Kbantomhqanik II, SEMFE

Prth Seir Asksewn

'Askhsh

1.

Jewrste thn kumatosunrthsh

,x < 0
0
N sin( nx
)
,0 < x < L
(x) =
L

0
,x > L
a) Upologste thn stajer kanonikopohshc

N.

b) Upologste thn kumatosunrthsh ston qro twn ormn.

g) Upologste thn puknthta pijanthtac ston qro twn ormn.
Ti parathrete se sqsh me thn klasik knhsh?

'Askhsh

2.

Jewrste thn kumatosunrthsh

a

(x) = N e 2 (xx0 )

+ip0 x
~

, pou

N=

 1/4

a) Upologste ta

hxi, hx2 i, hpi, hp2 i.

b) Upologste ta

(x)2 , (p)2 , (x) (p).

'Askhsh

3.

En h kumatosunrthsh

(x, 0)

enai mia Gkaousian sunrthsh kai paristnei na elejero

swmatdio sthn ma distash me mza

(x, 0) = N e
Na breje h

'Askhsh

x2
2

, pou

m
 1/4

N=

thn qronik stigm

t = 0:

(x, t).

4.

En h dunamik enrgeia enai migadik sunrthsh thc jshc,

V = V1 + iV2 ,

tte h pijanthta

den diathretai.
Brete thn exswsh pou isqei metax puknthtac pijanthtac kai rematoc pijanthtac.

'Askhsh

5.

Na apodexete ti oi lseic thc qronoanexrththc exswshc tou

se diaforetikc idiotimc thc enrgeiac

En 6= Em ,

Schrodinger ,

pou antistoiqon

enai orjogniec metax touc.

'Askhsh

6.

En lx , ly , lz enai oi treic sunistsec thc stroformc kai orsoume touc telestc l+

= lx + ily ,

l = lx ily
Na dexete ti
a)

[lz , l+ ] = ~l+ , [lz , l ] = ~l , [l+ , l ] = 2~lz .

b) En isqei lz

'Askhsh

kai

= l+

tte lz

= ( + ~).

7.

a) Dexte ti

P=

im
~

[H, r].

b) H msh tim thc ormc se mia diakrit stsimh katstash enai mhdn.

'Askhsh

8.

En h sunrthsh

enai sunrthsh tou

x kai llwn megejn A pou metatjentai me ton telest

px , tte isqei
[px , F ] = i~ F
x

'Askhsh

9.

En h sunrthsh

(x)
a
,x > 0
(x) =
a , x < 0
d
Tte dx = 2a(x).

orzetai wc exc

'Askhsh

10.

En isqei
a)

[[A, B], A] = 0, tte

 sA 
e
, B = s [A, B] esA

b)

esA BesA = s [A, B] + B

'Askhsh

11.

Na orsete thn pargwgo enc telest wc proc mia parmetro t.

Katpin me bsh ton orism na dexete ti
a)

d(AB)
dt

b)

dA1
dt

'Askhsh

dA
dt B

+ A dB
dt

1
= A1 dA
dt A

12.

Na gryete ston qro twn ormn thn exswsh tou

kai dunamik enrgeia

V (r).
2

Schrodinger

gia na swmatdio me mza

Kbantomhqanik II, SEMFE

Deterh Seir Asksewn

'Askhsh 1.

En

A B2
>
[hGi + hDi2 ]
D = i(AB BA)
G = AB + BA

oi

teles tc

pou

enai

ermitiano

na

dexete

ti

1
4

hA2 ihB 2 i

kai

Me bsh thn prohgomenh sqsh na apodeiqje h genikeumnh Sqsh Abebaithtac gia ta megjh

A B
,

'Askhsh 2.

Exets te pte to ginmeno abebaithtac duo asumbbas twn fusikn megejn parnei thn elqis th
dunat

tim

Efarmog

tou.

gia

Dhlad

pte

isqei

to

d
A = x B = p = i~ dx
,

son

s thn

genikeumnh

sqsh

abebaithtac.

hxi = 0 hpi = 0

upojtontac

'Askhsh 3.

En
na

enai

dexete

nac

ermitianc

pnakac

me

thn

2 = I

idithta

pou

enai

tautotikc

pnakac,

ti

exp(ia) = I cos(a) + i sin(a)


Efarmog

s touc

pnakec

Pauli, 1 =

tou

0 1
1 0


,

2 =

0 i
i 0


,

3 =

1 0
0 1


.

'Askhsh 4.

Oi

diakritc

idiotimc

thc

enrgeiac

se

na

monodis tato

prblhma

prblhma

na

enai

mh

ekfulismnec.

'Askhsh 5.

dunamik

thc

enrgeia

sunrthshc

V (x) = a(x)
Na

se

dlta

na

tou

monodis tato

Dirac

gia

swmatdio

mzac

enai

anlogh

a>0

me

brejon

a)

Oi

b)

s tsimec

katas tseic.

sunteles tc

anklashc

gia

na

prosppton

swmatdio

me

enrgeia

E>0

'Askhsh 6.

