
. (5.32)
x = y;
y = x + g (t ),
g(t) .
H [195] H = 1y + 2[g(t) x],
1, 2 .
(5.34)
258
g(t) , H
.
g(t) = g0 sign [2(t)].

1 = 2 ;
2 = 1 ,
2 (t ) = 02 cos(t + ), 02 > 0, 0 < < 2,
=
g (t ) g 0 sign[ 02 cos(t=
+ )] g 0 sign[cos(t + )].
t = tk
,
2 (t ) = 02 sin (t t + ); t0 t t ;
=
g (t ) g 0 sign[sin (t t + )],
(5.35)
t0, tk .
(5.35) ,
g (t )
+g0, 0, g0,
sin (t tk + )].
, [195].
. 5.11, B3B2B1O
OA1A2A3 , g0.

, : .

259
+g0, 0, g0 O1, 0,
O2.
,

.
. 5.11,

, R = 1 2g0n ( ).

/2. ,
.

(k 1)T / 2 t kT / 2 ,
(5.36)
k ( ),
.
1.5
1
y ( t)
y1( t )
0.5
0
g( t )
0.5
1
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
x( t ) , x1( t ) , x( t )
. 5.11. :
=
g 0 1 (2 6) g0 = 0.5
260
(5.32)

x = y; y = g 02
({x}
mod 2 g 0
2 1/ 2
g 0 sign x
{x}mod 2g0 = x 2kg0 sign (x);
sign (1 x 2 y 2 )sign x,
(5.37)
, , .
(5.37)
x = y;
2 1/ 2
2
2
2
y
x
g
y
g
x
g
x
sign
sign
0
sign (1 x y )sign x (5.38)
0 { }mod 2 g0 0
sign (1 x 2 y 2 ).
,
.
. 5.11,
, g0 = 0.5
x = y;
2
2
0
.
1 if y 0,5sin(x) 0 if 1 x y =
y
=
x
+
g
0
1 otherwise
sign (1 x 2 y 2 ) otherwise
261
, . .
1
1
g0 < .
2(n + 1)
2n
[195], ,
, ,
. , g(t),
(x0, y0)
, ,
R = 1 2g0n.
:

R
R .

1
, g 0 .
2

, R (
. 5.12 ),
O1, O2
(. 5.12).
. 5.12. 1/4 < g0 <
262
.
.
, 1 2,
-
n m2 m1, .
.
B1 A1.

(. 5.12), nO1m1 nO2m2
(5.37).
g(x, y) = g0
x =C1 sin t + C2 cos t g 0 ;
(5.39)
=
y C1 cos t C2 sin t.
t = 0, x(0) = x0,
y(0) = y0, , t = tk, xk, yk
xk2 + yk2 =
R 2 , ,
( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 =( x 2 + y 2 ) R 2 4 y 2 g 02 ,
1/ 2
2
2 g0

r=
R 1
sin
R

R
(5.34).
263
1/4 < g0 < 1/2

(. 5.12)
(k 1)T / 2 t (k 1)T / 2 +
T
arccos(1 R 2 / 2 g 02 ), k
2
, (5.35).
.5.11 5.12 ,
.
. ,
, .

. , ,
x.
y = 0.
(5.37)
x = y;
y = x + g 0 sign ( y ) sign (1 x 2 y 2 ).
(5.40)
(5.40)
(. 5.13, ) ,

O1, 0, O2. .
. , (5.40)
(5.38) ,
t0 < t < tk , . . .

, .
.
(5.40). ,
264
. 5.13.
: ;
Multisim

(. 5.14).
K
. ,
,
2 v +
2
v + 1 v =
v ,
1
K
R2
= RC, 1 = R3C.
,
, ,
,
(.
. 5.14).
. ,
.
265
. 5.14.
: DA ;
; ; (y)2

(6.39) ;
, ;
; , ,
.
.
.
,
. 6.19, .
(. 5.13, )
Multisim 10
, V1 = 1,5;
V2 = 0 .
,
2,3 , 0,2 %
[93].
266
,
-
. 0,2 %
.
, ,
, ,
.
( ).
.
0,01 %.
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
, . -,

,
.
,
.
5.4.1.
,
, ,
[152],

267
x = y;
y = x + [ f1 ( x) + f 2 ( y ) ] y,
(5.41)
f1(x), f2(x) ; .
,
f1 ( x) = iT2i ( x);
f 2 ( y ) = (1)i +1 iT2i ( y ),
=i 0=i 0
T2i(z) , .
,
(, )
, ,
. ,
, ,
f1 = f2 = f.
x = r cos ,
y = r sin (5.41)
r = g (r , )r sin 2 ;
= 1 + g (r , )sin 2,
2
g(r, ) = f(r cos ) + f(r sin ).

