Mix Design Basics

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146

Mix Design Goals

adequate workability
adequate strength
adequate durability
minimumcost
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Cost of Materials

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Source:November7,2011enr.com

148

Minimizing Cost Cement

minimizethevoidspacebetween
theaggregateparticles
minimizethesurfaceareaof
theaggregateparticles
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Minimizing Void Space

Void content = 48%

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Void content = 41%

150

Minimizing Surface Area

10"

surface area = 11 ft2

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surface area = 22 ft2

151

Minimizing Surface Area

surface area = 6.0 ft2/ft3

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surface area = 4.8 ft2/ft3

152

Obtaining Adequate Workability

gravel

Needenough
mortartokeep
allthegravel
particlesapart.

mortar
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154

Inside Concrete
sand

gravel

mortar
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cementpaste
155

Obtaining Adequate Workability

sand

Needenough
cementpasteto
keepallthesand
grainsapart

cementpaste
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156

Inside Concrete
sand

cementpaste
CIVL 3137

cement

water
157

Obtaining Adequate Workability

cement

Needenough
mixingwaterto
lubricateallthe
cementgrains

water
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Obtaining Adequate Workability

cement

Airentrainment
addslubrication
withoutadding
additionalwater
air
bubble
water
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Obtaining Adequate Strength

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Water-Cement Ratio

Cement

Water
0% Hydration
Air

Hydration Products

Gel
Water

100% Hydration
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Figure714

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CIVL 3137

fc 4500 psi

163

CIVL 3137

fc 4500 psi

164

CIVL 3137

fc 4500 psi fcr 5700 psi

165

Overdesign Factors

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Overdesign Factors
Table 7-12 Overdesign Necessary to Meet Strength RequirementsA

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Overdesign Factors
RequiredAverageCompressiveStrengthWhenData
AreNotAvailabletoEstablishaStandardDeviation

Adapted from ASTM C94

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Trial Mix Design

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Mix Design Example

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Step 1: Select the slump

EquivalenttoTable713

CIVL 3137

Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

171

Step 2: Select the NMAS

narrowest dimension
NMAS
5
depth of slab
NMAS
3

NMAS 0.75 clear space

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Step 3: Estimate the water and air

EquivalenttoTable714

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Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

173

Adjust for Aggregate Shape

CIVL 3137

Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

174

Step 4: Select the w/c ratio

EquivalenttoTable715

fcr

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Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

175

Overdesign Factors
RequiredAverageCompressiveStrengthWhenData
AreNotAvailabletoEstablishaStandardDeviation

Adapted from ASTM C94

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Step 4: Select the w/c ratio

EquivalenttoTable715

fcr

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Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

177

Figure714

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Step 5: Calculate the cement weight

Wcement

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Wwater
=
w/c ratio

180

Step 6: Estimate coarse aggregate

EquivalenttoTable717
b

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Source:DesignandControlofConcreteMixtures(PCA,2003)

bo

181

b/bo

bo
b

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Step 6: Estimate coarse aggregate

bulk
gravel

b bo V

bulk
concrete

Wgravel V

bulk bulk
gravel gravel

Wgravel b b o V

dry-rodded
unit weight

bulk
bulk
concrete gravel

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Step 7: Estimate fine aggregate

EstimatedWeightMethod
(Section78.1)
NMAS
(in)

FirstEstimateofConcreteUnitMass(lb/ft )
NonAirEntrainedConcrete
AirEntrainedConcrete

142.0

137.5

144.0

139.0

146.5

141.5

148.5

143.5

151.0

146.0

153.0

147.5

155.5

150.0

157.5

152.0

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EquivalenttoTable718

184

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Step 7: Estimate fine aggregate

EstimatedWeightMethod
(Section78.1)

Wtotal Wcement Wgravel Wsand Wwater

Wsand Wtotal Wcement Wgravel Wwater

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Step 7: Estimate fine aggregate

AbsoluteVolumeMethod
(Section78.2)

Vtotal Vcement Vgravel Vsand Vwater Vair

Vsand Vtotal Vcement Vgravel Vwater Vair

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Step 7: Estimate fine aggregate

AbsoluteVolumeMethod
(Section78.2)

Vsand Vtotal Vcement Vgravel Vwater Vair

Vsand

1 Wcement Wgravel Wwater

Vtotal
bulk
Vair
w 3.15 G gravel 1.00

Wsand Vsand G
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bulk
sand

w
189

Step 8: Adjust for Aggregate Moisture

1. Increase Wwater by an amount equal to the
weight of water needed to saturate the fine
and coarse aggregate.

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Step 8: Adjust for Aggregate Moisture

1. Increase Wwater by an amount equal to the
weight of water needed to saturate the fine
and coarse aggregate.
2. Increase Wsand and Wgravel by an amount
equal to the moisture contents of the
aggregate stockpiles.

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191

Step 8: Adjust for Aggregate Moisture

1. Increase Wwater by an amount equal to the
weight of water needed to saturate the fine
and coarse aggregate.
2. Increase Wsand and Wgravel by an amount
equal to the moisture contents of the
aggregate stockpiles.
3. Decrease Wwater by the same amount you
increased Wsand and Wgravel.
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