Ta

hlektrnia

frgma

agwgimthtac

dunamiko.

sunrthsh

V (x)

sunantme

gia

s tajer

ta

Gia

pou

thn

pedo

metllwn

monodis tath

V (x) = 0

hlektrnia

hlektrik

twn

kat

gia

enai
ton

brskontai

prosggish

x<0

twn

to

dunamik

V (x) = V0
Ef
Fermi
x

kai

enrgeia

xona

desmeumna

gia

tou

msa

s to

mtallo

ap

aut

perigrfetai

x>0

mgis th

Efarmzoume

s to

na

ap

thn

enrgeia

pou

mtallo

na

Brete

ton

Sunteles t

Dileushc

gia

na

hlektrnio

kai

thn

pou

qei

Ef

enrgeia

'Askhsh 7.

Upologs te
sunrthsh

thn

abebaithta

jshc

nx
L

n (x) = N sin

tou

abebaithta

apeirbajou

ormc

gia

mia

tuqosa

idio-

phgadio.

'Askhsh 8.

'Ena
me

swmatdio

mkh

mzac

pleurn

a b
,

enai

Na

upoqrewmno

brejon

oi

na

kinetai

epitrepmenec

msa

timc

se

thc

na

didis tato

enrgeic

orjognio

kout

tou.

'Askhsh 9.

kats tash

enc

swmatidou

t=0
= N (1 + 2 )
1
2
qronik

s tigm

'Opou

tou

kai

phgadio.

oi

ap

thn

se

na

apeirbajo

dunamiko

perigrfetai,

kat

thn

msh

idiosunartseic

jsh

tou

twn

swmatidou

duo

prtwn

s tera

ap

energeiakn

qrno

'Askhsh 10.

Na

brete

tic

enrgeiec

twn

dsmiwn

katas tsewn

gia

swmatdio

s to

phgdi

dunamiko

+ , x < 0
V0 , 0 < x < a, V0 > 0
V (x) =

0
,x > a
'Askhsh 11.

Na

brete

tic

idiotimc

thc

enrgeiac

,x < 0
V3
V2 = 0 , 0 < x < a
V (x) =

V1
,x > a

gia

pou

swmatdio

V3 > V1

s to

kai

asmmetro

phgdi

dunamiko

V1 , V 3 > 0

'Askhsh 12.

Upologs te


W (x) =
Poic

enai

tic

dunatc

timc

enrgeiac

enc

swmatidou

+
,x < 0
1
2
2
,x > 0
2 m x
oi

idiosunartseic

thn

kumatosunrthsh

kanonikopoihmnec

Upologs te

phgdi

tou

sus tmatoc?

msa

se

dunamik

thc

morfc

s tajmn

Kbantomhqanik II, SEMFE

Trth Seir Asksewn

'Askhsh 1.

Upologs te
diegermnh

thn

puknthta

pijanthtac

s ton

qro

twn

ormn

gia

nan

talantwt

s thn

prth

s tjmh.

Poi enai h pijanthta na breje o talantwtc na qei orm s thn klasik apagoreumnh perioq
gia

autn

thn

enrgeia?

'Askhsh 2.

(xpx + px x)2

Na upologsete thn anamenmenh tim tou teles t

n , n > 2

enc

armoniko

wc proc thn kumatosunrthsh

talantwt.

'Askhsh 3.

kai

enai

lantwt.

n =
a)

oi

teles tc

dhmiourgac

Qrhsimopointac

nn1

Dexte

pou

oi

ton

orism

enai

kai
twn

katas trofc

kai

idiosunartseic

tou

gia

kai

nan

tic

monodis tato

idithtec

n =

armonik

ta-

n + 1n+1

talantwt.

ti

~
nn1 + n + 1n+1
2m
r

dn
m
=
nn1 n + 1n+1
dx
2~

xn =

b)

Upologs te

tic

msec

hn|x2 |ni

timc

hn|P 2 |ni

kai

kajc

kai

to

ginmeno

abebaithtac

(x)(P )

g)

Gryte

touc

pnakec

xnm Pnm
,

kai

Nnm

pou

enai

teles tc

arijmo

kbntwn

(arjmhshc).

'Askhsh 4.

a)

Kje

ginmeno

trofc,

b)

Dexte

kai

enai

mia

sunrthsh

kai

tou

me

to

teles t

dio

pljoc

arjmhshc

teles tn
pou

dhmiourgac

=
N

kai

katas-

n

+ 1)(N
+ 2) (N
+ n)
an
= (N
(N
1) (N
n + 1)
n = N

ti

n

teles tn

'Askhsh 5.

Brete tic idiotimc kai tic idiosunartseic twn dsmiwn katas tsewn gia na apeirbajo phgdi
dunamiko

me

na

prsjeto

dlta

phgdi

dunamiko

s to

kntro

tou.

'Askhsh 6.

Na upologis ton oi enrgeic twn dsmiwn katas tsewn gia thn monodis tath dunamik enrgeia

V (x) = xg
H

dunamik

enrgeia

orzetai

gia

x>0

me

ton

(0) = 0 g > 0

periorism

'Askhsh 7.

dunamik

enrgeia

enc

swmatidou

mzac

se

ma

dis tash,

dnetai

ap

thn

sqsh

+, x < 0 x >
0,
0x< <x
V (x) =

V0 ,
x
V0

Jewrntac to
tou

swmatidou

Wn

san diataraq na upologsete tic enrgeiec

se

prth

txh

thc

jewrac

kai tic kumatosunartseic

diataraqn.

