PAAVAI INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY MANUAL
III YEAR - VI SEMESTER
CE 6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

CE6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

LTPC 3104

OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the students to advanced methods of analysis like matrix methods, Plastic analysis
and FE method and also analysis of space structures.
UNIT I FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Equilibrium and compatibility Determinate vs Indeterminate structures Indeterminacy Primary structure Compatibility conditions Analysis of indeterminate pin-jointed plane frames,
continuous beams, rigid jointed plane frames (with redundancy restricted to two).
UNIT II STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

Element and global stiffness matrices Analysis of continuous beams Co-ordinate

transformations Rotation matrix Transformations of stiffness matrices, load vectors and
displacements vectors Analysis of pin-jointed plane frames and rigid frames (with redundancy limited
to two)
UNIT III FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Introduction Discretisation of a structure Displacement functions Truss element Beam

element Plane stress and plane strain - Triangular elements
UNIT IV PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Statically indeterminate axial problems Beams in pure bending Plastic moment of resistance
Plastic modulus Shape factor Load factor Plastic hinge and mechanism Plastic analysis of
indeterminate beams and frames Upper and lower bound theorem
UNIT V SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES

Analysis of Space trusses using method of tension coefficients Beams curved in plan
Suspension cables suspension bridges with two and three hinged stiffening girders

UNIT I FLEXIBILITY METHOD

2.1 Equilibrium and Compatibility:
2.1. a Objectives:
After reading this chapter the student will be
1.
Able to analyse statically indeterminate structure of degree one.
2. Able to solve the problem by either treating reaction or moment as redundant.
3. Able to draw shear force and bending moment diagram for statically indeterminate beams.
4. Able to state advantages and limitations of force method of analysis.
2.1. b Books for Reference:
1. Punmia.B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, Theory of Structures, Laxmi
Publications, 2004.
2. Vaidyanathan, R. and Perumal, P., Comprehensive structural Analysis Vol. I & II, Laxmi
Publications, New Delhi, 2003
3. BhavaiKatti, S.S, Structural Analysis Vol. 1 Vol. 2, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2008
4. William Weaver Jr. & James M. Gere, "Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures", CBS Publishers
and Distributors, Delhi, 2004
5. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics and Analysis"., PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2011
2.1. c Concept:
Since twentieth century, indeterminate structures are being widely used for its obvious merits. It
may be recalled that, in the case of indeterminate structures either the reactions or the internal forces
cannot be determined from equations of statics alone. In such structures, the number of reactions or the
number of internal forces exceeds the number of static equilibrium equations. In addition to equilibrium
equations, compatibility equations are used to evaluate the unknown reactions and internal forces in
statically indeterminate structure. In the analysis of indeterminate structure it is necessary to satisfy the
equilibrium equations (implying that the structure is in equilibrium) compatibility equations
(requirement if for assuring the continuity of the structure without any breaks) and force displacement
equations (the way in which displacement are related to forces).
We have two distinct method of analysis for statically indeterminate structure depending upon
how the above equations are satisfied:
1. Force method of analysis (also known as flexibility method of analysis, method of consistent
deformation, flexibility matrix method)
2. Displacement method of analysis (also known as stiffness matrix method).
In the force method of analysis, primary unknown are forces. In this method compatibility equations are
written for displacement and rotations (which are calculated by force displacement equations). Solving
these equations, redundant forces are calculated. Once the redundant forces are calculated, the
remaining reactions are evaluated by equations of equilibrium.
In the displacement method of analysis, the primary unknowns are the displacements. In this
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method, first force -displacement relations are computed and subsequently equations are written
satisfying the equilibrium conditions of the structure. After determining the unknown displacements,
the other forces are calculated satisfying the compatibility conditions and force displacement relations.
The displacement-based method is amenable to computer programming and hence the method is being
widely used in the modern day structural analysis.
In general, the maximum deflection and the maximum stresses are small as compared to statically
determinate structure. For example, consider two beams of identical cross section and span carrying
uniformly distributed load as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2