,
,
g(r, ) = 1. (6.40)
(x, y) r = 1,
. ,
g(r, ) (r 1) 0.
268
[157].
(6.40) [r(t), (t)]
r(0) = r0, (t) = 0, r0 (1 + r ), 0 (0, 2).
, t T > 0,

r (t ) 1 . T = Tmin,
,
. , Tmin , ,
g, . .
Tmin = T(r0, 0, , , g).
Tmin ,

. , f(x) = x2 1/2 (. 5.15, )
g(r, ) = r2 1.
= 0, 0 < < 2
2 . < 0.
= 1, , : t ,
( )
. t +, r 0,1,
, r 0,9 .
( , )
.
269
. 5.15. : ; ;

(. 5.16, ). ,
(6.40) r0 = 0,707, 0 = /2, = 0,01,
= 1, 2,7,
, 6,28.
. 5.16. :
; ;
(. 5.15, ),
2 T2(2 n1) ( x)
=
f ( x) 1 2sign ( x =
1 2)
.
i =0 2n 1
2
(5.42)
-
.
{ x, y : x <
f1(x) + f2(x) = F(x, y).
2 / 2, y < 2 / 2
(. . 6.20,) F(x, y) = 1, (640)
270
x = y;
y = x y.
(5.43)
0 > > 2 1 ,
< 2 .
2
{ x, y : x >
2 / 2, y > 2 / 2 , F(x, y) = +1 (5.23)

x = y;
y = x + y.
(5.44)
{ x, y : x <
2 / 2 y < 2 / 2 , F(x, y) = 0
, 3
. ,
r = 1 ,
.
y = + 2 2 y = 2 2 ,
,
[157].
,
. . 5.16,
. rs 2 2.

( x = y = +
2 2
s T = 1,

.
[93, 158].
(. . 5.15, ). , 0 < , 1, h = c = const,
271
. ,
r = 1 ,
= 1 1 2 .
F(x, y)
(. . 5.16, ). ,
, F = h F = 2h,
F = +h F = + 2h.
F = 0.

. Bk (k = 1 4), . . ,
F = h, , ,
x = y;
y = x hy.
(5.45)
Bk
B1 B2 B3 B4. (5.45)
, h = c,
1/c
x = y = , . 1/c < < 0,
B1 B3 , ,
.
- B2 B4.
y, (5.45):
+
x hy
dy.
y
y =
(5.46)
, x , , x / y,
272
y =2h =2c.
, , .
, . 1/2c
,
B2 .
B1 B3 f1(x) f2(x)
, . 5.17. F

, F = h.
, ,
, , , ,
(. 5.17, ).
. 5.17. ( )
()
[194]
. (. 5.18,
)
, x 1
.
(. 5.18, ) ,
.
, .
273
. 5.18. : ;

, . 5.15, 5.16 5.18,

, .
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
.

5213-5.

, ,
. 5.19.
274
. 5.19.
: DA1DA3
; 1, 2 ; .1, .2 ; 1 ; &
; 12

,
1 2 1 2,
.1 .2.
, .

10 1
.1 .2 (
).
(
,
275
=
V (0) V=
V0 ) ,
0 , V (0)
, 95 %
(Vk = 0,95Vm).
( ).
.
Vm = 5 0 5 ,

(1 ). 0,1 %.

0,01 200 .
. ,

.
5.4.2.

,
[165, 196 201].
[74]

276
,
, .
,

.
. 5
,
.
.

x = y;
y = x + h1 ( y, x) f1 ( y, x);
(5.47)
x = y;
y = x + h2 ( y, x) f 2 ( y, x)dt ;
t
(5.48)
x = y;
y = x + y h3 ( y, x) f3 ( y, x)dt ,
t
(5.49)
h(x, y) .
(5.47) (5.49)
h(x, y)
0;
v( y, x) =
( y , x ) =
0 v( y, x) 0,
v(y, x) , , y x.
277
-
( ,
. .).
.
:
(5.47) (5.49) f
f,

.

(. 5.20, ). (5.47)
(y, x)
,
x(t) y(t). x y
. -
v(y, x) = 0 ( L),
, (5.47)
-
.
tn L -.
x , y
f1(yn, xn).
L . .
(5.47)
, .
rn +1
rn

rn2+1 =
rn2 + f12 ( xn , yn ) 2rn f1 ( xn , yn )cos n .
(5.50)
278
rn + 1 rn,
,
.
, . .
,
[78]. , {Ak : R R}
, < 1,
r1 r2, {A : R R},
(Ar1, Ar2) (r1, r2). k,
{Ak} ,
.
. 5.20. (6.47) f1,

() ()
, ,
(5.50) rn + 1 = rn = rm Ak r = r:
f1 ( xm , ym ) [ f1 ( xm , ym ) 2rm cos ] =0,
(5.51)
f1(ym, xm) = 0 [f1(ym, xm) 2rm cos ] = 0.

279
6.
(5.47) xm
f1(ym, xm) = 0.
(5.52)

. [78],

(6.50)
drn+1
< 1.
drn r = r
n m
(5.52)
drn+1
df
=
< 1
1 1 cos
dr
dr
n r
n
=
=
rn rm
n rm
0<
df1
drn
cos < 2.
(5.53)
, = /2,
, , ,
. =
,

xn = yn
(5.53) :
2 <
df1
cos < 0.
dyn
, f1 ,
. y.
x x
(t t0 ) f1 (t0 ).