'Askhsh 8.

Swmatdio

mzac

Upologs te

s thn

mia

proseggis tik

dis tash,

thn

qei

jemelidh

dunamik

kai

thn

enrgeia

prth

V (x) = V0 ex

diegermnh

>0

me

s tjmh.

'Askhsh 9.

Qamiltonian

enc

swmatidou

2
=~
H
2m

'Opou

enai

a)

Na

b)

En

mia

enrgeiec

g)

s to

2
2
+
x2 y 2

eppedo

(x, y)

dnetai

ap

thn

sqsh

1
+ m 2 x2 + y 2 + cxy
2

s tajer.

upologis ton

c 6= 0

mzac

kai

thc

oi

enrgeiec

c  m 2

na

qamhlterhc

kai

oi

kumatosunartseic

upologis ton

ekfulismnhc

se

prth

s tjmhc

tou

txh

tou

swmatidou

thc

prtou

jewrac

c=0

gia

twn

diataraqn

oi

erwtmatoc.

Na upologsete akribc tic enrgeiec kai tic kumatosunartseic tou sus tmatoc gia kje

c m 2
Updeixh,

na

orsete

duo

nec

metablhtc,

tic

x=v+z

kai

y =vz

'Askhsh 10.

Thn

qronik

ankei

se

mia

kats tash
ofeletai

s tigm
dipl

(0)
2

s thn

me

(0)

t=0

na

kbantomhqanik

ekfulismnh

thn

drsh

dia

miac

s tjmh.

adiatraqth

diataraqc

Na

ss thma

oris te

enrgeia

V (x)

se

mia

pijanthta

kpoia

qronik

enai

qronik

s tajerc.

na

kats tash
breje

s tigm

to

t 6= 0

ss thma

opoa
s thn

metbash

'Askhsh 11.

Fortismnoc armonikc talantwtc s thn kats tash

hlektrik

pedo

thc

to

pltoc

allhlepidr me na peras tik omogenc

morfc

2
E~ (t) = E~0 et

Brete

metbashc

s thn

kats tash

, > 0, E~0 = E0 x

'Askhsh 12.

'Ena omal hlektrik pedo dr xafnik se nan fortismno armonik talantwt s thn jemelidh
kats tash.

Na orsete thn pijanthta metbashc tou talantwt s tic diegermnec katas tseic.

Kbantomhqanik II, SEMFE

Lseic Trthc Seirc Asksewn

'Askhsh 3.

a)

r
r
m
m
~ d
ip

=
x+
=
x+
2~
2~
2m dx
2m~
r
r
r
m
m
~ d
ip

=
x
=
x
2~
2~
2m dx
2m~
r
r
m
~
2
x=
+
x =
(
+
)
2~
2m
r
r
~ d
d
m

2
=

=
(

)
2m dx
dx
2~
r
r

~
~

xn =
(
n +
n ) =
( nn1 + n + 1n+1 )
2m
2m
r
r

dn
m
m
=
(
n
n ) =
( nn1 n + 1n+1 )
dx
2~
2~
r

b)

hn|x |ni =

n x n dx =

(xn )(xn )dx

1
xn = ( nn1 + n + 1n+1 )
2
m
=
~

1
2
x n = ( nxn1 + n + 1xn+1 ) =
2

1
=
( n n 1n2 + n nn + n + 1 n + 1n + n + 1 n + 2n+2 )
2
1
2n + 1
hn|x2 |ni =
hn|ni(n + (n + 1)) =
2
r2

pn = (i~)
( nn1 n + 1n+1 )
2
r 

dn1
dn+1
2
2
n
p n = (i~)
n+1
=
2
dx
dx

= (~2 ) ( n n 1n2 n nn n + 1 n + 1n + n + 1 n + 2n+2 )
2

2n + 1
hn|p2 |ni = (~2 ) hn|ni(n (n + 1)) = ~2

2
2
1
hP 2 i
m 2 hx2 i =
<
> = <
>
2
2m
Dunamikc

Enrgeiac

Kinhtikc

Enrgeiac

hxi = hn|x|ni = 0,

hpi = hn|p|ni = 0

2n + 1 2 2n + 1
(2n + 1)2 2
(~ )
=
~
2
2
4
2n + 1
(x)(p) =
~

2
(x)2 (p)2 =

g)

1
x|mi = ( m|m 1i + m + 1|m + 1i)
2
1
1
xnm = hn|x|mi =
mhn|m 1i +
m + 1hn|m + 1i
2
2

n+1

n,n+1 , n = m 1 m = n + 1

2
xnm =

n,n1
,n = m + 1 m = n 1
2

0 1 0
0
0
0
1 0
2 0
0
0

2 0
3 0
0
1

0
(x) = 0 0

3
0
4
0

0 0
0
4 0
5

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

p|mi = i~

pnm

( m|m 1i m + 1|m + 1i)
2
r

= hn|p|mi = i~
( mhn|m 1i m + 1hn|m + 1i)
2

n + 1 ,m = n + 1
i~

2
=
r

i~
n
,m = n 1
2
r

pnm

N |mi =

|mi =

m
a |m 1i = m|mi

Nnm = hn|N |mi = mhn|mi = nn,m

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 0


(N ) = 0 0 0 3 0

0 0 0 0 4

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

'Askhsh 4.

