14.

4 THE CHAIN RULE

1. (a)

`w
`x

2x,

`w
`y
#

2y,

dx
dt

sin t,
#

dy
dt
#

cos t

0; w x  y cos t  sin t 1
(b)

dw
dt

(1 ) 0

2. (a)

`w
`x

2x,

`w
`y

2y,

dx
dt

sin t  cos t,

dy
dt

dw
dt

dw
dt

2x sin t  2y cos t
2 cos t sin t  2 sin t cos t

sin t
cos t

dw
dt

(2x)(
sin t  cos t)  (2y)(
sin t
cos t)

2(cos t  sin t)(cos t
sin t)
2(cos t
sin t)(sin t  cos t) a2 cos# t
2 sin# tb
a2 cos# t
2 sin# tb
0; w x#  y# (cos t  sin t)#  (cos t
sin t)# 2 cos# t  2 sin# t 2 dw
dt 0
(b)

dw
dt

(0) 0

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 14.4 The Chain Rule

3. (a)

`w
`x

"
z

dw
dt

`w
`y

"
z

`w
`z

(x  y)
z#

2z cos t sin t 

2
z

dx
dt

2 cos t sin t,

sin t cos t 

x y
z# t#

dy
dt

2 sin t cos t,

cos# t  sin# t
"# at# b

1; w

x
z

dz
dt

t"#

y
z

(b)

dw
dt

(3) 1

4. (a)

`w
`x

2x
x #  y #  z#

`w
`y

2y
x #  y#  z#

2y cos t
dw

2x sin t
dt x#  y#  z#  x#  y#  z#
11616t ; w ln ax#  y#  z# b
dw
16
dt (3) 49

(b)
5. (a)

`w
`x

2yex ,

`w
`y

2ex ,

`w
`z

`w
`z

2z
x #  y#  z#

4zt "#
x#  y#  z#
#

ln acos t 

"z ,

dx
dt

2t
t# 1

dx
dt

sin t,

dy
dt

6. (a)

dy
dt

"
t# 1

et

dz
dt

#
t
(4t) atan " tb at#  1b
 2 at#t 11b
eet 4t tan
" t  1; w 2yex
ln
t#  1

"
2 #
dw
tb (2t)
1 4t tan
" t  1
dt t# 1 at  1b  a2 tan
dw
1
dt (1) (4)(1) 4  1 1  1
`w
`x

y cos xy,

`w
`y

x cos xy,

(ln t)[cos (t ln t)]

tc1

sin (t ln t)

(b)

(1) 1
(1  0)(1) 0

7. (a)

`z
`u

`z `y
`y `u

1,

dx
dt

1,

dy
dt

"
t

dz
dt

dw
dt

sin# t
"t

v
4e
a4ex ln yb ucos
cos v  y (sin v)

dw
dt

4ytex
t#  1

16
1  16t

2ex
t#  1

et
z

z a2 tan
" tb at#  1b
t

etc1

dw
dt

y cos xy

4ex ln y
u

x cos xy
t

xy

4ex sin v
y

4(u cos v) ln (u sin v)

v)(sin v)
 4(u cos
(4 cos v) ln (u sin v)  4 cos v;
u
u sin v
`z
`z `x
`z `y
4ex
x
x

u sin v
` v ` x ` v  ` y ` v a4e ln yb u cos v  y (u cos v)
a4e

ln yb (tan v) 

4ex u cos v
y

4(u cos v)(u cos v)

cos# v
(
4u sin v) ln (u sin v)  4usin
u sin v
v ;
`z
sin
x
z 4e ln y 4(u cos v) ln (u sin v) ` u (4 cos v) ln (u sin v)  4(u cos v) u sinvv
v
(4 cos v) ln (u sin v)  4 cos v; also `` vz (
4u sin v) ln (u sin v)  4(u cos v) uu cos
sin v
#
cos v
(
4u sin v) ln (u sin v)  4usin
v
At 2 14 : `` uz 4 cos 14 ln 2 sin 14  4 cos 14 22 ln 2  22 2 (ln 2  2);
(4)(2) cos# 14
`z
1
1