Figure 1 Fixed Beam

Figure 2 Simply Supported beam

The loads are also the same in both cases. In the first case, the beam is fixed at both ends and
thus is statically indeterminate. The simply supported beam in Fig. 1 is a statically determinate
structure. The maximum bending moment in case

case of redundant structure. Hence if one member fails, structure does not collapse suddenly.
The remaining members carry the load. The determinate structural system collapses if one
member fails. However, there are disadvantages in using indeterminate structures. Due to support
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settlement, there will be additional stresses in the case of redundant structures where as determinate
structures are not affected by support settlement.
The analysis of indeterminate structure differs mainly in two aspects as compared to determinate
structure.
a) To evaluate stresses in indeterminate structures, apart from sectional properties (area of cross
section and moment of inertia), elastic properties are also required.
b) Stresses are developed in indeterminate structure due to support settlements, temperature change
and fabrication errors etc.

2.1. d Application:
It is used to analyse beams, Frames and Truss in the Various Structures.
2.1. e Corporate / company name which manufacturing the product:
Not applicable
2.1.f Technical terms
Primary structure: In the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the degree of static
indeterminacy is determined and the structure is made statically determinate by releasing all the
redundant. The released structure is known as the primary structure.
Node: The point of application of concentrated load, or moment, the section where moment of inertia
changes, hinged support and roller support constitute a node.
Joint: A point where moment of inertia changes abruptly, a hinged support junction of two three and
four members constitute
Flexibility co-efficient: Flexibility co-efficient is defined as the displacement at co-ordinate due to unit
force at coordinate in a structure. Flexibility co-efficient make up the elements of a flexibility matrix.
Force transformation matrix: The Force transformation matrix is a rectangular matrix in which the
typical element is the value of the internal force component caused by a unit value of external loads all
other external loads on the system zero.
Member-End Forces: Calculated forces at the end of each element/member resulting from the applied
loading and deformation of the structure.
2.1.g nptel video links
2.1.h Anyone relevant video which explain the concept relating to the topic in detail
2.1.i any other info that can help the faculty the deliver effective on topic
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2.1.1 Analysis of Equilibrium and Compatibility:

A structure is in equilibrium when all forces or moments acting upon it are balanced. This
means that each and every force acting upon a body, or part of the body, is resisted by either another
equal and opposite force or set of forces whose net result is zero. Sir Issac Newton addressed this issue
when he noted that a body at rest will remain at rest until acted upon by an external force. Every
structure that can be seen to remain standing on a daily basis is in equilibrium; it is at rest and each of
its members, combination of its members or any part of a member that is supporting a load, is also at
rest. There is a net result of zero in all directions for all of the applied loads and reactions.

This is a node from the Olympic Stadium in Munich designed by Frei Otto. The massive cast iron shape
is held in place by the tensile forces imparted by each of the cables which are attached to it.
2.1.2

Fundamental Equilibrium Equations:

The Three-Dimensional Equilibrium of an Infinitesimal Element, Is Given By The Following

Equilibrium Equations

The body force, , is per unit of volume in the i-direction and represents gravitational forces or pore
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pressure gradients. Since ij=ji the infinitesimal element is automatically in rotational equilibrium. Of
course, for this equation to be valid for large displacements it must be satisfied in the deformed position
and all stresses must be defined as force per unit of deformed area.