a)

'Es tw

A = n ( )n
A

En o teles tc

drsei se mia idiosunrthsh tou

, s tw thn

, tte ja thn epanafrei

s ton eaut thc afo h sunolik metatpish pou prokaletai s thn idiotim
H drsh tou teles t dhmiourgac

ja enai mhdn.

ja antis tajmzetai ap isrijmec drseic tou teles t

k = kk ,
N

prohgomenh

'Ara

drsh

k = f (k)k
A

sqsh

tou

ja

isqei
enai

gia

kje

isodnamh

k
me

.
thn

drsh

tou

teles t

thn

)
f (N

epnw

)
A f (N

b)

Parnoume

tuqosa

idiosunrthsh

twn

kai

'Eqoume:

k = kk1

n ( )n k = n ( )n1 k+1 k + 1 =

= n ( )n2 k + 1 k + 2k+2 =
k =

k + 1k+1 ,

.
.
.

p
= n (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + n)k+n =
p

= (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + n)n1 k + nk+n1 =

.
.
.

(k + 1)(k + 2) (k + n)

(k + n)(k + n 1) (k + 1)k =

(n )( )n k = (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + n)k

gia

kje

kumatosunrthsh

tou

armoniko

talantwt

+ 1)(N
+ 2) (N
+ n)
n ( )n = (N

p

( )n n k = ( )n k k 1 k (n 1)kn =
p
p
= k(k 1) (k (n 1)) (k n + 1)(k n + 2) (k)kn+n
= k(k 1) (k (n 1))k
(N
1) (N
(n 1))
( )n n = N

s tic

Sqma

1:

grafik

pars tash

tou

dunamiko

gia

to

prblhma

'Askhsh 5.

a)

Lseic Arnhtikc Enrgeiac:

E = |E| < 0
06x<L

Perioq A:,

~2 d2
|E|
= E, 2 = 2m 2
2
2m dx
~
d2
E
= 2m 2 = 2 (x) = ex
dx2
~
A (0) = 0 A (x) = A sinh(x)

L < x 6 2L

Perioq B:,

B (2L) = 0, B (x) = B sinh((x 2L))

sunqeia

thc

sunrthshc

mac

dnei

A (L) = B (L) A sinh(L) = B sinh(L) = B sinh(L)

A = B

(x)

ikanopoie

thn

exswsh

tou

Schrodinger

ra

~2 00
g(x L) = E
2m

Oloklhrnoume

~2

2m

To dex

L+

ap

to

shmeo

00

L

thc

asunqeiac

L+

(x)dx g

mloc

~2

2m

grw

L

tenei

s to

mhdn

gia

to

rio

0

ap

(x)dx
L

0

ra




d 
d 

= g(L)
dx x=L+ dx x=L

Parnontac

L+

(x)(x L)dx = E

aris ter

qoume



~2 dB
dA

(L)
(L) = gA (L)
2m dx
dx
2mg
B cosh(L) A cosh(L) = 2 A sinh(L)
~

Sqma

Orzoume

2:

grafik

2mg
~2

kai

pars tash

parnoume

twn

thn

duo

tom

me

'Eqoume

grafik

thn

mia

uperbolikc

pars tash

eujea

mh

mhdenik

thn

dnei

lsh

efaptomnhc

thc

prpei

na

qoume

uperbolikc

L = 2

exswsh

gia

qoume

tou

tanh(L)

sunartsei

arq.

klsh

thc

eujeac

mikrterh

ap

enai

Dhlad:

2
<L

mia

lsh

Schrodinger

me

mhdenik

gnetai

gia

enrgeia

E=0

~2 d2
g(x L) = 0
2m dx2

x 6= L

qoume

d2
=0
dx2

A (x) = Ax
B (x) = B(2L x)

A (L) = B (L) AL = BL A = B

Oloklrwsh

thc

exswshc

tou

Schrodinger



~2 dB
dA

(L)
(L) = gA (L)
2m
dx
dx
~2
2mg

(2A) = gAL 2A = 2 LA
2m
~
2 = L

pou

lsh

efaptomnhc

L > 2

En

grafik



d
tanh(L)
=L
d
=0

kai

tou

enrgeia.

tan

s thn

kai

exswsh

2 cosh(L) = sinh(L) tanh(L) = 2

Knontac

sunartsewn

ikanopoietai.

(0 = 0)

thn

klsh

thc

b)

Lseic Jetikc Enrgeiac

~2 d2
= E
2m dx2
2mE
d2
2mE
= 2 , k 2 =
dx2
~
~2

A (x) = A sin(kx)
,0 6 x < L
(x) =
B (x) = B sin(k(x 2L)) , L < x 6 2L
x 6= L

Sunqeia

thc

sunrthshc

gia

x=L

dnei

A sin(kL) = B sin(kL)

En

sin(kL) 6= 0 A = B

Schrodinger

~2 dB
dA

(L)
(L) = gA (L)
2m
dx
dx
2mg
2k cos(kL) = 2 sin(kL) = sin(kL)
~
2
tan(kL) = k

Oloklhrnontac

thn

exswsh

tou

qoume

H lsh

Gia

enai

pli

grafik

ap

thn

tom

sin(kL) = 0 kL = n k =

me enrgeia

E=

Oloklhrnontac

thc

efaptomnhc

exswsh

tou

brskoume

A=B

'Askhsh 6.

