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listed uniforms it was jacquard-woven (BeVo) or sometimes machine-embroidered in silver-grey rayon, for ocers machine- or hand-embroidered in white silk or bright
aluminum wire, and for generals hand-embroidered in
gold bullion.[3] The backing was badge-cloth (Abzeichentuch), a close-woven velvetish fabric; this was originally Reichsheer grey, but in late 1935 the renamed
These ranks and insignia were specic to the Heer and
in special cases to senior Wehrmacht ocers in the in- Heer changed its Abzeichentuch color to a dark blue-green
dependent services; the uniforms and rank systems of called aschengrn (bottle-green).
the other branches of the Wehrmacht, the Luftwae (Air The war brought several variations to the breast eagle, alForce) and Kriegsmarine (Navy), were dierent, as were though it should be kept in mind that none of them was rethose of the SS which was a Party organization outside placed or de-authorized, and all were being worn side-bythe Wehrmacht. The Nazi Party also had its own series side at wars end. When hostilities began in 1939, on the
of paramilitary uniforms and insignia.
enlisted Feldbluse or eld blouse the eagle was changed
from silver-white to matte grey for reduced visibility; and
in 1940 backings began to be produced in eld-grey (feldgrau). Another version appeared with the advent of the
1 Insignia
Model 1944 Field Blouse, which used a triangular backing for speed and simplicity of manufacture. Very late in
1.1 National Emblem (breast eagle): Ho- the war some Hoheitszeichen were simply printed on thin
heitszeichen or Wehrmachtsadler
fabric.
Breast eagles
1935
1939
1940
1944
Tropical
(Kragenpatte,
1 INSIGNIA
eld
Waenfarbe (armored corps)
Enlisted version
eld 1934
Waenfarbe (artillery)
NCO version
(machine-woven with encircling braid)
dress
1.2
For enlisted men, service collar patches were machinewoven in silver-grey rayon; COs were embroidered more
elaborately in white silk or aluminium thread, and were
somewhat larger to match their higher collars.
NCOs (de: Unteroziere) wore standard enlisted collar patches but were distinguished by a strip of 9mm
silver-grey diamond-woven rayon braid (UnterooziersTressen, NCO-Tressen), sewn around the collar, except
on the dress, where the NCO-Tresse was bright aluminum. However, the aluminum-embroidered NCOTressen on dress uniforms (de: Ausgangsuniform/ Pardeuniform) encircled the collars upper edge, the simpler
NCO-Tressen on service or eld uniform encircled the
collars lower edge.
1.2.2
Enlisted versions
Field tunic with collar patches and NCO-Tressen, post 1940.
Dress
Field, 1938
With the wartime change to lower-visibility insignia enlisted collar patches were woven in matte mouse-grey
with eld-grey stripes, which were at rst sewn to green
collar patches as before but increasingly directly to the
collar, which beginning in 1940 was made in feldgrau like
the uniform; grey collar patches were never produced.
The troops however preferred the green patches (and collars) if they had or could get them, especially on clean
uniforms for walking-out; and long-service veterans took
particular pride in pre-38 versions.
In contrast, ocers service uniform collar patches never
changed. While most ocers in the front lines wore the
collar patch
shoulder strap
1 INSIGNIA
Deaths-head
A major exception to the wearing of Litzen was the 1.2.5 General Sta Corps Ocers
panzer wrap (de: Panzerjacke), the double-breasted
jacket worn by crews of tanks and other armored vehicles.
When the Panzertruppe were established in 1935 they
were issued a distinctive black uniform and as a badge
the Totenkopf or Deaths-head, versions of which had formerly been worn by the Imperial tank corps and various
cavalry units. These skulls took the form of white-metal
pins attached to black Kragenpatten which were edged in
Waenfarbe piping.
In mid-1940 crews of assault guns (Sturmgeschtzen) received a uniform of their own, identical in cut to the Panzerjacke but in standard eld-grey, which they wore with
red artillery piping. Over the course of the war a bewildering and changing series of regulations governed the
uniforms and insignia for assault guns, tank destroyers,
armored cars and self-propelled guns (SPG). Depending
on the unit and the date either the black or grey wrap
or the standard Feldbluse might be authorized, and on
the grey assault gun jacket the regulation collar patches
could be black with skulls, or grey with skulls, Litzen, or
no device at all. The result in practice was chaos; wartime
photos show a mix of uniforms and insignia worn not only
in the same battalion, but even in the same vehicle.