0, ,
( - f).
, , , .
6
280
f1(y) :
,
.
:
r0 = x0 f1(y0),
r .
(5.50), ,
xn+1 =
xn + f1 ( xn ) ==
xm 1.
f1 opt ( xn ) = 1 xn .
xn

f1 opt ( x )= 1 x.
(5.54)
,
x = y;
1
y = x + ( x) (1 + sign y )(1 y ),
(5.55)
(x) 1/2 (1 + sign y) -,
x(t) = sin t
. . 5.20, ,

. ,
, , , --,
.
.
, f1(y)
. , (5.53)
ymin < y < ymax ,
281
f1(y) f1(y) = (1 y),

0 < < 2.
, - ,
(5.55)
. [97, 99,
197 198].
(5.48). ,
- f2 f2 , -
(5.48) .
(. 5.26, ),
f2(yn, xn). L
-,
f2
.
, . 5.20,,
, .
.
, .
- . ,
-
L .
. 5.21, ,

xn + 1 = xn 2 f2(xn, yn).
(5.56)
282
. 5.21. (6.48)
xn + 1 = xn = xm = 1, f2(xm, ym) = 0.
1 <
df 2
< 0 xn + 1 = xm.
dx
, f2 x.
f2
(5.56):
xn + 1 = 1 = xn 2 f2(xn) xn > 0;
xn + 1 = +1 = xn 2 f2(xn) xn 0.

=
f 2 opt ( x)
1
(sign x x).
2
(5.57)
, (5.48)
(5.57)
x = y;
1
y = x + ( y )(sign x x) dt
2t
(5.58)
283

. . 5.26,
(5.58) ,
. [196].
, (5.49). n- (n 1) - ( )
(5.49) ,
f3 n- .
(6.49)
x = y;
y = x + yf3 ( xn , yn ) = x + yan
(5.59)
tn t < tn + 1.
[78],
an, . an = 0
, 0 < an < 2 an > 2 .
, an .
, an > 2 , ,
L,
. an < 2
. ,

0 < an < 2 .
(5.60)
(5.59) (6.60)

284
x(t ) xne
=
an ( t t0 )2
an
sin 1 t + n tn t < tn + 1.
(5.61)
L, , ,
,
. , L
. ,
. , -
.
, - y.
y(t) (5.61),
x n- (n + 1)-
anTn / 2
=
xn +1 x=
xn e f3 ( xn , yn )Tn / 2 ,
ne
T
=
n
(5.62)
=
tn+1 tn .
2
f3 ( xn , yn )
L
. .
xn + 1 = xn = xm = 1, , f3(xm, ym) = 0.

<
df3
dx
<0
xn = xm. , f3 .

f3 opt ( x) = 2
ln 2 1/ x
42 + ln 2 1/ x
(5.63)
285
x 0.
0,001 > x 1000 1,5
.
(5.63) , x = 1
d f3 / dx . (5.63)
(. 5.22).
. 5.22.
(5.49)
[156 ]
x = y;
ln 2 1/ x
dt.
y = x y ( y )(1 + sign x)
42 + ln 2 1/ x
(5.64)
x > 1, + 0 < x 1.
(1 + sign x) -,
x.
,
f3 (=
x)
(1 x) , 0 < 2. (5.49)
x = y;
1
(1 + sign x)(1 x)dt.
y = x + y ( y )
2
t
(5.65)
286
, , (5.55), (5.58), (5.64)

xmin < x xmax.
xmin xmax
.
5.4.3.

(5.55), (5.58), (5.65)

. ,
,
- sign-. ,
. ,
,
.
(5.55) x ,
(
) ,
x ,

. , . -
t
h, f1 ( x )
f1 h t
. ,
, f1 ( x ) h.
h 1.
287
(5.58)
f (t )(t t ) dt =f (t )
0
, ,
.
(5.55) (5.58)
. ,
(5.55)
x =y , :
x = y;
1
y = y x + y ( y ) (1 + sign x)(1 x)dt.
2
t
(5.66)

xm = 1 /.
(5.66) .
, (5.55, 5.58, 5.65),
[156]. .
. 5.23 ,
(5.65). -
sign-,
, , .

. 1 2
. 1
.1, 4
V1V DA4.
288
. 5.23. ,
(6.65): DA1DA4 ; ; .1, .2 ;
1 2
.1
4
. .2
3.
,
7.
.
V, 3

V.

741
( ),
MultiSim (. 5.24), ,
7
1, 2, .1, .2, 3 4 -.
289

0,0002 % 100 10 0,001 %
10100 10100 6 .
. 5.24. 3-125 :
v1 = x(0) = +5 B, v2 = y(0) = 0 B; v1 = x(0) = +5 B, v2 = y(0) = 5 B

R- -.
-
R-,
.

.
,
R- .
290
-.
,

.
,
11,5
.
10 0,00020,001 %.
.

3-125 3-130. .
, . 5.28.
,
.

1.
, .
()
, , .

,
.
291
2.

.
3.

.
-

,
-
.
4.
,

(),
, ,
.
5.