~2 00 g
= E, E < 0
2m
x
~2 00 
g
+ E+
= 0, E = |E|
2m
x

Dias tatik
To

qei

anlush:

dias tseic

JoulesLength

me

thn

2
n
2L

~2 2
2 ~2 2
k =
n , n = 1, 2, . . .
2m
2mL2
Schrodinger
thn

tan(kL)



~2
Joule2 sec2
Joule sec2
Length 2
=
=
kgr
m
kgr
kgr
sec
2
~
m
Joule Length
1
= Joule (Length)2 , = 2 g =
=
2
m
~
Joule (Length)
Length

eujea

2
k

Orzoume:

mg
~2

= x

metablht

enai

adis tath

Schrodinger

mE mg 2
00
=0
+ 2 2 + 2
~
~ x




d
d d
d2
d d
d
d d
=
= 2 2
=
=
,
dx
d dx
d
dx dx
d dx
d
!
d2
mE 2
2 2 + 2 2 + = 0
d
~



d2
mE
2
=0

+ 2 2 2+
d 2
~

2~2 |E|
2m |E|
2 =
= 2 2
mg 2
~
exswsh

tou

gnetai:

= ~mg|E|
2 =
Schrodinger


d2
2
2
+ +
=0
d 2

m|E| 1
~2 2
'Ara

m|E| h4
~2 m2 g 2

exswsh

Parnoume

adis tato.

tou

prta

thn

s tic

asumptwtik

nec

metablhtc

exswsh

gia

enai

00 2 = 0 00 = 2 () = e

Gia

kje

qoume

thn

lsh

() = e F ()
d
dF
= e F () + e
d
d
2
d2
2
dF
dF
d F

e
+
e
=

e
F
()

e
d 2
d
d
d 2


d2
dF
d2 F
2
=

2
+
e
d 2
d
d 2

exswsh

tou

Schrodinger

xan:

2F
2 F 2F 0 + F 00 2 F +
=0

2
F 00 2F 0 + F = 0

Lsh

me

seir:

F () =

k k

k=0

F () =

k k

k=1

pou

xekinme

F =

ton

grammik

ro

diti

jloume

F ( = 0) = 0

'Etsi

kk

k=1

F 00 =

me

k1

X
F
=
k k1

k=1

k(k 1)k k2

k=1

Antikajis tome

kai

k(k 1)k

qoume:

k2

k=1

tic

seirc

gia

+2

k k1 = 0

k=1

na

(l + 2)(l + 1)l+2 2

l=0

pou

kk

k1

k=1

Anadiatsoume

qoume

diec

dunmeic

(l + 1)l+1 + 2

l=0

gia

deterh

thn

prth

seir

Kratme

seir

qoume

omobjmiouc

knei

ton
kai

k =l+1

k+1 = 2

thn

rouc:

seir

kai

gia

qoume

k 1
k ,
(k + 1)k

termatzetai

kje

en

lsh

(k = 1, 2, . . .)

enai

1
n=
n
,

akraioc

polunumo

k = l + 2, l = 0  k = 2
k = l + 1, l = 0  k = 1

metasqhmatism
gia

(l + 2)(l + 1)l+2 2(l + 1)l+1 + 2l+1 = 0

2(l + 1) 2
l+1 , (l = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
l+2 =
(l + 2)(l + 1)

Orzontac

l+1 l = 0

l=0

k = l + 1, l = 0  k = 1

touc

bajmo

trth

gia

thn

Enrgeiec:

1
2~2 |E|
=
n2
mg 2
mg 2 1
En = 2 2 ,
2~ n

n = 1, 2, . . .

'Askhsh 8.

Prton,

anaptssoume


V (x) =

Deteron,
ton

apl

se

dunmeic

tou

x2

2 x4 3 x6
1 + x +
+
+
2
3!
2

kratntac

armonik

mno

touc

do


V0

prtouc

rouc

lnoume

thn

exswsh

tou

Schrodinger

gia

talantwt:

~2 d2
+ V0 x2 = (En V0 )
2m dx2
1
2V0
V0 = m 2 2 =
m
r2

2V0
=

Oi

lseic

enai:


1
V0 = ~ n +
2


1
(0)
En = V0 + ~ n +
2

En(0)

kai

idiosunartseic

autc

tou

Trton, antimetwpzoume ton ro

s thn

enrgeia

En

armoniko

V (x) =

talantwt.

2 4
2 x V0

san diataraq kai upologzoume tic diorjseic

Efarmzoume

loipn

prthc

txhc

jewra

diataraqn:

Wn = hn |V (x)|n i = Vnn
Vnn = hn |V0

2 4
V0 2
x |n i =
hn |x4 |n i
2Z
2
Z

hn |x4 |n i =

n x4 n dx =

(x2 n )(x2 n )dx


p
~ p
n(n 1)n2 + (2n + 1)n + (n + 1)(n + 2)n+2
2m
~2
hn|x4 |ni =
(n(n 1) + (2n + 1) + (n + 1)(n + 2))
4m2 2


~2
hn|x4 |ni =
2(n2 + 2n + 2)
2
2
4m
V0 2 ~2
Wn = Vnn =

2(n2 + 2n + 2)
2 4m2 2
~2 2
(n + 2n + 2)
Vnn =
8m
x2 |ni =

En =

Gia

En(0)

mikr

pei

me

to

+ Vnn

!2
r

r
p
1

1 2

= V0 + 2V0 n +
~ + (n + 2n + 2)
~
2
m
8
m

q
h

n2

dirjwsh

kai

gnetai

pei

me

tic

dunmeic

anaxipis th

tou

<

prosggish.

