Cancer History,

Risk Factors,
and Prevention
Lecture 3
KIN 1304
Dr. McFarlin

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Duration: 00:07:24
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Risk Factors, and Prevention.ppt

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Slide 1
Cancer History, Risk Factors,
and Prevention
Duration: 00:00:05
Advance mode: Auto

Cancer History,
Risk Factors,
and Prevention

Notes:
In this lecture, we will focus on Cancer history,
risk factors, and prevention.

Lecture 3
KIN 1304
Dr. McFarlin

Slide 2
Objectives
Duration: 00:00:24
Advance mode: Auto

Slide 3
Cancer
Duration: 00:00:26
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Objectives
Identify and describe the History and
Statistics regarding different types of
cancers the afflict Americans
Present and describe Risk Factors for
cancer development
Present cancer Prevention strategies

The objectives are to identify and describe the

history and statistics associated with different
types of cancers, discuss risk factors of each
cancer, and examine prevention strategies. Keep
in mind that risk factors identify a sub-group of
the whole population, which is at a greater risk of
developing disease. In the case of todays lecture
that disease is cancer.

Cancer

Notes:

Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death

among Americans.
Leading cause of death in women 35 74

Most Common Forms

Men: Lung, Colon, and Prostate
Women: Lung, Breast, and Colon

Many Cancers can be Prevented or

Cured with Early Detection

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Notes:

Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death among

Americans (to cardiovascular disease). It is the
leading cause of death in women 35-74 years
old. In men, the most common forms of cancer
are lung, colon, and prostrate. In women, the
most common forms are lung, breast, and colon.
Many cancers can be prevented or cured with
early detection.

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Slide 4
Cancer Prevalence in US
Duration: 00:00:12
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Cancer Prevalence in US
N = 10.5 million people

Notes:
This figure shows the estimated cancer
prevalence by type in the US as of 2003. You
should note some of the most prevalent types of
cancer as we will focus on these.

National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov

Slide 5
General Cancer Prevention
Duration: 00:00:32
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General Cancer Prevention

Proper Screening and a Healthy
Lifestyle

Good Nutrition
No Tobacco Use
Minimal Alcohol Consumption
Regular physical activity

1/3 of Cancer deaths linked to tobacco

use
1/3 of Cancer deaths linked to Improper
Nutrition

Slide 6
Estimated Cancer Survivors in US
from 1971 to 2003

Estimated Cancer Survivors in

US from 1971 to 2003

Duration: 00:00:20
Advance mode: Auto

Notes:
The next topic that we will discuss is general
cancer prevention strategies. Proper screening
and a healthy lifestyle go a long way to
preventing cancer. Some aspects of healthy
lifestyle include good nutrition, no tobacco use,
minimal alcohol consumption, and regular
physical activity. About 1/3 of all cancer deaths
are linked to tobacco use and another 1/3 are
linked to improper nutrition.

Notes:
This graph depicts cancer survivors by year in
the US between 1971 and 2003. The noted
increase in cancer survival can be attributed to
use of early screening and more effective
treatment techniques. Survival rate in 2003 was
almost 4 times greater than it was in 1971.

National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov

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Slide 7
Lung Cancer
Duration: 00:00:19
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Notes:

Lung Cancer
History and Statistics
Early in the 1900s, Primary Lung Cancer
was rare
Primary suggests that the tumor began in
the lungs
The changes in Lung Cancer rates is due
to tobacco use

Early in the 1900s, primary lung cancer was

rare. The term primary suggests that the tumor
began in the lungs. The change in lung cancer
rates is due to tobacco use. About 152,000
people develop primary lung cancer each year
and 139,000 die from lung cancer each year.

152,000 new cases this year

139,000 will die

Slide 8
Lung Cancer Cont
Duration: 00:00:27
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Notes:

Lung Cancer Con

Cont
Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking (majority of cases)
Radiation exposure
Heavy exposure to certain fumes or
chemicals (i.e. Radon)

Prevention and Screening

Early screening with Chest x-rays and
sputum does not decrease death rate
STOP SMOKING!!

Slide 9
Lung Pathology
Duration: 00:00:11
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Notes:

Lung Pathology
Healthy Lung

The risk factors for lung cancer are cigarette

smoking, radiation exposure, and heavy
exposure to certain fumes or chemicals. Please
note that the majority of lung cancer cases are as
a result of cigarette smoking. Unfortunately early
screening with chest x-rays and sputum (spit)
has not been shown to decrease lung cancer
death rates. The best prevention is to STOP
smoking or never start.