,
-50
0,0001%.
6.
3-124.
292
7.
, , ,
, .

3 (3-109, 3-118, 3-121, 3-123, 3-125 .).
150
.
,

, , .
293
1. 15094-86. .
. .: - , 1987. 20 .
2. , .. -
/ .. . :
, 1977. 104.
3. , ..
. / .. //
III-
: , ,
. . 1988. . 76 77.
4. , ..
/ . . . //
II
, , 1989. . 250.
5. Rybin Yu.K. Measuring Signal Generators / Yu. K. Rybin. Springer.: Dordrecht,
Heidelberg, London, New York, 2014. 488 p.
6. , ..
/ ..
. . . .-. .
(-89), 1921 . 1989 .,

. , 1989. . 239.
7. , .. / . . , .
.. .: , 2008. 192 .
8. , ..
. / .. , .. , .. , ..
, .. , .. , .. .//
. 1974. 5. . 9 11.
9. 8.33199. .
. .
. .: - , 2001. 18 c.
294
10. 8.11885. .
. .
.: - , 1986. 16 c.
11. 2385479. .
. .: - .
2002. 15 c.
12.
4.31285.
. .: - , 1986. 20 c.
13.
23849-87.

. .: - , 1990. 50 c.
14. 45.1642001. ,
. .: - ,
2001. 34 c.
15., . : : ,
/ . , . . .: , 2009. 512 .
16. 14014-91.
, , .
. .: - , 1993. 14 c.
17. 1968789.
. . .: -
, 1989. 19 15 c.
18. 51317.3.22006 ( 61000-3-2:2005).
.
16 (
). . .: , 2007. 14 .
19. , .. RC- / .. . .:
, 1954. 238 .
20. ,
..
/ .. . : , 1958. 206 .
295
21. , .. / .. .
.; .: , 1961. 623 .
22. / .. . .;
.: , 1964. 226 .
23. , .. / ..
. .: , 1968. 240 .
24. , .. / ..
. .: , 1973. 190 .
25. , .. RC- / . .
. .: , 1976. 208 .
26. ,
..
/ .. . .: - , 1980.
17 .
27. , ..
/ .. . .: - , 1983. 142 .
28. , .. / .. .
.: , 1983. 184
29. , .. / .. ,
.. , .. . .: . . , 1985. 104 .
30., .. /
.. . .: . , 1972. 352 .
31., . / . . .: , 1974. 344 .
32., .. / ..
. . .: , 1971. 528 .
33., .. / ..
. .: , 1971. 349 .
34., .. / . .
.: , 1978. 168 .
296
35., .. / ..
, ... .: , 1988. 480 .
36., .. / . ,
... .: -
, 1959. 470 .
37. , .. / ..
. .: , 1965. 261 .
38. , .. . .
/ .. , .. , ... .: . ,
1980. 274 .
39. , .. / .. . .:
, 1966. 404
40. , .. ( ) / .
. . .: . , 1984. 119 .
41. , .. / .. . .:
, 1975. 304 .
42., .. / .. .
.: , 1985. 384
43., ..
/ .. , .. .
.: , 1981. 144 .
44., .. / ..
. .: , 1969. 752 .
45., .. / .. .
.: . , 1979. 288 .
46. , .. / ..
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297
, ..
47.
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- . 2007. 2. . 3638.
48.Arbitrary Waveforms for the Agilent 33210, 33220A and 33250A. URL:
http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/software.jspx?ckey=1356223&lc=rus&cc=
RU&nid=-536902257.0.00&id=1356223: ( 05.05.2013).
49.NI Analog Waveform Editor, SW Tool for Creating/Editing Waveforms. URL:
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05.05.2013).
50. 8.11097. .

. .: - , 2001. 9 c.
51. 8.33199. .
.
. .: - , 2001. 11 c.
52.
().URL:
http://www.rpis.ru. ( 14.10.2012).
53.. . 584259 , 3 G 01 R 23/20. ,
/ .. ,
.. , .. (CCC). 2393943/1821; . 01.08.76;
. 07.12.77, . 46. 3 .
54.. . 1114970 , 3 G 01 R 23/20. ,
/ ..
(CCC). 3558386/1821; . 28.02.83; . 23.09.84, . 35. 3
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57. . . ,
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58. , . / . . .: , 1979. 302 .
59. .. / ..
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60. , ..
/ . . . .: ,1977. 240 .
61. .. / .. .
.: , 1978, 336 .
62. , .. / ..
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63. , ..
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64. , ..
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70. , .. / .. , .
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71. , .. / . .. .: ,
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72. , .. : . / . , . .
. 6-. .: , 2003. 704 .
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55.
74., .. / .. , .. , .. .
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75.. . /.
. .: ,
1935. 42 .
76., ..
/ .. , .. . .: , 1963. 504 .
77., .. /
.. .: . . .. -, 1975. 72 c.
78., .. / .. ,
.. , . .. .: , 1987. 384 .
79., .. / .. . .:
, 1952. 271 c.
300
80., .. / . .
. .2. .: , 1973. 566 .
81., .. / .. , .. , ..
. .: , 1988. 392 .
82., . / . .: , 1969. 400 .
83., .. / .. ,
.. , .. . . .: , 1987. 384 .
84., .. / .. . .:
, 2001. 395 .
85., ..
..
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. . 307, 3. 2004. . 113118.