42 ln 2  42
22 ln 2  42
sin 1
` v (
4)(2) sin 4 ln 2 sin 4 

[
4(u cos v) ln (u sin v)](tan v) 

(b)

8. (a)

`z
`u
`z
`v

"y
#

xy

xy

y cos v
x#  y#

x sin v
x # y #

(u sin v)(cos v)
(u cos v)(sin v)

u#

y#

(
u sin v)  x #  1 u cos v

1

yu sin v
x#  y#

(b) At

xu cos v
x#  y#

(u sin v)(u sin v)
(u cos v)(u cos v)

u#

sin# v
cos# v
1; z tan
" xy tan
" (cot v)

0;

"y
#

y#

cos v  x #  1 sin v
1

"
sin# v  cos# v
1
1.3 16 : `` uz 0

and

`z
`v

`z
`u

2t
"#

t cos (t ln t)
 etc1
(ln t)[cos (t ln t)]
cos (t ln t)  etc1 ; w z
sin
t
dw
tc1

[cos (t ln t)]
ln t  t "t etc1
(1  ln t) cos (t ln t)
dt e

dw
dt

`z `x
`x `u

`w
`z

dz
dt

2 cos t sin t  2 sin t cos t  4 4t"# t "#

cos# t  sin# t  16t
#
sin t  16tb ln (1  16t) dw
dt

(b)

cos t,

cos# t
"t

0 and

`z
`v

"
#

1  cot
# v a
csc vb

1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 etc1

817

818
9. (a)

Chapter 14 Partial Derivatives

`w
`u

`w `x
`x `u

`w `y
`y `u

`w `z
`z `u

(y  z)(1)  (x  z)(1)  (y  x)(v) x  y  2z  v(y  x)

(u  v)  (u
v)  2uv  v(2u) 2u  4uv;

`w
`v

`w `x
`x `v

`w `y
`y `v

`w `z
`z `v

(y  z)(1)  (x  z)(
1)  (y  x)(u) y
x  (y  x)u
2v  (2u)u
2v  2u# ;

w xy  yz  xz au#
v# b  au# v
uv# b  au# v  uv# b u#
v#  2u# v ``wu 2u  4uv and
`w
`v

2v  2u#

(b) At "# 1 :
10. (a)

`w
`u

`w
`u

2 "#  4 "# (1) 3 and

`w
`v

2(1)  2 "#
#3

2y
2z
v
v
v
v
v
x#  2x
y#  z# ae sin u  ue cos ub  x#  y#  z# ae cos u
ue sin ub  x#  y#  z# ae b
v

u
aev sin u  uev cos ub
u# e2v sin# u 2ueu# esin
2v cos# u  u# e2v
v
cos u
v
v
 u# e2v sin# u 2ue
 u# e2v cos# u  u# e2v ae cos u
ue sin ub
v

aev b 2u ;
 u# e2v sin# u  u2ue
# e2v cos# u  u# e2v
`w
`v

2y
2z
v
v
v
x#  2x
y#  z# aue sin ub  x#  y#  z# aue cos ub  x#  y#  z# aue b
v

u
auev sin ub
u# e2v sin# u 2ueu# esin
2v cos# u  u# e2v
v
cos u
v
 u# e2v sin# u 2ue
 u# e2v cos# u  u# e2v aue cos ub

auev b 2; w ln au# e2v sin# u  u# e2v cos# u  u# e2v b ln a2u# e2v b

 u# e2v sin# u  u2ue
# e2v cos# u  u# e2v
v

ln 2  2 ln u  2v
(b) At a
2 0b:
11. (a)