2.2 Determinate and Indeterminate Structures:

2.2.1 Analysis Determinate Structures:
The statically determinate structure changes their shape due to support settlement and this would in turn
induce reactions and stresses in the system. Since, there is no external force system acting on the
structures, these forces form a balanced force system by themselves and the structure would be in
equilibrium. The effect of temperature changes, support settlement can also be easily included in the
force method of analysis. In this lesson few problems, concerning the effect of support settlement are
solved to illustrate the procedure.
This chapter focuses primarily on analysis of statically determinate structures. The key objective
of the analysis is to determine unknown static quantities such as support reactions and internal forces
resulting from external applied loads. As already discussed in the previous chapter, statically
determinate structures belong to a special class of structures that reactions at all supports and the
internal forces at any location of the structure can completely be determined

from equilibrium equations. In following sections, we first emphasize the definition of unknown
static quantities (i.e. support reactions and internal forces) and a notion of applied loads, and then
discuss tools essential for performing static analysis of statically determinate structures,

e.g. equilibrium equations, method of structure partitioning, and free body diagram (FBD).
Next, we demonstrate applications of equilibrium equations to determine support reactions of
externally, statically determinate structures. Finally, analysis for the internal forces for certain classes of
structures such as trusses, beams and rigid frames are presented. In addition, for the case of beams and
rigid frames, the sketch of their qualitative elastic curve (or deformed shape) is also discussed.
2.2.2 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:

When analyzing any indeterminate structure, it is necessary to satisfy equilibrium, compatibility, and
force displacement requirements for the structure. Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces
hold the structure at rest. Compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the structure fit
together without intentional breaks or overlaps. Force-Displacement requirements depend upon the
way the material responds (in our case linear-elastic).
2.3 Indeterminacy:
The indeterminacy of a structure is measured as statical ( s) or kinematical ( k)
Indeterminacy = P (M N + 1) r = PR r
= P (N 1) + r c
s + k = PM c
Statical Indeterminacy:
It is difference of the unknown forces (internal forces plus external reactions) and the
equations of equilibrium.
Kinematic Indeterminacy:
It is the number of possible relative displacements of the nodes in the directions of stress
resultants.
Problem: 1
Determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given structure. This can be accomplished by
calculating the number of unknown reactions, r, minus the number of static equilibrium equations, e.
For example, considering the frame shown below (Fig), the number of unknown external reactions r,
equals 5, (XA, YA, MA, XB, and YB). The number of static equilibrium equations, e, equals 3, ( Fx = 0,
Fy = 0 and

M = 0). Therefore, the number of degree of indeterminacy, n, is calculated as:

n= r-e
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=5-3 = 2

Indeterminate Frame
In the frame shown in Fig there is another equation of statics that can be written at the hinge h. In
other words, the fact that the moment at h = zero for either part of the structure on the right or the left side
of the hinge h can be used. This equation is referred to as equation of condition, e c. In this case, the number
of unknown reactions is r = 6, the number of equations of

Statics is e = 3, and the number of equations of condition ec = 1. The degree of indeterminacy, n, is

calculated as:
n = r - (e + ec) = 6 - (3 + 1) = 2

Indeterminate Frame with Hinge

The aim of structural analysis is to evaluate the external reactions, the deformed shape and
internal stresses in the structure. If this can be accomplished by equations of equilibrium, then such
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structures are known as determinate structures. However, in many structures it is not possible to
determine either reactions or internal stresses or both using equilibrium equations alone. Such structures
are known as the statically indeterminate structures
The indeterminacy in a structure may be external, internal or both. A structure is said to be
externally indeterminate if the number of reactions exceeds the number of equilibrium equations.
Beams have shown in Fig have four reaction components, whereas we have only 3 equations of
equilibrium. Hence the beams in Figs. 1.4(a) and (b) are externally indeterminate to the first degree.

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2.4 Primary Structure:

In the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the degree of static indeterminacy is
determined and the structure is made statically determinate by releasing all the redundant. The released
structure is known as the primary structure.
Problem: 2
Calculate the support reactions in the continuous beam ABC due to loading as shown in Fig. Assume EI
to be constant throughout.