'Askhsh 9.

a)

c=0:
n (x, y) = n1 (x)n2 (y)
En = En1 + En2
m 2 2
~2 2 ni
+
x ni = Eni ni ,
2
2m x
2
1
En1 = ~ n1 +
2


1
En2 = ~ n2 +
2
En = ~(n1 + n2 + 1) = ~(n + 1)

n = n1 + n2 ,

n1 = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

i = 1, 2

n2 = 0, 1, 2, . . .

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

10

V0

pwc

upojtoume.

Gia

megla

Gia

thn

enrgeia

Gia

thn

enrgeia

b)

qoume

mno

qoume

duo

mia

idiosunrthsh,

idiosunartseic,

thn

0 (x, y) = 0 (x)0 (y)

tic

10 (x, y) = 1 (x)0 (y) = 1

01 (x, y) = 0 (x)1 (y) = 2

dhlad

Gia

E0 = ~
E1 = 2~

qoume

ekfulism.

orismno

(0)

me

En = ~(n + 1)
n2 = n, n 1, n 2, . . . , 0
enrgeia

0, 1, 2, . . . , n

kai

diaforetikc

katas tseic

Idiotimc

enrgeiac

thc

to

to

n1

mpore

ants toiqa,

me

gia

thn

dia

enrgeia.

na

dhlad

prei

qoume

tic

timc

n+1

c 6= 0

V11 = h1 |V |1 i = 1 (x)0 (y)cxy1 (x)2 (y)dxdy =

Z +
Z +
1 (y)y0 (y)dy
1 (x)x1 (x)dx
c

V11 = 0,

V22 = 0
Z

1 (x)0 (y)xy0 (x)1 (y)dxdy =

!2
r
Z
2
Z
~
1 (x)
=c
1 x0 dx = c
1 (x)dx
=
2m

V12 = h1 |V |2 i = c

~
= V21
2m r
~
1
x0 (x) =
2m
=c


det

c~
2m

2~ E1
c~
2m


=0

2~ E1

c2 ~2
=0
(2~ E1 )
4m2 2
(
(+)
c~
E1 = 2~ + 2m

()
c~
E1 = 2~ 2m
2

(+)

(+)

E1

()

()

E1

(+) = c1 1 + c2 2 ,
() = c1 1 + c2 2 ,

c~
2~ E1
2m

(+)

= E1 + W

(0)

()

= E1 W

(0)

11



c~
2~ E1 +
=0
2m

n1 =

(0)

E1 = 2~

kai

W =

c~
2m

!
!
(+)
(+)
c1
c1
=W
c~
(+)
(+)
0
c2
c2
2m
c~ (+)
c~ (+)
(+)
(+)

c
=
c
c1 = c2
2m 2
2m 1


c~
2m

c~
2m

c~
2m
()

c1
Kai

me

()

c1
()
c2

()

= W

c1
()
c2

()

= c2

kanonikopohsh

|c1 | = |c2 | =

1 ,
2

tsi

( (+) =

1 (1
2

+ 2 )

Summetrik

() =

1 (1
2

2 )

Antisummetrik

Lsh

Lsh


g)

xy = (v + z)(v z) = v 2 z 2
x2 + y 2 = v 2 + z 2 + 2vz + v 2 + z 2 2vz = 2v 2 + 2z 2
1
m 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + cxy = m 2 v 2 + m 2 z 2 + cv 2 cz 2 =
2
= (m 2 + c)v 2 + (m 2 c)z 2

1
1
v = (x + y), z = (x y)
2
2

v
z
1 1
=
+
=
+
x
v x z x
2
v 2 z
2
1
1
=
+
=
2
x
2 x v
2 x z
1 2 v
1 2 z
1 2 v
1 2 z
=
+
+
+
=
2 v 2 x 2 zv x 2 vz x 2 z 2 x
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
=
+
+
+
4 v 2
4 zv 4 vz 4 z 2

1 1
=

y
2 v
2 z
2
2

1 v 1 2 z 1 2 v 1 2 z
=
+

=
y 2
2 v 2 y 2 zv y 2 vz y 2 z 2 y
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
=

+
4 v 2
4 zv 4 vz 4 z 2

12

2 2
1 2 1 2
+
=
+
x2
y 2
2 v 2
2 z 2

Schrodinger
 2


~2
2
+ (m 2 + c)v 2 + (m 2 c)z 2
H=
+
4m v 2 z 2
exswsh

pou

tou

tic

2v = w,

Qamiltonian

~2
H=
2m

idiotimc

metablhtc

enai

me

nec

m 2 c > 0

Xanaorzontac

s tic

thc

metablhtc

2z = u

gnetai

2
2
+
w2 u2

1
1
+ (m 2 + c)w2 + (m 2 c)u2
2
2

enrgeiac:

En1 = ~1 n1 + 21

En2 = ~2 n2 + 21

pou

c
m
r
c
m22 = m 2 c 2 = 2
m
m12

Telik

= m + c 1 =

2 +

oi

enai:

kumatosunartseic

n1 ,n2 (x, y) = n1 (w)n2 (u)

  1  2n1  12
w2

1 4
e1 2 Hn1 ( 1 w)
n1 (w) =

n1 !
m1
1 =
~
  1  2n2 
u2

2 4
n2 (u) =
e2 2 Hn2 ( 2 u)

n2 !
m2
2 =
~

me

olik

enrgeia

En1 ,n2 = En1 + En2

13

'Askhsh 10.