86., .. / .. //
IC O-IX, , 1981. .
285.
87.. . 664273 , 3 H 03 B 5/00. / ..,
..; . -.
2107282/1809; . 25.02.79; . 28.05.79. . 19. 2 .
88.. . 691873 , 3 H 03 B 3/02, H 03 B 5/26.
/ .., .., ..,
.., ..;
. -. 2603282/1824; . 11.04.78; . 20.10.79. .
38. 3 .
89.. . 744904 , 3 H 03 B 3/02, H 03 B 5/26.
/. ., ..;
. -. 2607069/1809; .
21.04.78; . 30.06.80. . 24. 3 .
90.. . 754380 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ .., .., .., ..;
301
. -. 2603239/2407;
. 11.04.78; . 07.08.80. . 29. 3 .
91.. . 913348 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ .., ..;
. -. 2967350/2407; . 30.07.80; .
15.03.82. . 10. 2 .
92.. . 926635 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ ..;
. -. 2949758/ 2407; . 30.06.80; . 17.05.82. .
17. 2 .
93.. 934497 , 3 G 06 G 7/12.
/
..;
. -. 2989291/1824; .
08.10.80; . 07.06.82. . 21. 3 .
94.. 966675 , 3 G 05 F 1/44. /
.., ..;
. -. 3269249/2407; . 03.04.81; . 15.10.82. .
38. 3 .
95.. . 978312 , 3 H 03 L 5/00, H 03 B 5/26.
/ .., .., ..;
. - /
3559. 2849350/1809; . 10.12.79; . 30.11.82. . 44. 3 .
96.. . 1001041 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ .., ..;
. -.
3355131/2407; . 23.11.81; . 28.02.83. . 8. 2 .
97.. . 1003042 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ ..;
. -. 3352316/2407; . 05.11.81; . 07.03.83. .
9. 3 ..
302
98.. . 1003106 , 3 H 03 L 5/00, H 03 B 5/26.

/ ..;
. -. 3369771/1824; . 25.12.81; .
07.03.83. . 9. 2 .
99.. . 1032434 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/. ..;
. -. 3332780/2407; . 03.09.81; . 30.07.83. .
28. 2 .
100. . . 1056152 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ ..;
. -. 3482816/2407; .
23.08.82; . 23.11.83. . 43. 3 .
101. . 1072020 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ ..;
. -. 3491368/2407; . 20.09.82; . 07.02.84. .
5. 4 .
102. . . 1088020 , 3 G 06 G 3/00.
/ ..; .
-. 3550318/1824; . 09.02.83; . 24.04.84. . 15. 3 .
103. . . 1096621 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3378570/2407; . 07.01.82; .
07.06.84. . 21. 3 .
104. . . 1152000 , 3 G 06 G 7/26
/ ..; .
-. 3667891/2424; . 27.10.83; . 23.04.85. . 15. 3 .
105. . . 1166260 , 3
H 03
B 5/20, 27/00.
/ .. , .. (CCC).
3596609/2409; . 24.05.83; . 07.07.85, . 25. 3 .
303
106. . . 1176312 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.

/ .., . ., .., ..;
. -
3559. 3710507/2407; . 11.03.84; . 30.08.85. . 32. 2 .
107. . . 1179386 , 3 G 06 G 7/26.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3733588/2424;
. 14.03.84; . 15.09.85, . 34. 3 .
108. . . 1257670 , 3 G 06 G 7/26. /
..; . -.
3690981/2424; . 13.01.84; . 15.09.86, . 34. 2 .
109. . . 1287134 , 3 G 06 F 1/02.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3914557/2424; . 24.06.85; .
30.01.87, . 4. 2 .
110. . . 1291944 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ ..;
. -.. 3612974/2407; . 01.07.83; . 23.02.87, .
7. 3 .
111. . . 1354214 , 3 G 06 F 7/22.
/ .., ..;
. -. 4091092/2424; . 14.07.86; .
23.11.87, . 43. 3 .
112. . . 1423998 , 3 G 06 F 1/02.
/ .., ..;
. -.. 4227245/2424; . 28.01.87; .
15.09.88, . 34. 4 .
113. . . 1467540 , 3 G 05 F 1/44.
/ .., .., ..;
304
. - 3559.
4087962/2407; . 29.05.86; . 23.03.89, . 11. 3 .
114. . . 1564652 , 3 G 06 F 7/22.
/ .., ..;
. -. 4470268/2424; . 05.08.88; .
15.05.90, . 18. 5 .
115. ,
..
/ .. , .. , .. // : -
. -. 1973. . 270. . 214216.
116. ,
..
/ .. , .. , .. //
.
, , 1975. . 16.
117. ,
..
RC-
/ ..
,
..
..
//
: -. . / .
., 1985. . 2(54). . 2537.
118. , ..
/ ..
// . . . 89. . 1989. . 2, . 239. 240.
119. , ..
/ .. , .. , .. , ..
, .. // .
, , 1978. . 13 14.
120. ,
..
/ .. , .. //
- .
305
. , . .
. . . 1985. . 80 88.
121. ,
..
/ ..
, .. , .. // III-
: ,
, . . . 1988. .
110 111.
122.
, .. .

