Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Dec 20
Posted by Magz
CONFLICTS OF LAWS; Definition:
That part of the law of each state or nation which determines whether, in dealing with a legal situation, the law or
some other state or nation will be recognized, given effect, or applied (16 Am Jur, 2d, Conflict of Laws, 1).
That part of municipal law of a state which directs its courts and administrative agencies, when confronted with a
legal problem involving a foreign element, whether or not they should apply a foreign law/s (Paras).
DISTINGUISHED FROM PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
BASIS
CONFLICT OF LAW
LAW OF NATIONS
1
Nature
Municipal in character
International in character
2
Persons involved Dealt with by private individuals; governs individuals in their private transactions which
involve a foreign element Sovereign states and other entities possessing international personality, e.g., UN;
governs states in their relationships amongst themselves
3
Transactions involved
Private transactions between private individuals
public interest; those in general are of interest only to sovereign states
Generally affected by
4
Remedies and Sanctions
Peaceful: includes diplomatic negotiation, tender & exercise of good offices, mediation, inquiry & conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement by ICJ, reference to regional agencies
Forcible: includes severance of diplomatic relations, retorsions, reprisals, embargo, boycott, non-intercourse, pacific
blockades, collective measures under the UN Charter, and war.
SOURCES:
Direct:
1. Constitutions
2. Codifications
Special Laws
Treaties and Conventions
Judicial Decisions
International Customs
Indirect:
DOCTRINE OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS the forum is inconvenient; the ends of justice would be best served by
trial in another forum; the controversy may be more suitably tried elsewhere
Assume jurisdiction and apply either the law of the forum or of another state
i.
A specific law of the forum decrees that internal law should apply
APPLY INTERNAL LAW forum law should be applied whenever there is good reason to do so; there is a good
reason when any one of the following factors is present:
Examples:
Article. 16 of the Civil Code real and personal property subject to the law of the country where they are situated
and testamentary succession governed by lex nationalii
Article 829 of the Civil Code makes revocation done outside Philippines valid according to law of the place
where will was made or lex domicilii
Article 819 of the Civil Code prohibits Filipinos from making joint wills even if valid in foreign country
ii.
The proper foreign law was not properly pleaded and proved
Theory of Local Law adherents of this school of thought believe that we apply foreign law not because it is
foreign, but because our laws, by applying similar rules, require us to do so; hence, it is as if the foreign law has
become part & parcel of our local law
Theory of Harmony of Laws theorists here insist that in many cases we have to apply the foreign laws so that
wherever a case is decided, that is, irrespective of the forum, the solution should be approximately the same; thus,
identical or similar solutions anywhere & everywhere. When the goal is realized, there will be harmony of laws
Theory of Justice the purpose of all laws, including Conflict of Laws, is the dispensing of justice; if this can be
attained in may cases applying the proper foreign law, we must do so
Rules on Status in General
Factual Situation
Point of Contact
1
Beginning of personality of natural person
2
Ways & effects of emancipation
Same
3
Age of majority
Same
4
Use of names and surnames
Same
5
Use of titles of nobility
Same
6
Absence
Same
7
Presumptive death & survivorship
Lex fori (Article 43, 390, 391, CC; Rule 131 5 [jj], Rules of Court)
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Celebrated Abroad
Between Filipinos
Lex loci celebrationis is without prejudice to the exceptions under Articles 25, 35
(1, 4, 5 & 6), 36, 37 & 38 of the Family Code (bigamous & incestuous marriages) & consular marriages
Between Foreigners
Lex loci celebrationis EXCEPT if the marriage is:
Highly immoral (like bigamous/ polygamous marriages)
Universally considered incestuous (between brother-sister, and ascendants-descendants)
Mixed
Celebrated in RP
Between Foreigners
National law (Article 21, FC) PROVIDED the marriage is not highly immoral or
universally considered incestuous)
Mixed
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
1
Personal rights & obligations between husband & wife
subsequent change of nationality:
POINT OF CONTACT
Real property
Lex rei sitae (Article 16, CC)
Exceptions
Successional rights
National law of decedent (Article 16 par. 2, CC)
Capacity to succeed
National law of decedent (Article. 1039)
Contracts involving real property which do not deal with the title thereto
The law intended will be the proper
law of the contract (lex loci voluntantis or lex loci intentionis)
Contracts where the real property is given as security
The principal contract (usually loan) is governed by
the proper law oft the contract (lex loci voluntatis or lex loci intentionis)NOTE: the mortgage itself is governed by
lex rei sitae. There is a possibility that the principal contract is valid but the mortgage is void; or it may be the
other way around. If the principal contract is void, the mortgage will also be void (for lack of proper cause or
consideration), although by itself, the mortgage could have been valid.