`w
`u

1 and

2
`w
u and ` v
`w
`v 2

r
p
p
q
q
rr
pp
q
`u `p
`u `q
`u `r
"
0;
` p ` x  ` q ` x  ` r ` x q
r  (q
r)#  (q
r)#
(q
r)#
r
p
p
q
q
r
rpp
q
2p
2r
`u
`u `p
`u `q
`u `r
"
(q
` y ` p ` y  ` q ` y  ` r ` y q
r
(q
r)#  (q
r)#
(q
r)#

r)#
(2x  2y  2z)
(2x  2y
2z)
z
`u
`u `p
`u `q
`u `r

(z
y)# ; ` z ` p ` z  ` q ` z  ` r ` z
(2z
2y)#
r
p
p
q
p
pq

2p

4y
y
"
q
r  (q
r)#
(q
r)# q
r (qr

2q

r)#
(q
r)# (2z
2y)#
(z
y)# ;
y
(z
y)
y(
1)

y(1)
`u
`u
u pq

qr 2z 2y
(z
z y)# , and `` uz (z
(zy)(0)

2y z
y ` x 0, ` y
(z
y)#

y)#

(z
yy)#
`u
`x

(b) At 3 2 1 :
12. (a)

2

#

`w
`u

`u
`x

`u
`y
`u
`z

`u
`x

0,

"
(1
2)#

1, and

`u
`z

2
(1
2)#

2
yz if
1#  x 

eqr
1
p#

(cos x)  areqr sin
" pb (0)  aqeqr sin
" pb (0)

eqr
1
p#

(0)  areqr sin
" pb zy  aqeqr sin
" pb (0)

eqr
1
p#

(0)  areqr sin
" pb (2z ln y)  aqeqr sin
" pb
z"# a2zreqr sin
" pb (ln y)

(2z) "z ayz x ln yb

`u
`y

`u
`y

xzyz
1 , and

(b) At 14 "#
"# :

`u
`z
`u
`x

az# ln yb ayz b x
z#
z

eqr cos x
1
p#

z# reqr sin " p

y

ez ln y cos x
1
sin# x

z# " y z x
z

1
#

xzyz
1 ;

xyz ln y; u ez ln y sin
" (sin x) xyz if
1# x

qeqr sin " p

z#
1
#

14 "#

"#

`u
`x

yz ,

xy ln y from direct calculations

"#

"#

2,

`u
`y

14
"# "#

"#
"

14 2 ,

`u
`z

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

ln "#
1

2 ln 2
4

Section 14.4 The Chain Rule

` z dx
` x dt

` z dy
` y dt

` z du
` u dt

` z dv
` v dt

` x dw
` w dt

dz
dt

15.

`w
`u

`w `x
`x `u

`w `y
`y `u

`w `z
`z `u

`w
`v

`w `x
`x `v

`w `y
`y `v

`w `z
`z `v

16.

`w
`x

`w `r
`r `x

`w `s
`s `x

`w `t
`t `x

`w
`y

`w `r
`r `y

`w `s
`s `y

`w `t
`t `y

17.

`w
`u

`w `x
`x `u

`w `y
`y `u

`w
`v

`w `x
`x `v

`w `y
`y `v

14.

dz
dt

13.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

819

820

Chapter 14 Partial Derivatives

18.

`w
`x

`w `u
`u `x

19.

`z
`t

`z `x
`x `t

20.

`y
`r

dy ` u
du ` r

22.

`w
`p

`w `x
`x `p

`w `y
`y `p

`w `z
`z `p

23.

`w
`r

` w dx
` x dr

` w dy
` y dr

` w dx
` x dr

since

`w `v
`v `x

`z `y
`y `t

21.

`w
`y

`w `u
`u `y

`z
`s

`z `x
`x `s

`w
`s

dw ` u
du ` s

`w
`s

` w dx
` x ds

`w `v
`v `y

`z `y
`y `s

`w
`t

dw ` u
du ` t

`w `v
`v `p

dy
dr

` w dy
` y ds

` w dy
` y ds

since

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

dx
ds

Section 14.4 The Chain Rule

24.