. 6.57.8.10. / .. 780.378.22. 1978. 75 .
123. , ..
/ .. , . , .. .. ,
// , 4, 1979. . . 282.
124. , ..
/ .. , .. , .. , . ., // .
,
. 1979. . . 28 31.
125. ,
..
RC-
/ .. , .. //
, , 11, 1980. . 5- 60.
126. , .. ,
/
..
..
//
,
, , 1980. . . 73
74.
127. , .. / .. , ..
// . 1. 1980. . 284.
306
128. , .. /
.. , .. , .. //
,
, . 1981. .
126 -127.
129. , .. / .. , ..
, .. // . 6,.
1981. . 222.
130. ,
..
RC-
/ ..
,
..
..
//
: -. . / .
., 1985. . 2(54). . 2537.
131. ,
..
/ . ., .. , .. , ..
// . 6. 1988. 302 .
132. , ..
. /
.. //
, , 1990. . 25
133. , ..
/ .. , .. , ..
// . , 10 2000. . 5 10
134. , ..
RC / .. // . , ,
. .306. 3. 2003.
. .78 83.
135. ,
..
/ .. // . , ,
307
. .307. 3. 2004. .113118.

136. Rybin, Yu.K. Synthesis of test measuring signals. Proceedings of the 10th
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243-248.
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3 / .. , .. // 11-
- 21
/ , . T.1. . 156 159. 2006.
138. , ..
/ .. //. , ,
. .316. 4. 2010. .136
140.
139. , ..
/ .. // . , ,
. .317. 4. 2010. ..134
139.
140. , ..
/ .. // . ,
, . .318 4
2011. .80 85.
141. Rybin, Yu. K. Electronic Devices for Analog Signal Processing . Springer:
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/ .. // . , ,
.320 4 2012.
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308
144. P,
..
RC-
/ .. P, ..
// . . . . 1980. 11. . 5760.
145. , .. RC- / ..
, .. , .. // . . 1984. 4.
. 3941.
146. Function Generator/RC Oscillator. URL: http://www.krohn-hite.com/ (
02.03.2013).
147. ,
..
7090 / .. , .. , .. . //
. . .
, , , . .
1984. . 32, 33.
148. ,
.. -
. / .. // . .
. . . - 83.
. 1983. . 146.
149. , ..
-3
.. ,
.. ,
.. ,
.. // . 1983. 2. . 240,
241.
150. , .. // ..
, .. , .. // .
1983. 1. . 211.
151. , .. / .. : -
, 2003. 264 .
152. , . / . , . . .
.. . .: 1968. 504 .
309
153. , .. / ..
// . 1982. . XXVII, 9. . 1793
1797.
154. , ..
/ .. //
.
, . . . . . 1985. . 70 80.
155. , ..
/ .. . .: ,
1975. 96 .
156.
// . .. . .:
, 1970. 567 .
157. ,
..
/ .. //
. 1984. . XXIX, 9. . 17641771.
158. ,
..
/ .. , .. //
. 1983. . XXVIII. 12. . 24092413.
159. . . 1166260 , 3
H 03
B 5/20, 27/00.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3596609/2409; .
24.05.83; . 07.07.85. . 25. 6 .
160. , ..
/ .. . .: , 1971. 112 .
161. ,
/ . , . , .. .: , 1974. 320 .
310
162. ,
..
/ .. // .
-. 2004. . 307, 3. . 113118.
163. ,
..
/ .. , .. , ..
, //. II-
. 4.
. 1984. . 45 46.
164. , ..
/ .. , .. //.
10- .
1. . 1986. . 239 240.
165. , .. ,

: . . . . : 05.13.01 /
. . 1989. 19 .
166. , ..
/ .. // . 1986.
. XXXI 9. . 18011807.
167. , ..
.
. . .
. . 1989. . 105 112.
168. , .. / ..
//
, ,
.. . , 1983. . 45.
169. . . 1149374 , 3 H 03 B 29/00. /
..; . -.
3586382/2409; . 24.04.83; . 07.04.85. . 13. 4 .
311
170. . . 1149375 , 3 H 03 B 29/00. /