Tangible personal property (choses in possession)
1
In General
Lex rei sitae (Article. 16, CC)
Exceptions: same as those for real property EXCEPTION: same as those for real property EXCEPT that in
the example concerning mortgage, the same must be changed to pledge of personal property)
2
Means of Transportation
Vessels Law of the flag (or in some cases, place of registry)
Other means
Law of the depot (storage place for supplies or resting place)
3
Things in transitu (these things have a changing status because they move)
Loss, destruction, deterioration
Law of the destination (Article. 1753, CC)
Validity & effect of the seizure of the goods Locus regit actum (where seized) because said place is their
temporary situs
Disposition or alienage of the goods
Lex loci volutantis or lex loci intentionis because here there is a
contract
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
INTangIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY (CHOSES IN ACTION)
1
Recovery of debts or involuntary assignment of debts (garnishment)
served with summons (usually the domicile)
2
Voluntary assignment of debts
Other Theories:
Lex loci voluntatis or lex loci intentionis (proper law of the contract)
Lex situs of assets of the debtor (for these assets can be held liable for the
debts)
5
Negotiability or non-negotiability of an instrument
The right embodied in the instrument (for example,
in the case of a Swedish bill of exchange, Swedish law determines its negotiability)
6
Validity of transfer, delivery or negotiation of the instrument
time of transfer, delivery or negotiation
7
Effect on a corporation of the sale of corporate shares
8
Effect between the parties of the sale of corporate shares
Lex loci voluntatis or lex loci intentionis
(proper law of the contract) for this is really a contract; usually this is the place where the certificate is delivered)
9
Taxation on the dividends of corporate shares
10
Taxation on the income from the sale of corporate shares
consummated
11
Franchises
12
Goodwill of the business & taxation thereto Law of the place where the business is carried on
13
Patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade names
In the absence of a treaty, they are protected only by
the state that granted themNOTE: foreigners may sue for infringement of trademarks and trade names in the RP
ONLY IF Filipinos are granted reciprocal concessions in the state of the foreigners
Wills, Succession & Administration of Conflict Rules
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Extrinsic Validity of Wills
1
Made by an alien abroad
celebrationis (Article 17(1))
Lex nationalii OR lex domicilii OR RP law (Article 816, CC), OR lex loci
2
Made by a Filipino abroad Lex nationalii OR lex loci celebrationis (Article 815)
3
Made by an alien in the RP
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Extrinsic Validity of Joint Wills (made in the same instrument)
1
Made by Filipinos abroad
Valid if valid according to lex domicilii or lex loci celebrationis (Article 819)
3
Made by aliens in the RP Lex loci celebrationis therefore void even if apparently allowed by Article 817
because the prohibition on joint wills is a clear expression of public policy
Intrinsic Validity of Wills
Lex nationalii of the deceased regardless of the LOCATION & NATURE of the property
(Article 16 (2))
Capacity to Succeed
Lex nationalii of the deceased not of the heir (Article 1039)
Revocation of Wills
1
If done in the RP Lex loci actus (of the revocation) (Article. 829)
2
If done OUTSIDE the RP
By a NON-DOMICILIARY
Lex loci celebrationis (of the making of the will, NOT revocation), OR lex domicilii (Article 829)
By a DOMICILIARY of the RP
Lex domicilii (RP law) OR lex loci actus (of the revocation) (Article 17)
Probate of Wills Made Abroad
1
If not yet probated abroad Lex fori of the RP applies as to the procedural aspects, i.e., the will must be fully
probated here & due execution must be shown
2
If already probated abroad
Lex fori of the RP again applies as to the procedural aspects; must also
be probated here, but instead of proving due execution, generally it is enough to ask for the enforcement here of
the foreign judgment on the probate abroad
Executors and Administrators
1
Where appointed Place where domiciled at death or incase of non-domiciliary, where assets are found
2
Powers Co-extensive with the qualifying of the appointing court powers may only be exercised within
the territorial jurisdiction of the court concernedNOTE: these rules also apply to principal, domiciliary, or ancillary
administrators & receivers even in non-successive cases
Rules on Obligation and Contracts
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Formal or Extrinsic Validity
Exceptions
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Liability & damages for torts in generalNOTE: The locus delicti (place of commission of torts) is faced by the
problem of characterization. In civil law countries, the locus delicti is generally where the act began; in common
law countries, it is where the act first became effective
Lex loci delicti (law of the place where the delict was
committed)NOTE: liability for foreign torts may be enforced in the RP if:
The tort is not penal in character