Prton

Upojtw

Deteron

ti

lnw

adiatrakth

diagwnopoi ton pnaka

E1 = E0 + E (1) ,

Trton

thn

brskw

gia

Vk

Qamiltonian

H0

kai

qw

ta

E0

(0)

kai

(0)

1 , 2

thc diataraqc kai brskw tic duo idiotimc thc enrgeiac

E2 = E0 + E (2)

kje

idiotim

E1 E2
,

ta

idiodiansmata

k = 1, 2

me

(H0 + V )k = Ek k
(0)

(0)

H0 k = E0 k
(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

1 = c11 1 + c12 2

2 = c21 1 + c22 2

Ttarton

(0)

lnw

(0)

1 =

wc

proc

c22 1 c12 2
c11 c22 c12 c21
E2 t

E1 t

c22 1 ei ~ c12 2 ei ~
(t = 0) =
(t) =
c11 c22 c12 c21
E0 t


(1)
(2)
ei ~
i E ~ t
i E ~ t
(t) =
c22 1 e
c12 2 e
c11 c22 c12 c21
(0)
1 ,

antikajis tntac

pou

1 2
,

(0)

tic

ekfrseic

touc

wc

proc

(0)

qoume

E0 t





(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
ei ~
(0)
(0)
i E ~ t
i E ~ t
i E ~ t
i E ~ t
c12 c21 e
+ 2 c12 c22 e
e
(t) =
1
c11 c22 e
c11 c22 c12 c21

Epibebawsh:

t = 0 (t = 0) =

1
(0)
(0)
1 det |c| = 1
det |c|

(0)

Pijanthta

metbashc

(c12 c22 ) (c12 c22 )

=
|c11 c22 c12 c21 |2
=

|c12 |2 |c22 |2
|c11 c22 c12 c21 |2

s thn

se

qrno


2
 (0)

(t) = h2 |(t)i =



(1)
(2)
i E ~ t
i E ~ t
e
e
e
=
e
!!
E (1) E (2)
2 2 cos
t
~
(1) t

iE ~

(2) t

iE ~

14

'Askhsh 11.

To

dunamik

'Ara

to

pou

pltoc

pros tjetai

pijanthtac

Wmn

nm

ss thma
se

prthc

enai

thc

txhc

Vmn (t) = qE (t)hm|x|ni = qet hm|x|ni

gia

ton

armonik

r
xn =

talantwt

qoume:

~
( nn1 + n + 1n+1 )
2m

ra


m=

n1
n+1

q
~
n
2m
q
hm|x|ni =
n + 1

En

proume

,m = n 1
~
2m

,m = n + 1

qoume:

Z
~
2
nn+1
n+1
et eit dt
2m

r
Z
iq
~
2
nn1 =
n
et eit dt
~ 2m

r
Z
2

2
et eit dt =
e 4

iq
=
~

kai

morfc

Pltoc

= |m |2

metbashc

15

V (x, t) = qE (t)x

diataraktik

Vmn (t0 )eiWmn t dt0



1 (0)
1
1
1
(0)
= (Em En ) = ~ m + n
~
~
2
2
= (m n)

m (t) = nm (t) =
Wmn

i
~

s to

prosggish

enai:

'Askhsh 12.

Olik

dunamik

enrgeia

tou

talantwt

1
V (x) = m 2 x2 F x
2
1
V (x) = m 2 (x x0 )2 + V0
2
F
1 F2
x0 =
,
V
=
0
m 2
2 m 2
y = x x0

orzoume
ra

oi

kumatosunartseic

tou

diataragmnou

sus tmatoc

enai

k (y) = k (x x0 )

me

'Ara

tic

to

lseic

pltoc

tou

talantwt,

metbashc

ax2
k (x) = ck Hk ( ax)e 2 a =
,

m
~ .

enai:

0 (x)k (x x0 )dx

0k =

knoume

mia

allag

metablhtc

y = x x0 , dy = dx, x = y + x0
Z
0k =
0 (y + x0 )k (y)dy =

Z
(y+x0 )2

y2
= c0 ck
ea 2 ea 2 Hk ( ay)dy =

Z
x2

2
a 20
eax0 y eay Hk ( ay)dy =
= c0 ck e

Z
c0 ck a x20 ax0 2
= e 2
e
e Hk ()d =
a

c0 ck a x20
dk
2
(1)k e ax0 k e d
= e 2
d
a

2 d
2
= ay, 0 = ax0 , Hk () = (1)k e
e
k
d

k c0 ck

0k = (1) e
a

To

oloklrwma

c0 =

 a 1
4

2
0
2

e0

epiletai

ck =

knontac

 a 1
4

1
2k k!

dk 2
e d
d k

oloklrwsh

kat

mrh

c0 ck
1
=
a
2k k!