Ocially both colours of panzer wrap were working and
eld uniforms to be worn only in or around the vehicle; this regulation was universally ignored. Panzertruppen were issued standard uniforms for service-dress and
walking out but rarely wore them, much preferring their Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdor as Oberst im Generalunique jackets.
stab.
In North Africa, AFV crews wore the same tropical
Collar patches of General Sta ocers
uniform as the other branches, including collar patches;
many tankers however pinned their Totenkopf badges to
their lapels.
1.2
dress uniform
Waenfarbe (generalsta)
1.2.6
Generals
1 INSIGNIA
1.3
1.3
shoulderboards (Schulterstcke)
1.3.1
Enlisted men
1935
1938
1940
Panzer
Tropical
The Reichsheers shoulder-straps were very similar to
those of World War I, made of feldgrau uniform cloth
with pointed or gable button ends. In December 1934
the material was changed to grey badge-cloth (Abzeichentuch) and in September 1935 changed again to
dark bottle-green (aschengrn). These rst pattern
shoulder-straps were not edged in Waenfarbe piping.
In 1938, simultaneous with the removal of Waenfarbe
from eld-uniform collar patches, new shoulder-straps
were issued. These second pattern straps had round
rather than pointed ends, and were edged on three sides
with wool (later rayon) piping in Waenfarbe. This pat-
1.3.2 Ocers
Ocers shoulderboards were constructed from Russia
braid, an aluminum-thread double piping. Companygrade ocers (Leutnant through Hauptmann/Rittmeister)
wore epaulettes constructed by wrapping two side-by-side
lengths of braid around the buttonhole and back, giving the appearance of eight parallel cords; the whole was
sewn to an underlay (Unterlagen) of Waenfarbe badgecloth. Until 1938 the underlay was of the same outer dimensions as the braid, and only visible edge-on; in that
year the underlay was made wider, so as to create the impression of edge piping like the enlisted shoulder-strap.
1 INSIGNIA
1.3.3 Generals
Colonels-in-chief wearing that uniform wore gold generRank was indicated by zero to two gilt-metal pips; unit als shoulderboards underlaid with the Waenfarbe of the
designators were also of gilt metal.
regiment rather than scarlet; GFM von Rundstedt someField-grade ocer (Stabsozier) shoulderboards were times simply pinned his crossed batons to an infantry
made by plaiting together double widths of Russia braid colonels epaulettes.
and looping them to form a buttonhole, sewn to a Waffenfarbe underlay; rank again was displayed by zero to
1.3.4 Retired personnel
two gilt pips.
Once the war began, dull grey aluminum braid appeared, By order of Marshal Hindenburg in March 1932, soldiers
who retired after 15 years of service received the right to
but bright aluminum continued in use.
1.5
9
1.4.2 Ocers old-style eld cap or crusher (Feldmtze lterer Art)
1.4.3 Panzer beret
1.4.4 Garrison cap (Feldmtze)
1.4.5 Mountain, tropical, and M43 eld caps
(Gebirgs-, Tropen- und Einheitsfeldmtzen)
1.4.6 Steel helmet (Stahlhelm)
See also Stahlhelm
Generalmajor a.D.
1.4
Headgear
Enlisted Koppelschlo
10
2.1
2.1.1
Rank tables
Mannschaften (Enlisted personnel)
Hauptfeldwebel/Hauptwachtmeister: Hauptfeldwebel
was not a rank but an appointment: the administrative
and mustering NCO of a company and the commanders
logistical assistant. He was therefore roughly analogous
to a Company Sergeant-Major or First Sergeant, although
his duties did not usually involve combat leadership. Der
Spie [13] or die Kompanie-Mutter, as he was called, was
not necessarily the ranking Unterozier in the company,
especially since typically two of the platoons were commanded by senior NCOs rather than ocers. A Hauptfeldwebel however had to be of Portepee grade; a junior
NCO lling the role was a Hauptfeldwebeldiensttuer, one
doing Hauptfeldwebel duties.