Solution:

Select two reactions viz, at B( R1 )and C(R2 ) as redundant, since the given beam
is statically indeterminate to second degree. In this case the primary structure is a cantilever beam AC .
The primary structure with a given loading is shown in Fig.
In the present case, the deflections ( L )1 , and ( L )2 of the released structure at
B and C can be readily calculated by moment-area method. Thus,

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Substituting the value of E and I in the above equation,

R1 =10.609kN

and R2 = 3.620 kN

Using equations of static equilibrium,

R3 = 0.771 kN

and R4 = 0.755 kN.m

Problem: 3
A continuous beam ABC is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m in addition to a
concentrated load of 10 kN as shown in Fig, Draw bending moment and shear force diagram. Assume
EI to be constant for all members.

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It is observed that the continuous beam is statically indeterminate to first degree. Choose the reaction at
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B, RBy as the redundant. The primary structure is a simply supported beam as shown in Fig.
Now, compute the deflection at B, in the released structure due to uniformly distributed load and
concentrated load. This is accomplished by unit load method. Thus,

L=2083.33
L

EI

L=

3229.17
EI

1145.84
EI
(1)

In the next step, apply a unit load at B in the direction of RBy (upwards) and calculate the deflection at B
of the following structure.
3
= 166.67
a = L
11
48EI
EI

(2)

Now, deflection at B in the primary structure due to redundant RB is,

B

= 166.67 RB
EI

(3)

In the actual structure, the deflection at B is zero. Hence, the compatibility equation may be written as

L+ B = 0

(4)

Substituting for L and B in equation (4),

3229.17 +166.67 RB = 0
EI
EI

(5)

Thus,

RB =19.375 kN
The other two reactions are calculated by static equilibrium equations
RA = 7.8125 kN
RB = 2.8125 kN
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown respectively.

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Problem: 4
Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig and draw the bending moment and shear force diagram. The
flexural rigidity for all members is the same. Neglect axial deformations.

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Five reactions components need to be evaluated in this rigid frame; hence it is indeterminate to second
degree. Select Rcx (= R1 ) and Rcy (= R2 ) as the redundant Reactions. Hence, the primary structure is one
in which support A is fixed and the support C is free as shown in Fig. Also, equations for moments in
various spans of the frame are also given in the figure.

Calculate horizontal ( L )1 and vertical ( L )2 deflections at C in the primary structure due to external
loading. This can be done by unit load method. Thus,

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( L )1 =

(96 + 24x)(3 + x)

EI
(Span DA, origin at D)

L )2

96x

EI
(Span BD, origin at B)

dx

+0

dx

(span BC, Origin B)

2268
EI

(96 + 24x)(4)dx

EI

(1)
+

96(4)dx
3

EI
(Span BD, origin at B)
0

(Span DA, origin at D)

(Span EC, Origin C)

48x(2 x)dx
2

+0
EI
(Span BE, origin at E)

3056
= EI

L)2

(2)

In the next step, evaluate flexibility coefficients, this is done by applying a unit load

11 and
along, R1 and determining deflections
respectively (vide, Fig .11.2 c). Again apply
deflections a22 and a12 corresponding to R2

a
11

x2

72

dx =

0 EI

=
a a

and
6

16

= 0 EI
=

(4)

(x)2

dx +
22

(3)

EI

= 6 x(4) dx + 0
21
E
0 I
72
=
EI

12

a21
corresponding to R1 and R2
unit load along R2 and evaluate
and R1 and respectively

dx

0 EI

117.33
EI

(5)

In the actual structure at C, the horizontal and vertical displacements are zero
Hence, the compatibility condition may be written as,
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L )1

= a11 R1 +a12 R2 = 0

( L ) 2 = a12 R1 + a22 R2 = 0

(6)

Substituting the values of ( L )1 , ( l )2 , a11 , a12 and a22 in the above equations and solving for and R1 , R2
we get
R1 = 1.056 kN (towards left)
R2 = 27.44 kN (upwards)
The remaining reactions are calculated from equations of statics and the bending moment and shear
force diagrams are shown in Fig.
.

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