Smoker
Smokers Lung

These images are lung tissue from a healthy lung

(left) and smokers lung (right). Smoking
dramatically alters cancer risk by changing the
morphology of the lung tissue.

Whyquit.com

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Slide 10
Chest X-ray Images
Duration: 00:00:17
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Notes:

Chest XX-ray Images

Normal

Lung Cancer

These images show a normal chest x-ray (left)

and a chest x-ray (right) from an individual with
lung cancer. The lung cancer is circled in red.
Remember that chest x-rays are a useful
diagnostic tool, but they are not an effective
prevention technique.

www.szote.u-szeged.hu/radio/mellk1/amelk2b.htm, http://health.allrefer.com/health/cancer-lung-cancer-frontal-chest-x-ray.html

Slide11

Questions:

Word Quiz
Interaction type: Word Quiz
Passing score: 70
Instructions: None
Custom Message: None

1. The most common forms of cancer in men and

women are...
Answer: lung, colon, prostate, and breast
2. This one lifestyle modifcation can prevent
development of primary lung cancer.
Answer: stop smoking

Slide 12
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Duration: 00:00:24
Advance mode: Auto

Colon and Rectal Cancer

History and Statistics
Common forms in both men and women
15% of all cancers
12% of all cancer deaths

Risk Factors

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Family history
Ulcerative Colitis (Crohns disease)
Colonic Polyps
Previous gynecological or breast cancer
High Fat, Low Fiber Diet

Notes:
Colon and rectal cancer is common in both men
and women. It accounts for 15% of all cancers
and 12% of all cancer deaths. The risk factors
include family history, ulcerative colitis, colonic
polyps, previous gynecological or breast cancer,
and a high fat/low fiber diet.

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Slide 13
Preventing Colon/Rectal Cancer
Duration: 00:00:28
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Preventing Colon/Rectal Cancer

Notes:

Consume low fat, high fiber diet

Annual rectal examination after age 40
Annual fecal occult blood test after age
50
Sigmoidoscopy annually after age 50

The most effective way to prevent colon/rectal

cancer is to consume a low fat, high fiber diet. To
screen for colon/rectal cancer, annual rectal
exams should be completed after the age of 40.
Annual fecal occult blood tests after the age of
50. Annual Sigmoidoscopy annually after the age
of 50. If you have 2 negative tests in a row, then
repeat the scope every 3-5 years.

After 2 negative tests, repeat scope every

3-5 years.

Slide 14
Stages of Colon Cancer
Duration: 00:00:10
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Stages of Colon Cancer

Notes:
This figure shows the stages of the development
of colon cancer. Stage IV is the most threatening
form. Early detection will prevent colon cancer
from progressing to this point.

www.meb.uni-bonn.de/cancer.gov/CDR0000062954.html

Slide 15
Breast Cancer
Duration: 00:00:29
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Breast Cancer
History and Statistics
Most common form of cancer in women, but is not
the leading killer
100 cases in 100,000 women per year
1.3% of all 40 year old women will develop it in the
next 10 years

Risk Factors

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Family history
Fibrocystic breast disease
Estrogen usage
Early menarche
Late age of 1st pregnancy
Late menopause

Notes:
Breast cancer is the leading cancer killer in
women. 100 on 100,000 women develop it each
year. 1.3% of all 40 year old women will develop
breast cancer in the next 10 years. The risk
factors associated with breast cancer include
family history, fibrocystic breast disease,
estrogen usage, early menarche, late age of 1st
pregnancy, and late menopause.

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Slide 16
Prevention and Screening for Breast
Cancer
Duration: 00:00:28
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Prevention and Screening for

Breast Cancer
Monthly breast self-examination after
the age of 20
Physician breast examination every
year after the age of 20
Initial mammogram at age 35 and
biannually until 50

Notes:
Screening for breast cancer is accomplished
using monthly self-exams after the age of 20,
annual physician exams after age 20, an initial
mammogram at age 35 and biannually until 50,
and annual mammograms after age 50.
Evidence regarding the prediction rate during
early mammograms is not conclusive.