The insignia for a Hauptfeldwebel was a pair of NCO
Tressen encircling each lower sleeve, nicknamed piston
rings;" he also carried a leather Meldetasche or reportcase tucked into his tunic front.
1938
1940
Panzer uniform
Tropical
White Waenfarbe: infantry, rose pink: armor
2.1.2
These men wore shoulderboards braided in a unique pattern, orange-red and silver on black underlay with Gothic
Fp for fortress engineers,[15] and gold-yellow and silver
on carmine with a horseshoe device for farriers.[16]
1935
2.1.4 Ocer candidates (Fhnriche)
1938
Ocer candidate collar insignia
1940
Ozier-Bewerber
Dress
Tropical
Rose-pink Waenfarbe: armored troops
NCO Schulterklappen
Ozier-Anwrter
Oberfhnrich
1935
2.1.5 Ocers (Oziere)
1938
Ocers collar insignia
1940
Panzer uniform
Tropical
Field and service
2.2
11
Unterfeldwebel
Dress
Feldwebel
Tropical [17]
Gold-yellow Waenfarbe: cavalry
2.1.6
2.2
Oberfeldwebel
Stabsfeldwebel
Leutnant
Oberleutnant
Hauptmann
Major
Oberleutnant rank insignia
Oberstleutnant
Non-commissioned ocers
Unterozier
Oberst
12
General ocers
Generalmajor
Generalleutnant
General
Generaloberst
(Intendanten) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general; the lower administrative ocers (Zahlmeister) in the
ranks of rst and second lieutenant, and the judge advocates (Richter) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general. At this time all personnel of the Field Post Oce
were made soldiers as well, but formed a corps of their
own rather than belonging to the TSD. It was also made
possible for qualied reserve technical service ocials to
become reserve ocers of the motor maintenance troops.
The ocials had titles, not ranks: Intendant, Direktor,
Rat, Vorsteher, Inspektor, Meister, Assistent. This is a
complex subject as each branch had its own titles.
Generalfeldmarschall
3.1.1 Military ocials
2.3
3
3.1
Ranks at the Private/Senior Private Shoulderboards With certain exceptions, military oflevels
cials (de: Militr-Beamte) wore shoulderboards similar
3.2
13
fenfarbe a secondary colour (Nebenfarbe) denoting their sides in Nebenfarbe; similarly ocials in the Middle
branch:
and Elevated services wore ocer-pattern Litzen, again
In March 1940 distinct Nebenfarben were abolished and with Nebenfarbe-piped patches. Ocials of the Higher
Services wore unique Kragenpatten with alt-Preussische
replaced with light grey.
Litzen in gold like Oziere des Generalstabs, but on dark
green with, again, Nebenfarbe piping. General ocerSee also
equivalents wore green patches with generals arabesques,
similarly bordered.
main article Corps colours of the Heeresverwaltung
(HV)
Rank insignias to ocials of the Militrverwaltung (MV) 3.1.2 Beamter auf Kriegsdauer
In addition to the career Beamten, wartime needs led to
the creation of Ocials for the duration of the war, or
Beamter auf Kriegsdauer. These men had needed skills
but either did not possess all the qualications to become
full-edged Beamten, or were eectively drafted from
civilian jobs. The matter was further confused by the fact
that Beamter a. K. did the same jobs and held the same
titles as career ocials.
Nonetheless, Beamter a. K. wore entirely distinct collar
patches. The backing patch was large and piped on three
General ocer ranks (1 to 3) and Ocer ranks (4 to 6)
sides like that worn by career Beamten, but was light grey
edged in green. The device was a rectangle pointed at
Shoulder straps
the upper end with braid down the center, much like a
British generals gorget patch, the colors indicating the
File 2: Rank insignias to ocials on the Reichs degree of the Beamters service: grey with green braid
court-martial (Reichskriegsgericht)
for basic services, silver with green braid for middle and
elevated services, and gold on gold for higher services.
3.1.3 Military Supreme Court ocials (Wehrmachtbeamte beim Reichskriegsgericht)
Ocials of the Wehrmacht who worked in Military
Supreme Courts wore shoulder straps without the HV
and had the secondary colour of Bordeaux red (Bordorot).