If the enforcement of the tortious liability wont contravene our public policy
If our judicial machinery is adequate for such enforcement
Rules on Crimes
FACTUAL SITUATION
POINT OF CONTACT
Essential elements of a crime and penalties Generally where committed (locus regit actum)
Theories as to what court has jurisdiction:
Territoriality theory where the crime was committed
Nationality theory country which the criminal is citizen or a subject
Real theory any state whose penal code has been violated has jurisdiction, where the crime was committed
inside or outside its territory
Protective theory any state whose national interests may be jeopardized has jurisdiction so that it may protect
itself
Cosmopolitan or universality theory state where the criminal is found or which has his custody has jurisdiction
Passive personality theory the state of which the victim is a citizen or subject has jurisdiction
NOTE: In the RP, we follow the territoriality theory in general; exception: Article 2, RPC, stresses the protective
theory
The locus delicti of certain crimes
1
Frustrated an consummated, homicide, murder, infanticide & parricide Where the victim was injured (not
where the aggressor wielded his weapon)
2
Attempted homicide, etc. Where the intended victim was (not where the aggressor was situated) so long
as the weapon or the bullet either touched him or fell inside the territory where he was
3
Bigamy Where the illegal marriage was performed
4
Theft & robbery Where the property was unlawfully taken from the victim (not the place to which the
criminal went after the commission of the crime)
5
Estafa or swindling thru false representation
where the false representations were made)
6
laws
7
Conspiracy to commit treason, rebellion, or seditionNOTE: Other conspiracies are NOT penalized by our
Where the conspiracy was formed (not where the overt act of treason, rebellion or sedition was committed)
Libel
8
Continuing crime Any place where the offense begins, exists or continues
9
Complex crime
Any place where any of the essential elements of the crime took place
POINT OF CONTACT
Corporations
Powers and liabilities
For constitutional purposes even of the corporation was incorporated in the RP, it is nor deemed a Filipino
corporation & therefore cant acquire land, exploit our natural resources, 7 operate public utilities unless 60% of
capital if Filipino owned
For wartime purposes we pierce the corporation veil & go to the nationality of the controlling stockholders to
determine if the corporation is an enemy (CONTROL TEST)
Formation of the corporation (requisites); kind of stocks, transfer of stocks to bind the corporation,
issuance, amount & legality & dividends, powers & duties of members, stockholders and officers Law of the place
of incorporation
Validity of corporate acts & contracts (including ultra vires acts)
Law of the place of incorporation &
law of the place of performance (the act or contract must be authorized by BOTH laws)
Right to sue & amenability to court processes & suits against it
Lex fori
Manner & effect of dissolution
Law of the place of incorporation provided that the public policy of the
forum is not militated against
Domicile
If not fixed by the law creating or recognizing the corporation or by any other provision
the domicile is where it is legal representation is established or where it exercises its principal functions (Article. 15)
Receivers (appointment & powers) Principal receiver is appointed by the courts of the state of
incorporation; ancillary receivers, by the courts of any state where the corporation has assets (authority is COEXTENSIVE) w/ the authority of the appointing court
NOTE: Theories on the personal and/or governing law of corporations:
Law of the place of incorporation (this is generally the RP rule)
Law of the place or center of management (center for administration or siege social) (center office principle)
Law of the place of exploitation (exploitation centre or siege d exploitation)
Partnerships
The existence or non-existence of legal personality of the firm; the capacity to contract; liability of the firm
& the partners to 3rd persons
The personal law of the partnership, i.e., the law of the place where it was
created (Article 15 of the Code of Commerce) (Subject to the exceptions given above as in the case of corps.)
Creation of branches in the RP; validity & effect of the branches commercial transaction; & the jurisdiction
of the court
RP law (law of the place where branches were created) (Article 15, Code of Commerce)
Dissolution, winding up, & termination of branches in the RP RP law (Article 15, Code of Commerce)
Domicile
If not fixed by the law creating or recognizing the partnership or by any other provision
the domicile is where it is legal representation is established or where it exercises its principal functions (Article. 15)
Receivers
RP law insofar as the assets in the RP are concerned can be exercised as such only in the
RP
Foundations (combination of capital independent of individuals, usually not for profit)
Personal law of the
foundation (place of principal center of administration)
Reference:
Civil Law (Conflict of Laws) Memory Aid
Ateneo Central Bar Operations 2001