Evidence regarding the prediction rate of

early mammograms is not conclusive

Annual mammogram after age 50

Slide 17
Mammogram Images
Duration: 00:00:10
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Mammogram Images
Normal

Abnormal

Notes:
These images show a normal mammogram and
an individual with breast cancer. The tumor is
denoted by the blue and red rings.

http://www.mic.com.mt/screening_versus_diagnostic_mamm_Diagnositic.htm

Slide18
Choices
Interaction type: Choices
Passing score: 70
Instructions: None
Custom Message: None

Questions:
1. What percentage of all cancers can be
attributed to colon cancer?
1) 50%
2) 25%
3) 15% (Correct)
4) 5%
2. What is the most effective way to detection
breast cancer?
1) routine assessments, which includes
mammograms starting at age 35 (Correct)
2) routine assessments only

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3) mammograms only
4) annual Pap smear test after 30

Slide 19
Cervical Cancer
Duration: 00:00:29
Advance mode: Auto

Notes:

Cervical Cancer
History and Statistics
The rate has decreased over the last 30 years due
to the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap)
smear test.

Risk Factors

Frequent sex with multiple partners

Certain female hormones
Smoking
Possibly oral contraceptive use

Prevention and Screening

Women should have an initial Pap smear
performed when the become sexually active or at
age 18.

Slide 20
Pap Smear Slide Images
Duration: 00:00:14
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Pap Smear Slide Images

Normal

Cervical Cancer

The rate of appearance of cervical cancer has

decreased over the last 30 years due to the
introduction of the Pap smear test. The risk
factors for developing cervical cancer are
frequent sex with multiple partners, certain
female hormones, smoking, and possibly oral
contraceptive use. The most effective way to
screen for and prevent cervical cancer is for
women to have a Pap smear performance when
they become sexually active or at age 18.

Notes:
These slide images show a normal Pap smear
and one from an individual with Cervical cancer.
Note the presence of the red stained tumor cells.
The blue stained cells are white blood cells that
are attempting to fight the cancer cells.

www.bioscicon.com/gallery.html

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Slide 21
Prostate Cancer
Duration: 00:00:20
Advance mode: Auto

Prostate Cancer
History and Statistics
Uncommon in men younger than 50
Average diagnosis age is 73

Risk Factors
Age
Improper Diet

Notes:
Prostate cancer is uncommon in men younger
than 50 and the average age of diagnosis is 73.
The risk factors include age and an improper
diet. Prevention and screening is accomplished
via a physicians evaluation and a basic blood
test.

Prevention and Screening

Physician evaluation can detect problems
A blood test can screen for prostate cancer

Slide 22
Prostate Cancer
Duration: 00:00:07
Advance mode: Auto

Prostate Cancer

Notes:
These images show a normal prostate and one
which has cancer. Note the enlargement of the
prostate gland.

www.molecularenhancer.com/prostate_cancer.htm

Slide 23
Skin Cancer
Duration: 00:00:43
Advance mode: Auto

Skin Cancer
History and Statistics
More than 500,000 cases each year
Most common form of Cancer
90% in areas not usually covered by clothing (i.e. face, ears,
head, etc.)
Malignant Melanoma is deadly (~6,000 deaths per year)

Risk Factors
Overexposure to the sun
Fair skin color

Prevention and Screening

Avoid excessive sun exposure (avoid sun burns)
Wear SPF =45 sun-screen
must protect against UVA and UVB
Apply every 60 minutes

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Notes:
More than 500,000 cases of skin cancer are
reported each year. It is the most common form
of cancer. 90% of cases are on areas of skin
which are not usually covered (i.e. face, ears,
and head, etc. Malignant melanoma is deadly
(~6,000 deaths per year). Risk factors for
development of skin cancer include
overexposure to the sun and fair skin color. The
best way to prevent skin cancer is to avoid
excessive sun exposure and use a sunblock with
greater than or equal to SPF 45. Make sure that
your sun block is UVA/UVB protected and apply it
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every 60 minutes. Also, keep in mind that UV

rays can pass through thin clothing unless it has
been treated to be UV protected.

Slide24
Choices
Interaction type: Choices
Passing score: 70
Instructions: None
Custom Message: None

Questions:
1. The rate of cervical cancer has _______ in the
past 30 years due to the development of the
________.
1) increased, oral contraceptives
2) decreased, oral contraceptives
3) decreased, Pap smear test (Correct)
4) increased, poor nutrition and chronic lack of
exercise
2. What is the the most effect way to screen for
prostrate cancer?
1) physical exam only
2) blood test only
3) x-ray of pelvic area
4) physical exam and blood test (Correct)
5) physical exam, blood test, and x-ray of pelvic
area

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Slide 25
Next:
Other Major
Diseases / Conditions
Duration: 00:00:10
Advance mode: Auto

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Next:
Other Major
Diseases /
Conditions

Notes:
This concludes the lecture on Cancer. Please
take the quiz over this lecture. If you have
questions pertaining to this lecture, please post
them in the discussion forum on WebCT.

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