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Abstract
An adaptive technique is presented that performs synchronous amplitude demodulation while adaptively canceling systematic disturbancesfrequently encountered in sensors and instrumentation applications. The method is effective in jointly
estimating and tracking the signal amplitude along with additive DC bias, interfering sinusoids, or exponentially decaying transients. Lyapunov method is used to study the stability and convergence of the proposed technique. In addition, the extension
of the algorithm for multiple sinusoid case is also presented. Computer simulations and the experimental results are included
to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed scheme in applications like resolver, synchros, and power
system relays. It can easily be implemented in cost effective manner requiring minimal computation effort and hardware.
2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Amplitude demodulation; Amplitude estimation and tracking; Disturbance cancellation; Adaptive algorithms
1. Introduction
Amplitude demodulation nds many practical applications in elds like communication systems [1], sensor
instrumentation [24], signal processing, and system identication. Different approaches [1] are found in literature for
demodulation of amplitude modulated (AM) ordinary, single side band (SSB), and double side band (DSB) signals.
The lter method [1] is commonly used when the delay introduced by the ltering is tolerable. On the contrary, when
such delay becomes detrimental, synchronous techniques
are employed [2,3,8,9]. The technique in [2] is faster in
settling time when compared to the lter method, which,
however, is at the cost of precise clock timing relations. It is
also more susceptible to noise and systematic disturbances
at the input signal resulting in substantial distortion of the
demodulated signal. The closed loop techniques in [3] is,
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x (t)
439
g0 s
m0
d(t )
x(t)
e(t)
2g1 s
Cos(1(t))
m1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3. Analysis
2. Adaptive synchronous amplitude
demodulator
The proposed algorithm is similar to least mean square
(LMS) adaptive algorithm which takes the advantage of
gradient techniques. Adaptive techniques have been classically used in applications where stationary and time invariant systems are assumed and the convergence properties
have been veried for a wide range of applications. However, they have also been used for non-stationary and time
varying systems with appreciable performance. The proposed demodulator has these advantages making it widely
applicable.
The block diagram representation of the proposed demodulator is shown in Fig. 1. Let us consider a sinusoid signal
(5)
d
0 (t))
m
0 (t) = g0 (m0 m
dt
+ g0 (m1 m
1 (t)) cos(1 (t)),
(6)
d
m
1 (t) = 2g1 (m0 m
0 (t)) cos(1 (t))
dt
1 (t))cos2 (1 (t)).
+ 2g1 (m1 m
(7)
440
0 (t) = g0 m
m
0 (t) g0 cos(1 (t))m
1 (t),
1 ) = 2g1 [m
0 +m
1 cos 1 (t)]2 < 0,
V (m
0, m
(8)
g0
g0 cos(1 (t))
.
(9)
(10)
where I represent an unity matrix of order 2, |.| the determinant, and s the Laplace operator. From (10) it is evident
that this type 1 system is stable for positive values of g0 and
g1 that makes the root negative.
To determine the global convergence, we nd the stability
of the error system (8) using Lyapunovs method. Let us
dene a Lyapunov function [11] give by
V (m
0, m
1) =
m
20
m
2
+ 1,
2
2
(11)
x(t)
g0 s
x(t )
Cos(1(t))
2g1 s
2g2 s
Cos( n(t))
m1
m2
Cos(2 (t))
(12)
m0
d (t )
= [g0 m
0 + 2g1 m
1 cos 1 (t)]
[m
0 +m
1 cos 1 (t)]
(14)
2 gn s
mn
(13)
xcap
x
Magnitude
Magnitude
0
-2
x1cap
x1
2
1
0
-1
10
10
20
30
Magnitude
Magnitude
m0cap
m0
0.5
60
70
80
90
100
m0
m0cap
1
0.5
0
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
m1
m1cap
Magnitude
Magnitude
50
1.5
1.5
1
0
40
441
0
-1
-2
10
time
m1
m1cap
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time
-5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
80
90
100
Magnitude
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time
442
4
xcap
x
2
0
Magnitude
Magnitude
-2
-4
2
0
-2
-4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
1
0
Magnitude
Magnitude
m0
m0cap
80
100
-1
1
0
m0
m0ap
-1
-2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
40
60
80
100
3
m1
m1cap
2
0
Magnitude
4
Magnitude
60
-2
40
2
1
m1
m1cap
-2
-4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time
20
40
60
80
100
time
Magnitude
6
xcap
x
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Magnitude
6
m0cap
m0
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Magnitude
4
2
0
m1
m1cap
-2
-4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time
Fig. 7. Amplitude demodulation in presence of exponentially decaying transients for relay applications.
The synchronous demodulation of the amplitude in presence of a sinusoidal disturbance is shown in Fig. 6. Both the
disturbance and the demodulated amplitude are of similar
magnitude and frequency.
One practical signal that is encounter in relays [6,7]
during short circuits is effectively tracked while estimating the transient involved in the input as shown in Fig. 7.
Many FFT-based techniques [7] which are computationally intensive are practically used to solve and estimate the
same.
Unlike the common amplitude demodulators, this demodulator does not introduce extra delay in the demodulated
signal, which is quite often an important requirement in
sensor processing and control applications. Such an example is the processing of the resolver amplitude modulated
signals in resolver-to-digital (R/D) converter [8,9]. In nonideal resolver due to the harmonic distortion, an additive DC
bias and harmonics contents is present in the output, which
degrades the performance of many R/D converters. In such
situations, the use of the proposed demodulator and its extension can signicantly improve the performance of the
R/D converters. In addition to that, it can also be used for
disturbance cancellations.
The amplitude estimation in presence of sinusoidal disturbance and exponentially decaying transients are shown in
Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. As seen for, the estimator has
work wells for both disturbance and magnitude decaying
10
xcap
x
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
Magnitude
6
m0cap
m0
xcap
x
5
0
-5
-10
Magnitude
Magnitude
10
-5
443
10
15
20
25
30
35
Disturbance Signal Tracking
40
m0cap
m0
1
0
-1
-2
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
20
30
40
50
Magnitude
8
0
m1cap
m1
6
4
2
0
m1cap
m1
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
50
time
Magnitude
Magnitude
50
45
3.5
3
m2cap
m2
2.5
2
1.5
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
time
6. Conclusions
In this paper an adaptive technique has been proposed to
jointly estimate and track the amplitude of a sinusoid along
with the estimation and tracking of a DC bias, lightly damped
exponentially decaying transients, and low frequency sinusoidal disturbances. The algorithm is very simple and easy
to implement. The unbiased global convergence of the estimator has been shown using Lyapunov method. Its extension
444
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