`w
`s

`w `x
`x `s

25. Let F(x y) x$
2y#  xy 0 Jx (x y) 3x#  y

`w `y
`y `s

and Fy (x y)
4y  x

dy
dx

(1 1)

dy
dx

dy
dx

FFxy
(
3x4yyx)

3

FFxy
xy
2y

dy
dx

(
1 1) 2

27. Let F(x y) x#  xy  y#
7 0 Fx (x y) 2x  y and Fy (x y) x  2y

dy
dx

4
3

26. Let F(x y) xy  y#
3x
3 0 Fx (x y) y
3 and Fy (x y) x  2y

821

dy
dx

y

FFxy
2x
x  2y

(1 2)
45

28. Let F(x y) xey  sin xy  y
ln 2 0 Fx (x y) ey  y cos xy and Fy (x y) xey  x sin xy  1

dy
dx

FFxy
xeye xysincosxyxy 1

y

dy
dx

(! ln 2)
(2  ln 2)

29. Let F(x y z) z$
xy  yz  y$
2 0 Fx (x y z)
y, Fy (x y z)
x  z  3y# , Fz (x y z) 3z#  y

Fx
`z
` x
Fz
`z
` y (1 1 1)

30. Let F(x y z)

`z
`x

3z
# y y

y
3z#  y

`z
`x

(1 1 1)

"
4

`z
`y

Fyz

x3z#zy3y
F

x
z
3y#
3z#  y

34
"
x

"
y

FFxz

"
z

1 0 Fx (x y z)
x"# , Fy (x y z)
y"# , Fz (x y z)
z"#

x"#

z"#

xz#

`z
`x

(2 3 6)
9;

`z
`y

Fyz

y"#

z"#

yz#

`z
`y

(2 3 6)
4

31. Let F(x y z) sin (x  y)  sin (y  z)  sin (x  z) 0 Fx (x y z) cos (x  y)  cos (x  z),

Fy (x y z) cos (x  y)  cos (y  z), Fz (x y z) cos (y  z)  cos (x  z) `` xz
FFxz
(x  y)  cos (x  z)

cos
cos (y  z)  cos (x  z)

`z
`x

(1 1 1)
1;

`z
`y

(x  y)  cos (y  z)

Fyz
cos
cos (y  z)  cos (x  z)
F

`z
`y

(1 1 1 )
1

32. Let F(x y z) xey  yez  2 ln x
2
3 ln 2 0 Fx (x y z) ey  2x , Fy (x y z) xey  ez , Fz (x y z) yez

33.

`w
`r

`z
`x

FFxz

`w `x
`x `r

ey  2x
yez

`w `y
`y `r

`w `z
`z `r

`z
`x

(1 ln 2 ln 3)
3 ln4 2 ;

`z
`y

Fyz
xeyez e
F

`z
`y

(1 ln 2 ln 3)
3 ln5 2

2(x  y  z)(1)  2(x  y  z)[
sin (r  s)]  2(x  y  z)[cos (r  s)]

2(x  y  z)[1
sin (r  s)  cos (r  s)] 2[r
s  cos (r  s)  sin (r  s)][1
sin (r  s)  cos (r  s)]
``wr r1s
1 2(3)(2) 12
34.

`w
`v

`w `x
`x `v

`w `y
`y `v

35.

`w
`v

`w `x
`x `v

`w `y
`y `v

2x

`w
` v u0v0

7

`w `z
`z `v

"
2v
y 2v
u  x(1)  z (0) (u  v) u 
y
x# (
2)

 "x (1) 2(u
2v  1)

v#
u

`w
` v u
1v2

2u  v
2
(u
2v  1)# (
2)

(1)
41 
41
8

"
u
2v  1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.