3.2
14
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
See also
World War II German uniform
Waenfarbe
Glossary of German World War II military terms
Comparative ocer ranks of World War II
Notes
6 External links
German WWII Army & SS Rank & Insignia
7 Bibliography
Angolia, John R. Uniforms & Traditions of the German Army, 19331945, Vol. 1, R. James Bender
Publishing, (1992), ISBN 0-912138-30-0.
Hettler, Eberhard.
Uniformen der Deutschen
Wehrmacht : Heer, Kriegsmarine, Luftwae. Berlin
: O. Dietrich, 1939.
15
8.1
Text
8.2
Images
Ausgehuniform_Wrtt_Ulanenregiment_19_nach1900.jpg:
File:Balkenkreuz.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg License: Public domain Contributors: German Junkers Ju 52 Messerschmitt Me-262
Own work and also based on Page 49 of
Original artist: David Liuzzo
File:Breast_Eagle_(Panzer).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Breast_Eagle_%28Panzer%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg Original artist: FLMM_-_Nazi_badges_&_insignia_13-17.jpg: Joe Mabel
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-022-2922-11,_Russland,_Adelbert_Schulz,_Oberstleutnant_der_Panzertruppen.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-022-2922-11%2C_Russland%2C_Adelbert_Schulz%
2C_Oberstleutnant_der_Panzertruppen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons
by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees
an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the
Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Kipper
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-089-3779-11A,_Russland,_Hauptmann_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-089-3779-11A%2C_Russland%2C_Hauptmann_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv)
as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative
and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Finke
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0008-13,_Polen,_Treffen_deutscher_und_sowjetischer_Soldaten.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0008-13%2C_Polen%2C_Treffen_deutscher_
und_sowjetischer_Soldaten.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the
German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic
representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image
Archive. Original artist: Ehlert, Max
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-208-0021-25A,_Russland-Nord,_Oberfeldwebel_der_Panzertruppen.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-208-0021-25A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Oberfeldwebel_
der_Panzertruppen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal
Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation
only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
Original artist: Koch
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-210-0112-01A,_Russland,_Panzeroffizier.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-210-0112-01A%2C_Russland%2C_Panzeroffizier.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation
project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the
digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Zoll
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-216-0404-23,_Russland-Mitte-Nord,_General_mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-216-0404-23%2C_Russland-Mitte-Nord%2C_General_
mit_Ritterkreuz.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal
Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation
only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
Original artist: Gellert
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1188-05,_Italien,_Soldat_mit_Doppelrohr-Fernglas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-316-1188-05%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_mit_Doppelrohr-Fernglas.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist:
16
8.2
Images
17
18
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/General_%28Wehrmacht%29_4.
8.2
Images
19
*Ozier_Litzen.jpg_:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Mannschaft_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Mannschaft_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Mannschaft_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Mannschaft_
20
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Offizer_im_Generalstab_
Ozier_im_Generalstab_Kolbenstickerei.jpg:
8.2
Images
21
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Trop_
*Ozier_Litzen.jpg_:
File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1938.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Unteroffizier_
Litzen_und_Tresse_1938.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Mannschaft_Litzen_1938.jpg
Original
artist:
Mannschaft_Litzen_1938.jpg:
*Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department
*Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg:
File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Unteroffizier_
Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg: *Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S.
War Department
22
File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_Dress.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Unteroffizier_
Litzen_und_Tresse_Dress.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg Original artist: Mannschaft_Litzen_Dress.jpg: *Mannschaft_Litzen_1934.jpg: *Ozier_Litzen.jpg_:
*Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department
File:Unteroffizier_Litzen_und_Tresse_Trop.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Unteroffizier_
Litzen_und_Tresse_Trop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Unterozier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg Original artist: Unterozier_Litzen_und_Tresse_1940.jpg: *Mannschaft_Litzen_1940.jpg:
*Heer_Rank_Insig_from_War_Dept_Handbook.jpg: U.S. War Department
File:Unteroffizier_Schulterklappe_1935.jpg
Source:
Schulterklappe_1935.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Unteroffizier_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Unteroffizier_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Unteroffizier_
8.3
Content license
23
8.3
Content license