..; . -.
3586383/2409; . 24.04.83; . 07.04.85. . 13. 4 .
171. . . 1177810 , 3 G 06 G 7/58.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3712798/2424; . 07.03.84; .
07.09.85. . 33. 4 .
172. . . 1309271 , 3 H 03 K 3/84.
/ .., ..;
. -. 3953617/2421; . 16.09.85; .
07.05.87, . 17. 2 .
173. . . 1327098 , 3 G 06 F 7/58.
/ ..; . -.
3871159/2424; . 11.01.85; . 23.11.87, . 43. 2 .
174. . . 1354188 , 3 G 06 F 7/58.
/ .. . -.
3833062/2424; . 30.12.84; . 30.07.87, . 28. 3 .
175. . . 1238131 , 3 G 06 F 7/58. /
.., ..; .
-. 3789343/2424; . 28.05.84; . 15.06.86, . 22. 4 .
176. . . 1524164 2 , 3 H 03 K 3/84.
/ .., ..;
. -. 4283102/2421; . 13.07.87; .
23.11.89, . 43. 4 .
177. . . 1529218 , 3 G 06 F 7/58.
/ .., ..;
. -. 4346651/2424; . 22.12.87; . 15.12.89, .
46. 3 .
178. . . 1621148 2 , 3 H 03 K 3/84.
/ .., ..;
312
. -. 4644710/21;
. 02.01.89; . 15.01.91, . 2. 4 .
179. . . 1670776 , 3 H 03 K 3/84.
/ .., ..;
. -. 4721931/21; . 19.07.89; . 15.08.91,
. 30. 3 .
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Volume
2012,
Article
ID
908716,
pages
doi:10.1155/2012/908716.
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2. 1979. . 321 327
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..
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.. // . 1987. . XXXII. 5. .
10011007.
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Jan. 18, 1967; issued 6 Aug. 1968.
314
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817-826.
,
30
4.2
50
3.4
261.1*103.8
*303.2
DC ~ 20 kHz)
0.04 (1Vpp,
50, High Z
0.1 dB
< 100 kHz
20 Vpp
High Z
10Vpp 50
Ohm
20 10-6f
1 Hz
20 2Hz
33220
Aqilent
20
370*120
*300
0,2
19
241*89*
316
0,001
20
241*89*
316
0,0001
(100 ~ 10
5, 600
10;
5/600
10
100
50
18
2.3
230*89*
216
0,0002
(100 ~ 10
600
2 dB
7 ;
High Z
3.5/600 .
(0,5
1
110
Mod 4402B
Krohn-Hite
: , . : f.
60
488*93*
475
0,02
5, 600
50
5, 600
0,1 /10
(4 10)
1
200
3125
10;
5/600
(0,5+50
/f)
10
1
3121
10;
5/600
10 ; 5
50
5 10-7f
0,001 3
:
:
50
232*108
*288
DC ~ 20 kHz)
229*105
*281
0.2 (1Vpp,
DC ~ 20 kHz)
50, High Z
0.1 dB
< 100 kHz
0.2 (1 Vpp,
50, High Z
0.1 dB
< 100 kHz
20 Vpp
High Z
10Vpp 50
Ohm
, %

, %
10 Vpp
High Z
5Vpp 50
Ohm
100 10-6f
1 Hz
5 MHz
1 Hz
20 MHz

10010-6f
AWG4105
DG2021
Rigol
315
.
1. ()
NN
/
,
1
Py (t ) ( z ) =

0.5
2 2
0.5
PA ( z ) =
Py ( z )
z2
1/ 2, z 1;
Py (t ) ( z ) =
0, z > 1.
Py (t ) ( z ) = 1 + z , 1 < z 0;
1 z , 0 < z 1.
2 2
2 2
PA ( z ) =
Py ( z )
z
1 z2
, 0 z < 1.
Py (t ) ( z ) =
1
1
a cosh .
2
z
Pa( z )
0
0
z
1.5
PA ( z ) 3 z (1 z ) .
Py ( z )
Pa( z )
0
5
10
0.75
Pa( z )
0
0
5
0.75
0 1 > z ,
PA ( z ) 0, 5 1 z 1,
=
0 z > 1.
Py ( z )
0
Pa( z )
0
2.
NN
/
1

() Ra(p)
3
100
2
S1=
() 2T ( g () ) M ( A2 ) 1 + 2 (1) p Ra( p) cos( pT ) ,
p = 100

Ra (=
p ) 1, M (=
A) 1,=
T 1.
50
1
S1( )
10
0
10
10
1.5
2
S2( )
Ra( p )
10
0
0
10
100
Ra (=
p ) 1 p = 0, M (=
A) 1,=
T 1.
0 p 0;
S3( )
0
0
10
100
2. ()
1
exp ( 2,3 p ) M ( A) =
1, T =
1.
Ra ( p ) =
S4( )
0
0
10
10
1.5
5
S5( )
Ra( p )
0
0
10
100
100
100
10
1.5
6
S6( )
Ra( p )
10
0
0
10
100
,
60
488*93*
475
9
0,02
5, 600
0,1 /10
(1+1/U)
%
10;
5/600
0,5*10f
+0,05
1*10f
(0,5+50
/f)
10
1
3121
50
312*133*
322
8
0,002
, %
5, 600

, %
10;
5/600
1*10*f
3*10f
, %
(1+50
/f)
10
200

, %
3118
150
488*134*
570
19
0,5
50
5;
2,5/50
140
488*134*
475
15,5
0,1
50
(1+1/U)
195/ 10
1*10*f
3*10f
3*108f
5*109*f
+0,05
1
299,9
3123
0,5*107f
0,001
2
3122
19
241*89*
316
5
0,001
5, 600
10;
5/600
1*10f
3*10f
1
200
3125
20
241*89*
316
5
0,0001
5, 600
10;
5/600
1*10f
3*10f
10
100
50
480*158*
508
15
0,050,2
10 -1
0,03-0,2
10 600
20
100
7090
100
475*210*
480
25
0,00170
0,03
10;/5000
1*10f
3*10f
(2+30
/f)
20
200
.
, . .
20
0,5
50
(4 10)
%
10 ; 5
50 .
5.10-9fH
3.10-8fH
5.10-7fH
0,001
3
319
320

,
. .
321
322
323
324
325
326
327

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05.11.