16

forc.

Kbantomhqanik II, SEMFE

Ttarth Seir Asksewn

'Askhsh

'Ena

1.

swmatdio

Upologste

'Askhsh

mzac

tic

enai

epitrepmenec

anagkasmno
timc

thc

na

kinetai

enrgeiac

tou

sthn

'Ena swmatdio mzac

me

'Ena

timc

b)

thc

kinetai epnw sthn perifreia enc kklou aktnac

enrgeiac

tou

Upologste tic

swmatidou.

Lz

oi msec timc twn

Lx

kai

Ly

enai

mzac

kinetai

up

thn

epdrash

tou

kentriko

dunamiko

V (r)

pou:

,r >
0 ,r <

V (r) =

brsketai

Gryte
ro

4.

a)

aktnac

mhdn.

swmatdio

Dhlad

sfarac

3.

to

'Askhsh

mic

swmatidou.

Na dexete ti se ma katstash me kajorismnh tim tou

sec

epifneia

2.

epitrepmenec

'Askhsh

thn

thc

msa

se

na

sfairik

Qamiltonian

tou

phgdi

dunamiko.

swmatidou

se

sfairikc

suntetagmnec

kai

xeqwrste

ton

stroformc.

Upologste tic energeiakc idiotimc kai tic idiosunartseic tou swmatidou gia stroform

l=0

'Askhsh

5.

~
~
A
B
~
~
~B
~ + ~ (A
~ B)
~
(~ A)(~ B) = A
En

kai

'Askhsh

En

duo

tuqnta

diansmata

kai

oi

pnakec

tou

Pauli,

apodexte

thn

sqsh:

6.

Jx Jy
,

enai

kai

Jz

enai

oi

telestc

pou

paristnoun

tic

trec

sunistsec

tou

diansmatoc

stroformc.

a)

Upologste

ton

A = eiJy Jz eiJy

telest

Updeixh:

upologste

Dexte

to

dA
d

kai

pou

enai

nac

b)

ti

sunrthsh

pragmatikc

d2 A
.
d 2

ei( 2~ )Jy Yjm

enai

idiosunrthsh

twn

J~2

kai

Jx

arijmc.

thc

'Askhsh

a)

7.

Brete

ton

pnaka

Dexte

g)

Brete to dinusma

'Askhsh

'Ena

a)

thn

qei

qei

Upologste

me

idiotimc

diansmatoc

tou

spin

se

mia

tuqosa

~
2

pou perigrfei ma katstash me kajorismnh probol tou

~n

kajorismnh

thn

ton

Upologste

'Askhsh

msh

xona

thn

thn

tim

tim
twn

thc

spin

se

 
~
2

tou

spin

kat

sunistsac

ton

tou

xona

spin

twn

sthn

sh

me

 
~
2

katejunsh

~n

pou

sqhmatzei

pijanthta

tim

na

brome

se

ma

mtrhsh

thc

probolc

tou

spin

kat

ton

telestc

thc


antstoiqa.

9.

Na

dexete

ti

stroformc,

b)

tou

diejunsh.

swmatdio

xona

a)

probol

8.

gwna

b)

thn

b)

aut

paristnei

(, )

katejunsh

ti

pou

enai

En h sunrthsh
aut

prpei

na

sunrthsh
sunrthsh

F (x, y, z)

parousizei

F (r, , )
r

mno

tou

opoa

metatjetai

me

touc

treic

metatjetai me mno nan ap touc telestc

axonik

summetra

grw

ap

ton

Lx Ly

antstoiqo

xona

Lz

, tte

suntetag-

mnwn.

'Askhsh

a)

Na

Y20
b)

10.

drsete
.

Na

sthn

knete

Prosdiorste

'Askhsh

idiosunrthsh

thn

Y22

me

ton

telest

kai

na

prosdiorsete

tic

Y21

kai

kanonikopohsh.

epshc

tic

Y2,1

kai

Y20

drntac

sthn

Y2,2

me

ton

L+

11.

Na

dexete

stsimhc

pou
Na

ti

katstashc

stajer,

(~r) = cre 2a cos

sunrthsh

kai

enc

fusiko

orismnh

sustmatoc

mpore

to

opoo

na

qei

stroform.

upologsete:

a)

Ton

kbantik

arijm

b)

Thn

enrgeia

g)

Thn

stajer

tou

thc

stroformc

tou

sustmatoc.

jewrhje

sustmatoc.

kumatosunrthsh

dunamik

enrgeia

miac

V (r) =

'Askhsh

12.

H kumatosunrthsh enc atmou tou udrognou thn qronik stigm

(~r, 0) = 2c211 (r, , ) + c32,1 (r, , )

211 (r, , )
32,1 (r, , )
t
pou
Na

oi

kumatosunartseic

upologsete

a)

Thn

b)

Tic

g)

Thn

thn

tuqaa

kai

qronik

kanonikopoihmnh

dunatc

timc

anamenmenh

thc

tim

stigm

kumatosunrthsh

sunistsac

tou

enai

thc

tetragnou

tou

atmou.

stroformc.

thc

stroformc.

t=0

dnetai ap thn sqsh

kanonikopoihmnec.