3.2.1. RC- ...................................................... 119

, , FPAA (Field-Programmable Analog Array,

26/73, 10-115/74, 8-34/76, 8-77/76. 8-89/77,

132 15.04.1982 ., 225 08.

" (. , 1980 .);

(4) HF- RF-oscillators.

X (t ) ={x(t ) : x(t ) = ai i (t , bi , i , i , Ti )[ H (t i ) H (t i +1 )], i =1, }

X (t ) = x(t ) : x(t ) = ai i (t , bi , i , i , Ti ) i t < i +1 , i =1,

A(1) sin T ( t iT ) 1 + a sin T

: y(t ) Q = {q1 , q 2 , q 3 ,....q m } , ( , ,

(qmx l 1 qmy l 1 ) . , qmx = Fqm [ x(t )] -

qm = min (qmx qmy ) . x( t )X

. .) qiy qix . H , , G x*(t), .

a n . [32, 33]. y(t )

x(t ) = 0 + ck cos(k 0 t ) + d k sin( k 0 t ) .

q x = {c0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n , d1 , d 2 , d 3 ,..., d n } . , ,

ij = i Ai cos( j 0 t )dt = i Ai [sin( j 0 i +1 ) sin( j 0 i )],

d ij = i Ai sin ( j 0 t )dt = i Ai [cos( j 0 i ) cos( j 0 i +1 )],

1 = 1 A1c11 + 2 A2 c21 + 3 A3c31 + .... + i Ai ci1 + .... + I AI c I 1

n = 1 A1c1n + 2 A2 c2 n + 3 A3c32 + .... + i Ai ci 2 + .... + I AI c In

d n = 1 A1d1n + 2 A2 d 2 n + 3 A3 d 32 + .... + i Ai d i 2 + .... + I AI d In

(2 j 1 2 0 I )], d ij = sin [ j (2 j 1 2 0 I )],

0,207 0,077 0,332 0,126 0,078

D = 0,333 0,026 0,277 0,096 0,189 .

0,103 0,041 0,189 0,132 0,2

5 sin t , 0 < t T 11, (10 11) T < t

(2.4), x(t ) = {x(t ) : x(t ) = ai i (t , bi , i , i , Ti )[ H (t i ) H (t i 1 )], i = 1, }

M [ x(t )] , D[ x(t )] , PX ( y ) , S ( ) , R X ( ) , M [ x(t )]

: P( p ) , S(p), K(p) PT (x), Sy(t)(), K(y).

S y (t ) () = x 2 g (x) PT ( x)dx = 3 y 2 g ( y ) dy,

: T , RA(p) {Ai}; [19] (-1)p. T, g(), M[A2] , RA(p) . .

ymn sin(n0t + yn=)

sin(n0t + xn + arg( (n0 ))).

ymn = (n0 ) xmn yn = xn + arg( (n0 )),

sin n0t + yn + arg( K (n0 )) ,

cos yn + arg( K (n0 )) sin ( n0t )

K (n0 ) ymn sin yn + arg( K (n0 )) cos ( n0t ) .

(n0 ) xmn sin n0t + arg( K (n0 )) + arg( (n0 )) .

Y12 = Y21 = G2.

. 3.10. (); (); ()

V12 = v (V32 ) , V12 = v (V32 ) ,

. . i1a= i2a + i3a , . 3.5, , ,

GDA1 , GDA 2 DA1 DA2,

Z1 (GDA 2 ( Z 2 (GDA1 ( x1 )))) = x1 Z 2 (GDA1 ( Z1 (GDA 2 ( x2 )))) = x1

pC1 R2 R4 R3 pR2C2 R3 pR1C1 R3 p 2 R1C1 R2C2 R3

x(t) = xm cos (0t). ,

xm sin() f (xm cos ()) (4.1) .

. 4.2 F1* ( x) F3* ( x) .

. 4.2. (3.4): F1 ( x); F3 ( x)

f (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + + aNx2N.

an, bn, dn, xn

k1 L12 ( z ) + k2 L22 ( z ) + k3 L23 ( z ) + ... + k N L2N ( z ).

f (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + a3x6,

f 6( x) 1 21, 2 x 2 + 65,7 x 4 50,1x 6 .

x + 02 x = 0 x (1 21, 2 x 2 + 65, 7 x 4 50,1x 6 )

x1( t ) , x2( t ) , x3( t )

x + x =x b2(2 k 1)T2(2 k 1) ( x) + b2(2 k 1)T2(2 k 1) ( x ) .